CHAPTER II THEORETICAL ORIENTATION AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This

chapter

presents

the

theoretical

orientation

and

review of related literature and studies by the researchers that are relevant to the present investigation. Related literature According to Joyce M. Black and Jane Hokanson Hawks they define stress as a particular relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing and or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her wellbeing. In addition to external stressful events, people may

define stress in different ways because it is the perception of the event, not the event itself that stimulated the response. And stress is the bodys response to demands, seems to be

increasing in todays world. Physical demands for adaptation are compounded by the adaptive response required by the volume of information and the decisions required for existence In todays society. Stress is result of an imbalance between the demands placed on a person and ones ability to adapt. Stress management has three components: stress resistance, cognitive reappraisal,

and effective coping skills. First Stress resistance involves decreasing eating the bodys response in help to stress: adopting and healthy using

patterns.

Engaging can

physical reduce

activity the stress

relaxation

techniques

response.

Physical activity a positive stressor that is activity requires an adaptive response and when performed properly, it result in physical changes that counter the normally negative effect of stress. Physical activity helps improve mental function,

decrease depression and increase physical endurance. Cognitive reappraisal or restructuring is to change the perception or

interpretation of events as stressors. Cognitive reappraisal is based on the assumption perception that of major factoring or stress is as the a

individuals

the

events

experience

stressor.(Black.2008 edition page 421)

Medical Surgical Nursing Volume 1 Eight

According to Selye stress is the wear and tear that life cause on the body . It occurs when a person has a difficulty dealing with life situations, problems, and goals. Each person handles stress differently: One person can thrive in a situation that creates great distress for another. Hans Selye An

endocrinologist , identified the physiologic aspects of stress, which he labeled the general adaptation syndrome. He determine three stages of reaction to stress: In alarm reaction stage ,

stress stimulated the body to send message from the hypothalamus to the glands)such as adrenal gland, to send out adrenaline and norepinephrine for Fuel and organs such as liver to reconvert glycogen stores glucose for food to prepare potential defense needs. In the resistance stage, the digestive system reduces function to shunt blood to areas needed for defense, the lung ake in more air, and the heart beats faster and harder so it can circulate this highly oxygenated and highly nourished blood to the muscles to defend the body by fight, flight or freeze

behaviors. If the person adapts to the stress the body response relax and the gland, organ and systemic response abate. The exhaustion stage occurs when the person has responded negatively to anxiety and stress: body stored are depleted or the emotional components are not resolved, resulting in continual arousal of the physiologic response and little reserve capacity.(Selye,

1956 Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Fourth Edition page 242243) Related Studies
According to Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman(1984) stress could be thought of as resulting from an imbalance between demands and resources or as occurring when pressure exceeds one's perceived

ability to cope. Stress management was developed and premised on the idea that stress is not a direct response to a stressor but rather

one's resources and ability to cope mediate the stress response and are amenable to change, thus allowing stress to be controllable.

In order to develop an effective stress management it is first necessary to identify the factors that are central to a person controlling methods his/her which stress, effectively and to identify these the

intervention

target

factors.

Lazarus and Folkman's interpretation of stress focuses on the transaction between people and their external environment (known as the Transactional Model). The model conceptualizes stress as a result of how a stressor is appraised stressor-stress link by proposing that if stressors are perceived as positive or

challenging rather than a threat, and if the stressed person is confident that he/she possesses adequate rather than deficient coping strategies, stress may not necessarily follow the

presence of a potential stressor. The model proposes that stress can be reduced by helping stressed people change their

perceptions of stressors, providing them with strategies to help them cope and improving their confide Stress is a condition in which the person responds in the normal balanced state. Most of the concerns and and in worries cases, are out commonly of repetitive, to ongoing, actual

extreme

most

proportion

the

situation. Some of these things are relationships, work, health or familys health and finances. Because of these worries, the

person experiences very high level of stress on regular basis. (http://www.scribd.com/doc/34415589/STRESS-MANAGEMENT- ) Conceptual Framework
Research paradigm is shown on figure below .This included the input, the process, and the output. The input contains the profile of the Fourth year nursing student in Christ the King College , the different stressors they encountered, and the different stress

management they performed to alleviate their stress. Research Paradigm Students Profile The different by III of Ecija of and to clinical Distribution Questionnaire Observation Analysis evaluation statistical treatment 1.Frequency Count 2. Percentages 3. Average Mean 4. Weighted Mean TECHNOLOGY REGARDS CLINICAL BASIS PROPOSED QUALITY CARE TO WITH THEIR DUTIES: FOR A and using STUDENTS OF NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND of STRESS PERFORMED LEVEL III MANAGEMENT BY THE

NURSING

stressors encountered the level nursing students Nueva University Science regards their duties. The stress management performed to by the respondents alleviate their stress different

Technology with

EFFECTIVE NURSING