Adrian Papahagi The History of English IIIB, 2011 1. Syllabus A. Course Date 25.

02 Subject The Beginnings of IndoEuropean Linguistics. The Comparative Method. The IndoEuropeans Sound changes from ProtoIndo-European to Old English Old English Phonology and Lexicology Old English Morphology. The Pronoun Old English Morphology. The Noun Old English Morphology. The Adjective Old English Morphology. The Verb From Old English to Middle English Middle English Dialects Middle English Morphology 1 Middle English Morphology 2 Early Modern English. The Great Vowel Shift Bibliography J. Clackson, Indo-European Linguistics, ch. 1 Baugh & Cable, A History of the English Language, ch. 2 OW Robinson, Old English and Its Closest Relatives, ch. 1-2 Baugh & Cable, A History of the English Language, ch. 3-4 Mitchell & Robinson, A Guide to Old English, ch. 1-5 Handout PowerPoint presentation in class OE Pronouns OE Nouns OE Adjectives OE Verbs Baugh & Cable, A History of the English Language, ch. 5-7

25.02 11.03 11.03 25.03 25.03 08.04 08.04 07.05 07.05 21.05 21.05

Baugh & Cable, A History of the English Language, ch. 8 B. Seminar

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Map ME Dialects ME Morphology ME Morphology

25.02 11.03 25.03 08.04 07.05 07.05 21.05

Seminar 1: Practice Sentences Seminar 2: lfric, Colloquy on Occupations Seminar 3: Old English Genesis Seminar 4: Story of the Poet Cdmon Seminar 5: Old English Riddles Seminar 6: Beowulf Seminar 7: Cursor Mundi & Chaucer, The Millers Prologue C. Compulsory Bibliography

1. AC Baugh & T. Cable, A History of the English Language, London: Routledge, 4th edn 1993 (or any other edition), ch. 1-8 (BCU/Faculty/British Council) 2. J. Clackson, Indo-European Linguistics. An Introduction, Cambridge UP, 2007, ch. 1 (photocopy in my folder + CD) 3. OW Robinson, Old English and Its Closest Relatives. A Survey of the Earliest Germanic Languages, Stanford UP, 1992, ch. 1-2 (photocopy in my folder + CD) 4. B. Mitchell & FC Robinson, A Guide to Old English, Oxford: Blackwell, 5th edn 1992 (or any other edition), Part I, ch. 1-5 (Faculty/ British Council). You must bring all the handouts to every class!!!

OLD ENGLISH PRONOUNS Type Person Gender 1st Person Case N A G D N A G D N A G D N A G D N A G D i m mn m n h hine his him h h hiere hiere hit hit his him Masculine s isne isses issum ys Singular wit unc uncer unc it inc incer inc Dual w s re s w wer w Plural Remarks MnE I, we (two), we; G ich, wir MnE me, us; G mich, uns MnE mine, our; G mein, unser MnE me, us; G mir, uns EMnE1 thou, yee EMnE thee, you EMnE thine, your EMnE thee, you MnE he MnE him MnE his MnE him MnE she (<s); they (<)2 MnE she; they MnE her; their MnE her; them MnE it MnE it MnE its3 MnE it (regularisation) Remarks MnE this; G dies MnE this; G diesen,-e, dies MnE this; G dieses, -er, -es MnE this; G diesem,-er, -em MnE those;G diese MnE those; G diese G dieser G diesen MnE the; that; G , , das MnE regularis.; G den, die, das MnE regularis.; G des, der, des MnE regularis.; G dem, der, dem MnE the; G die MnE the; G die MnE the; G der MnE the; G den MnE who; what MnE whom; what MnE whose MnE whom MnE why

PERSONAL

3rd Person masculin

2nd Person

N h A h G hiera D him

Type

3rd Person neuter Nr. Singular

3rd Person feminine

EMONSTRATIVE

Case N A G D (I) N A G D N A G D I N A G D N A G D I

Feminine s s isse isse s s issa issum s re re r m hw hwone hws hwm hwy is is isses issum ys

Neuter

Plural

Article

s one ps m y ra

t t s m y ra hwt hwt hws hwm hwy

INTERROG.

