C

HAPTER

BEAMS AND GIRDERS

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 INTRODUCTION DESIGN OF BEAMS ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS LIMITATIONS OF DEFLECTION DEPTH TO SPAN RATIOS DESIGN OF PURLINS CRANE GIRDERS

Chapter 6: Beams and Girders

6
6.1 Introduction:
M f E = = I y R

BEAMS AND GIRDERS

A structural member is termed a beam when the loading it carries is resisted by bending action. From the elementary theory of bending the following expression is obtained: (6-1)

which presupposes that the beam is bent into a circular deflected shape due to a uniformly applied bending moment. In practice this is rarely the case. However; since the ratio of span to depth is usually large the above expression may regarded as quite reliable. The design of a beam involves checking stress levels from various effects and ensuring that deflection is within some prescribed limit.

6.2

Design of Beams:

From Equation (6-1), the bending stress can be given as:

f =

M M y= I Z

(6-2)

where Z is the section modulus. Knowing the maximum moment in the beam and the allowable bending stress, the required section modulus is obtained and the steel section is selected. When lateral deflection of the compression flange of the beam is prevented by providing lateral support, the beam is said to be laterally supported. In this case no reduction of the allowable bending stress is considered. When lateral support is inadequate lateral buckling of the compression flange occurs and the allowable bending stress must be reduced accordingly.

6.3

Allowable Bending Stress:

6.3.1 Compact Sections Tension and compression due to bending on extreme fibers of compact sections symmetric about the plane of their minor axis and bent about their major axis can be

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

6-1

Chapter 6: Beams and Girders obtained from the following Equation:

Fb

= 0.64 F y

(6-3)

Table (6-1) Allowable bending stresses for compact Sections

Grade of Steel St 37 St 44 St 52

Fb

(ton / cm 2 )

t 40 mm
1.54 1.76 2.30

40 mm < t 100 mm
1.38 1.63 2.14

In order to qualify under this section: i. The member must meet the compact section requirements of Table (2-1) of the E.C.P 2008- Clause 2.6.1. which can be summarized for the common sections as follows; 1. For box section, the ratios of flange and webs should be as follows;
b 58 ===> for flange tf Fy 2. For other sections such as I, [ or T-sec.; Hot rolledC 16.9 ===> for flange tf Fy C 15.3 ===> for flange tf Fy & d w 127 ===> for web tw Fy d w 127 ===> for web tw Fy

&

d w 127 ===> for web tw Fy

Welded -

&

(a)

Box section

(b) Other sections

Figure 6. 1: Dimensional ratios of compact sections

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

6-2

Chapter 6: Beams and Girders ii. The laterally unsupported length (Lu) of the compression flange is limited by the smaller of: For box sections: Lu < 84 b f Fy

or

Lu (137 + 84

M1 bf ) M 2 Fy

(6-4)

For other sections: Lu 20 b f Fy

or

Lu

1380 A f d Fy

Cb

(6-5)

where:

bf tf
d

the compression flange width (cm), compression flange thickness (cm). the beam depth (cm). the algebraic ratio of the smaller to the larger end moments taken as positive for reverse curvature bending, e

M1 M2
Cb

coefficient depending on the type of load and support conditions.

Cb

M M 1.75 + 1.05 1 + 0.3 1 M M 2 2

2 .3

(6-6)

Cb = 1.0 when the moment through the span is greater than the end moments.
According to Equation (6 uation (6-5), hence, for compact I-sections made of Steel 37 and sections considering Cb = 1.0, there is no reduction in the allowable bending stress ( Fb = 0.64 Fy ) in case of: Lu 13b f or Lu 575 b f t f d
(6-7)

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

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Chapter 6: Beams and Girders

6.3.2 Non-Compact Sections

Allowable stresses on extreme fibers of flexural members not covered by Clause 2.6.5.12.6.5.4:

a. Tension Fbt
Fbt = 0.58 Fy Hence, Fbt is taken as follows: (6-8)

