Radioss For Linear Analysis 10.0

Copyright 2009 Altair Engi neeri ng, Inc. Proprietary and Confidential. All rights reserved.
RADIOSS
for Linear Analysis

Altair Engineering
July, 2009
Agenda
Introduction
Linear Static Analysis
Modal Analysis
Linear Buckling Analysis
Inertia Relief Analysis
Chapter 1 - Introduction
HyperWorks Overview
RADIOSS Overview
HyperWorks Overview
HyperWorks Overview
Modeling
Analysis
Optimization
Visualization
Reporting
Performance data
management.
What is RADIOSS?
Altair RADIOSS is a next-generation implicit and explicit finite-element
solver for linear statics and dynamics as well as complex nonlinear
transient dynamics and multi-body dynamics. This robust,
multidisciplinary solution allows manufacturers to maximize
durability, NVH, crash, safety, manufacturability and fluid-structure
interaction performance in order to bring innovative products to
market faster.
Altair RADIOSS
RADIOSS in HyperWorks
RADIOSS for Linear Overview
Finite Elements Analysis
Basic analysis features
Linear static analysis.
Normal modes analysis.
Linear buckling analysis.
Thermal-stress steady state analysis
Advanced analysis features
Frequency response function (FRF) analysis
Direct
Modal
Random response analysis
Transient response analysis
Direct
Modal
Transient response analysis based on the Fourier
method
Direct
Modal
Non-linear contact analysis
Acoustic Analysis (Structure and Fluid)
Fatigue Analysis (N and N)
Optimization Overview
Topology
Shape
Free-shape
Size
Free-size
Topography
Optimization
D
e
s
i
g
n

P
r
o
c
e
s
s
Solver Neutral
Integrated FEA Solver
Concept Level
Design
Design Fine Tuning
Gauge9 & 10
Gauge1, 2 & 3
Gauge4
Gauge5
Gauge6
Gauge7
Gauge11, 12 & 13
Gauge14 &15
DOE
Approximations
Stochastic Studies
RADIOSS Process
Pre-Processing in HyperMesh
MODEL
Nodes &
Elements
LOADS
Moments
Forces
Run Controls
Subcases
Output Requests
CONSTRAINTS
SPC, MPC
Materials
Properties
RADIOSS
Model
Checks
Solve
Formatted ASCII input file
Fem file
User requested
Other ASCII result files
Warnings, errors, run details
Out file Log file
Binary result files
H3d file Res file
Guide lines
What are the loads on this system or component?
Are the loads static or dynamics?
Which is the load path?
What are the design criteria? (Stress, displacement, Strain, Life, etc)
Where do we expect the high stresses and what limit can I accept?
Is it a linear or non-linear problem?
How can I verify the FEA results?
Guide lines
Chapter 2 Linear Static Analysis
What is a Static Analysis?
Model Definition Structure
How to do a Static Analysis Setup
Exercise 2.1 Simple Beam
Exercise 2.2 Bracket
In mechanics we can define static state as the state of a system that is in equilibrium under an
action of balanced forces and torques so that they remain at rest (V=0).
System is subjected to loads and boundary conditions like:
Forces, Moments, Temperature, SPCs (Single point constraints), MPCs (Multi point
constraints)
Analysis has some assumptions like:
Deformations are in the elastic range
Stresses are assumed to be linear functions of the strains
f Kx =
K : It is the global stiffness matrix
x : It is the displacement vector response to be determined.
f : It is the external forces vector applied to the structure.
Example:
1 - FEM model:
(
(
(
=
L
AE
L
AE
L
AE
L
AE
K 2 - Element Matrix:
(
=
(
(
(
=
74 . 659 74 . 659
74 . 659 74 . 659
100
210 * 16 . 314
100
210 * 16 . 314
100
210 * 16 . 314
100
210 * 16 . 314
1
K
(
=
(
(
(
=
47 . 82 47 . 82
47 . 82 47 . 82
200
210 * 54 . 78
200
210 * 54 . 78
200
210 * 54 . 78
200
210 * 54 . 78
2
K
47 . 82 47 . 82 0 3
47 . 82 47 . 82 74 . 659 74 . 659 2
0 74 . 659 74 . 659 1
3 2 1
=
G
K
3 - Global Matrix:
=
10
0
0
f
=
3
2
1
x
x
x
x
4 Forces and Displacement:
5 Global System:
6 Eliminate the Prescribed DOFs:
(
(
(
10
0
0
47 . 82 47 . 82 0
47 . 82 21 . 742 74 . 659
0 74 . 659 74 . 659
3
2
1
x
x
x
)
`
=
)
`
10
0
47 . 82 47 . 82
47 . 82 21 . 742
3
2
x
x
)
`
=
)
`
1364 . 0
0152 . 0
3
2
x
x
7 Solving the system:
STRAIN
mm mm
L
x x
L
L
/ 10 * 52 . 1
100
0 0152 . 0 4
1
1 2
1
=

=
=
mm mm
L
x x
L
L
/ 10 * 06 . 6
200
0152 . 0 1364 . 0 4
2
2 3
2
=

=
=
STRESS
GPa E 032 . 0 210 * 10 * 52 . 1
4
1 1 = = =

GPa E 127 . 0 210 * 10 * 06 . 6
4
2 2 = = =

FORCES
KN A f 10 16 . 314 * 032 . 0 1 1 1 = = =
KN A f 10 54 . 78 * 127 . 0
2 2 2
= = =
Input/Output Section
Subcase Information Section
Define Load Cases (Sub Cases,
Load Steps)
Definition of Objective and
Constraint Reference
Bulk Data Section
Optimization Problem
Design Variables
Responses
Constraints
Optimization parameters
(DOPTPRM)
Finite Element Model
Input/Output Section
1. ASCII output
(.out ;.stat; .hist; .sh; .desvar; .prop; .hgdata; .grid; .oss;
.HM.comp.cmf; .HM.ent.cmf )
2. HTML Reports
(.html ; _frames.html ; _menu.html; .shuf.html)
3. Model results
(.res; .h3d; _des.h3d; _s#.h3d
4. HV session file
(.mvw; _hist.mvw)
Input Output Section
I/O Section
The I/O Options section controls:
location and names of the input, output and scratch files,
type of run (analysis, check or restart)
overall running of the analysis or optimization, and,
type, format and frequency of the output.
