1.

Introduction to Microcontroller
It was electricity in the beginning....The people were happy because they did not know that it was all around them and could be utilized. That was good. Then Faraday came and a stone has started to roll slowly... The first machines using a new sort of energy appeared soon. A long time has passed since then and just when the people finally got used to them and stopped paying attention to what a new generation of specialists were doing, someone came to an idea that electrons could be a very convenient toy being closed in a glass pipe. It was just a good idea at first, but there was no return. Electronics was born and the stone kept on rolling down the hill faster and faster... A new science - new specialists. Blue coats were replaced with white ones and people who knew something about electronics appeared on the stage. While the rest of humanity were passively watching in disbelief what was going on, the plotters split in two groups - softwareoriented and hardware-oriented. Somewhat younger than their teachers, very enthusiastic and full of ideas, both of them kept on working but separate ways. While the first group was developing constantly and gradually, the hardware-oriented people, driven by success, threw caution to the wind and invented transistors. Up till that moment, the things could be more or less kept under control, but a broad publicity was not aware of what was going on, which soon led to a fatal mistake! Being naive in belief that cheap tricks could slow down technology development and development of the world and retrieve the good all days, mass market opened its doors for the products of Electronics Industry, thus closing a magic circle. A rapid drop in prices made these components available for a great variety of people. The stone was falling freely... The first integrated circuits and processors appeared soon, which caused computers and other products of electronics to drop down in price even more. They could be bought everywhere. Another circle was closed! Ordinary people got hold of computers and computer era has begun...

While this drama was going on, hobbyists and professionals, also split in two groups and protected by anonymity, were working hard on their projects. Then, someone suddenly put a question: Why should not we make a universal component? A cheap, universal integrated circuit that could be programmed and used in any field of electronics, device or wherever needed? Technology has been developed enough as well as the market. Why not? So it happened, body and spirit were united and the first integrated circuit was designed and called the MICROCONTROLLER

1.1 What are microcontrollers and what are they used for?
Like all good things, this powerful component is basically very simple. It is made by mixing tested and high- quality "ingredients" (components) as per following receipt: 1. The simplest computer processor is used as the "brain" of the future system. 2. Depending on the taste of the manufacturer, a bit of memory, a few A/D converters, timers, input/output lines etc. are added 3. All that is placed in some of the standard packages. 4. A simple software able to control it all and which everyone can easily learn about has been developed. On the basis of these rules, numerous types of microcontrollers were designed and they quickly became man's invisible companion. Their incredible simplicity and flexibility conquered us a long time ago and if you try to invent something about them, you should know that you are probably late, someone before you has either done it or at least has tried to do it. The following things have had a crucial influence on development and success of the microcontrollers:

Powerful and carefully chosen electronics embedded in the microcontrollers can independetly or via input/output devices (switches, push buttons, sensors, LCD

displays, relays etc.), control various processes and devices such as industrial automation, electric current, temperature, engine performance etc.

Very low prices enable them to be embedded in such devices in which, until recent time it was not worthwhile to embed anything. Thanks to that, the world is overwhelmed today with cheap automatic devices and various smart appliances.

Prior knowledge is hardly needed for programming. It is sufficient to have a PC (software in use is not demanding at all and is easy to learn) and a simple device (called the programmer) used for loading raedy-to-use programs into the microcontroller.

So, if you are infected with a virus called electronics, there is nothing left for you to do but to learn how to use and control its power. How does the microcontroller operate? Even though there is a large number of different types of microcontrollers and even more programs created for their use only, all of them have many things in common. Thus, if you learn to handle one of them you will be able to handle them all. A typical scenario on the basis of which it all functions is as follows: 1. Power supply is turned off and everything is stillthe program is loaded into the microcontroller, nothing indicates what is about to come 2. Power supply is turned on and everything starts to happen at high speed! The control logic unit keeps everything under control. It disables all other circuits except quartz crystal to operate. While the preparations are in progress, the first milliseconds go by. 3. Power supply voltage reaches its maximum and oscillator frequency becomes stable. SFRs are being filled with bits reflecting the state of all circuits within the microcontroller. All pins are configured as inputs. The overall electronics starts operation in rhythm with pulse sequence. From now on the time is measured in micro and nanoseconds. 4. Program Counter is set to zero. Instruction from that address is sent to instruction decoder which recognizes it, after which it is executed with immediate effect.