Table (6- 2) Allowable tension stress in bending for non-compact sections

Grade of Steel St 37 St 44 St 52

Fbt
t 40 mm

(ton / cm 2 )
40 mm < t 100 mm

1.4 1.6 2.1

1.3 1.5 2.0

b. Compression Fbc
When the compression flange is braced laterally at intervals exceeding Lu as defined by Eq. (6-5) and (6-7), the allowable bending stress in compression Fbc will be taken as the larger value from Eqs (6-9) and (6-10), (6-11), or (6-12) with a maximum value of:

Fbc = 0.58 F y :
(a) For shallow thick flanged sections, (I-beams and channel sections) where t f Lu L approximately ( > 4 ) , for any value of T = u , the lateral torsional bf d rT buckling stress is governed by the torsional strength given by:

Fltb1 =
For C b

800 b f t f

Lu d

Cb

0.58 Fy

(6-9)

= 1.0, the allowable bending stress is given by: 800 b f t f

Fltb1 =

Lu d

0.58 Fy

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

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Chapter 6: Beams and Girders (b) For deep thin flange sections, where approximately (

t f Lu bf d

< 0.40 ) , the lateral

torsional buckling stress is governed by the buckling strength given by: When ( Lu rT ) < 84

Cb , then: Fy
(6-10)

Fltb2 = 0.58 Fy

When 84

Cb C Lu / rT 188 b , then: Fy Fy
Fltb2

(Lu rT )2 Fy = 0.64 1.176 105 Cb

Fy 0.58 Fy

(6-11)

When

Lu Cb > 188 , then: rT Fy

Fltb2 =

12000 C 0.58 Fy (Lu rT )2 b

(6-12)

For deep thin flange sections made of Steel 37 and considering Cb = 1.0 (as in most cases the moment through the span is greater than the end moments) the allowable bending stress is given by: When ( T = Lu rT ) < 54 , then:

Fltb2 = 0.58 F y
When 54 T 120 , then:

(6-13)

Fltb2 = 1.54 0.000049(T ) 0.58 Fy

2

(6-14)

When

T 120, then:
Fltb2

110 = 0.58 Fy T

(6-15)

Figure 6.2 gives the allowable bending stresses according to equations (6-8) to (6-10) 2 for steel 37 with yield stress = 2400 kg/cm considering Cb = 1.0.

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

6-5

Chapter 6: Beams and Girders

1600 1400 ALLAWABLE BENDING 2 STRESS Kg/Cm 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 40 80 120 160 200 SLENDERNESS RATIO LU /r T

Figure 6. 2: Allowable Compression Stress in Non-Compact Sections with Slenderness Ratio of Compression Flange
Alternatively, the lateral torsional buckling stress can be computed more accurately as the resultant of the above mentioned two components as:
2 2 Fltb = Fltb1 + Fltb2 0.58

Fy

(6-18)

In the above Equations: Lu = Effective laterally unsupported length of compression flange. = K x (distance between cross-sections braced against twist or lateral displacement of the compression flange in cm.

= =

Effective length factor. Radius of gyration about the minor axis of a section comprising the compression flange plus one sixth of the web area (cm).

rT Af Fy

= =

Area of compression flange (cm ). Yield stress (t /cm ).

2

In order to consider the sections shown in Table (6-3) as compact the following conditions must be satisfied: i. The limits of width to thickness ratio are according to Table (2-1) (See E.C.P. 2008 Clause 2.6.1).

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

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Chapter 6: Beams and Girders ii. iii. The section is symmetrical about its minor axis. s The lateral un-braced length of compression flange Lu must satisfy the smaller braced value of Eq. (6-7 7).