Some Categories of I/O Options:
Output Format Controls: FORMAT, OUTPUT
Run Controls: ANALYSIS, CHECK, CPU, NPROC, RESTART, SYSSSETTING
File Names, Headers and Locations: EIGVNAME, INCLUDE, INFILE, LOADLIB, OUTFILE
Analysis Output: ACCELERATION, CSTRAIN, CSTRESS, DISPLACEMENT, ELFORCE
Optimization Output: DENSITY, DENSRES, DESHIS, HISOUT, PROPERTY, RESPRINT
Other Output Controllers: ECHO, ECHOON, ECHOOFF, DMIGNAME, MODEL
Illustration:
$
TITLE = RADIOSS Analysis
SUBTITLE = Simulation
$
ANALYSIS
DISPLACEMENT(PUNCH) = ALL
ECHO
FORMAT H3D
FORMAT HM
STRAIN = ALL
STRESS = ALL
Case Control Section
Subcase Information Section
Case Control Section
The Case Control section
identifies which loads and boundary conditions are to be used in a subcase,
controls output type and frequency, and,
may contain objective and constraint information for optimization problems.
Some categories of Subcase Information:
General: LABEL, SUBCASE
FE Analysis: B2GG, DLOAD, EIGVRETRIEVE, EIGVSAVE
MBD Analysis: INVEL, MBSIM, MLOAD, MOTION, SPC
Optimization: DESGLB, DESOBJ, DESSUB
Component Mode Synthesis: CMSMETH, MPC
Case Control
Subcases
Used to combine loads and boundary conditions
Allows multiple analyses to be performed in one solver run
Individual subcases are defined using the SUBCASE statement
Each subcase must have a unique Integer ID
Illustration:
$$------------------------------------------------------------------------------$
$$ Case Control Cards $
$$------------------------------------------------------------------------------$
$
$HMNAME LOADSTEP 1"Test Loading" 1
$
SUBCASE 1
LABEL Test Loading
SUBTITLE = Test 01
SPC = 1
LOAD = 2
$$------------------------------------------------------------------------------$
Bulk Data Section
Bulk Data Section
Bulk Data Section
Comments and comment lines
All characters after $ until the end of the line
A line beginning with two slashes // or a pound #
Keywords
Must start from the first column
They must be all caps and abbreviations are not allowed
Examples: GRID, CQUAD4, PSHELL, MAT, LOAD, FORCE, SPC,
Continuation cards
Must follow the parent entries
If 1st character of any entry is either a blank, +, or * , it is treated as a continuation of the previous entry
Content of 10th field in each card (with the exception of DTPG) and the 1st field in each continuation card is
disregarded
Do not have to be in the same format as the parent entries
Each entry can be placed anywhere within the field
Blanks preceding and following an entry are ignored
Keyword entry is the exception: must be left justified in its field
The Bulk Data section
begins with the BEGIN BULK statement
ends with the END DATA statement
Data lines can contain a maximum of 80 characters
Characters after the 80
th
are ignored
Each line of data contains up to nine fields in one of the three accepted formats:
Fixed Format
Free Format
Large Field Format
Bulk Data Section
GRID, 1, , 24.0, 24.0, 0.0
Bulk Data Section
Character entries
Must start with a letter
Can not contain blanks within the data
Longer than 8 characters are truncated in large field and free field formats
Exception: file names on the INCLUDE card
Case insensitive (except user-provided labels)
Numeric entries
Must start with a digit, + or -
Integer entries may not contain a decimal point or an exponent part
Integer data placed in the field reserved for real valued data is accepted and converted to a double precision
Real must have a decimal can follow most formats within defined characters format
Invisible tab characters are equivalent to the number of spaces needed to advance to the nearest tab stop
Tab stops are placed at the beginning of each eight-character field
0.0 -2.93 0 13 6 FORCE
Real Real Integer Integer Integer
N1 F CID G SID FORCE
Example
Bulk Data Section Some categories of Bulk Data are:
BEGIN BULK
PARAM,AUTOSPC,YES
PARAM,CHECKEL,YES
$ SYSTEM Data
CORD2R 1 20.0 -20.0 0.0 20.0 -20.0 -100.0
+ -80.0 -20.0 0.0
$
GRID 1 50.0 -50.0 0.0
GRID 2 50.0 -40.0 0.0
$
CBAR 101 1 94 550.0 1.0 0.0
$
CQUAD4 1 1 55 58 59 54
CQUAD4 2 1 54 59 50 51
CQUAD4 3 1 58 43 44 59
$
PSHELL 1 11.0 1 1 0.0
$
PBEAM 1 178.53975490.8734490.87340.0 981.7469
$
MAT1 1210000.0 0.3 7.90E-09
$
EIGRL 3 20 MASS
$
FORCE 2 11 01.0 0.0 0.0 -100.0
$
SPC 1 31 1234560.0
ENDDATA
Nodes Elements
Forces
Systems
Bulk Data Section PARAM cards
BEGIN BULK
PARAM,AUTOSPC,YES
PARAM,CHECKEL,YES
$ SYSTEM Data
CORD2R 1 20.0 -20.0 0.0 20.0 -20.0 -100.0
+ -80.0 -20.0 0.0
$
GRID 1 50.0 -50.0 0.0
GRID 2 50.0 -40.0 0.0
$
CBAR 101 1 94 550.0 1.0 0.0
$
CQUAD4 1 1 55 58 59 54
CQUAD4 2 1 54 59 50 51
CQUAD4 3 1 58 43 44 59
$
PSHELL 1 11.0 1 1 0.0
$
PBEAM 1 178.53975490.8734490.87340.0 981.7469
$
MAT1 1210000.0 0.3 7.90E-09
$
EIGRL 3 20 MASS
$
FORCE 2 11 01.0 0.0 0.0 -100.0
$
SPC 1 31 1234560.0
ENDDATA
PARAM cards define parameters used
during the analysis.
