25 Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol.2 No.

10 (Oct 2009) ISSN: 0974- 6846

nagaprasad44@rediffmail.com Abstract: Bio-diesel is one of the most promising countries, alternate diesel fuel is the need of the hour. alternatives for diesel needs. Use of edible oil may create The idea of using vegetable oils as a fuel for diesel shortage of oil seeds for daily food, which necessitates engines is not a new one. Rudolph Diesel used peanut oil identification of new kinds of non-edible vegetable oil. to fuel in his engine at Paris Exposition of 1900.However, With this objective, the present work has focused on the despite the technical feasibility, vegetable oil as fuel could performance of castor non-edible vegetable oil and its not get acceptance, as they were more expensive than blend with diesel on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, naturally petroleum fuels. Later the various factors as stated aspirated, direct injection, water cooled, eddy current earlier, created renewed interest of researchers in dynamometer Kirloskar Diesel Engine at 1500 rpm for vegetable oil as substitute fuel for diesel engines. In variable loads. Initially, castor neat oil and their blends recent years systematic efforts have been made by were chosen. The physical and chemical properties of several researchers (Rakopoulos et al.,1992; Humke et Castor oil were determined. In general, viscosity of neat al.,1995; Barsic et al.,1996; Hemmer Lien et al.,1997; vegetable oil is high, which can be reduced through Michel et al., 1998; Vellguth et al.,1998; Reddy, 2000; blending with diesel and heating them. The heating Agarwal et al., 2001; Altin et al., 2001; Herchel et al., temperature of the blends increases with the increase in 2001; De Almedia et al., 2002) to use vegetable oils such the percentage of neat oils with diesel ranging from 700C as sunflower, safflower, peanut oil, soybean oil, rapeseed to 1200C before entering into the combustion chamber. oil, rice bran oil, Jatropha, pongamia, coconut oil etc. and The suitability of neat Castor oil and their blends are their derivatives, in the place of diesel in C.I. engines and evaluated through experimentation. The performance and proved useful as alternate fuel. As many of them are emission characteristics of engine are determined using edible, their usage may create shortage of oil seeds for Castor neat oil and their blends with diesel. These results daily food, which necessitates identification of new kinds are compared to those of pure diesel. These results are of non-edible vegetable oil. The recent upward trend in oil again compared to the other results of neat oils and their prices due to uncertainties in supply of petroleum blends available in the literature for validation. By products scarcity and ultimately depletion has a great analyzing the graphs, it was observed that the impact on Indian economy and the Nation has to look for performance characteristics are reduced and emission alternatives to sustain the growth rate. Testing of diesel engines with neat vegetable oils as characteristics are increased at the rated load compared to those of diesel. This is mainly due to lower calorific diesel blend over preheating improved the performance value, high viscosity and delayed combustion process. and reduced the emissions comparatively (Pramanik et From the critical analysis of graphs, it can be observed al., 2003, Ramdas et al., 2005). It also reduced the filter that 25% of neat Castor oil mixed with 75% of diesel is clogging and ensured smooth flow of oil. Some of the the best suited blend for Diesel engine without heating researchers (Hebbal et al., 2006; Choudhury et al., 2007) and without any engine modifications. It is concluded that conducted experiments on diesel engine using non-edible castor non-edible oil can be used as an alternate to vegetable oil as alternate fuels and found maximum diesel, which is of low cost. This usage of neat bio-diesel brake thermal efficiency and BSFC. The uses of biodiesel has a great impact in reducing the dependency of India (Avinash Kumar Agarwal et al., 2008) in conventional on oil imports. diesel engines resulted substantial reduction in emission Keywords: Castor oil, alternate fuel, biofuel, emissions, of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate. The neat biodiesel can be converted into non edible oils, performance characteristics. methyl esters of biodiesel using transestrification process. Introduction The consumption of diesel fuels in India was 28.30 Methyl and ethyl esters of Karanja oil (Baiju et al., 2009) million tones which was 43.2% of the consumption of can also be used as a fuel in compression ignition engine petroleum products. This requirement was met by without any engine modification. importing crude petroleum as well as petroleum products. From above stated factors it is evident that The import bill on these items was 17,838 crores. With identification and testing of new non edible oils on diesel the expected growth rate of diesel consumption of engine is of great importance. In the present investigation more than 14% per annum, shrinking crude oil reserves Castor oil, non-edible vegetable oil is selected for the test and limited refining capacity, India will be heavily and its suitability as an alternate fuel is examined. This is dependent on imports of crude petroleum and accomplished by blending of Castor oil with diesel in petroleum products. 25/75%, 50/50%, 75/25%, 100/0% on volume basis; From the standpoint of preserving the global further these blends are heated to reduce viscosity equal environment and to sustain from the large imports of to that of diesel. Then the following investigations are crude petroleum & petroleum products from Gulf carried out: Research article
Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee)

