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strength level inferior to highhighstrength bolts (60 ksi tensile ult.) (60
pretension indeterminate
60
7/8 in. dia. A325 bolt 7/8 in. dia. A307 bolt
40
20
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
elongation (inches)
Comments
Note: we quote the ultimate tensile
strength of the bolt
this is the benchmark for strength statements (e.g. shear strength is some fraction of ultimate tensile strength)
comments contd
Nuts: ASTM A563 Washers: if needed, ASTM F436 Bolt nut washer sets implied so
far, but other configurations available
Loading of Bolts
Shear
load transfer by shear in bolt and bearing in connected material OR load transfer by friction (followed by shear and bearing)
Shear Loading
Truss Joint
Applied force
bolts in shear
P
P
Finally...
P
and associated P{ shear stress
P A
P/2 t P P/2 note that this force is equal and opposite to the bearing force shown previously
P { a bearing force P
force in the plate itself (a tensile force) force transfer could also be by friction: friction:
not included in this illustration
Installation
Snug-tight only Snug Pretensioned
Calibrated wrench Turn-of-nut Turn- of Other means: Tension control bolts Load-indicator washers Load-
Bolts in shear-type connection: shearSpecifications distinguish between: bearing type connections slip-critical connections slip Note: a slip-critical joint (service loads) slipmust also be checked as a bearing joint (factored loads)
Bearing-type connections:
Issues
bolt shear strength bearing capacity connected material member strength
Physical test
load
These small elongations are relieved as shear Confirmed by both bolt tension measurements So, bolt shear strength NOT dependent on
= 0.62 u bolt
Shear deformation
R n = Fv A b
R n = design shear strength
Fv = nominal shear strength, ksi
Thus Thus
A325 bolts : Fv = 0.50 120 ksi = 60 ksi A 490 bolts : Fv = 0.50 150 ksi = 75 ksi
Comments
The discount for length (use of 80%) is
conservative
these are the values given in Table J3.2 of the Specification for the thread excluded case. For threads included, the tabulated included, values are 80% of the above.
Slip-Critical Connection
Clamping force from bolts (bolt pretension)
load
Change in geometry of
region of slip-critical slipjoint behavior
deformation
Certain other cases. Comment: for buildings, slipComment: slipcritical joints should be the exception, not the rule (but, see also seismic rules)
Slip-critical criteria:
Choice:
a serviceability limit state (no slip under the service loads) OR a strength limit state (no slip under the factored loads). Note: AISC 2005 differs from 1999.
No slip at factored loads: e.g. longlongspan flat roof truss (ponding could result as factored loads attained)
P = ks n Ti
ks = slip coefficient () n = number of slip planes (usually 1 or 2) Ti = clamping force (i.e., bolt pretension)
R n = D u h sc Tb N s
slip coefficient no. slip planes clamping force
Bolts in Tension
Capacity of a bolt in tension: product of the ultimate tensile strength of the bolt and the tensile stress area of the bolt (i.e. Fu Ast ) Specifications directly reflect this calculated capacity (to come) ( Force in bolt must reflect any prying action affect
Question
pretensioned bolt in a connection apply external tension force to the
connection
Use A325 bolts rather than A490 bolts Minimize the prying action
Pult = Fu A st = Fu (0.75A b )
or, Pult = 0.75 Fu A b
Call this Fnt
Adjusted area
R n = Fn t A b
where Fnt = 0.75 Fu as tabulated in the Specification As we now know, the 0.75 really has nothing to do with Fu
Returning to shear splice joints, we still have to deal with the bearing capacity of the connected material.
d
{
P/2 P P/2 t
t1
Lc t2
Plate bearing
from tests:
b pl u
Le d
pl L Rn = b d t = u e d t d
valid for L e 3 d
Plate bearing
Making the substitution and using
Fu pl u
R n = 3 d t Fu
R n = 1.2 Fu L c t 2.4 d t Fu
Why this difference, and when do we use the latter?
Failure (ult. load) is by tensile fracture at location shown, regardless of geometric proportions.
Shear yield along vertical planes.