Some examples of parameter cards are:
ALMS, AUTOSPC, CHECKEL, CHECKMAT,
INREL, PRGPST, WTMASS
Bulk Data Section PARAM cards
Example parameter (PARAM card):
Where:
(9)
V N PARAM
(10) (8) (7) (6) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Value of Parameter V
Name of Parameter N
BEGIN BULK
PARAM,AUTOSPC,YES
PARAM,CHECKEL,YES
$ SYSTEM Data
CORD2R 1 20.0 -20.0 0.0 20.0 -20.0 -100.0
+ -80.0 -20.0 0.0
$
GRID 1 50.0 -50.0 0.0
GRID 2 50.0 -40.0 0.0
$
CBAR 101 1 94 550.0 1.0 0.0
$
CQUAD4 1 1 55 58 59 54
CQUAD4 2 1 54 59 50 51
CQUAD4 3 1 58 43 44 59
$
PSHELL 1 11.0 1 1 0.0
$
PBEAM 1 178.53975490.8734490.87340.0 981.7469
$
MAT1 1210000.0 0.3 7.90E-09
$
EIGRL 3 20 MASS
$
FORCE 2 11 01.0 0.0 0.0 -100.0
$
SPC 1 31 1234560.0
ENDDATA
Bulk Data Section Local Coordinate Systems
A Local Coordinate System is a coordinate system
whose location and/or orientation is different
from the global coordinate system.
Local coordinate systems can be used to define:
Location of Nodes,
Orientation of nodes, elements, materials,
Loads, constraints, and Results.
You can create the following types of Local
Coordinate systems:
Rectangular
Cylindrical
Spherical
You need the definition of three non-collinear
points to define a Local Coordinate systems.
Bulk Data Section Local Coordinate Systems
Example local coordinate system (CORD2R card):
Where:
B3
(9)
C3 C2 C1 +
B2 B1 A3 A2 A1 RID CID CORD2R
(10) (8) (7) (6) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Coordinates of three points in the basic/global coordinate system
A1,A2,A3
B1,B2,B3
C1,C2,C3
Identification number of a coordinate system that is defined independently from this coordinate
system (Optional, Default = 0, Integer)
RID
Unique coordinate system identification number. (Integer > 0) CID
BEGIN BULK
PARAM,AUTOSPC,YES
PARAM,CHECKEL,YES
$ SYSTEM Data
CORD2R 1 20.0 -20.0 0.0 20.0 -20.0 -100.0
+ -80.0 -20.0 0.0
$
GRID 1 50.0 -50.0 0.0
GRID 2 50.0 -40.0 0.0
$
CBAR 101 1 94 550.0 1.0 0.0
$
CQUAD4 1 1 55 58 59 54
CQUAD4 2 1 54 59 50 51
CQUAD4 3 1 58 43 44 59
$
PSHELL 1 11.0 1 1 0.0
$
PBEAM 1 178.53975490.8734490.87340.0 981.7469
$
MAT1 1210000.0 0.3 7.90E-09
$
EIGRL 3 20 MASS
$
FORCE 2 11 01.0 0.0 0.0 -100.0
$
SPC 1 31 1234560.0
ENDDATA
Bulk Data section GRIDs
GRIDs (or nodes) are locations
in space
Used to define the structural
model and its boundary
conditions
Bulk Data section GRIDs
Example node (GRID card):
Where:
(9)
PS CD X3 X2 X1 CP ID GRID
(10) (8) (7) (6) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Location of the grid point in coordinate system CP X1,X2,X3
Identification number of coordinate system in which the displacements, degrees of freedom,
constraints, and solution vectors are defined at grid point. (Integer > 0 or blank)
CD
Permanent single-point constraints associated with grid point. Up to six unique digits may be
placed in the field with no imbedded blanks. (Integer > 0 or blank)
PS
Identification number of coordinate system in which the location of the grid point is defined.