5. The value of the Program Counter is incremented by 1 and the whole process is repeated...several million times per second.

1.2 What is what in the microcontroller?

As you can see, all the operations within the microcontroller are performed at high speed and quite simply, but the microcontroller itself would not be so useful if there are not special circuits which make it complete. In continuation, we are going to call your attention to them. Read Only Memory (ROM) Read Only Memory (ROM) is a type of memory used to permanently save the program being executed. The size of the program that can be written depends on the size of this memory. ROM can be built in the microcontroller or added as an external chip, which depends on the type of the microcontroller. Both options have some disadvantages. If ROM is added as an

external chip, the microcontroller is cheaper and the program can be considerably longer. At the same time, a number of available pins is reduced as the microcontroller uses its own input/output ports for connection to the chip. The internal ROM is usually smaller and more expensive, but leaves more pins available for connecting to peripheral environment. The size of ROM ranges from 512B to 64KB.

Random Access Memory (RAM) Random Access Memory (RAM) is a type of memory used for temporary storing data and intermediate results created and used during the operation of the microcontrollers. The content of this memory is cleared once the power supply is off. For example, if the program performes an addition, it is necessary to have a register standing for what in everyday life is called the sum . For that purpose, one of the registers in RAM is called the "sum" and used for storing results of addition. The size of RAM goes up to a few KBs. Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM) The EEPROM is a special type of memory not contained in all microcontrollers. Its contents may be changed during program execution (similar to RAM ), but remains permanently saved even after the loss of power (similar to ROM). It is often used to store values, created and used during operation (such as calibration values, codes, values to count up to etc.), which must be saved after turning the power supply off. A disadvantage of this memory is that the process of programming is relatively slow. It is measured in milliseconds.

Central Processor Unit (CPU) As its name suggests, this is a unit which monitors and controls all processes within the microcontroller and the user cannot affect its work. It consists of several smaller subunits, of which the most important are:

Instruction decoder is a part of the electronics which recognizes program instructions and runs other circuits on the basis of that. The abilities of this circuit are expressed in the "instruction set" which is different for each microcontroller family.

Arithmetical Logical Unit (ALU) performs all mathematical and logical operations upon data.

Accumulator is an SFR closely related to the operation of ALU. It is a kind of working desk used for storing all data upon which some operations should be executed (addition, shift etc.). It also stores the results ready for use in further processing. One of the SFRs, called the Status Register, is closely related to the accumulator, showing at any given time the "status" of a number stored in the accumulator (the number is greater or less than zero etc.).

A bit is just a word invented to confuse novices at electronics. Joking aside, this word in practice indicates whether the voltage is present on a conductor or not. If it is present, the approprite pin is set to logic one (1), i.e. the bits value is 1. Otherwise, if the voltage is 0 V, the appropriate pin is cleared (0), i.e. the bits value is 0. It is more complicated in theory where a bit is referred to as a binary digit, but even in this case, its value can be either 0 or 1.

Input/output ports (I/O Ports) In order to make the microcontroller useful, it is necessary to connect it to peripheral devices. Each microcontroller has one or more registers (called a port) connected to the microcontroller

pins.