Dept. of Mech. Engg., JNTU College of Engg., Hyderabad-85; 2PDA College of Engg., Gulburga, Karnataka, India.

Ch .S. Naga Prasad1 , K. Vijaya Kumar Reddy1, B.S.P. Kumar1, E. Ramjee1, O.D. Hebbel2 and M.C. Nivendgi2

Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with castor oil

Characteristics of castor oil as biofuel

http://www.indjst.org

Naga Prasad et al.

Indian J.Sci.Technol.

26 Indian Journal of Science and Technology The effect of blending Castor oil with diesel on viscosity. The effect of temperature on viscosity of various Castor oil and diesel blends and the temperature at which the
F

Vol.2 No.10 (Oct 2009)

ISSN: 0974- 6846

Compter

Control Panel

PT T2

Fig.2 shows the variation of viscosity of blends with temperature. The viscosity of blends Fig.1. Layout of experimental setup with instrumentation deceases with increase in temperature. Blend containing 75 % diesel have viscosity T4 EGA SM close to diesel at T5 T6 300C and does not require heating. Calorimeter
T3

Effect of temperature on viscosity of caster oil and diesel blends

containing 75% of diesel has density and viscosity close to that of diesel.

Table 1. Comparison of properties of castor oil with diesel oil

Property Density (g/ml) at 300C Calorific value (kj/kg) Viscosity (cst) at 300C Flash point (0C) Fire point (0C) Diesel oil Castor oil 0.84 0.956 42000 5.0 57 65 36000 78 320 345

Dynamo meter

Engine

Rota
T1

Properties of Castor oil

viscosity of blends equal to Table 2. Properties of castor oil diesel blends However blends containing that of diesel at 300C. Density Viscosity Viscosity in 50%,25%,0% diesel requires Casto Diesel The performance and (g/cc) at oil (cst) at reduction r oil heating up to 70,80,950C emission characteristics of 300C (%) 300C (%) (%) respectively before firing into diesel engine using various 100 0 0.956 78 combustion chamber to attain blends and compare the 75 25 0.925 62 20.5 viscosity equivalent to that of results with that of diesel. 50 50 0.893 45 42.3 diesel at 300C . 25 75 0.862 25 67.9 Further for ascertaining the Experimental test rig0 100 0.840 5 93.58 validity of the results obtained, instrumentation the performance and emission characteristics of neat This investigation was conducted on a single cylinder, Castor oil are compared with the results available in the 4 stroke, water cooled, stationary Kirloskar diesel engine literature for similar work. computerized test rig with the Rated power 5.2 kW/7 hp Characterization of castor oil @ 1500rpm. The Kirloskar engine is one of the widely used engines in agriculture tractors, pump sets, arm machinery, Transport vehicles, small and medium scale commercial purposes. The engine can withstand the peak pressure encountered because of its high compression ratio. The specifications of test rig are given in Table 3. Engine was directly coupled to an eddy current dynamometer. The engine and dynamometer were interfaced to a control panel, which is connected to a computer. This computerized test rig was used for recording the test parameters such as fuel flow rate, temperatures, air flow rate, load etc. and for calculating the engine performance characteristics such as brake thermal efficiency, brakes specific fuel consumption, volumetric efficiency etc., the calorific value and the density of a particular fuel was fed to the software as input variables. Planet Equipment of 5 gas analyzer is used to find out the emission characteristics like carbon Naga Prasad et al.
Indian J.Sci.Technol.