(Integer > 0 or blank)
CP
Unique grid point identification number. (Integer > 0) ID
BEGIN BULK
PARAM,AUTOSPC,YES
PARAM,CHECKEL,YES
$ SYSTEM Data
CORD2R 1 20.0 -20.0 0.0 20.0 -20.0 -100.0
+ -80.0 -20.0 0.0
$
GRID 1 50.0 -50.0 0.0
GRID 2 50.0 -40.0 0.0
$
CBAR 101 1 94 550.0 1.0 0.0
$
CQUAD4 1 1 55 58 59 54
CQUAD4 2 1 54 59 50 51
CQUAD4 3 1 58 43 44 59
$
PSHELL 1 11.0 1 1 0.0
$
PBEAM 1 178.53975490.8734490.87340.0 981.7469
$
MAT1 1210000.0 0.3 7.90E-09
$
EIGRL 3 20 MASS
$
FORCE 2 11 01.0 0.0 0.0 -100.0
$
SPC 1 31 1234560.0
ENDDATA
Bulk Data section Elements
The geometry of the structure is
modeled using Elements:
BEGIN BULK
PARAM,AUTOSPC,YES
PARAM,CHECKEL,YES
$ SYSTEM Data
CORD2R 1 20.0 -20.0 0.0 20.0 -20.0 -100.0
+ -80.0 -20.0 0.0
$
GRID 1 50.0 -50.0 0.0
GRID 2 50.0 -40.0 0.0
$
CBAR 101 1 94 550.0 1.0 0.0
$
CQUAD4 1 1 55 58 59 54
CQUAD4 2 1 54 59 50 51
CQUAD4 3 1 58 43 44 59
$
PSHELL 1 11.0 1 1 0.0
$
PBEAM 1 178.53975490.8734490.87340.0 981.7469
$
MAT1 1210000.0 0.3 7.90E-09
$
EIGRL 3 20 MASS
$
FORCE 2 11 01.0 0.0 0.0 -100.0
$
SPC 1 31 1234560.0
ENDDATA
A few of the available elements are:
3D: CHEXA, CPENTA, CPYRA, CTETRA
2D: CQUAD8, CQUAD4, CTRIA6,
CTRIA3, CSHEAR
1D: CBEAM, CELAS2, CGAP, PLOTEL,
RBE2, RBE3
0D: CONM2
Example element (CQUAD4 card):
Where:
(9)
G4 G3 G2 G1 PID EID CQUAD4
(10) (8) (7) (6) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Grid IDs of connection points. (Integers > 0, all unique) G1,G2,G3,G4
Identification number of a PSHELL or PCOMP property entry PID
Unique element identification number EID
BEGIN BULK
PARAM,AUTOSPC,YES
PARAM,CHECKEL,YES
$ SYSTEM Data
CORD2R 1 20.0 -20.0 0.0 20.0 -20.0 -100.0
+ -80.0 -20.0 0.0
$
GRID 1 50.0 -50.0 0.0
GRID 2 50.0 -40.0 0.0
$
CBAR 101 1 94 550.0 1.0 0.0
$
CQUAD4 1 1 55 58 59 54
CQUAD4 2 1 54 59 50 51
CQUAD4 3 1 58 43 44 59
$
PSHELL 1 11.0 1 1 0.0
$
PBEAM 1 178.53975490.8734490.87340.0 981.7469
$
MAT1 1210000.0 0.3 7.90E-09
$
EIGRL 3 20 MASS
$
FORCE 2 11 01.0 0.0 0.0 -100.0
$
SPC 1 31 1234560.0
ENDDATA
Bulk Data section Properties
Property cards are used to define
element attributes like:
Element thickness
ID of the Material being used
Section properties for beams
Example property (PSHELL card):
Where:
NSM
(9)
TS/T MID3 12I/T3 MID2 T MID1 PID PSHELL
(10) (8) (7) (6) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Default value for the membrane thickness T
Material identification number for bending MID2
Bending stiffness parameter. (default = 1.0) 12I/T3
Material identification number for transverse shear MID3
Transverse shear thickness divided by the membrane thickness.
(default = 0.833333)
TS/T
Nonstructural mass per unit area NSM
Material identification number for membrane. (Integer > 0) MID1
Unique shell element property identification number. (Integer > 0) PID
Property cards are referenced by elements:
CHEXA, CPENTA, CPYRA, CTETRA PSOLID
CQUAD8, CQUAD4, CTRIA6, CTRIA3 PSHELL or PCOMP
CSHEAR PSHEAR
CBEAM PBEAM
BEGIN BULK
PARAM,AUTOSPC,YES
PARAM,CHECKEL,YES
$ SYSTEM Data
CORD2R 1 20.0 -20.0 0.0 20.0 -20.0 -100.0
+ -80.0 -20.0 0.0
$
GRID 1 50.0 -50.0 0.0
GRID 2 50.0 -40.0 0.0
$
CBAR 101 1 94 550.0 1.0 0.0
$
CQUAD4 1 1 55 58 59 54
CQUAD4 2 1 54 59 50 51
CQUAD4 3 1 58 43 44 59
$
PSHELL 1 11.0 1 1 0.0
$
PBEAM 1 178.53975490.8734490.87340.0 981.7469
$
MAT1 1210000.0 0.3 7.90E-09
$
EIGRL 3 20 MASS
$
FORCE 2 11 01.0 0.0 0.0 -100.0
$
SPC 1 31 1234560.0
ENDDATA
Bulk Data section Materials
There are 8 material types available.