Oscillator

Even pulses generated by the oscillator enable harmonic and synchronous operation of all circuits within the microcontroller. It is usually configured as to use quartz-crystal or ceramics resonator for frequency stabilization. It can also operate without elements for frequency stabilization (like RC oscillator). It is important to say that program instructions are not executed at the rate imposed by the oscillator itself, but several times slower. It happens because each instruction is executed in several steps. For some microcontrollers, the same number of cycles is needed to execute any instruction, while it's different for other microcontrollers. Accordingly, if the system uses quartz crystal with a frequency of 20MHz, the execution time of an instruction is not expected 50nS, but 200, 400 or even 800 nS, depending on the type of the microcontroller! Power Supply Circuit There are two things worth attention concerning the microcontroller power supply circuit: Brown out is a potentially dangerous state which occurs at the moment the microcontroller is being turned off or when power supply voltage drops to the lowest level due to electric noise. As the microcontroller consists of several circuits which have different operating voltage levels, this can cause its out of control performance. In order to prevent it, the microcontroller usually has a circuit for brown out reset built-in. This circuit immediately resets the whole electronics when the voltage level drops below the lower limit. Reset pin is usually referred to as Master Clear Reset (MCLR) and serves for external reset of the microcontroller by applying logic zero (0) or one (1) depending on the type of the microcontroller. In case the brown out is not built in the microcontroller, a simple external circuit for brown out reset can be connected to this pin.

2. Explanation of Block Diagram:

As u can see in the diagram, the circuit consist Microcontroller, Timer Circuit, Relay, EEPROM, 7 Segment Display and bell.

Microcontroller: The microcontroller is used for the synchronization of the whole circuit. The keypad is attached to the microcontroller, the data input in saved on the EEPROM memory. The controller also converts the clock time in the 7 segment display.

Timer Circuit: The timer circuit used a crystal, to keep track of the time.

EEPROM: The EEPROM is used to save the time, when the time stored in the memory is equal time in the timer circuit the relay in switched on.

7 Segment Display: The 7 Segment display is used to display the time from the timer circuit.

Bell: When the time stored in memory and the timer circuit matches, the relay is switched on, which the starts the bell.

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Block Diagram:

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3. The Circuitry
The Project takes over the task of ringing of the bell in colleges or in automatically so labour work is reduced. The manual switching of the bell is replaced by a inbuilt real time clock (DS1307) which track over the real time. The clock also has a 3V battery so if there is a power failure the clock will not loose track of time. The four 7-segments displays the time on the clock. There is a numeric keypad which is connected to the microcontroller which will take the input of setting the timer at what particular time the bell should ring. When the inputted time equals to the time on the clock present, then the Relay for the Bell is switched on. The Bell Ringing time can be edited at any time, so that it can be used at normal class timings as well as exam times. The Microcontroller AT89S8252 is used to control all the Functions, it get the time through the keypad and store it in its Memory.

Clock Circuit DS1307:

The PIC16F88 has a built in oscillator for a 32 kHz watch crystal a DS1307 is easier to use on a bread board. This is because you can control the layout of the circuit more easily. The RTC also makes the software easier as it takes care of all calendar functions; accounting for leap years etc. The DS1307 (RTC) Real Time Clock IC is an 8 pin device using an I2C interface.

EEPROM:

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EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory and is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices to store small amounts of data that must be saved when power is removed, e.g., calibration tables or device configuration.

Microcontroller AT89S8252:
o 8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Downloadable Flash Memory o 2K Bytes EEPROM, Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz o 4V to 6V Operating Range o Three-level Program Memory Lock o 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM, 32 Programmable I/O Lines o Three 16-bit Timer/Counters o Nine Interrupt Sources o Programmable UART Serial Channel, SPI Serial Interface o Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes o Interrupt Recovery from Power-down o Programmable Watchdog Timer, Dual Data Pointer, Power-off Flag

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3.1. Table 4: Component List :Part Resistor Value 330E 10k 2.2k 56k Capacitor 33pF 1uF 1uF Radial Diode Transistor Keypad 7 Segment Display Crystal 12Mhz 32.768Khz Battery Bell 3V 1N5711 BC547 Quantity 5 4 5 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 1

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Circuit Diagram:

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4. Code

INCLUDE reg_51.pdf

RB0 RB1

EQU EQU

000H ; Select Register Bank 0 008H ; Select Register Bank 1 ...poke to PSW to use