Effect of dilution on viscosity of castor oil and diesel blends

Castor oil is non-volatile fatty oil taken from beans of the plants. It ranges in color from colorless to greenish. It has two derivatives such as blown castor and hydrogenated oil. Castor oil used in textiles, paints, varnishes, plastics, cosmetics, fibers, hair oils and drying oils. It is also used for traditional and medical treatment purposes. Table 1 shows the comparison of properties of castor oil with diesel.

Linseed oil and diesel are blended in 0/100%, 25/75%, 50/50%,75/25%,100/0% on volume basis and the mixture is stirred well to get homogenous stable mixture .Variation of density, viscosity, and percentage reduction in viscosity of blends at 300C are shown in Table 2. The density and viscosity of blends reduces with increases in percentage of diesel in blend. The blend Research article Characteristics of castor oil as biofuel
Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee) http://www.indjst.org

27 Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol.2 No.10 (Oct 2009) ISSN: 0974- 6846

Table 3. Experimental setup specifications & T6: Exhaust Gas monoxide (CO), carbon Engine Type Four stroke, single cylinder Temperature before and after dioxide (CO2), un-burnt hydro constant speed, water cooled Calorimeter (0C); F1: Fuel Flow carbons (UHC), nitrogen oxides diesel engine, Eddy current (NO), unused oxygen (O2). DP (Differential Pressure) unit; Dynamometer F2: Air Intake DP Unit; PT: Smoke measurement is made Rated power 5.2 kW/7 hp @ 1500rpm Pressure Transducer; Wt: using an OPAX2000II/DX200P Cylinder bore 87.5 mm Load; N: RPM Decoder; EGA: meter of Neptune Equipments. Cylinder stroke 110 mm Exhaust Gas Analyzer (5 The layout of experimental test Compression Ratio 17.5:1 Gases); SM: Smoke Meter; rig and instrumentation is Dynamometer 185 mm CaO: Castor Oil; CaO (N): Neat shown in Fig.1. arm length Castor Oil; D: Diesel; Variable load Fig.2. Variation of viscosity of blends in relation to temperature CS (N): Neat Cotton tests are conducted Seed Oil; RB(N): Neat for 0.2, 1, 2, 3, 4, Rice Bran Oil; BHP: 5.2 KW at a Brake Horse Power; constant rated E.T: Exhaust speed of 1500 rpm, Temperature; NOx: 200 bar injector Nitrogen Oxides; UHC: opening pressure. Un-burnt Hydro The Linseed oil and Carbons; CO: Carbon its blends with Monoxide; BSFC: diesel are heated Brake Specific Fuel externally as stated Consumption. earlier before Results and discussion injecting into the Experimental test cylinder. The investigations are engine was carried out on a sufficiently warmed single cylinder DI up and stabilizes diesel engine to before taking all examine the readings. All the suitability of castor observations are oil as an alternate replicated thrice to fuel. Firstly, the get a reasonable effect of dilution value. The with diesel and performance Fig.3. Variation of brake thermal efficiency with brake heating of blends characteristics of power for castor oil and its blends on viscosity were the is evaluated in studied. Then the terms of Brake performance and Thermal Efficiency the emission (th), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and exhaust gas characteristics of blends are evaluated and compared temperature (E.T) and the emission characteristics in with diesel and optimum blend is determined. Further for terms of CO, UHC, NO and smoke opacity. These the confirming its validity the results are compared with that of neat cotton performance and seed and neat rice emission bran oil available in characteristics are the literature for compared with the similar work. results of baseline diesel. Performance Nomenclature: T1, characteristics Fig.4. Variation of brake specific fuel T3: Inlet water Fig.3 shows the consumption with brake power for castor oil and temperature (0C); T2: variation of brake its blends thermal efficiency Outlet engine Jacket (BTE) with brake Water Temperature power output for (0C); T4: Outlet castor oil and its Calorimeter Water blends with diesel Temperature (0C); T5