Linear temperature independent:
MAT1: isotropic
MAT2: anisotropic (for 2D elements)
MAT8: orthotropic (for 2D elements)
MAT9: anisotropic (for 3D elements),
Temperature dependent:
defined with the respective MAT cards
MATT1, MATT2, MATT8 and MATT9.
Example material card (MAT1):
Where:
GE
(9)
TREF A RHO NU G E MID MAT1
(10) (8) (7) (6) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Shear Modulus G
Poissons Ratio NU
Mass density RHO
Thermal expansion coefficient A
Reference temperature for thermal loading TREF
Structural Element Damping coefficient GE
Youngs Modulus E
Unique material identification number (Integer > 0) MID
Bulk Data Section Materials
Material cards are referenced by property cards.
Looking at the connectivity:
ELEMENT
PROPERTY
MATERIAL
NODES
BEGIN BULK
PARAM,AUTOSPC,YES
PARAM,CHECKEL,YES
$ SYSTEM Data
CORD2R 1 20.0 -20.0 0.0 20.0 -20.0 -100.0
+ -80.0 -20.0 0.0
$
GRID 1 50.0 -50.0 0.0
GRID 2 50.0 -40.0 0.0
$
CBAR 101 1 94 550.0 1.0 0.0
$
CQUAD4 1 1 55 58 59 54
CQUAD4 2 1 54 59 50 51
CQUAD4 3 1 58 43 44 59
$
PSHELL 1 11.0 1 1 0.0
$
PBEAM 1 178.53975490.8734490.87340.0 981.7469
$
MAT1 1210000.0 0.3 7.90E-09
$
EIGRL 3 20 MASS
$
FORCE 2 11 01.0 0.0 0.0 -100.0
$
SPC 1 31 1234560.0
ENDDATA
Bulk Data section Loads and Boundary Conditions
After the geometry and material of
a structure are defined, loads and
boundary conditions need to be
applied.
These differ depending on the
desired solution sequence.
BEGIN BULK
PARAM,AUTOSPC,YES
PARAM,CHECKEL,YES
$ SYSTEM Data
CORD2R 1 20.0 -20.0 0.0 20.0 -20.0 -100.0
+ -80.0 -20.0 0.0
$
GRID 1 50.0 -50.0 0.0
GRID 2 50.0 -40.0 0.0
$
CBAR 101 1 94 550.0 1.0 0.0
$
CQUAD4 1 1 55 58 59 54
CQUAD4 2 1 54 59 50 51
CQUAD4 3 1 58 43 44 59
$
PSHELL 1 11.0 1 1 0.0
$
PBEAM 1 178.53975490.8734490.87340.0 981.7469
$
MAT1 1210000.0 0.3 7.90E-09
$
EIGRL 3 20 MASS
$
FORCE 2 11 01.0 0.0 0.0 -100.0
$
SPC 1 31 1234560.0
ENDDATA
Bulk Data section Normal Modes
For normal modes analysis, a
number of frequencies or a
frequency range is required.
For linear buckling analysis, a
number of eigenvalues or an
eigenvalue range is required.
Both requirements are met through
the use of the real eigenvalue
extraction (EIGRL) card.
BEGIN BULK
PARAM,AUTOSPC,YES
PARAM,CHECKEL,YES
$ SYSTEM Data
CORD2R 1 20.0 -20.0 0.0 20.0 -20.0 -100.0
+ -80.0 -20.0 0.0
$
GRID 1 50.0 -50.0 0.0
GRID 2 50.0 -40.0 0.0
$
CBAR 101 1 94 550.0 1.0 0.0
$
CQUAD4 1 1 55 58 59 54
CQUAD4 2 1 54 59 50 51
CQUAD4 3 1 58 43 44 59
$
PSHELL 1 11.0 1 1 0.0
$
PBEAM 1 178.53975490.8734490.87340.0 981.7469
$
MAT1 1210000.0 0.3 7.90E-09
$
EIGRL 3 20 MASS
$
FORCE 2 11 01.0 0.0 0.0 -100.0
$
SPC 1 31 1234560.0
ENDDATA
Static loads can be applied in the form of
point forces (FORCE, FORCE1),
gravity loads (GRAV),
moments (MOMENT, MOMENT1),
pressures (PLOAD, PLOAD1,
PLOAD2, PLOAD4),
rotational forces (RFORCE),
enforced displacements (SPCD), and
temperature gradients (TEMP,
TEMPD).
Example load (FORCE card):
Where:
(9)
N3 N2 N1 F CID G SID FORCE
(10) (8) (7) (6) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Scale factor F
Coordinate system identification number. Default = 0 (Integer > 0, or blank) CID
Components of vector measured in coordinate system defined by CID. (must have at
least one non-zero component)
N1,N2,N3
Grid point identification number. (Integer > 0) G
Load set identification number. (Integer > 0) SID
BEGIN BULK
PARAM,AUTOSPC,YES
PARAM,CHECKEL,YES
$ SYSTEM Data
CORD2R 1 20.0 -20.0 0.0 20.0 -20.0 -100.0
+ -80.0 -20.0 0.0
$
GRID 1 50.0 -50.0 0.0
GRID 2 50.0 -40.0 0.0
$
CBAR 101 1 94 550.0 1.0 0.0
$
CQUAD4 1 1 55 58 59 54
CQUAD4 2 1 54 59 50 51
CQUAD4 3 1 58 43 44 59
$
PSHELL 1 11.0 1 1 0.0
$
PBEAM 1 178.53975490.8734490.87340.0 981.7469
$
MAT1 1210000.0 0.3 7.90E-09
$
EIGRL 3 20 MASS
$
FORCE 2 11 01.0 0.0 0.0 -100.0
$
SPC 1 31 1234560.0
ENDDATA
RADIOSS allows the following boundary
conditions to be applied at nodal locations
on the structure:
single-point constraint (SPC, SPC1),
multi-point constraint (MPC), and
fictitious support (SUPORT, SUPORT1).