Singular

Plural

Singular

SOURCES:

Fernand Moss, Manuel de l'anglais du Moyen ge, I.1. Vieil-Anglais, (Ch. VI, Les pronoms, 68-77), Paris, 1950. Randolph Quirk, C.L. Wrenn, An Old English Grammar, 63-67, London: Routledge 1993 (21957).

1 2

Early Modern English By reinforcement *s h>*sh>she; maybe, * h>*>they. The plural is certainly the result of Scandinavian influence: Sc. ei replaced OE h (cf. AC Baugh & Thomas Cable, A History of the English Language, London: Routledge, 1996 (41993), p. 158. 3 G his up to Renaissance ~1600. Earliest G it's 1597. After ~1800, it's>its (cf. Baugh & Cable, pp. 238-239).

THE OLD ENGLISH NOUN

A. VOCALIC DECLENSION
Stem Gender masc. Singular N s stn A one stn G s stn-es D m stn-e N t dl A t dl G s dl-es D m dl-e N t word A t word G s word-es D m word-e N s iefu A ief-e G re ief-e D re ief-e N lr A lr-e G lr-e D lr-e N stede A stede G sted-es D sted-e N iest A iest G iest-es D iest-e N spere A spere G sper-es D sper-e N eswin A eswin G eswin-es D eswin-e N mht A mht G mht-e D mht-e N sunu A sunu G sun-a D sun-a N weald A weald G weald-a D weald-a

short neut. long neut. short fem. long fem.

--

-i-

masc.

neut.

fem.

-u-

masc

fem.

PARADIGM Ending Plural stn-as stn-as -es ra stn-a -e m stn-um dal-u dal-u -es ra dal-a -e m dal-um word word -es ra word-a -e m word-um ief-a -e ief-a -e r ief-a/ -ena -e m ief-um lr-a -e lr-a -e lr-a/ -ena -e lr-um stede stede -es sted-a -e sted-um iest-as iest-as -es iest-a -e iest-um sper-u sper-u -es sper-a -e sper-um eswin eswin -es eswin-a -e eswin-um mht-a mht-a -e mht-a -e mht-um sun-a sun-a -a sun-a -a sun-um weald-a weald-a -a weald-a -a weald-um
ENDINGS

Ending -as -as -a -um -u -u -a -um -a -um -a -a -a/-ena -um -a -a -a/-ena -um -a -um -as -as -a -um -u -u -a -um -a -um -a -a -a -um -a -a -a -um -a -a -a -um

REMARKS
< Gmc. *stna-z

-aMost masculine & neuter nouns

< Gmc. *dla-z

< Gmc. *worda-

-stem vowel *o > u present in Nsg < Gmc. *gebo< Gmc. *lro

-stem vowel *i > _ present in Nsg < Gmc. *stai-z < Gmc. *gasti-z

-stem vowel *i > _ present in Nsg < Gmc. *spari-z OE coinage

< Gmc *mahti

-this class is almost extinct

NUMBER Singular

CASE N A G D N-A G D

Plural

STRONG DECLENSIONS (VOC. & CONS.) Masculine Neuter Feminine -(e) -(e) -(u) -(e) -(e) -(e) -es -es -e -(e) -e -(e) -as/-e -(u) -a -a -a -a/-ena

-u- STEMS Masc./Fem. -(u) -u -a -a -a -a -um

WEAK DECLENSION Masculine Neuter Feminine -a -e -e -an -e -an -an -an -an -ena

THE OLD ENGLISH NOUN

B. CONSONANTIC DECLENSION
Stem Gender masc. -anWEAK DECLENSION Singular N nam-a A nam-an G nam-an D nam-an N r-e A r-e G r-an D r-an N sunn-e A sunn-an G sunn-an D sunn-an N ft A ft G ft-es D f t N man(n) A man(n) G mann-es D menn N bc A bc G b D b N hle A hle G hle-es D hle-e N eal-u A eal-u G eal-o D eal-o N m(e) A m(e) G m(e) D m(e) N sieppend A sieppend G sieppend-es D sieppend-e N frnd A frnd G frnd-es D frnd N ild A ild G ild-es D ild-e N fder A fder G fder-(es) D fder NApl fder-as Gpl fder-a Dpl fder-um

neut.

fem.

masc.
Stem variation (i-mutation)

fem.

