SN047a - Simplified Approach To The Selection of Equivalent Horizontal Forces

NCCI: Simplified approaches to the selection of equivalent horizontal forces for the global analysis of braced and unbraced
frames
NCCI: Simplified approaches to the selection of equivalent horizontal forces for the global analysis of braced and unbraced frames SN047a-EN-EU
NCCI: Simplified approaches to the selection of equivalent horizontal forces for the global analysis of braced and unbraced frames
This NCCI presents a simplified, safe approach to the use of equivalent horizontal forces as replacements for initial sway imperfections for global sway imperfection column inclinations between adjacent storeys and column splice restraint forces in braced frames.
Contents
1. 2. 3. 4.
Created on Friday, December 09, 2011 This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Access Steel Licence Agreement
Introduction Initial sway imperfections in multi-storey frames Column inclinations between adjacent storeys Column splice restraint forces in braced frames Design recommendations Local imperfections in global analysis
2 2 3 3 4 5
5. 6.
7. Interaction between resistance to imperfections and elastic critical load ratios for braced structures 5 Appendix A Determination of governing equivalent horizontal forces 7
Page 1
1.
Introduction
All structures contain imperfections and for steel structures EN 1993-1-1 5.3 explicitly defines the allowances in structural analysis to cover their effects. The treatment of imperfections in EN1993-1-1 is very general, in order to be applicable to all forms of steel construction. This NCCI provides a simplified approach to these effects that focuses on the appropriate treatment of imperfections for low and medium-rise multi-storey buildings. It proposes horizontal force coefficients that are simple to apply and will be familiar to experienced users of previous national design standards.
2. Initial sway imperfections in multi-storey frames

EN 1993-1-1 5.3.2(3)a and Figure 5.2 (reproduced below as Figure 2.1) define global sway imperfections. They should be applied to all frames that might fail by sway, both braced and unbraced.
Figure 2.1
Equivalent sway imperfections (taken fromEN1993-1-1 Figure 5.2)
EN1993-1-1 5.3.2(7) states that vertical sway imperfections may be replaced by systems of horizontal forces, introduced for each column, of NEd. This NCCI recommends that equivalent horizontal forces are used instead of introducing the geometric imperfection into the model. This is because: The imperfection must be tried in each direction to find the greater effect and it is easier to apply loads than modify geometry Applying loads gives no problems of changes in length that would occur when inclining the columns of buildings in which the column bases are at different levels
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3.
Column inclinations between adjacent storeys
EN 1993-1-1 5.3.2(5) and Figure 5.3 (reproduced below as Figure 3.1) define the sway imperfections and associated horizontal forces that need to be considered due to local inclinations of columns between adjacent storeys.
N Ed N Ed
/2
h H i = N Ed h

H i = N Ed
/2
N Ed
Figure 3.1
Configuration of sway imperfection for horizontal forces on floor diaphragm (taken from EN1993-1-1 Figure 5.3)
The figure shows two cases, both of which give rise to a horizontal shear of Ned.
4.
Column splice restraint forces in braced frames
EN 1993-1-1 5.3.3(4) and Figure 5.7 (reproduced below as Figure 4.1) require that bracing should be able to resist a local force from any splice of m NEd/100 where
1 0,51 + m
in which m is the number of members to be restrained as defined in 5.3.3(1). This is NOT the same as the definition of m to be used when calculating the sway imperfection.
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N Ed
N Ed
1 2 N Ed
N Ed
N Ed
=m 0 : 0 = 1/200 2 NEd = m NEd /100