Example constraint (SPC card):
Where:
(9)
D C G D C G SID SPC
(10) (8) (7) (6) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Component numbers.
Scalar points: Integer, zero or blank
Grid points: Up to six unique digits (0 thru 6) with no embedded blanks
C
Value of enforced displacement for all coordinates designated by G and C D
Grid or scalar point identification number. (Integer > 0) G
Identification number of single-point constraint set. (Integer > 0) SID
Consistent Units
All internal calculations in RADIOSS are unit-less.
It is the responsibility of the user to create the model using a consistent
set of units.
The equations that governs consistent units are:
Force = Mass Acceleration
Mass = Density Volume
Acceleration = Length / Time
2
As an illustration:
GPa KN Kg/mm
3
GPa mm Kg
MPa N ton/mm
3
MPa mm ton
Pa N Kg/m
3
Pa m Kg
Stress Force Density Youngs
Modulus
Length Mass
Linear Static Analysis Setup
Step 1 Define the material.
Step 2 Define the properties and associate it with the appropriate material.
Step 3 Define the components and associate it with their relative property.
Step 4 Create the Finite element mesh with the appropriated properties associated
with the elements:
Step 5 Define the constraint load collector and apply the model constraint.
Step 6 Define the force load collector and apply the loads.
Step 7 Define the load step.
Step 8 Define the extra parameters to your analysis. Optional
Step 9 Run the analysis.
Step 11 Post-process the results.
Linear Static Analysis Setup
Commonly used cards for a Linear Static analysis are:
FORMAT H3D
STRAIN = ALL
STRESS = ALL
DISPLACEMENT(H3D) = ALL
SUBCASE 1
SPC = 1
LOAD = 2
BEGIN BULK
PARAM,AUTOSPC,NO
GRID 1 0.0 0.0 0.0
GRID 2 100.0 0.0 0.0
GRID 3 300.0 0.0 0.0
CROD 1 1 1 2
CROD 2 2 2 3
PROD 2 178.54
PROD 1 1314.16
MAT1 1210.0 0.3
SPC 1 3 23 0.0
SPC 1 2 23 0.0
SPC 1 1 123 0.0
FORCE 2 3 01.0 -10.0 0.0 0.0
ENDDATA
Exercise 2.1: Simple Beam
In this exercise, a structural analysis is performed on a simple supported beam. The
structural model with loads and constraints applied are shown in the figure below. The
objective is to create a finite element model that is good enough to predict the theoretical
solution for this model.
12345 23
Model Information
Force = 1000 N (Applied in a segment equivalent to 2mm)
Beam properties: L = 1000, B = 10 and H = 20 mm
Material Steel: E =210000 MPa and Nu=0.3
UNITS: N, mm, ton, s
Theoretical Results: MPa
BH
FL
I
c M
H B
H L F
375
2
3 *
2
12
*
2 4
*
max
max 3
= = = =
mm
EBH
FL
E
FL
EI
FL
U
BH
881 . 14
4 48 48
3
3
12
3 3
max 3
= = = =
Problem Setup:
You should copy this File: Beam_shell_geometry.hm;
Exercise 2.1: Simple Beam (RESULTS)
Element 10 mm Element 5 mm
With 50 elements on the height it is easy
to see that the bending behavior is well
represented.
MPa
BH
FL
I
c M
H B
H L F
375
2
3 *
2
12
*
2 4
*
max
max 3
= = = =
Exercise 2.2: Static analysis of a solid bracket.
In this exercise, a structural analysis is performed on a bracket modeled with solid elements. The
structural model with loads and constraints applied are shown in the figure below. The objective is to
create a finite element model that is good enough to predict an accurate solution for this problem with a
reasonable model size
Model Information
Force = (12000,12000, -20000) N
Material Aluminium:
E = 70000 MPa Nu = 0.33
S
0
= 240 Mpa S
ADM
= 0.7*S
0
Problem Setup: You should copy these files:
nafems1.hm, nafems2.hm,
nafems3.h3d, nafems4.h3d, nafems5.h3d, nafems6.h3d
nafems7.h3d
Exercise 2.2: Static analysis of a solid bracket.(RESULTS)
Exercise 2.2: Static analysis of a solid bracket.(RESULTS)
Chapter 3:Modal Analysis
Definitions
Why Modal Analysis is so important!
Eigenvalue Solution Methods
Modal analysis using FEM
How to setup a Modal Analysis
Exercise 3.1 Shell Clamped Beam Model
Exercise 3.2 Compressor Bracket Modal Analysis
Definitions
A modal analysis calculates the frequency modes frequency modes or natural frequencies natural frequencies of a
given system, but not necessarily its full time history response to a given input.