--

masc.

neut.

fem.

-nd-

masc.

-az-

neut.

Sources: Fernand Moss, Manuel de l'anglais du Moyen ge, I.1. Vieil-Anglais, (Ch. V, Le substantif, 43-67), Paris, 1950. Randolph Quirk, C. L. Wrenn, An Old English Grammar, 24-49, Routledge 1993 (21957).

-rkinship

masc., fem.

PARADIGM Ending Plural -a nam-an -an nam-an -an nam-ena -an nam-um -e r-an -e r-an -an r-ena -an r-um -e sunn-an -an sunn-an -an sunn-ena -an sunn-um f t f t -es ft-a => ft-um menn menn -es mann-a a=>e mann-um b b => bc-a => bc-um hle hle -es hle-a -e hle-um -u NO PLURAL -u -o -o m(e) - m(e) m(e)-a m(e)-um sieppend-e/-as sieppend-e/-as -es sieppend-ra -e sieppend-um frnd frnd -es frnd-a => frnd-um ild-r-u ild-r-u -es ild-r-a -e ild-r-um bror bror -(e)s bror brer => -as bror -a brr-a -a -um brr-um -um

Ending -an -an -ena -um -an -an -ena -um -an -an -ena -um => => -a -um a=>e a=>e -a -um => => -a -um -a -um

REMARKS
all masc. ending in -a belong here

all fem. ending in -e belong here - i-mutation

-a -um -e/-as -from. present -e/-as participles -ra -um => => -a -um -u *ild-az-u -u *ild-ar-u -a ild-r-u -um mdor mdor mdor mder => mdor mdr-a -a mdr-um -um

only these three words + mna

THE OLD ENGLISH ADJECTIVE Theme Paradigms Endings Neuter Endings Feminine Sg N gld gld glad-u (>a) A gld-ne -ne gld glad-e G glad-es (>a) -es glad-es (>a) -es gld-re D glad-um -um glad-um -um gld-re I glad-e -e glad-e -e Pl N-A glad-e -e glad-u -u glad-a/ glad-e G gld-ra -ra gld-ra -ra gld-ra D glad-um -um glad-um -um glad-um Also: dol, fram, gram, hrd, sd, sum, sml, tam, til, trum -lic/-sum derivatives, like: heofonlic/ wynsum Sg N gd gd gd A gd-ne -ne gd gd-e G gd-es -es gd-es -es gd-re D gd-um -um gd-um -um gd-re I gd-e -e gd-e -e Pl N-A gd-e -e gd gd-a/ gd-e G gd-ra -ra gd-ra -ra gd-ra D gd-um -um gd-um -um gd-um Also: brd, ceald, eall, full, frd, geong, long, wlonc; manig, nacod, open -ful(l)/-leas/-fst/-weard derivatives, like: ferhtful, hlfordleas, sfst, heofonweard DISSYLLABIC ADJECTIVES ARE GENERALLY DECLINED LIKE gd Sg N gd-a -a gd-e -e gd-e A gd-an -an gd-e -e gd-an G gd-an -an gd-an -an gd-an D gd-an -an gd-an -an gd-an Pl N-A gd-an G gd-ra/-ena D gd-um Note: THE WEAK DECLENSION EVENTUALLY REPLACED THE VOCALIC THEMES Masculine COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES: Declined like the consonantic (weak) theme! -ra/-ost -ra/-est TYPE earm gld brd eald feorr grt strang gd lytel micel yfel POSITIVE COMPARATIVE earm-ra gld-ra brd-ra ield-ra fier-ra grt-ra streng-ra bet(e)-ra sl-ra lssa (<*ls-ra) m-ra wyrsa SUPERLATIVE earm-ost glad-ost* brd-est ield-est fierr-est grt-est streng-est bet-(e)st sl-est lst mst wyrst REMARKS HAS BEEN GENERALISED Apophony (variation of stem vowel) Nr. Case Endings -u -e -re -re -a/-e -ra -um -e -re -re -a/-e -ra -um

Vocalic (strong)

long monosyllables

short monosyllables

-e -an -an -an -an -ra/-ena -um

Consonantic (weak) -an theme

Suppletive forms

good-better-best little-less-least much-more-most bad/evil-worse-worst

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS: -or/-ost Exceptions: oft luflce lyt micle wel yfle oft-or luflc-or ls m bet/sl wyrs oft-ost luflc-ost lst mst betst/slest wyrst

Sources: Fernand Moss, Manuel de l'anglais du Moyen ge, I.1. Vieil-Anglais, (Ch. VII, L'ajectif, 78-89), Paris, 1950. Randolph Quirk, C.L. Wrenn, An Old English Grammar, 50-59, Routledge 1993 (21957).