Table 6- 3: Summary regarding the allowable bending stresses ITEM TYPE OF CROSS SECTION
DOUBLY SYMMETRICAL I-SHAPE SHAPE 1 COMPACT

COMPACTNESS

STRAINING ACTIONS

Fb 0.64 F y 0.72 F y 0.58 F y 0.58 F y 0.64 F y 0.64 F y 0.58 F y 0.58 F y 0.58 F y

MX MY MX
NON-COMPACT

MY MX
BOX SECTION 2 NON-COMPACT COMPACT

MY MX MY MX

CANNEL SECTION 3 NON-COMPACT

MY

0.58 F y

SOLID SECTION 4

MX MY

0.72 F y 0.72 F y

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

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Chapter 6: Beams and Girders

6.4

Limitations of deflection:

The calculated deflection due to live load only without dynamic effect of any beam shall not be greater than the values shown in Table (6-3).

Table 6- 4: Maximum allowable deflections MEMBER

Beams in building carrying plaster or other brittle finish. All other beams Cantilevers Crane track girders

MAX. DEFLECTION

L / 300 L / 200 L / 180 L / 800

6.5
i.

Depth to span ratios:

The depth of rolled beams in floors shall preferably be not less than 1/24 of their span. ii. The depth of beams and girders subjected to shocks or vibrations shall preferably be not less than 1/20 of their span. iii. The depth of simply supported roof purlins shall preferably be not less than 1/40 of their span.

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

6-8

Chapter 6: Beams and Girders

6.6

Design of Purlin Purlins:

6.6.1 General Layout:

6.6.2 Cross-section of purlin: section

Hot rolled section: [ , SIB, or BFIB.

For relatively long spans a trussed purlin may be used.

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

6-9

Chapter 6: Beams and Girders Cold formed section ([ or Z sections )

6.6.3 Structural system:

Purlins may be designed as: i. Simply supported beam beam.

ii.

Continuous beam over two spans (No saving in design).

iii.

Continuous beam over three spans.

iv.

Compound beam

v.

Simple beam with knee

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

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Chapter 6: Beams and Girders

6.6.4 Loads and straining actions:

Purlins are generally subjected to the following loads: i. ii. iii. Own weight. This is to be assumed. Weight of covering material. Imposed live load or a concentrated live load of 100 Kg. Wind load.

iv.

CASES OF LOADING:

The purlin should be designed for the following cases of loading:

Case (I) #1: Dead load + Superimposed load on roof (D.L. + L.L.) Case (I) #2: Dead load + Concentrated load of 100 Kgs. (D.L. +100 Kg) Case (II): Dead load + Superimposed load + Wind pressure. (D.L. + L.L. + W.L.).

The total load acting on the purlin in each case is analyzed in the directions of the principal axes of the cross-section namely Wy, and Wx where :

Wy is the component of the total load in the direction of the y-y axis of the crosssection.

Wx is the component of the total load in the direction of the x-x axis of the crosssection..

Knowing the values of Wy and Wx the straining action on the beam (Mx and My) are obtained.

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

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Chapter 6: Beams and Girders

6.6.5 Finding cross-section of purlin: section

f =

Mx My + Zx Zy M x CM y M x + CM y + = Zx Zx Zx M x + CM y Fall = .........

For a given section Z x = CZ y f =

Or Z x req =

From tables try section # .......... Hence Z x = ....... cm 3 , f act = Z y = ........ cm 3 Mx My + = ............ Kg/cm 2 < ......... O.K. Zx Zy

The chosen cross section should be checked for other cases of loading. The shear stress in the purlin should be checked, however, with no normal cases of loading the shear stress in purlins is usually safe.

N.B: For relevant sections of purlin: C 3 for B.I.B, C 8 for S.I.B and C 7 for Channel section.
6.6.6 Effect of roof type on the design of the purlin: ype
The type of roof covering material will affect the design of the purlin. In case of flexible roof covering (e.g. corrugated sheets) the purlin will be free to deflect in both directions of the principal axes of its cross ction and hence, it will be subjected to both Mx and My. In cross-section case of rigid roof covering (e.g. reinforced concrete slab), the purlin will be prevented from deflection in the direction of the x axis. In this case the purlin will be subjected to Mx only x-axis. and the load component Wx will be resisted by the slab directly.