The natural frequency of a system is dependent only on the stiffness of the
structure, and the mass which participates with the structure (including self-
weight) and the boundary conditions.
0 = + Kx x M& &
( ) t sin = x
Mode shape
or
Eigenvector
Circular natural
frequency
( ) 0
2
= M K
Why Modal Analysis is important
On any kind of structural simulation a modal analysis will help the Engineer to
understand the global behavior of the system, doing a modal analysis first it is
possible to:
Identify the natural frequencies and modal shapes of the system.
Verify if there are rigid modes on the system, and the link between
components.
Understand if the BCs applied to the system are correct.
With the strain energy density for example, the Engineer can determine
where the part should be reworked to improve the performance.
It helps on predict the dynamic responses that this system will have,
then all the other dynamic simulations should be done only after a
MODAL Analysis.
Why Modal Analysis is important
It is useful to know the modal frequencies of a structure:
1. Is there resonance?
2. Is it a static or a dynamic problem?
3. If is Dynamic which type of analysis should I do?
4. How can I calibrate my CAE model with a test?
In summary the modal analysis is used to determine the normal
modes and normal shapes, but it helps on understand the whole
system and helps on understand all other dynamic analysis.
Eigenvalue Solution Methods
1. Vector Iteration Methods
2. Transformation Methods
3. Polynomial Iterations Methods
4. 4. Lanczos Iteration Method Lanczos Iteration Method
5. Subspace Iteration Method
Normal Modes Analysis
Normal Modes analysis is performed when you are interested in the
natural frequencies and the mode shapes of the structure.
Tacoma Narrows Bridge in Washington
How to setup a modal analysis
1. Step 1 Generate a FEM
model with the material
and properties already
setup (Chapter 1 section
3).
2. Define the constraint
LoadCollector and the
BCs.
3. Define the Eigrl card.
4. Define the modal load
step.
5. Run and post process the
results
Normal Modes Analysis
The required card for Normal Modes analysis is EIGRL:
FORMAT H3D
$$------------------------------------------------------------------------------$
$$ Case Control Cards $
$$------------------------------------------------------------------------------$
SUBCASE 2
LABEL Normal Modes Run
SUBTITLE = Nominal
SPC = 1 $ references all single-point constraints with ID 1
METHOD = 3 $ references the EIGRL card with ID 3
$
BEGIN BULK
$
EIGRL 3 20 MASS
$
$ SPC Data
SPC 1 31 1234560.0
Bulk Data section Normal Modes
Example local coordinate system (EIGRL card):
Where:
NORM
(9)
SHFSCL MAXSET MSGLVL ND V2 V1 SID EIGRL
(10) (8) (7) (6) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
For vibration analysis: Frequency range of interest
For buckling analysis: Eigenvalue range of interest.
V1,V2
Number of roots desired. (Integer > 0 or blank) ND
Number of roots desired. (Integer > 0 or blank) MSGLVL
Number of vectors in block or set. Default = 8 (Integer 1 through 16 or blank) MAXSET
For vibration analysis: Estimate of the frequency of the first flexible mode.
For buckling analysis: Estimate of the first eigenvalue.
SHFSCL
MASS eigenvectors are normalized to generalized mass (not valid for buckling).
MAX eigenvectors are normalized to the unit value of the largest displacement.
Default = MASS for normal modes analysis, MAX for linear buckling analysis
NORM
Unique set identification number. (Integer > 0) SID
Exercise 3.1: Shell Clamped BEAM model
This exercise runs a modal analysis on a very simple problem where the Eigen
values and eigenvectors are well known and can be found using analytical formulas.
The problem intends to describe all the cards involved in a modal analysis and the
procedure of setup a modal loadstep.
h
b L
Model Information
Geometry: L =1000, h=10 and b=10 mm
Material Steel:
E = 210000 MPa nu = 0.3
RHO = 7.8e-9 ton/mm
3
Problem Setup: You should copy this file: BEAM_SHELL_MODAL.hm
Exercise 3.1: Shell Clamped BEAM model (Results)
h
b L
4
2
1
748 . 0
mL
EI
f =
4
2
2
873 . 1
mL
EI
f =
4
2
3
134 . 3
mL
EI
f =
Exercise 3.2: Compressor Bracket Modal Analysis
This exercise runs a modal analysis on a compressor system.
To make this system viable the vibration produced by the engine cant have resonance
with the compressor system.
Suppose that our 4-cycle engine can work up to 8000 RPM, and then the excitations from
the second order (2 explosions per cycle) are up to ~266 Hz.
Then the objective of this project is to have a Bracket with the first frequency higher than
350 Hz.
5 Bolt link
Model Information
1. Natural frequencies > 350 Hz.
2. Compressor: (Mass = 3 kg and CG =
(-5.2, -14.5, 65.2)
3. Material STEEL:
= 7.8e-9 T/mm3 [RHO]
E = 210000 MPa [E]
n = 0.3 - [nu]
Problem Setup:
You should copy these Files: BRACKET_COMPRESSOR_FEA_2nd.hm;
Exercise 3.2: Compressor Bracket Modal Analysis (Results)
Refine? Refine?
Refine? Refine?