THE OLD ENGLISH VERBAL SYSTEM

STRONG VERBS
CLASS Uniform Gradation Vocalic I +C --i-i Vocalic II + C +C o--u-o --u-o Vocalic III e + CC e-ea-u-o e--u-o eo-ea-u-o ie-ea-u-o i-a-u-u Vocalic IV e + C1 e---o Vocalic V e + C2 e---e Vocalic VI a+C a---a
1 2

Infinitive
drfan

PRESENT GROUP Indicative Optative/ Imperative Subjunctive

i h/h/hit w/g/h wit/git i h/h/hit w/g/h wit/git i drfe h/h/hit w/g/h drfen wit/git bde i btst bde bt h/h/hit bda w/g/h bden wit/git drfe drfst drf drfa () (g/git) drfa () bd drf

Gerundive/ Participle
drfenne drfende

PRETERITE Indicative Optative

i h w/g/h wit/git i h w/g/h wit/git drf drife drf drifon bd bude bd budon

PAST PARTICIPLE

bdan

bdenne

(g) bda bdende

i ge-drifen drife h w/g/h drifen wit/git i ge-boden bude h w buden

helpan berstan beorgan gieldan bindan beran

hilpst bierst bierhst gieltst bintst bierst

helpe berste beorge gielde binde bere

() help () berst () beorg () gield () bind () ber

helpende berstende beorgende gieldende bindende berende

i healp/ hulpe i brst/ burste i bearg/ burge i geald/ gulde i band/ bunde i br/ bre

hulpe burste burge gulde bunde bre

ge-holpen ge-borsten ge-borgen ge-golden ge-bunden ge-boren

etan

itst

ete

() et

etende

i t/ te

te

ge-eten

faran

_ frst

_ fare

(_) far

farende

i fr/p fre

_ fre

ge-faren

Usually a liquid (l, r) Usually a stop (p, t, c, d, g) or spirant (f, , s)

THE OLD ENGLISH VERBAL SYSTEM CLASS Uniform Gradation Vocalic VII ancient reduplication preterite preterite Infinitive PRESENT GROUP Indicative Optative/ Imperative Subjunctive Gerundive/ Participle PRETERITE Indicative Optative PAST PARTICIPLE

btan htan

btst htst

bte hte

() bt () ht

btende htende

i bt/ bte i ht/ hte

bte hte

ge-bten ge-hten

WEAK VERBS
CLASS Infinitive Consonantic I
fremman

PRESENT GROUP Indicative Optative/ Imperative Subjunctive

i fremme fremest h freme w fremma i folgie folgast h folga w folgia i hbbe p hfst h hf w habba_ i fremme () freme

Gerundive/ Participle
fremenne fremende

PRETERITE Indicative Optative

i fremede fremedest h fremede w fremedon i folgode _ folgodest h folgode w folgodon i hfde hfdest h hfde w hfdon i fremede w fremeden i folgode w folgoden i hfde w hfden

PAST PARTICIPLE
ge-fremed

Consonantic II -ian infinitives Consonantic III

folgian

w fremmen i folgie

(g) frema_ () folga

folgenne folgende

ge-folgod

habban

w folgien i hbbe

(g) folgia_ () hafa

hbbenne hbbende

ge-hfd

w hbben

(ge) habba_

OLD ENGLISH IRREGULAR VERBS

A. ATHEMATIC (-mi stem) PRESENT GROUP
Infinitive bon/ wesan to be Indicative i eom/ bo eart/ bist h is/ bi w sindon/ bo sint i wille wilt h wil(l)e w willa i d dst h d w d i g gst h g w g Optative/ Subjunctive i se/ bo h w sen/ bon i wille h w willen i d h w dn i g h w gn Gerundive/ Participle () wes/ bo bnne/ wesenne () wesa/ bo bnde/ wesende (willenne)/ willende Imperative

