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Reading activity Mindess & Young, Concreto, cap 1, 2, 3.1 a 3.3, 3.5,
Concrete Characteristics
Advantages
Any shape and configuration High compressive strength Easy to make (unskilled and semiskilled workers)* Low energy consumption (3.5 GJ/m3)
Disadvantages
Low tensile strength Fragile low ductility Volumtric changes Susceptible to chemical atacks, cids, sulfates, chlorides, carbonation Easy to make *
Concrete Materials
Aggregates
Coarse Fine
Aggregates
Mortar
Concrete
CONCRETE
Chemical admixtures
Plasticizers Acelerants/retardants Rheology modifiers
Cement
Types Gypsum nonhydraulics 2CaSO4.2H2O 2CaSO4.H2O + 3H20 Lime nonhydraulics CaCO3 CaO + CO2 Portland cement hydraulics Calcium Silicates
Portland Cement
Raw materials
Clay Limestone silicates and aluminates calcium
Read
History , inventor, year (Cap 2 de Mindess & Young)
Cemento Portland
Hydration Characteristics
Reaction Contribution to cement rate Strength Heat liberation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------C3 S Mod. High High C2 S C3A + CSH2 C4AF + CSH2 Low High Mod. Low initially high later Low Low Low Very high Very High Moderate
Heat of Hydration
Ventana de manejabilidad
Portland Cement
Some Types of Cement - ASTM
Tipo I Tipo II Tipo III p Tipo IV Tipo V Adicionados Low shrinkage normal moderate heat of hydration High initial strength g g low heat of hydration + sulfate resistant sulfate resistant clinker + fly ash or slag
C3S C2S C3A C4AF Finura Blaine (m/kg) fc - 1 da (MPa) Calor de Hidratacin (J/g)
The performance of same type cements may vary significantly with source
Strenght Development
Higher fineness Higher fineness Durability
Cement
higher water demand higher initial strength higher heat of hydration g y
sulfate attack
Chemical Requirements
Limits on components f(type of cement) Loss on ignition Insoluble residue Content and type of alkalies
Physical Requirements
Fineness Soundness Compressive Strength Time of setting Mortar air content
Compressive Strength
Time of Setting
Vicat apparatus
1 mm needle Special needle p
Gillmore needles
Other Tests
Density
Paste Consistency
Vicat apparatus with a 10 mm needle
Mortar Tests
Flow Slump Compressive Strength (cubes) Flexural Strength (beams) Sulfate Expansion
Cement Hydration
Cement Hydration
Cements reacts chemically with water Cement + water hydration
Cement Hydration
Cements reacts chemically with water Cement + water C3S + H C2S + H C3A + CSH2 + H hydration
cement paste
Disolucin de iones
Cement Hydration
Hydration
Calor de hidr ratacin
Inicio de Hidratacin
Estado Slido
Contina hidratacin
15 min
Tiempo
Hydration
Ventana de manejabilidad
Concrete Micro-Structure
S-C-H (calcium silicate hydrate) CH (calcium hydroxide) Monosulfoaluminates (ettringite) Unhydrated cement Voids
Pores Entrapped air Entrained air
Time
Heat of hydration
Initial set
Final set
S-C-H
Ettringite
Concrete Micro-Structure
Concrete Micro-Structure
Concrete Micro-Structure
Calcium silicate sheets + Ca y H2O ions between them
Capillary pores 50 10000 nm Macropores 50nm-0.010 mm 10 50 nm Large mesopores Gel pores 2.5 10 nm 0.5 2.5 nm 0.5 nm Small mesopores Micropores Space between layers
Voids Effects
Strength/ Permeability Entrapped air Entrained air Macropores Large mesopores Samll Mesopores Micropores Space between layers Shrinkage Creep
Pores
No No No No No Yes Yes
* Disminuye permeabilidad
Porosity Calculations
V hydration products V gel pores V capillary pores
Water
= = =
Held on the surface of S-C-H H ld th f f SCH 6 molecules. Lost when HR < 30% shrinkage Lost for HR < 11 % contraccin Lost for T > 1000C (S-C-H decomposes)
Cement
(a/c) vs Permeability
Lost water
Shrinkage or creep
Pore solution
El agua en los poros es realmente una solucin en equilibrio inico con la pasta hidratada. Bsicamente es una solucin saturada de hidrxido de calcio (pH > 12)
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Wall Effect
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