Key: 1
Splice Bracing system
Figure 4.1
Bracing forces at splices in compression elements (taken from EN1993-1-1 Figure 5.7)
5.
Design recommendations
Based on the background studies presented in Appendix A, it is possible to make the following simple, safe recommendations for design. (More direct application of Eurocode 3 could reduce the design imperfection forces to 50% in some circumstances, but the forces are anyway small.)
5.1
1.
Braced and unbraced frames
Apply equivalent horizontal forces of 0,5% of vertical forces wherever the latter occur. Thus storey shears at any level in the building will be 0,5% of the total forces above. This will account for all imperfections that cause storey shear. These forces should be considered in all relevant horizontal directions, but need only be considered in one direction at a time. (In accordance with EN 1993-1-1 5.3.2(10), the possible torsional effects on a structure caused by anti-symmetric sways at the two opposite faces should also be considered. This effect is only significant in a building of very low torsional stiffness on plan, a situation which is unlikely to occur in practice).
2.
Check that all columns are tied into all attached beams by minimum resistance of 1,0% of the column force, i.e. that the tying resistance of the beam to column connection is at least 0,01 NEd,column. Page 4
5.2
Additional requirements for braced frames
Check that all the equivalent horizontal forces in the column can be transferred into the relevant bracing system. Diaphragm action in the floor slab may be mobilised to satisfy this condition. In accordance with EN 1993-1-1 5.3.3(1), a reduction factor m = applied, where m is the number of columns to be restrained.
1 0,51 + may be m
5.3
Serviceability criteria
As clarified in Section 7 below, use of these minimum equivalent horizontal forces is likely to lead to structures that are flexible laterally. At an early stage in the development of a specific design, it is, therefore advisable to ensure that it will satisfy horizontal deflection criteria.
6.
Local imperfections in global analysis
For braced frames of simple construction (see SN020) in structures of regular geometry, it is not necessary to apply the bow imperfections in the global analysis, as EN 1993-1-1 5.3.2(6), because there is no storey shear developed if the beam-plus-joint stiffness is the same at each end of a column segment where the beam-column joints are nominally pinned, the beam-plus-joint stiffness will be similar at each floor level any storey shear arising from differences in the beam-plus-joint stiffness will be small and will not exceed the design forces from either (i) global sway imperfections, or (ii) column to floor diaphragm forces. The buckling resistance of the columns should be checked to EN 1993-1-1 6.3.
7. Interaction between resistance to imperfections and elastic critical load ratios for braced structures
The simplified recommendations of Section 5 ensure that proper consideration is given to imperfections. EN 1993-1-1 5.2.1 considers the effects of deformed geometry on structural response. It clarifies the impact of elastic sway instability on behaviour and defines the conditions in which simple first order analyses may be used, i.e. cr 10 for elastic analysis. SN028 demonstrates that cr will exceed 10 if the bracing is designed for horizontal force coefficients of 2,5% of vertical loads, provided that the stress in the bracing system is limited.
Page 5
It follows that: any braced structure designed to achieve an cr 10 will automatically satisfy all requirements for sway imperfections, imperfections in the vertical bracing system and imperfections at column splices. braced structures designed for the minimum equivalent horizontal forces, defined in Section 5 above, are likely to have low critical load ratios, possibly less than the 3,0 that is the lower limit for the use of amplified sway methods in EN 1993-1-1 5.2.2(5)B.
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Appendix A Determination of governing equivalent horizontal forces

A.1 Limiting values of equivalent horizontal forces for global analysis
. It 200 also offers a reduction factor h for the height of the structure h, and a reduction factor for the number of columns in a row, m. These are given by: EN 1993-1-1 5.3.2 defines the basic value of global initial sway imperfection 0 as 1
h =
2 h
; but 2/3 h 1,0

1 m
m = 0,51 +
Figure A.1 presents a graphical representation of the effect of these two parameters on the global initial sway imperfection = h . m 0.
9 8 7 6
m h =0.55 m h =0.60 m h =0.65 m h =0.80 m h =0.85 m h =0.70 m h =0.75
Height (m)
5 4 3 2 1 0
m h =0.90
Number of columns, m Figure A.1 Graphical representation of the values of m and h for different values of height, h, and number of columns, m
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It can be seen that, for many practical structures, values of as low as
= 0,0025 are 400 achievable. However, such low horizontal force coefficients are likely to be impractical: for all structures they are likely to lead to values of cr, the elastic critical load ratio significantly less than 3, requiring full second order analyses and leading to structures that are likely to fail practical horizontal deflection criteria for braced structures, consideration of storey shears from column splice forces any way require coefficients approaching 0,5%, as presented in the following section
A.2 Storey shears from column splice forces in braced frames