Research article
Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee)

Characteristics of castor oil as biofuel

http://www.indjst.org

Naga Prasad et al.

Indian J.Sci.Technol.

28 Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol.2 No.10 (Oct 2009) ISSN: 0974- 6846

compared with all in the test engine. other blends and BTE of 25% blend diesel. CO of neat of castor oil castor oil has the compared well with highest value at diesel and exhibited full load. The the highest value at highest value of 76.92% of total CO at 25% blend load. The maximum of castor oil is BTE at 25% blend Fig.5. Variation of exhaust temperature with 2.12% in respect of castor oil is brake power for castor oil and its blends to the value of 33.20% obtained at 1.95% for diesel. 4 Kw against the While at the 34.1%, for diesel. maximum BTE Fig.4 shows the load of neat castor variation of brake specific oil it is 0.48% fuel consumption with corresponding to brake power output for diesel of 0.22%. castor oil and its blends Fig.7 shows with diesel in the test the variation of unengine. Diesel has lower Fig.6. Variation of carbon monoxide with burnt hydrocarbons bsfc value compared with brake power for castor oil and its blends emissions with all other blends, whereas brake power output 25% blend of castor oil has for castor oil and its lower bsfc values. The blends with diesel lowest bsfc of neat castor in the test engine. oil is 0.305 Kg/Kw- hr, UHC of 25% blend whereas it is 0.210 Kg/Kwof castor oil has hr for diesel. At the maximum Fig.7. Variation of un-burnt hydro carbons with lower emissions thermal efficiency load of 25% brake power for castor oil and its blends compared with all blend, the bsfc of castor oil is other blends. 0.320 Kg/Kw- hr, corresponding While, UHC of 50% to the 0.251 value for diesel. and 75% blends of Fig.5 shows the variation of castor oil Exhaust Temperature (E.T) with compared well. brake power output for castor oil The maximum and its blends with diesel in the value of UHC at test engine. The E.T of 25% 25% blend of blend of castor oil has lower castor oil is 79 values compared with all other ppm, blends and is well comparable corresponding to with diesel. The E.T of all blends diesel is 74 ppm. and diesel increases with Fig.8 shows the variation of nitrogen oxides increase of operating loads. The 25% blend of castor oil has higher performance than other blends due to emissions with brake power output for castor oil and its blends with diesel reduction in exhaust in the test engine. loss. NOx of 25% blend Emission of castor oil is characteristics slightly lower than Fig.6 shows the that of diesel. variation of smoke Diesel has higher emissions with brake NOx emissions power output for castor compared with all oil and its blends with other blends diesel in the test Fig. 8. Variation of nitrogen oxides with brake throughout all engine. CO emissions power for castor oil and its blends operating loads. of 25% blend having NOx emissions of higher values Research article
Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee)

Characteristics of castor oil as biofuel

http://www.indjst.org

Naga Prasad et al.

Indian J.Sci.Technol.