PRETERITE
Indicative i ws wre h ws w wron i wolde woldest h wolde w woldon i dyde dydest h dyde w dydon i de dest h de w don Optative i wre h w wren i wolde h w wolden i dyde h w dyden i de h w den

PAST PARTICIPLE

willan to want

dn to do

dnde

edn

gn (to go

d g

egn

B. PRETERITE-PRESENT (most important verbs) PRESENT GROUP

Infinitive witan to know Indicative i wt wst h wt w witon Optative/ Subjunctive i wite h w witen Imperative Participle witende

PRETERITE
Indicative i wisse/wiste wissest/ wistest h wisse/ wisste w wisson/ wiston i hte htest h hte w hton i ce cest h ce w con i seolde seoldest h seolde w seoldon Optative i wisse h w wissen

PAST PARTICIPLE
ewiten

gan to own

cunnan to know, can sulan shall

i g/ h hst h g/ h w gon i can(n) canst h can(n) w cunnon i seal(l) sealt h seal(l) w sulon

i ge h w gen i cunne h w cunnen i syle h w sylen

ge

gende

ga

cunnende

i hte h w hten i ce h w cen i seolde h w seolden

en

(e)cunnen c

ALSO:

dugan/ (imp.) dah to be useful urfan/ i earf/ w urfon// i yrfe// i orfte to need (G drfen) i dear/ w durron// i dyrre// i dorste to dare munan/ i man/ w munon// i myne// munende// i munde/ emunen to remember i mt/ w mton// i mte// i mste may (>MnE must) magan/ i m/ meaht/ w magon// i me// magende/ i meahte can (>MnE may)

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle & The Peterborough Chronicle

Old English & Early Middle English; early 10thmid-12th centuries

/900/ Her gefor lfred Aulfing, syx nihtum r ealra haligra mssan; Se ws cyning ofer eall Ongelcyn butan m dle e under Dena onwalde ws, 7 he heold t rice orum healfum ls e .xxx. wintra. 7 a feng Eadweard his sunu to rice. a gerad elwald his fdran sunu. one ham t Winburnan, 7 t Tweoxneam butan s cyninges leafe 7 his witena. a rad se cyning mid firde t he gewicode t Baddanbyrig wi Winburnan, 7 elwald st binnan m ham mid m monnum e him to gebugon, 7 hfde ealle a geatu forworht in to him, 7 sde t he wolde oer oe r libban oe r licgan. a under m a bestl he hine on niht on weg, 7 gesohte one here on Norhymbrum, 7 se cyng het ridan fter, 7 a ne mehte hine mon ofridan; a berad mon t wif t he hfde r genumen butan cynges leafe 7 ofer ara biscopa gebod, foron e heo ws r to nunnan gehalgod. 7 on ys ilcan gere forferde ered. ws on Defenum ealdormon, feower wucum r lfred cyning. [] /1043/ Her ws Eaduuard gehalgod to kinge. /1050/ Her forferde Eadsige arcebiscop. 7 Rodbert. feng. to. arcebiscoprice. /1053/ Her Goduuine eorl forferde. /1066/ Her forferde Eaduuard king. 7 Harold eorl feng to am rice 7 heold hit .xl. wucena. 7 nne dg. 7 her com Willelm 7 gewann ngla land. 7 her on ison geare barn Cristes cyrice. /1070/ Her Landfranc se e ws abbod an Kadum com to ngla lande, se efter feawum dagum wear arcebiscop on Kantwareberig. He ws gehaded .iiii. kalend Septembris, on his agenum biscopsetle fram eahte biscopum his underioddum; a ore e r nron urh rendrakan 7 urh gewrite atiwdon hwi hi r beon ne mihton. On am geare THOMAS se ws gecoran biscop to Eferwic com to Cantwareberig t man hine r gehadede efter an ealdan gewunan. a a Landfranc crafede fstnunge his gehersumnesse mid aswerunge. a forsoc he. 7 sde t he hit nahte to donne. a gewraede hine se arcebiscop Landfranc. 7 bebead am biscopan e ar cumene wran be as arcebiscop Landfrances hse a serfise to donde. 7 eallan an munecan, t hi scoldan hi unscrydan. 7 hi be his hse swa didan. Swa Thomas to am timan agean ferde buton bletsunga. a sona fter ysan belamp t se arcebiscop LANDFRANC ferde to Rome 7 Thomas for mid. a a hi yder comon 7 umbe oer ing gesprecon hfdon umbe t hi sprecan woldon. a angan Thomas his spce hu he com to Cantuuarebyri, 7 hu se arcebiscop axode hyrsumnesse mid aswerunge at him. 7 he hit forsoc. a agann se arcebiscop Landfranc atywian mid openum gesceade. t he mid rihte crafede as a he crafede 7 mid strangan cwydan t ylce gefstnode toforan am papan Alexandre. 7 toforan eallan am concilium e ar gegadered was. 7 swa ham foran. fter ysan com Thomas to Cantwarebyri 7 eal t se arcebiscop at him crafede. eadmedlice gefylde. 7 syan a bletsungan underfeng. [] /1137/ is gre for e King Stephne ofer s to Normandi and ther wes underfangen, fori at hi wenden at he sculde ben alsuic alse the eom wes, and for he hadde get his tresor; ac he todeld it and scatered sotlice. Micel hadde Henri King gadered gold and sylver, and na god ne dide me for his saule tharof. a e King Stephne to Englalande com, a macod he his gadering t Oxeneford and ar he nam biscop Roger of Sereberi, and Alexander Biscop of Lincol and te Canceler Roger, hise neves, and dide lle in prisun til hi iafen up here castles. a the suikes undergton at he milde man was and softe and god, and na justise ne dide, a diden hi alle wunder. Hi hadden him manred maked and athes suoren, ac hi nan treuthe ne heolden; alle hi wron forsworen and here treothes forloren, for vric rice man his castles makede and agnes him heolden, and fylden e land ful of castles
(Source: http://www.georgetown.edu/labyrinth/library/oe/texts/asc/a.html)