6.6.7

Depth of purlin:

To avoid excessive deflections the depth of the purlin should not be less than L/40 where

L is the span of the purlin.

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

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Chapter 6: Beams and Girders

6.6.8

Design of purlin using tie rods:

LAYOUT OF TIE RODS:

Using tie rod will affect the value of My only. My can be calculated as follows:

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

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Chapter 6: Beams and Girders

For one tie rod:

S Wx 2 My = 8 S Wx 3 My = 12

For two tie rods:

(Give reasons) !

The ties should be designed for the maximum tension force acting on the system due to the effect of Wx. In case of one tie rod the design force in the tie rod is the maximum of T1 or T2 where T1 and T2 are calculated as follows:

S T1 1.25 W x N 2

or

S 1.25 W x ( N + 1) 2 T2 2 x sin

where N is the number of supported purlins by the system. Assuming the effective area of purlins the tie rod as 0.7 of the gross area hence, the net area of the tie rod can be estimated as: Agross =

Tmax 0.7 F pt

It should be mentioned that in case of cast-in-place reinforced concrete covering, there is cast place no need for tie rods as My = 0

Example:
Design the intermediate purlin of the shown roof truss (flexible roof) as hot rolled [ cross crossBy Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

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Chapter 6: Beams and Girders section considering the following: Weight of covering sheets Superimposed load Wind load (pressure) Spacing of trusses = 20 Kg/m2 = 50 Kg/m2 = 15 Kg/m = 6.0 m
2

For a span of 6.0 the height of the cross section = 600 / 40 =15 cm (i.e. [ #160 ). For a [ # 160 the own weight 19 Kg/m Kg/m.

CONSIDERING CASE (I) #1 : (D.L + L.L.)

Wtotal = 19 + 201.9 + 50 501.75 = 144.5 Kg/m Sin = 0.394 Wx = 56.92 Kg/m , , Cos = 0.919 Wy = 132.82 Kg/m

62 = 597.7 Kg.m. 8 62 M y = 56.92 = 256.1 Kg.m. 8 M x = 132.82

CONSIDERING CASE (I) # 2: (D.L + Concentrated load)

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

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Chapter 6: Beams and Girders W DL = 19 + 20 1.9 = 57 Kg/m' Wy = 52.4 kg/m' , M x - D.L = 52.4 M y - DL Wx = 22.5 Kg/m' 62 = 235.8 Kg.m. 8 62 = 22.5 = 101.3 Kg.m. 8

For a concentrated load of P = 100 Kg at the center of purlin:

Py = 91.9 Kg and Px = 39.4 Kg 6 = 137.9 Kg.m. 4 6 M y = 39.4 = 59.1 Kg.m. 4 M x (total ) = 235.8 + 137.9 = 373.7 Kg.m. M x = 91.9 M y (total ) = 101.3 + 59.1 = 160.4 Kg.m.

From the above two cases of loading the critical case is the case of D.L.+ L.L.
Mx = 597.7 Kg.m and My = 256.1 Kg.m

CONSIDERING CASE (II): (D.L + LL + WL)

The effect of wind load will be in the y-y direction (i.e. it will affect Mx Only). Wy = 15x1.9 = 28.5 Kg/m/, M x = 28.5 62 = 128.25 Kg.m. 8 Wx = 0.0

Mx (total) = 597.7 + 128.25 = 725.95 Kg.m My = 256.10 Kg.m

Stress equation: The channel is always non-compact section:

Fbx = Fby = Fb = 0.58 Fy = 1.4 t / cm 2

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

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Chapter 6: Beams and Girders

f =

Mx My + Zx Zy M x 7M y M x + 7M y + = Zx Zx Zx M x + 7M y Fall

For [ section Z x 7Z y f

Or Z x req = Z x req =

(597.7 + 7 256.1)100 = 170.7cm 3 1400 Try [ # 200 Z x = 191 cm 3 , Z y = 27 cm 3 597.7 256.1 2 f act = + 100 = 1261 Kg/cm < 1400 O.K. 27 191

Check for case II:

f act = M x M y 725.85 256.1 + = + 100 Zx Z y 191 27 < 1400 x1.2 O.K .