Chapter 4: Linear Buckling Analysis
Definitions
How to Setup a Linear Buckling Analysis
Exercise 4.1: Wing Linear Buckling Analysis
Thin structures subject to compression loads that havent achieved the
material strength limits can show a failure mode called BUCKLING. This
failure can be analyzed using a technique well known as linear buckling
analysis.
Linear buckling is a mathematic tool used to predict the theoretical buckling
strength of an ideal elastic structure. It is solved by first applying a reference
level of loading, P
ref
, to the structure.
A standard linear static
analysis is then carried out to
obtain stresses which are
needed to form the geometric
stiffness matrix K
G
.
This new matrix is evaluated using the initial stiffness matrix augmented by
the initial stress matrix corresponding to the load specified in the static load
step, multiplied with a factor that is determined such that the resulting matrix
has zero as its lowest Eigen frequency. The buckling loads are then calculated
by solving an eigenvalue problem:
[ ] 0 = x K K
G
Ref Cr Cr
P P =
The lowest eigenvalue
Cr
is
associated with buckling and
the critical or buckling load is:
The problem of linear buckling is
solved in two stages:
A standard linear static analysis
is carried out to obtain stresses,
which form the geometric
stiffness matrix .
The buckling loads are then
calculated by solving the
eigenvalue problem.
Requires STATSUB card for a
Buckling Analysis:
$$------------Case Control Cards ------------ $
$
SUBCASE 1
SPC = 2
LOAD = 3
$
SUBCASE 2
SPC = 2
METHOD = 1
STATSUB = 1
$
BEGIN BULK
EIGRL 1 2 MASS
FORCE 3 82 01.0 0.0 0.0 -1000.0
SPC 2 1 123 0.0
$
How to Setup a Linear Buckling Analysis
1 Define the static load step. (Ref. Chapter 1 Section 3)
2 Create an EIGRL LoadCollector.
3 Create a linear buckling loadstep.
4 Run and post-process the buckling results.
Exercise 4.1: Wing Linear Buckling Analysis
This exercise runs a linear buckling analysis on a simple Aircraft wing. This is typical
problem in aerospace structures that needs to be very light and consequently became
slender. Then because the structure has a high slenderness ratio the buckling failure
verification became necessary. The objective of this project is to verify if the static 3 load
cases applied to the wing will not make it fail.
Model Information
1. Buckling: FIRST MODE > (1.5 x).
2. Static: U < 20 mm and Von Mises < 70 MPa.
3. Material Aluminum:
= 2.1e-9 T/mm3 [RHO]
E = 70000 MPa [E]
n = 0.33 -
[nu]
Problem Setup:
You should copy this File: Wing.hm ;
Exercise 4.1: Wing Linear Buckling Analysis (Results)
MPa
ADM
70 =
mm U
ADM
20 =
Static Load Step results Static Load Step results
Critical Buckling Ratio Critical Buckling Ratio > 1.5x
Chapter 5: Inertia Relief Analysis
Definitions
How to Setup a Static analysis with Inertia Relief
Exercise 5.1: Satellite Inertia Static Load Test
Inertia Relief
Inertia Relief analysis allows the
simulation of unconstrained
structures
Typical applications are:
An airplane in flight
Suspension parts of a car
Satellite in space
This provides the steady-state
stress and deformed shape in
the structure as if it were freely
accelerating due to the applied
loads
Inertia Relief
A few different ways of requesting for an Inertia Relief analysis
SUBCASE 6 $ Defines subcase number 6
LOAD = 6 $ references all static load cards with ID = 6
SUPORT1 = 8 $ references all SUPORT1 cards with ID = 8
LOAD = 6 $ references all static load cards with ID = 6
BEGIN BULK
PARAM,INREL,-2 $Defines inertia relief without a suport point
LOAD = 6 $ references all static load cards with SID = 6
BEGIN BULK
SUPORT, 10,6, $Grid ID, DOFs Supported,
How to Setup an inertia relief analysis
1 Prepare the FEM model as it
was for any other static
analysis.
2 Define fictitious support
(suport or suport1)
3 Define the equivalent static
force.
4 Define appropriate INREL
parameter.
5 Create the static load case
with fictitious supports.
6 Run and post-process the
inertia Relief results.
Displacement and Stress
Exercise 5.1: Satellite Inertia Load Test
This exercise runs an inertia relief load case on a simple Satellite, this is a test
made with aerospace structures that will need to support inertia loads. The
objective of this kind of test is to verify if the structure is strong enough to support
these loads without a static failure.
Model Information
1. Max Rel. disp. < 500 mm.
2. Von Mises < 70 MPa. (Aluminum).
3. Total Mass = 3.09 ton.
4. Suport:
Node 2: Uy = 0
Node 3: Ux, Uy, Uz = 0
Node 4: Ux, Uy, = 0
LOADSTEP: 2 Gz F(n1)= (0,0, 61800)
N 2 Gs
LOADSTEP: 2 Gy F(n1)= (0,0, 92700)
N 3 Gs
LOADSTEP: 2 Gx F(n1)= (0,0, 92700)
N 3 Gs
LOADSTEP: SUM 4.7 G F(n1)= (0,0,
144933.8) N 4.7 Gs
5. Material:
Problem Setup: You should copy this file: Satellite.hm ;
4 load cases
o 2 Gs on Z
o 3 Gs on Y
o 3 Gs on X
o 4.7 Gs SUM
Exercise 5.1: Satellite Inertia Load Test (Results)
U
max
< 500 mm
max
< 70 MPa

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