;%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ; PORT DECLERATION

;%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

SDA EQU P1.1 SCL EQU P1.0

;SDA=PIN5 ;SCL=PIN6

DS1307W EQU DS1307R EQU

0D0H 0D1H

; SLAVE ADDRESS 1101 000 + 0 TO WRITE ; SLAVE ADDRESS 1101 000 + 1 TO READ

KEYS EQU P3 ROW1 EQU P3.1

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ROW2 EQU P3.2 ROW3 EQU P3.3 ROW4 EQU P3.4 COL1 EQU P3.5 COL2 EQU P3.6 COL3 EQU P3.7

DIS_A EQU P0.2 DIS_B EQU P0.3 DIS_C EQU P0.4 DIS_D EQU P0.6 DIS_E EQU P0.5 DIS_F EQU P0.1 DIS_G EQU P0.0

DIS1 EQU P0.7 DIS2 EQU P2.7 DIS3 EQU P2.6 DIS4 EQU P2.5

RELAY

EQU P2.4

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WMCON DATA 96h EEMEN EQU EEMWE EQU WDTRST EQU DPS EQU 00001000b 00010000b 00000010b

; watchdog and memory control register ; EEPROM access enable bit ; EEPROM write enable bit ; EEPROM RDY/BSY bit

00000100b

; data pointer select bit

;%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% DSEG ORG FLAGS 20H ; This is internal data memory ; Bit adressable memory

DATA 20H FLAGS.0

LASTREAD BIT SQW ACK BIT BIT

FLAGS.4 FLAGS.5 FLAGS.6 FLAGS.7 FLAGS.1 FLAGS.2 BIT FLAGS.3

BUS_FLT BIT _2W_BUSY BIT CANCEL BIT CANCEL1 BIT ALARM BITCNT

DATA 21H

BYTECNT DATA 22H

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SECS MINS HRS DAY DATE1 MONTH YEAR

DATA 24H DATA 25H DATA 26H DATA 27H DATA 28H DATA 29H DATA 2AH

; ' SECONDS STORAGE RAM ; ' MINUTES ' ; ' HOURS ; ' DAY ; ' DATE ; ' MONTH ; ' YEAR ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '

CONTROL DATA 2BH ALM_HOUR DATA 2CH ALM_MIN DATA 2DH ALM_CNTRL DATA 2EH COUNT SPEED VALUE_1 VALUE_2 VALUE_3 VALUE_4 DATA 2FH DATA 30H DATA 31H DATA 32H DATA 33H DATA 34H

; FOR STORAGE OF CONTROL REGISTER WHEN READ. ; INTERNAL (ALARM HOURS) STORAGE. ; INTERNAL (ALARM MINUTES) STORAGE. ; INTERNAL STORAGE FOR ALARM (ON) TIME.

NUMBER1 KBELL NUMB1

DATA 35H DATA 36H DATA 37H

;temp to store dialled number

;Temp Reg to store pressed Keys

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NUMB2 NUMB3 NUMB4

DATA 38H DATA 39H DATA 3AH

;Temp Reg to store pressed Keys ;Temp Reg to store pressed Keys ;Temp Reg to store pressed Keys

KEY DATA 3BH TIM DATA 3CH

STACK

DATA 3FH

;%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ; ***MACRO'S***

SCL_HIGH MACRO SETB SCL JNB SCL,$ ENDM ;%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ; SET SCL HIGH ; LOOP UNTIL STRONG 1 ON SCL

CSEG

AT

; RESET VECTOR

;---------==========----------==========---------=========--------; PROCESSOR INTERRUPT AND RESET VECTORS

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;---------==========----------==========---------=========---------

ORG JMP

00H MAIN

; Reset

ORG 000BH JMP REFRESH

;Timer Interrupt0

ORG 001BH ;Timer Interrupt1 JMP RELAY_TIMER ;---------==========----------==========---------=========--------; Main routine. Program execution starts here. ;---------==========----------==========---------=========--------MAIN: MOV PSW,#RB0 MOV SP,STACK CLR RELAY ;Switch OFF relay ; Select register bank 0