29 Indian Journal of Science and Technology neat castor oil has maximum value at 76.92% of rated loads and exhibited lower emission rate compared with all other blends at all load. The maximum NOx emission for 25% blend of castor oil is 55 ppm, while for diesel it is Vol.2 No.10 (Oct 2009) ISSN: 0974- 6846

Fig.9. Variation of smoke with brake power for castor oil and its blends

58ppm. Fig.9 shows the variation of smoke emissions with brake power output for castor oil and its blends with diesel in the test engine. Diesel has lower smoke emission compared with all other blends of castor oil. 25% blend of the castor oil smoke opacity is well comparable with diesel. Smoke of neat castor oil has highest values compared with all other blends and diesel. The maximum smoke at 25% blend of castor oil is 4.56 Bosch Smoke units, corresponding to diesel is 4.15.

consumption, exhaust temperature, smoke, un-burnt hydrocarbons, CO and NOx emissions. Nag raja et al. (2005) also conducted the variable load test at fuel injection pressure of 200 bar and constant cooling water outlet temperature of 650C. Performance of engine is evaluated only in terms of BTE, brake specific fuel consumption, and exhaust temperature. Through the performance results are available for blends, for convenience only results of neat vegetable oils are used for comparison. For this purpose of comparison cotton seed oil used by Leenus Jesu Martin et al. is labeled as (100% CS) and rice bran of Nag raja et al. as (100% RB). Fig.10 to 12 shows the variation of BTE, BSFC and E.T of neat castor oil (100% CaO), 100% CS and (00% RB with brake power. The BTE of castor oil is lower than that of 100% RB for entire operating load. The maximum BTE of 100% CaO, 100% CS and 100% RB are 22.30%, 29% and 30.10%, respectively. BSFC of castor oil is higher and BTE is lower compared with 100% RB. This drop in performance must be attributed to the higher exhaust temperature, which accelerates the loss due to incomplete combustion, there by increases the emissions. Fig.13 to 16 shows the variation of CO, UHC, NOx and smoke emissions of 100% CaO, 100% CS and 100% RB with brake power. UHC and NOx emissions of Castor oil are lower compare with 100% CS and 100% RB for entire operating load. The smoke emissions also lower compared with 100% CS for entire operating except at full load. The CO emissions

Fig.10. Variation of brake thermal efficiency with brake power for neat castor oil, neat cotton seed oil and neat rice bran oil

Fig.11. Variation of brake specific fuel consumption with brake power for neat castor oil, neat cottonseed oil and neat rice bran oil

To ascertain the validity of the results obtained from CaO, its performance is compared with results obtained by similar experimental work reported earlier (Leenus Jesu Martin et al., 2005; Nag raja et al., 2005). Wherein the viscosity of vegetable oil is reduced by dilution with diesel and further, blends are to be heated at room temperature. They have also used the similar 5.2Kw/7hp, 1500 rpm, naturally aspirated, water cooled, 4 stroke, single cylinder, Kirloskar diesel engine, which further simplifies the process of comparison. Leenus Jesu Martin et al. (2005) conducted the variable load performance test with cotton seed oil at fuel injection pressure of 200 bars and constant cooling water outlet temperature of 750C. Then the performance of the engine is evaluated in terms of BTE, brake specific fuel Research article
Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee)

Comparison of castor oil (CaO) performance with cotton seed oil (CS) and rice bran (RB) oil

of castor oil at full load are 4.25 % which is higher at full load compared with other oils. From above discussion it is clear that performance and emission characteristics of castor oil are better than that of other oils (CS and RB) considered. Conclusion The properties like density, viscosity, flash point and fire point of castor oil (IS: 1448 [p:6],1994; IS: 1448 [p: 25],1976; IS: 1448 [p: 20], 1998) is higher and calorific value is 0.936 times that of diesel. Dilution of castor oil reduces the viscosity considerably. The blend containing 75% of diesel has viscosity 15 cst Naga Prasad et al.
Indian J.Sci.Technol.