MIDDLE ENGLISH PARADIGMS

STRONG VERBS

There are the same classes (I-VII) as in OE. The gradations are:
I. II. III. a. b. c. IV. V. VI. VII. --(i)-i /--u/- -a/o-u-u (before nasal + C) e-a/o-o-o (before liquid + C) i-au-ou-ou (before [xt]) -a-- -a-- --- ancient reduplication wrte(n)-wrt-writen-(y-)writen chse(n)-chs-curen/chsen-(y-)cren/(y-)chsen drinke(n)-drank/dronk-drunken-(y-)drunken helpe(n)-halp/holp-holpen-(y-)holpen fighte(n)-faught-foughten-(u-)foughten stle(n)-stal-stlen-(y-)stlen te(n)-at-ten-ten fre(n)-fr-fren-(y-)fren falle(n)-fl-(y-)fallen

Innovations: 1. reduction of strong class (many string verbs became weak) 2. tendency to reduce the two alternations of the Preterite (but hesitations & co-existence of forms. NORTH: 1 vocalism; SOUTH (&London) 2 vocalisms)
WEAK VERBS 2 classes: 1. Preterite & Past participle in -ed(e) 2. Preterite & Past participle in -de/-d or -t Verbs of French origin were assimilated to the weak verbs. PARADIGM (EXAMPLE) PRESENT GROUP Midlands Dialects Southern dialects Weak Strong Weak Strong hr-e bnd-e hr-e bnd-e hr-es(t) bnd-es(t) hr-(e)st bnd-(e)st hr-es/-e bnd-es/-e hr-e bnd-e hr-es/-e(n) bnd-es/-e hr-e bnd-e hr-e bnd-e hr-e bnd-e hr-e(n) bnd-e(n) hr-e(n) bnd-e(n) hr bnd hr bnd hr-e bnd-e hr-e bnd-e hr-e(n) bnd-e(n) hr-e(n) bnd-e(n) hr-and/-ande bnd-and/-ande hr-inde bnd-inde hr-ing(e) bnd-ing(e) hr-ing(e) bnd-ing(e) PRETERITE GROUP Midlands & Sothern Dialects Weak Strong her-d-e her-d-est her-d-e her-d-e(n) her-d-e her-d-e(n) (y)-her-d bond bound-e bond bound-e(n) bound-e bound-e(n) (y)-bound-e(n) hpe(n)-hpede-(y-)hped hre(n)-herde-(y-)herd