As discussed in EN 1993-1-1 5.3.3(4) and shown in Figure 4.1, the local forces mNEd/100 give rise to shear forces in the bracing system. For uniform storey heights, the shear forces above and below the level of the splice are the same and equal to mNEd/200. As with the overall shear forces for global analyses discussed above, the basic imperfection may be reduced by a coefficient
m=
1 0,51 + m
where m is the number of columns to be restrained. If a braced frame has, say, 20 columns on plan, then m = 0,725 giving a local column restraint force of 0,725% NEd. With only 4 columns, m = 0,79. If the braced frame has 20 columns on plan, the storey shear would be of the following percentages of the vertical load at the splice level. Ratio of upper:lower storey heights 1:1 1:1,5 1:2 Design force for frame with 20 columns 1 N Ed = 0,36% N Ed 0,725 2 100 1,5 N Ed = 0,43% N Ed 0,725 2,5 100
2 N Ed = 0,48% N Ed 0,725 3 100
Page 8
If the braced frame has 4 columns on plan, the storey shear would be of the following percentages of the vertical load at the splice level: Ratio of upper:lower storey heights 1:1 1:1,5 1:2 Design force for frame with 4 columns 1 N Ed = 0,40% N Ed 0,79 2 100 1,5 N Ed = 0,47% N Ed 0,79 2,5 100
2 N Ed = 0,53% N Ed 0,79 3 100
This shear force occurs at any level, depending on the level of the splices. It should be noted that the splice positions may change as the design and detailing of a frame evolves. Therefore it would be prudent to design the bracing throughout for this minimum shear force of 0,5% NEd.
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Quality Record
RESOURCE TITLE NCCI: Simplified approaches to the selection of equivalent horizontal forces for the global analysis of braced and unbraced frames
Reference(s) ORIGINAL DOCUMENT Name Created by Technical content checked by Editorial content checked by Technical content endorsed by the following STEEL Partners: 1. UK 2. France
Company SCI SCI
Date
G W Owens C M King
G W Owens A Bureau B Uppfeldt C Mller J Chica G W Owens
SCI CTICM SBI RWTH Labein SCI
23/5/06 23/5/06 23/5/06 23/5/06 23/5/06 10/7/06
3. Sweden 4. Germany 5. Spain Resource approved by Technical Coordinator TRANSLATED DOCUMENT This Translation made and checked by: Translated resource approved by:
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NCCI: Simplified approaches to the selection of equivalent horizontal forces for the global analysis of braced and unbraced

2. Initial sway imperfections in multi-storey frames

Equivalent sway imperfections (taken fromEN1993-1-1 Figure 5.2)

Column inclinations between adjacent storeys

Column splice restraint forces in braced frames

=m 0 : 0 = 1/200 2 NEd = m NEd /100

Splice Bracing system

Braced and unbraced frames

Additional requirements for braced frames

Local imperfections in global analysis

Appendix A Determination of governing equivalent horizontal forces

; but 2/3 h 1,0

m h =0.55 m h =0.60 m h =0.65 m h =0.80 m h =0.85 m h =0.70 m h =0.75

It can be seen that, for many practical structures, values of as low as

A.2 Storey shears from column splice forces in braced frames

Company SCI SCI

G W Owens A Bureau B Uppfeldt C Mller J Chica G W Owens

SCI CTICM SBI RWTH Labein SCI

23/5/06 23/5/06 23/5/06 23/5/06 23/5/06 10/7/06

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