Characteristics of castor oil as biofuel

http://www.indjst.org

30 Indian Journal of Science and Technology close to viscosity of diesel at 300C and does not require any heating prior to injection into combustion chamber. Blends containing 50%, 25%, and 0% diesel require preheating up to 70, 80 and 950C respectively. The performance and emission characteristics of 25% blend of castor is better than that of all other blends and it is well comparable with diesel. However at rated load, the neat castor oil emissions viz. CO, UHC, smoke are 56.41%, 20.27%,31.32% respectively higher and NOx are 44% lower compared to those of diesel. This is due to incomplete combustion of the fuel and delay in the ignition process. The Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), BSFC of castor oil are 33.45% lower and 54.76% higher compared to those of diesel. This is due to higher viscosity and lower calorific value of the fuel. Vol.2 No.10 (Oct 2009) ISSN: 0974- 6846

Performance of the castor oil is validated as results are well comparable with the results of cotton seed oil and rice bran oils. Hence from above conclusions it may be stated that blends up to 25% without preheating and up to 50% with preheating can be substituted as fuel for diesel engine without any modifications in the engine. Acknowledgments The author sincerely thanks Dr. O.D.Hebbel, Assistant Professor and M.C.Nivendgi, Selection Grade Lecturer and their organization- PDA college of Engineering, Gulbarga, for support, co-operation, and encouragement to get the permission and to conduct the experimental work in IC engines. References
1.

Agarwal AK and Das LM (2001) Bio diesel development and characterization for use as fuel in Fig.12. Variation of exhaust temperature with brake power for compression engines. Trans. ASME. 123, 440neat castor oil, neat cotton seed oil and neat rice bran oil 447. 2. Altin R, Cetinkaya S and Yuces HS (2001) The potential of using vegetable oil fuel as fuel in compression Ignition engines. Energy Conversion Mangt. 42, 529-538. 3. Avinash Kumar Agarwal (2007) Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines. Prog. in Energy & Combustion Sci., 33, 233271. 4. Baiju B, Naik MK and Das LM (2009) A comparative evaluation of compression ignition engine characteristics using methyl and ethyl esters of Karanja oil. Renewable Energy. 34, 16161621. 5. Bari S, Lim Th and YU CW (2002) Effects of The maximum BTE of castor oil is obtained at 76.92% preheating of crude palm oil (CPO) on injection system, of the total load. i.e., 4 Kw load. The emissions like CO, performance and emission of a diesel engine. UHC, smoke and NOx for 25% blend of castor oil is Renewable Energy. 27, 339-351. higher by 145%, 41.17%, 48% and lower by 31.03%, respectively compared to that of diesel. This is due to 6. Barsic NJ and Humke AL (1996) Performance and emissions characteristics of a naturally aspirated diesel incomplete combustion of the fuel (or) Lean air-fuel engine with vegetable oil fuels. SAE paper No.810262. 7. Choudhury S and Bose PK (2007) Karanja Fig.13. Variation of carbon monoxide with brake power for neat or Jatropha a better option for an castor oil, neat cotton seed oil and neat rice bran oil alternative fuel in CI engine. In: Intl. Conf. on IC Engines (ICONICE), Hyderabad. 8. De Almedia SCA, Belchior CR, Nascimento MVG, Vieira LSR and Flueury G (2002) Performance of a diesel generator fuelled with palm oil. Fuel. 81, 2097-2102. 9. Ertan Alptekin and Mustafa Canakci(2006) Determination of the density and the viscosities of biodiesel diesel fuel blends. Renewable Energy (33), 2623 2630. 10. Hebbal OD, Vijaya Kumar Reddy K and Rajagopal K (2006) Performance characteristics of a diesel engine with Deccan Hemp oil. Fuel.(42), 45 - 52 . 11. Hemmer Lien N, Korte V and Richter H mixture formation. (1997) Performance, exhaust emissions and durability of modern diesel engines running on rapeseed oil. SAE paper No.910848.

Research article
Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee)

Characteristics of castor oil as biofuel

http://www.indjst.org

Naga Prasad et al.

Indian J.Sci.Technol.

