[PLM] Page 1 CHAPTER 1 Immunology I. History - Louis Pasteur. Father of Immunology - Thucydides. Recognized Immune status. - Chinese.

Inhilation of dried powders from the crusts of smallpox lesions. II. Immunology - study of mol., cells, organs, and systems for recognition & disposal of nonself material. body components interaction. - desirable and undesirable consequences of immune reactions. A. Components - Specificity - Memory - Mobility Replicability - Cooperation bet. Different cells or its products. -immunoglobulins aka antibodies. -immunogens aka antigens. B. FUNCTION - to recognize self from nonself - to defend the body against nonself. 1. Desirable consequences: Natural resistance - Recovery - Acquired resistance to infectious dis. 2. Undesirable consequences: - Allergy - Rejection of transplanted organs Autoimmune disorder (own's body tissues are attack as if they were foreign. C. Body Defenses 1. First line. Unbroken Skin Mucosal Membrane Surfaces e.g. Keratinization, Differentiation. Secretions, Mucus, coughing and sneezing, sebum, lactic acid in sweat, earwax/cerumen, urine, acid in stomach and vaginal acidity, lysozymes in tears and saliva (IgA), and cilia. [PLM] Page 2 2. NATURAL IMMUNITY- syn. Innate/Inborn/NONSPECIFIC -second line of defense, if the microog. penetrates the 1 st line. - Phagocytes Engulfment and destruction. - Complement proteins - Humoral fluid. Interferons -Viral infections. - Inflammation series of biochemical and cellular changes. - increase plasma concentration of Acute Phase Reactants (indicator of inflammation). 3. ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY syn. Acquired/SPECIFIC - third line of defense, if 2 nd line resisted by microorg. - for recognition, to remember, and respond to a stimuli ANTIGEN - Immunologic memory for the reinfection of disease - Major cellular = Lymphocytes. - Major humoral = Antibody. a. HUMORAL-MEDIATED (antibody-mediated) -Primary defense against bacterial infection because the cells are B- Lymphs. Cellular Humoral Mast cells PMN Mac- Complement Protein Lysozyme Interferon Cellular Humoral TLymphocytes B-Lymphocytes Plasma cells Antibodies Cytokines ACTIVE IMMUNITY PASSIVE IMMUNITY Acquired by infection/ through injection of an antigen (vaccination). Vaccination stimulate antibody production and memory. Antibody is produced. Long duration of immune response. Transfer in vivo (artificial) or colostrums (mother to fetus/baby). Short duration of immune response. Immediate hypersensitivity mediated 1 by IgE Anaphylaxis manifestation of hypersensitivity. [PLM] Page 3 b. CELL-MEDIATED aka Delayed Hypersensitivity - Slow secondary response. - Link between T-lymphocytes and Phagocytes. - TLymphs does not directly recognize Ag, only when present on surface of Mac(an Ag-presenting cell). - Allografts genes fr. Different member of same sp. Cytokines soluble factors act on immune system - Interleukins mediators on leukocytes. III. INNATE vs IMMUNITY Innate, an ancient form of host defense a. Germline-encoded receptors - receptors are genetically determined. b. They

recognize Ags in large number (not singly) = PATHOGEN ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS (PAMPs), thats why NON SPECIFIC. - Adaptive, more on lymphocytes. a. Binds directly on Ag surface = SPECIFIC. b. May be harmful when activated bec. Of inability to distinguish between self-Ag from nonself-Ag. CLASSIFICATION OF HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS TYPE I ANAPHYLACTIC IgE - No complement - Use mast cells and BASO- - e.g. Hay fever, Food allergy TYPE II CYTOTOXIC - IgG - Has complement - Cells are WBC, RBC and Platelets - e.g. HDN, and Thrombocytopenia TYPE III IMMUNE COMPLEX - IgG and IgM Has complement - Tissue cells - e.g. Arthus rxn. TYPE IV T-CELL DEPENDENT No antibody, T-cells are used. - No complement. Tcells dont interfere complement system. - Cells are T-cells and Mac- - e.g. Infection allergy and dermatitis. [PLM] Page 4 REVIEW QUESTIONS: 1. Immune System protect against or can be manipulated to treat disease. 2. Lymphocytes they have T- & B- types. 3. Cooperative Interaction Specific cellular elements, cell products, and nonlymphoid elements. 4. Autoimmune Disorder - Condition in which the bodys own tissues are attacked as if they were foreign. 5. Nonspecific Immune Elements Mononuclear phagocytes. 6. The FIRST LINE of DEFENSE: a. Unbroken Skin b. Normal Flora c. Secretions 7. Natural Immunity is INNATE / INBORN. 8. Components of Natural Immune System CELLULAR: a. Mast cells b. Neutrophils c. Macrophages 9. Components of Natural Immune System HUMORAL: a. Complement b. Lysozyme c. Interferons 10. Another term for ADAPTIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY. 11. Humoral components of Adaptive ANTIBODIES (also CYTOKINES). 12. MODE OF ACQUISITION ACTIVE NATURAL: INFECTION (has Ab) 13. MODE OF ACQUISITION ACTIVE ARTIFICIAL: VACCINATION (has Ab) 14. MODE OF ACQUISITION PASSIVE NATURAL: TRANSFER IN VIVO OR BY COLOSTRUM (no Ab) 15. MODE OF ACQUISITION PASSIVE ARTIFICIAL: INFUSION OF SERUM OF PLASMA (no Ab). 16. Immediate Hypersensitivity consists of the rxn 1 mediated by IgE. 17. The most immediate and severe manifestation of immediate hypersensitivity is ANAPHYLAXIS 18. Delayed Hypersensitivity is referred to HUMORAL IMMUNITY.