Objectives 1.

To study the relationship of the different pipes diameters (D1=7mm, D2=10mm) and the volumetric flow rate of water. 2. To calculate the volumetric flow rate of water in straight pipes with different diameter. 3. To study effects of the straight pipes diameter and the friction loss. 4. To investigate the pressure drop due to friction. Procedure 1. 2. 3. 4. A pipe with 7mm diameter is set up to the hydraulic bench. The pump is started and a water flow is established through the test section. The swivel tube of the outlet tank is raised so that it is close to vertical. The bench-regulating valve is adjusted to provide a small overflow from the inlet tank and overflow pipe. Bubbles are bled from the manometer tubes. 5. A series of flow conditions with outlet head as in the table is set. 6. The flow rate of each condition is measured using the volumetric tank and a stopwatch. 7. Steps 1 to 6 are repeated using a pipe with diameter 10mm. 8. Graph of ) vs. log(V) is plotted. 9. The friction factor from the moody diagram is estimated assuming a pipe roughness, of 0.00015mm and it Is compared to the calculated friction. Discussion Calculations: Volumetric Flow Rate =

Volumetric Flow Rate = = 0.143 L/s h = h1 h2 h = 355 300 = 55mm

From the experiment, it was observed that the height of water level in both inlet and outlet heads changed when the angle of the outlet was changed. This is because, the levels of the water in both inlet and outlet heads depend on the angle of the outlet. The nearer the angle of the outlet to 90 the higher the water levels in both inlet and outlet heads. The level of water in both

inlet and outlet indicates the pressure of exerted on the water, so the higher the water level, the greater the pressure. Besides, it was also observed that the time taken for the water released from the outlet pipe of D1=7mm to reached 5L were larger than the set time taken of pipe D2=10mm. This is because, in one second, more water can flow in a pipe with large diameter. Therefore, a pipe with large diameter can conduct 5L of water faster than the pipe with small diameter. This is why the volumetric flow rate of straight pipe with diameter of 10mm is larger than the volumetric flow rate of straight pipe of diameter 7mm. From the formula Q = Av, in which Q is volumetric flow rate, A is the surface area and v is the average velocity, Q depends on A as v is constant. The larger the diameter the higher the value of Q will be and A will be large if the diameter is large. From the modified Bernoullis equation: = The frictional head loss is in directly proportional to the diameter of the pipe. Therefore, the smaller the diameter, the larger the frictional head loss will be. This is why the h of pipe with 7mm diameter is larger than the h of the 10mm pipe. Friction factor:

Friction factor is indirectly proportional to the diameter of the pipe. Therefore, the smaller the diameter, the larger the friction factor will be. This explained why the h of pipe with 7mm diameter are higher than the h of the 10mm pipe. The small diameter caused the water to have large frictional force and lower down the water level in the outlet head as the pressure decreased due to the friction. Source of error: 1. The heights of the water level in the inlet and outlet head were read wrongly due to wrong eye position of the person while reading the scale. 2. The stop watch was started while the water level in the measuring tube was still in unsteady increment. 3. Bubbles are not eliminated from the inlet and outlet manometer before doing the reading. Ways to reduce error: 1. The water level in the inlet and outlet head need to be read carefully which is by reading the scale with the correct eye position.

2. Start the stop watch after the water in the measuring tube increase steadily. 3. Remove the bubbles from the inlet and outlet manometer before doing the reading. Suggestion: 1. The number of student in a group should be lesser so that it is more comfortable for the student to move and do observation of the experiment. 2. The student should be introduced with the theory first before conducting the experiment. Conclusion Alhamdulillah, praise to Allah S.W.T. for giving me the opportunity to conduct this experiment perfectly and complete the report on the given period. All of the objectives of this experiment which are to study the relationship of the different straight pipes diameters and the volumetric flow rate of water, calculate the volumetric flow rate of water in straight pipes with different diameter, study effects of the straight pipes diameter and the friction loss and investigate the pressure drop due to friction can be achieved. From the experiment I found out that the larger the diameter of pipe, the higher the volumetric flow rate will be. From the modified Bernoullis equation, I found out that the smaller the diameter of pipe, the larger the frictional head loss and the friction factor will be. Hopefully this experiment can give help me to have more understanding volumetric flow rate and friction loss. References 1. Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Guidelines for Biotechnology Engineering Laboratory 1 (BTE 2211), Mohd Firdaus Abd Wahab. 2. http://www.cussons.co.uk/SOFTWARE/Part1/PART1.HTM

INTRODUCTION Flow Round Bends and Elbows When the direction of the flow of fluid is changed at a bend or elbow, the velocity distribution across the pipe is disturbed. A centrifugal effect causes the maximum velocity to occur towards the outside of the bend or elbow whilst at the inside of the bend or elbow the flow is slowed or even reversed in the direction if the flow separated from the wall and a venacontracta formed. A secondary flow is set up at right angles to the pipe cross-section which increases the velocity gradient and hence the shear stress of the wall. Bernoulli equation is still used in many engineering application, it is a general equation that can be modify to be used in different aspect. There are some conditions and restrictions of the Bernoulli equation.