= 1326.54 Kg / cm 2

DESIGN THE PURLIN USING ONE TIE ROD: NG

Redesign the previous example by using one tie rod .
6.6.8.A

From previous example: Mx maximum = 597.7 Kg.m M y = 56.92 32 = 64.0 8 Kg. Kg m

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

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Chapter 6: Beams and Girders

Z x (Re q.) = 597.7 + 7 x64 x100 = 74.7 cm 3 1400

From table try [ # 140

Z x = 86.4 cm3 , Z y = 14.8 cm3
597.7 64 f act = + 100 = 1124 86.4 14.8
Kg / cm 2

< 1400 O.K .

Check for Case (II):

f act = M x M y 725.85 64 + = + 100 = 1272.54 Zx Z y 86.4 14.8 Kg / cm 2 < 1400 x1.2 O.K .

Design of the tie rods using St.37:

Force in Tie rod: T1 = 3 x 3 x 1.25 x 56.92 = 640.1 Kg.

T2 =

640.1 + 1.25 3 56.92 = 797.6 Kg. 2 Sin 797.6 = 0.81 cm 2 1400 0.7

, (tan =

1.9 ) 3.0

Assuming A net 0.7 A gross and using steel 37 . A gross of tie rod = Use 13 (minimum diameter).

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

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Chapter 6: Beams and Girders

6.7

6.7 Crane Girders:

6.7.1 Design Loads of Crane Girders: Crane girders are members used as runways for overhead cranes serving shops and other industrial building. The main feature characterizing the behavior of crane girders are: i. The withstanding of a vertical live load of the crane, which has a dynamic action on the girder. ii. The action of comparatively large concentrated loads applied by the wheels of the crane and transmitted through the flange connection to the web of the girder. iii. The presence of lateral braking forces that induce bending of the top beam flange in a horizontal plane. An overhead crane consists of one (or two) main girders (Crane bridge ), along which the crane trolley with its load runs.

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

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Chapter 6: Beams and Girders

The load being handled, as well as the weight of the crane and the trolley, is transmitted to trolley, the crane girders through the crane wheels. Depending upon the location of the trolley, the crane wheel load may have a maximum or minimum value. In view of possibility of sharp changes in the speed of hoisting the load, unevenness of the crane runway and other reasons, the crane load is multiplied by a dynamic factor ranging between 1.2 1.9 and is generally taken as 1.25.

Owing to braking of the trolley, along the crane bridge, lateral horizontal force appears. This is taken as 10% of the wheel loads (without dynamic effect) at the top of rail level.

Also, due to braking of the trolley, along the crane girder, a horizontal force along the rail

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

6-20

Chapter 6: Beams and Girders is considered. This is taken as

1 (or 15%) of the wheel loads without impact. ut 7

6.7.1 CROSS SECTIONS OF CRA GIRDERS: CRANE

Cross sections (a), (b) and (c) for cranes having a span of up to 6 meters with a lifting capacity up to 35 tons. Cross section (d) is used for cranes with a span of six meters in 5 5 to 30 tons. Section (e) may be used for heavy cases, in which special horizontal bracing ay members are provided to withstand the lateral forces. 6.7.2 Analysis of crane girders: The design moments and shear forces originated by the crane load may be computed by using the influence lines plotted according to the structural system of the crane girder. For finding the maximum bending moment in a simple beam, the loads should be so arranged that the middle of the girder will be at equal distances from the resultant of all the loads and from the nearest load. Under the latter the maximum moment will be observed. To he determine the maximum shear force it is necessary to place one of the loads above a support and the remaining ones as near as possible to it. It should be noted that the location of the crane loads for determining the stresses induced by the vertical and the horizontal forces should be identical.

Arrangement of crane loads for maximum bending moment.