Basics
Tr + Vr = A nt Fu + 0 .60 A gv Fy where A nt = net area in tension and A gv = gross area in shear
shear yield tension fracture
There are some other requirements, including specific case of coped beams.
Back to installation
Installation
bring parts together, continue turning nut, bolt elongates, tension develops in bolt, and clamped parts compress
Hydraulic calibrator
Turn-of-Nut Installation
Run nut down, bring parts into close
contact
Work from stiffer regions to edges Establish snug-tight condition (first snug- tight
impact of impact wrench or full effort of worker using a spud wrench) value, depending on bolt length)
0.02
range of bolt elongations at snug
0.04
0.06
0.08
Inspection of Installation
Principles:
Determination of the bolt pretension after installation is not practical
0.02
0.04
Understand the requirements e.g., are pretensioned bolts required? Monitor the installation on the site Proper storage of bolts is required
Inspection of Installation
Is bolt tension required? if not, why
inspect for it !
Inspection of installation:
Consider the following AISC cases
1. Bolts need be snug-tight only snug2. Bolts are pretensioned (but not a slipslipcritical joint) 3. Slip-critical joint Slip-
Hole types (e.g., slotted, oversize) must Contact surfaces are reasonably clean Parts are in close contact after bolts
snugged
All of requirements for snug-tight case snug Observe the pre-installation verification process pre turn of nut, or; calibrated wrench, or; other (direct tension washers, tension-control tensionbolts)
Inspection: for slip-critical joints slip All of the above, plus Condition of faying surfaces, holes, etc. In addition to observing the calibration
Calibration process done minimum once per day Calibration process done any time conditions
change
process, the inspection must ensure that the same process is applied to the field joints
Consider limits:
Friction conditions are very high high
ASTM F1852, F2280 groove at which shear
will take place
Tension-Control Bolts
Advantages
Installation is from one side Electric wrench is used Installation is quiet
Disadvantages
More expensive Pre-installation calibration required
Reliability of these...
Calibration required Reliability same as calibrated wrench Tension-control bolt is torque-dependent TensiontorqueLoad-indicating washer is elongationLoadelongationdependent
ASTM 959
Normal holes or short slotted only (perpendicular) No bolts + welds in same faying surface
Determine ultimate load for this gusset plate (which is one that was tested)
14.76 2 3@2.76=8.27 15.75 30
7.22
Continuing Continuing
R n = D u h sc Tm N s (per bolt )
= 0.35 (clean mill scale)
2 2
A b = d / 4 = 0.60 in. (7/8 in.dia.) Fu = 120 ksi (A325 bolts) n = 8 bolts N s = 2 slip planes = 1.0
Tm = spec. min. bolt pretension = (0.75 A b )( Fu )70% = 0.75 0.60 in.2 120 ksi 70% = 37.88 kips
R n = D u h sc Tm N s ( per bolt )
= 0.35 1.13 1.0 37.88 kip 2 slip planes = 29.96 kips / bolt
or, for 8 bolts, 240 kips
Finally, R n = 1.0 240 kips = 240 kips
R n = Fv A b
Use =1.0 so that we can compare this load with the test load, assume threads in shear plane, no joint length effect
R n = 1.5 Fu L c t 3.0 d t Fu
3 d t Fu = 3 7 / 8 in. 0.26 in. 69.0 ksi = 47.1 k/bolt
Block shear
2.00 3@2.76=8.27
Tr = 0.45 in.2 69.0 ksi = 31.0 kips Vr = 0.60 5.34 in.2 39.9 ksi = 127.8 kips
2.68
Tr + Vr = A nt Fu + 0.60 A gv Fy
30
30
L1
L2 L3
Pu PT
1.67 0.12
Pu PT '
1.06 0.08
L2
L3
r=
I = A
) Fy
use k = 0.65
and then completing the calculations, Pn = 6.91 kips (on a 1 in. wide strip)
Tension
226
461
330
159
Compress.
132
164
Some references
Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts, Research Council on Structural Connections, 2004 (RCSC)
(free download available at boltcouncil.org)
Bickford, John H., "An Introduction to the Design G.L. Kulak, A Bolting Primer for Structural