Mood Indicative

Subjunct. Imperative Infinitive Participle

Nr/ Person Sg 1 2 3 Pl Sg Pl Sg 2 Pl 2

Northern Dialects Weak Strong hr-(e) bnd-(e) hr-es bnd-es hr-es bnd-es hr-es bnd-es hr-(e) bnd-(e) hr-(en) bnd-(en) hr bnd hr-es bnd-es hr-(e) bnd-(e) hr-and bnd-and

Mood Indicative

Nr/ Person Sg 1 2 3 Pl Sg Pl

Northern Dialects Strong Weak

her-d

band

Subjunct. Past Part.

bund-en

MIDDLE ENGLISH PARADIGMS THE NOUN Prevalence of the OE -a stem (masc. & neu.), -o stem (fem.) and of the -an stem in Early Middle English. Eventually, only the -a stem will survive. Case/ number N&A G D Plural -a Stem (Type I) Paradigm End. stn stnes -(e)s stn(e) (-e) stnes -(e)s -o Stem (Type II) Paradigm End. nde -e ndes -es nde -e ndes -es -an Stem (Type III) Paradigm End. nme -e nme -e nme -e nmen -en End of ME Period Praradigm End. stn stn(e)s -(e)s stn stn(e)s -(e)s

THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS Nr. Sg. Case N First Person ich, ic, ik, I, y Second Person , thou, tou Masculine h, hee, ha, a Third Person Neuter hit, it, a

Pl.

A-G D N

m w

, thee, te , y eu, ou, ow, you

AGD s, ous

Feminine heo, ho, he, ha, hi sho, cho, scho sche, she hine, hin hit, it hire, hir, hure, her him him 1 ai, ay, thai, ei, e (Scandinavian) / hy, heo, ho, he, ha, a (<O.E.)2 aim, thaim, thame (Scandinavian)3/ heom, hem4 A hi, hise, his, hes, hies, es D heom, hem, hom, ham 5

THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS Number Singular Plural 1st Person mn, m r(e), our(e) 2nd Person n, , thy r(e), your(e) 3rd Person Masculine/ Neuter Feminine his, hise, hys, hus hire, here, hir, her here, her, hor, heore, hare, hire, hure6 eire, ayr, thair, thar7

THE ARTICLE Case N A G D Masculine e ; se8 ene, ane es an, a, ene Neuter et, at, t, et et, at, t, et Feminine si9 a, o er, are, re, o Plural a, o a, o an10

1 2

In the Northern & Midlands dialects. In the Southern dialects. 3 In the Northern dialects. 4 In the Midlands dialects. 5 In the Southern dialects. 6 In the Southern dialects. 7 In the Northern dialects. 8 In the Kentish dialect. 9 In the Kentish dialect. 10 In the South-Eastern dialect (London).

MIDDLE ENGLISH PARADIGMS OTHER PRONOUNS Type at (m., n., f.) es (m.), eos (f.), is (n.) self, seolf, solf, sulf= ilk, ilch, ych wh (m., f.) Examples Declensions Sg. at Pl. , , theo, s, s Sg. is (~Ac.m. isne) Pl. ise, se Sg. self Pl. selve, selven N wh, w, hu A whm G whs D whm (wm, whm) N what (wat, hwat, hwet, quat) A what G whs D whm (wm, whm) Remarks generalised after 12th c.

Demonstrative

Interrogative

what (n.)