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)
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Chapter 6: Beams and Girders

Arrangement of crane loads for maximum shearing force.

The required section modulus (Zx) of the crane girder is determined on the basis of the ulus design strength reduced by 150250 Kg/cm . This is done because in the top flange of the girder, which is simultaneously subjected to horizontal braking forces, additional stresses induced by these forces appear. The strength of a solid crane girder is checked by means of the following expressions:
2

For the top fiber of the girder:

f = N Mx My + + Fb At Z xt Z yt
Case B

For the bottom fiber of the girder:

f= Mx Zxb Fb Case A

where: At Zxt Zyt = Area of top flang flange. = Net section modulus for top fiber of girder. = Section modulus of the top flange (or of the bracing beam) of the crane girder with respect to the vertical axis y y-y. = Net section modulus for the bottom fiber of the girder.

Zxb

6.7.3 Deflection of crane girder:

The deflection of crane girder can be checked by means of the equation.

5wL4 M L2 s 384 EI 10 EI

L 800

where: L Ms = Span of crane girder. = Moment produced by the vertical service load without introducing the

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

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Chapter 6: Beams and Girders

dynamic effect.

Example (1):
Design a crane girder with a span of L = 6 meters. The maximum load on a crane wheel is Pmax = 6 tons. The arrangement of the wheels is shown diagrammatically in the figure. Impact Coeff. = 25%, Lateral shock = 10% , Braking force = 1/7.

Wheel arrangement Solution:

12 2.5 =5 t 6 M x = Ra 2.5 = 12.5

Ra =

t.m

M x ( LL + I ) = 1.25 12.5 = 15.63 t.m. M y = 0.1 12.5 = 1.25 t.m. N= 12 = 1.714 t 7

Assuming moment due to own weight of the beam = 5% of Mx (LL+I):

Mx total =1.05 15.63=16.41 t.m. 15.63=16.41

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

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Chapter 6: Beams and Girders

Q = 6 + 6 4 = 10 t 6 Q(LL + I) = 10.0 1.25 = 12.5 t

Assuming the shear force due to own weight of the beam = 3% of Q(LL+I), hence: Q(LL + I) + Q D.L 1.03 12.5 12.9 t

Choosing of cross-section:
Assume Fall =1200 kg/cm Z x req =
2

M x 16.41 105 = 1367 cm 3 f all 1200

Try BFIB # 280 Local buckling of elements (Table (2-1) See E.C.P. 2004 clause 2.6.1):
c = 0.5 (b t w 2 t f ) = 05 (28 1.2 2 2.0) = 11.4 cms

16.9 16.9 c 11.4 = = 5.7 < = = 10.91 Fy t f 1.20 2.4

d w = h 4 t f = 28 4 2.0 = 20.0 cms

127 d w 20.0 127 = = 9.2 < = 82 Fy t w 1.20 2.4

Hence, the section is a compact section regarding local buckling. The un-braced length:

The actual un-braced length = span of crane girder = 600 cms

Lu = 13 b f = 13 28 = 364 cms < 600 cms The section is a non-compact regarding the lateral torsional buckling.

Ld 600 24 = = 257 < 575 bt 28 2

Hence, no reduction of stress, i.e.

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

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Chapter 6: Beams and Girders

Fb = 0.58 F y
For BFIB # 280

= 1400 kg / cm 2

Area of top flange = 2 x 28.0 = 56.0 cm

2 282 = 261 cm3 6 Z xt = Z xb = 1480 cm3 Z yt = 1.714 103 1.25 105 16.41 105 56 261 1480 2 f t = 1618 Kg / cm 1.20 1400 Kg/cm 2 O.K. ft =

Check for deflection:

M s L2 12.5 100 6002 L = = 1.03 cm > N.G 10 EI 10 2100 20720 800 600 L = = 0.75 cm 800 800

Try BFIB # 320

12.5 100 6002 = 0.66 10 2100 32250

cm <

L O.K. 800

Check of shear stress for B.F.I.B #320:

q= Qtolal 12.9 103 = = 383.9 kg/cm 2 < 0.35 2400 = 840 kg/cm 2 Aweb 28 1.2

) O.K.