1. Flow is steady 2. Density is constant (which also means the fluid is incompressible) 3. Friction losses are negligible In this experiment, we want to investigate friction losses in pipes consisting of bends and elbows. We use 10mm bore pipe with 4 bend and 10mm bore pipe with 4 elbows.

Objectives 1. To investigate the head loss due friction across bends and elbows. 2. To investigate volumetric flow rate. 3. To find time taken for required volume of water across bends and elbows.

PROCEDURE 1. The pump is started and a water flow is established through the test section. (First, we use 10mm bore pipe with 4 bends). 2. The swivel tube of the outlet tank is raised so that it is closed to the vertical. 3. The bench-regulating valve is adjusted to provide a small overflow from the inlet tank and overflow pipe. 4. A series of flow conditions with outlet head is set as in table 1. 5. The flow rate is measured carefully using the volumetric tank and a stopwatch at each condition. 6. Step 1 to 5 is repeated with 10mm bore pipes with 4 elbows. 7. The head loss, h for each pipe is calculated. RESULTS

Bend ( D =10mm) Variable outlet volume Volume (L) Time (s) Volumetric Flow Rate (L/s) Inlet Head (h1) Outlet Heat (h2) h=(h1-h2) 35 5 67 0.075 379 295 84 30 5 55 0.091 353 241 112 25 5 50 0.100 328 190 138 Table 1 20 5 46 0.109 305 139 166 15 5 42 0.119 278 85 193

Elbow ( D =10mm) Variable outlet volume Volume (L) Time (s) Volumetric Flow Rate (L/s) Inlet Head (h1) Outlet Heat (h2) h=(h1-h2) 35 5 104 0.048 429 292 137 30 5 92 0.054 421 251 170 25 5 80 0.063 413 199 214 Table 2 20 5 73 0.068 404 146 258 15 5 68 0.074 395 94 301

SAMPLE CALCULATION Bend ( D =10mm) 1. Volumetric flow rate (L/s) Variable outlet volume : 35 Volume (L) : 5 Time (s) : 67 Volumetric flow rate : 5/67=0.075 L/s. 2. h=(h1-h2) Variable outlet volume : 35

Inlet Head (h1) : 379 Outlet Heat (h2) : 295 h =379-295 =84 Elbow ( D =10mm) 1. Volumetric flow rate (L/s) Variable outlet volume : 35 Volume (L) : 5 Time (s) : 104 Volumetric flow rate : 5/104=0.048 L/s.

2. h=(h1-h2) Variable outlet volume : 35 Inlet Head (h1) :429 Outlet Heat (h2) :292 h=429-292 =137 DISCUSSION In this experiment, we used 2 types of pipes which are 10mm bore pipes with 4 bend and 10 mm bore pipe with 4 elbow. We are using bend and elbows pipe to investigate the friction losses in the pipes. In this experiment there are different result between using the bend pipe and elbow pipe. Firstly, the time taken for fluid reach 5L of volume is different. We find that the time taken for the bend pipe is shorter than the elbow pipe. For example, at outlet volume 35L, time taken for bend pipe to reach 5L is 67s compare to elbow pipe which is 104s. There is also a different of volumetric flow rate between bend pipe and elbow pipe. During the experiment, we find that volumetric flow rate in bend pipe is higher than elbow pipe. At 35L variable outlet volume, the volumetric flow rate for bend pipe is 0.075 while for elbow pipe is 0.048.This is because bend pipe have lower loss coefficient compare to the elbow pipe. So, the bend pipe will make the fluid to turn easily rather than elbow pipe.

However, during conducting the experiment we face a several problems that may alter the results. Firstly, the pipes are not connecting correctly and there are leakage. So,it can affect our inlet and outlet head reading. Secondly is bubbles appear in the manometer tubes. When the bubbles appear it can reduce our reading accuracy. In order to overcome this error, we make sure that the pipes are connect correctly and no leakage. We also remove the bubbles in the manometer by adjusting swivel tube.

CONCLUSION Alhamdulillah, finally we managed to finish this experiment. It can be say that the objective of this experiment is fulfilled since we managed to collect information about time taken for fluid to reach 5L in each pipe and we also manage to collect data about volumetric flow rate.

REFERENCES Syed Noh,Fluid Mechanics Lab Manual,IIUM. Fluid Mechanics,Fundamental and Application,Yunus A.Cengel and John M.Cimbala,Mc Graw Hill,2nd Edition.