31 Indian Journal of Science and Technology

12. Henham AWE (1990) Experience with alternate fuels 17. for small stationary diesel engines: fuels for automotive and industrial diesel engines., I. Mech. E.(46) 117-22. 13. Herchel TCM, Seiichi S, Takao K and Hisao N (2001) Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel 18. engine fueled with coconut oil diesel fuel blend. Biomass Bioenergy. 20, 63-69. Fig. 14. Variation of un-burnt hydro carbons with brake power for neat castor oil, neat cotton seed oil and neat rice bran oil

Vol.2 No.10 (Oct 2009)

ISSN: 0974- 6846

14. Humke AL and Barsic NJ (1995) Performance and emission characteristics of naturally aspirated diesel engine with vegetable oil fuels part 2: SAE paper

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Fig. 15. Variation of nitrogen oxides with brake power for neat castor oil, neat cotton seed oil and neat rice bran oil
No.810955. 15. Huzayyin AS, Bawady AH, Rady MA and Dawood A (2004) Experimental evaluation of diesel engine performance and emission using blends of jojoba oil and diesel fuel. Energy Conversion Manager. 45, 2093 2112. 16. IS: 1448 (1976) Methods of test for petroleum and its products: Determination of kinematics and dynamic

26.

Fig.16. Variation of smoke with brake power for neat castor oil, neat cotton seed oil and neat rice b il

viscosity, Bureau of Indian Standards. New Delhi. p:25. IS: 1448 (1984) Methods of test for petroleum and its products: heat of combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels by bomb calorimeter method. Bureau of Indian Standards. New Delhi. p:6. IS: 1448 (1998) Methods of test for petroleum and its products: Determination of flash point and fire point by Ables apparatus, Bureau of Indian Standards. New Delhi. p:20. 19. Kalam MA and Masjuki HH (2004) Emission and deposit characteristics of a small diesel engine when operated on preheated crude palm oil. Biomass Bioenergy. 27, 289-297. 20. Leenus Jesu Martin M, Prithviraj D, Chandrasekaran S and Tamilporai P (2005) Effect of cotton seed oil and diesel blends on the performance and emission of a compression ignition engine. In: Proc. of 19th Natl. Conf. on I.C. engines and combustion, Annamalai Univ. pp: 101-105. 21. Michel SG and Robert LM (1998) Combustion of fat and vegetables oil derived fuels in diesel engines. Prog. Energy. Combustion Sci. 24,125-64. Nag raja AM and Prabhu Kumar GP(2005) Performance of diesel, neat biodiesel and 20% biodiesel a comparative study. In: Proc. of 19th Natl. Conf. on I.C. engines and combustion, Annamalai Univ. pp: 503-508. 23. Nwafor OMI (2004) Emission characteristics of a diesel engine running on vegetable oil with elevated fuel inlet temperature. Biomass Bioenergy. 29, 727-742. 24. Pramanik K(2003), Properties and use of Jatropha curcus oil and diesel fuel blends in compression ignition engines. Renewable Energy. 28, 239-248. 25. Rakopoulos CD (1992) Olive oil as a fuel supplement in DI and IDI diesel engines. Energy. 17(8),787-790. Ramdas AS, Jayaraj S and Muraleedhran C (2005) Characterization and effects of using rubber seed oil as fuel in compression ignition engines. Renewable Energy. 30, 795-803. 27 Rao PS and Gopalakrishna KV (1989) Use of non edible vegetable oils as diesel engine fuels. J. Intt .Engg. India. 70 (4), 24-29. 28Reddy KV (2000) Experimental investigations on the use of vegetable oil fuels in a four stroke, single cylinder diesel engines. PhD Thesis. JNTU College of Engg., Anantapur, Andhrapradesh, India. 29Vellguth G (1998) Performance of vegetable oils and their monoesters as fuels for diesel engines. SAE paper No.831358.

Research article
Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee)

Characteristics of castor oil as biofuel

http://www.indjst.org

Naga Prasad et al.

Indian J.Sci.Technol.