Example (2):
Design a crane girder with a span of L = 6.0 ms., the maximum moving loads on crane girder are 2 x 7.0 t spaced at 2.0 ms., where Impact coefficient is 25% , Lateral chock is 10%, Braking force is 15%.

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

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Chapter 6: Beams and Girders

Straining actions on crane girder:

14 x 2.5 = 5.83 ton. 6 M x ( LL) = 5.83 x 2.5 = 14.6 m.t.
Ra =

M x ( LL + I ) = 14.6 x1.25 = 18.25 m.t. Assuming own weight of crane girder = 200 Kg/m
M x ( D.L.) =

0 .2 x 6 2 = 0 .9 8 .0

m.t.

Mx total = 18.25 + 0.9 = 19.15 m.t. As the effect of horizontal shock is taken as 10% of the vertical loads without impact, hence: My = 0.1 x 14.6 = 1.46 m.t.

Shearing force:
Qmax = 7.0 +

Q total

7 x4 = 11.67 ton 6 = 11.67 x1.25 + 0.2 x3 = 15.2 ton

Normal force on crane girder:

The maximum normal force = 0.15 x 14 = 2.1 ton.

Choosing of cross-section: section:

Assume the cross section to be as shown in the figure (S.I.B.+ [ )

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

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Chapter 6: Beams and Girders

Z x ( for the SIB ) M x 19.15 x105 = = 1368 cm3 Fpt 1400

Try S.I.B. # 400 , Zx = 1460 cm3 , b = 15.5cm Z x req for the [

1.46x105 = 104 cm 3 1400 For b = 15.5 cm we have to choose channel # 220

Properties of built up section: For a S.I.B. # 400:

Area = 118 cm2 tweb = 1.44 cm , , Ix = 29210 cm4 tflange = 2.16 cm. , b = 15.5 cm

For a channel # 220:

Area = 37.4 cm2 tweb = 0.9 cm,
ey =

Ix = 2690 cm4 , ec = 2.14 cm

Iy = 197 cm4

37.4(21.25 + 0.9 2.14) = 4.51 cm. 37.4 + 132 I x = (29210 + 1118 (4.51) 2 + 197 + 37.4(20 + 0.9 2.14 4.51) 2 I x = 39401 cm 4 Iy (for the upper flange + channel). (15.5) 3 2.16 = 3360.3 cm 4 12

I y = 2690 +

Atop = 37.4+2.16x15.5 = 70.88 cm2 The un-braced length:

The actual un-braced length = 600 cms.

b 4 ry

Lu

= 13 b = 13 4

3360.3 70.88

= 358 cms

(see Eq. 6-4)

Lu = 358 < 600 cms

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

6-27

Chapter 6: Beams and Girders

Lateral torsional buckling:

f L.TB. = 800 15.5 2.16 = 1.25 t/cm 2 600 (40 2 2.16)

Check of stresses:
19.16 10 5 (20 + 4.51) = 1191 kg/cm 2 < 1400 kg/cm 2 39401 5 19.16 10 (20 + 0.9 4.51) f top (Case A) = = 797 kg/cm 2 < 1250 kg/cm 2 39401 1.46 10 5 11.0 2.1 103 f top (Case B) = 797 + + = 1304.6 kg/cm 2 < 1250 1.20 kg/cm 2 3360.3 70.88 OK f bottom (case A) =

Check for shear stress:

q= Q 15.03 103 = = 260 kg/cm 2 < 840 kg/cm 2 Aw 40 1.44 OK

Check for deflection:

all = act L 600 = = 0.75cm. 800 800 Ms.L2 14.6 105 * (600) 2 = = 0.64 cm < 0.75cm O.K . 10 EI x 10 2100 103 39401

By Prof. Kamel Kandil - Dr. Maher Elabd (2011/2012)

6-28