MOV SPEED,#00H MOV COUNT,#00H

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MOV KBELL,#00H

CLR ALARM MOV VALUE_1,#15H MOV VALUE_2,#15H MOV VALUE_3,#15H MOV VALUE_4,#15H CLR DIS1 CLR DIS2 CLR DIS3 CLR DIS4 MOV TMOD,#01H MOV TL0,#00H MOV TH0,#0FDH SETB ET0 SETB EA SETB TR0 ;Start the Timer ;enable timer0 for scanning

; ********************************************************** ; INITILIZE RTC

; ********************************************************** SETB SDA ; ENSURE SDA HIGH

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SCL_HIGH CLR ACK CLR BUS_FLT CLR _2W_BUSY CLR SQW

; ENSURE SCL HIGH ; CLEAR STATUS FLAGS

CALL OSC_CONTROL ACALL SQW_CONTROL_1HZ

;Initilize the RTC

; ********************************************************** ; CHECK FOR ENTER THE TIME

; ********************************************************** LCALL SEND_START MOV A,#DS1307W LCALL SEND_BYTE MOV A,#08H LCALL SEND_BYTE LCALL SEND_STOP LCALL SEND_START MOV A,#DS1307R LCALL SEND_BYTE LCALL READ_BYTE MOV R1,A ; READ A BYTE OF DATA ; SEND STOP CONDITION ; SEND START CONDITION ; SEND DS1307 READ COMMAND ; SET POINTER TO REG 08H ON DS1307 ; SEND 2WIRE START CONDITION ; SEND DS1307 WRITE COMMAND

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LCALL SEND_STOP

; SEND 2WIRE STOP CONDITION

MOV NUMBER1,#01H CJNE A,#0AAH,KEYBOARD1 AJMP START_PROGRAM

;********************************************************** ; KEYBOARD ROUTINE

;********************************************************** KEYBOARD1: MOV KBELL,#0FFH KEYBOARD: MOV KEY,#00H SETB COL1 SETB COL2 SETB COL3 K11: CLR ROW1 CLR ROW2 CLR ROW3 CLR ROW4 MOV A,KEYS

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ANL A,#11100000B CJNE A,#11100000B,K11 K2: ACALL DEALAY MOV A,KEYS ANL A,#11100000B CJNE A,#11100000B,OVER SJMP K2 OVER: ACALL DEALAY MOV A,KEYS ANL A,#11100000B CJNE A,#11100000B,OVER1 SJMP K2 OVER1: MOV A,KEYS ;check till all keys released ;call 20 msec delay ;see if any key is pressed ;mask unused bits ;key pressed, await closure

ORL A,#11111110B MOV KEYS,A CLR ROW1 MOV A,KEYS ANL A,#11100000B CJNE A,#11100000B,ROW_1 MOV A,KEYS ORL A,#11111110B

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MOV KEYS,A CLR ROW2 MOV A,KEYS ANL A,#11100000B CJNE A,#11100000B,ROW_2 MOV A,KEYS ORL A,#11111110B MOV KEYS,A CLR ROW3 MOV A,KEYS ANL A,#11100000B CJNE A,#11100000B,ROW_3 MOV A,KEYS ORL A,#11111110B MOV KEYS,A CLR ROW4 MOV A,KEYS ANL A,#11100000B CJNE A,#11100000B,ROW_4 LJMP K2 ROW_1: RLC A

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JC MAT1 MOV KEY,#01H AJMP K1 MAT1: RLC A JC MAT2 MOV KEY,#02H AJMP K1 MAT2: JC K1 MOV KEY,#03H AJMP K1 RLC A

ROW_2:

RLC A

JC MAT3 MOV KEY,#04H AJMP K1 MAT3: RLC A JC MAT4 MOV KEY,#05H AJMP K1 MAT4: RLC A

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JC K1 MOV KEY,#06H AJMP K1

ROW_3:

RLC A

JC MAT5 MOV KEY,#07H AJMP K1 MAT5: RLC A JC MAT6 MOV KEY,#08H AJMP K1 MAT6: JC K1 MOV KEY,#09H AJMP K1 RLC A

ROW_4:

RLC A

JC MAT7 MOV KEY,#10H AJMP K1 ;for *

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MAT7:

RLC A JC MAT8 MOV KEY,#00H AJMP K1 ;for 0

MAT8: JC K1

RLC A

MOV KEY,#12H K1:

;for =

MOV A,KBELL CJNE A,#0FFH,KB_RET1

MOV A,KEY CJNE A,#10H,CXCX0 MOV KEY,#00H MOV NUMBER1,#01H MOV VALUE_1,#15H MOV VALUE_2,#15H MOV VALUE_3,#15H MOV VALUE_4,#15H AJMP KEYBOARD ;Key to Erase last dislled NUMBER1

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KB_RET1: JMP KB_RET CXCX0: MOV A,NUMBER1

CJNE A,#01H,CXCX1 MOV A,KEY CLR C SUBB A,#03H JNC CXCX5 MOV A,KEY INC NUMBER1 MOV NUMB1,KEY MOV VALUE_1,KEY AJMP KEYBOARD CXCX1: CJNE A,#02H,CXCX2 ; Chk Key Pressed 0,1

MOV A,NUMB1 CJNE A,#02,JKJL MOV A,KEY CLR C SUBB A,#04H JNC CXCX5 JKJL: MOV A,KEY ; Chk Key Pressed 0,1,2,3

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CLR C SUBB A,#10H JNC CXCX5 INC NUMBER1 MOV NUMB2,KEY MOV VALUE_2,KEY AJMP KEYBOARD CXCX2: CJNE A,#03H,CXCX3 ; Chk Key Pressed 0,1...8,9

MOV A,KEY CLR C SUBB A,#06H JNC CXCX5 INC NUMBER1 MOV NUMB3,KEY MOV VALUE_3,KEY AJMP KEYBOARD CXCX3: CJNE A,#04H,CXCX4 ; Chk Key Pressed 0,1...,5

MOV A,KEY CLR C SUBB A,#10H JNC CXCX5 ; Chk Key Pressed 0,1,....,8,9

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INC NUMBER1 MOV NUMB4,KEY MOV VALUE_4,KEY CXCX5: CXCX4: AJMP KEYBOARD CJNE A,#05H,CXCX5

MOV A,KEY CJNE A,#12H,CXCX5 ;Key to OK TIME

CALL FLASHING

MOV KBELL,#00H MOV A,NUMB1 SWAP A ORL A,NUMB2 MOV NUMB2,A MOV A,NUMB3 SWAP A ORL A,NUMB4 MOV NUMB4,A

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;((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ; STORE THE TIME TO RTC CHIP

;((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( LCALL SEND_START MOV A,#DS1307W LCALL SEND_BYTE MOV A,#08H BEGINNING LCALL SEND_BYTE MOV A,#0AAH LCALL SEND_BYTE LCALL SEND_STOP ; SEND 2WIRE STOP CONTION ; OF USER RAM 08H ; WRITE BYTE TO ENTIRE RAM SPACE ; SEND 2WIRE START CONDITION ; LOAD DS1307 WRITE COMMAND ; SEND WRITE COMMAND ; SET DS1307 DATA POINTER TO

LCALL SEND_START MOV A,#DS1307W LCALL SEND_BYTE MOV A,#01H BEGINNING MOV VALUE_2,NUMB2

; SEND 2WIRE START CONDITION ; LOAD DS1307 WRITE COMMAND ; SEND WRITE COMMAND ; SET DS1307 DATA POINTER TO

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MOV VALUE_3,NUMB3 MOV VALUE_4,NUMB4 ;********************************************************** DELAY: MOV R1,#0CCH REP2: MOV R2,#0FFH REP1: NOP DJNZ R2,REP1 DJNZ R1,REP2 RET

END

5. Conclusion
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By this project, automatic bell we have studied that integrated circuits are of immense use. It a microcontroller cam modified as per specifications. Thus, along with the advantages and disadvantages, etc

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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[1] 8051 Projects http://www.8051projects.info

[2] http://www.projectsof8051.com

[3] http://www.google.com

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