Relative

Indefinite

wether, weer, wher(e), huader, quehthir =which of them? which, whylk, wylke, hwucche, huyche (se) at invariable Note: Interrogatives (who, what, which) function as relatives after the 14th c. al; ani, any; aut, oght (aught, anything); bth(e), be; ch, ich, alc (each); chn (each one); eyer (either); elles (else); everych (every[one]); everychn (everyone); man, mon, men, me (one; cf. G man ); many, many n; nn(e), n, nn(e), n; n(e), n(e); ther; som(e), sum; swich, such, swilk; elli, ulli (such; cf. Fr. tel); whs (whoever). THE ADJECTIVE

Adjectives are generally invariable. Only monosyllabic adjectives ending in a consonant may be declined. e.g.: Sg. gd (strong decl.); gde (weak declension) Pl. gde (Similarly: al, brd, df, hl, lng, smal, strng, swich, fast, ful, (-)les) Comparison: glad Irregularities: late gd ltel mikel vel long strng, strang ld, ald ni, n gladd-re, -er latt-er bettre, betere, bet lesse, lasse mre, mare, m werse, wurse lenger strenger elder nre, nerre gladd-est lest (<latt-est) best lste mst werst, wurst lengest strengest eldest next

Source: Fernand Moss, Manuel de l'anglais du Moyen ge, II.1. Moyenl-Anglais, (Ch. V-VII, Le substantif, Les pronoms, L'adjectif, 54-76), Paris, 1949.

SSEEMINAR 1 Excerpted from: Bruce Mitchell, Fred C. Robinson, A Guide to Old English, Oxford: Blackwell, 5th edn 1992.

SEMINAR 1

SEEMINAR 2

SEMINAR 2

Source: Bruce Mitchell, Fred C. Robinson, A Guide to Old English, Oxford: Blackwell, 5th edn, 1992. SEMINAR 3

SEMINAR 4 Venerable Bede, Historia ecclesiastica in OE; The Story of the Poet Cdmon Source: Bruce Mitchell, Fred C. Robinson, A Guide to Old English, Oxford: Blackwell, 5th edn, 1992.

The Exeter Book Riddles Source: Bruce Mitchell, Fred C. Robinson, A Guide to Old English, Oxford: Blackwell, 5th edn, 1995. SEMINAR 5

SEMINAR 6 Beowulf: Grendel's First Attack

Source: Beowulf, ed. by Michael Alexander, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1995.

SEMINAR 7

Cursor Mundi Middle English, ca. 1300 is are the maters redde on raw at i thynk in is bok to draw, Schortly rimand on e dede, For mani er ai her-of to spede. Notful me thinc it ware to man To knaw him self how he began, How [he] began in werld to brede, How his oxspring began to sprede, Bath o e first and o e last, In quatking curs is world es past. Efter haly kyrc[es] state is ilk bok it es translate In to Inglis tong to rede For the loue of Inglis lede, Inglis lede of Ingland, For the commun at understand. Frankis rimes here I redd, Comunlik in ilk[a] sted: Mast es it wroght for Frankis man. Quat is for him na Frankis can? Of Ingland the nacion, Es Inglis man ar in commun; e speche at man wit mast may spede, Mast ar-wit to speke war nede. Selden was for ani chance Praised Inglis tong in France. Giue we ilkan are langage, Me think we do am non outrage. To laud and Inglis man i spell at understandes at i tell explained rhyming are; benefit useful

225

= offspring 230 what kind (qu- = hw-) same people (cf. G Leute) 235 to hear each (= every240

wherewith therewith; were 245

lay(men) 250

London, BL MS Cotton Vespasian A. III Sanges sere of selcuth rime, Inglis, frankys, and latine, to rede and here Ilkon is prest, e thynges at am likes best. e wisman wil o wisdom here, e foul hym draghus to foly nere, e wrang to here o right is lath, And pride wyt buxsumnes is wrath; 30 O chastite has lichur leth, On charite ai werrais wreth; Bot be the fruit may scilwis se, O quat vertu is ilka tre Of alkyn fruit at man schal fynd He fettes fro e rote his kynd.

Cambridge, Trinity College MS R. 3.8 Mony songes of dyverse ryme, As englisshe frensshe & latyne To rede & here mony are prest Of inges at hem like best e wise mon wol of wisdome here e fool him drawe to foly nere e wronge to here rit is loo And pride wi buxomnes is wroo Of chastite e lecchoure ha lite Charite aeyn wrae wol flite But bi e fruyte may men ofte se Of what vertu is vche a tre And vche fruyt at man may fynde He ha from e rote his kynde.

25

35

Source: Cursor Mundi, ed. by Richard Morris, EETS OS 57, 1961 (1874).

Source: Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, ed. by AC Cawley, London: Dent (Everyman's Library), 1992.

SEMINAR 7