Lehrstuhl

Energie Systeme

Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff

The Organic Rankine Cycle

Power Production from Low Temperature Heat

Hartmut Spliethoff, Andreas Schuster

Institute for Energy Systems Technische Universitt Mnchen

Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006

Lehrstuhl

Energie Systeme

Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff

Contents

Introduction
History Recapitulation Clausius Rankine Cycle

State of the Art Applications

Biomass Combustion Geothermal Power Plants

Innovative Applications
Solar Desalination with Organic Rankine Cycle Waste-heat recovery from biomass digestion plants

Conclusion and Outlook

Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006

Lehrstuhl

Energie Systeme

Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff

Who was the Rankine - cycles father ?

William John Macquorn Rankine * 5th July 1820 24th December 1872 Scottish physicist and engineer one of the founders of thermodynamics important contributions to the theory of steam engine
WJM Rankine

Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006

Lehrstuhl

Energie Systeme

Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff

Assembly of a steam power station

Boiler House
(steam generator)

Turbine House
(steam turbine, condenser, generator)

Cooling Towers

Boiler

Steam Turbine

G
Generator

Coal Stockyard

Condenser
Flue Gas Cleaning
(dust removal, nitric oxide M removal, desulphurization)

Jrgen Karl

Feed Pump

Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006

Lehrstuhl

Energie Systeme

Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff

Power range and efficiency of common power machines for external combustion
1000

Steam Power Plants

power range [MW] 100 10 1 0,1 0,01 0 20 40 efficiency [%]
Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006 5

Organic Rankine Cycle Steam Engine Stirling Engine

Jrgen Karl, Dezentrale Energiesysteme

60

80

Lehrstuhl

Energie Systeme

Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff

The Organic Rankine Cycle an application for small power range

The ORC uses organic substances instead of water as working fluid Silicone Oils Hydrocarbons Fluorocarbons
water organic fluids

Organic fluids lead to higher turbine efficiencies due to the higher mass flow (leakage ) low maintenance operation good part load behavior
Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006 6

Lehrstuhl

Energie Systeme

Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff

The Organic Rankine Cycle an application for small power range and external heat source
Turbine
temperature [C] temperature [ C]

200 500

400 150
100 bar

44

Heat 4 Exchanger
Boiler
biomass boiler geothermal heat waste heat

2 3 4 3 Steam 2

Generator

300
100 200 50 100

22 1 1

2 2

25 bar

33 44
5 6

3 5

10 bar

Turbine

5 G
Generator

10 bar
5 bar

x=0 x= ,2 0,2

5
Condenser
0 0

00
0,0 1,0

1 1

0,4 0 ,4

,6 0 ,6

0,8

00

1 bar
8 0,8

p=1 bar p=0,05 bar

55

6 1 0 0

District Heating Network Cooling Tower Condenser

2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 10,0 2,0 spezific entropy [kJ/kgK] spezific entropy [kJ/kgK]

1
Feed Pump Pump Feed
M

(dust removal, nitric oxide M removal, desulphurization)

Availaible in a power range up to 1500 kW MW

Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006

Lehrstuhl

Energie Systeme

Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff

ORC with recuperator without recuperator

temperature [C]

200

150
25 bar

3
10 bar

100
1
x= 0 ,2
0, 4
0,6

5 bar

5 5 6

50

5
0

p=1 bar

1,0

1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 spezific entropy [kJ/kgK]

0,8

2,0

Expansion does end in the area of superheated steam 5 Sensible Heat of steam ( 5 - 6 ) can be used for preheating the liquid working fluid
8

Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006

Lehrstuhl

Energie Systeme

Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff

State of the Art Applications

Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006

Lehrstuhl

Energie Systeme

Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff

ORC Unit from Turboden, Brescia Italy

Units from 500 kW up to 1500 kW available Standardized Product
Rekuperator Condenser

Evaporator

Turbine Generator Feed Pump

Units are delivered completely assembled to installation site

Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006

10

Lehrstuhl

Energie Systeme

Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff

Biomass Combustion
Thermo oil loop
G

Sauerlach 700 kWel

Toblach 1500 kWel

Organic Rankine Cycle

Fuach 1100 kWel

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Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006

Lehrstuhl

Energie Systeme

Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff

Insertion
dependency of electric efficiency of exhaust gas losses of biomass boiler flow temperature / return temperature thermo oil 270 C / 220 C

Electric Efficiency 1012 % Manufacturer information of 1618 % dont include the furnace

Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006

12

Lehrstuhl

Energie Systeme

Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff

Geothermal Power Plants

ORC System
15-110 m/h 21C, 120-395 m/h

Return Cooler
28C

Water processing

Well

www.geothermie.de

Altheim 1000 kWel

www.geothermie.de

Neustadt-Glewe 210 kWel

98C

Bore Hole

Injection Bore Hole

Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006

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Lehrstuhl

Energie Systeme

Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff

Innovative applications

Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006

14

Lehrstuhl

Energie Systeme

Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff

Innovative stand-alone solar desalination system with an Organic Rankine Cycle

Collector Loop

Organic Rankine Cycle

Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006

Osmosis Process
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Lehrstuhl

Energie Systeme

Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff

Design Criteria for ORC with solar heat

Scroll expander for mechanical power in the range of 10 kW Scroll expander is a positve displacement expansion machine Different working fluids offer nearly the same efficieny Fluid with efficiency maximum at the lowest posssible temperature fits best
5,6 R227 R245fa 5,4 5,2 R236fa 5,0 4,8 R134a 4,6 4,4 4,2 4,0 50 75 100 125 150 live steam temperature [ C]

cycle efficiency [%]

Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006

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Lehrstuhl

Energie Systeme

Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff

Status of the project

The project is succesfully finished The expander efficiency is between 60 and 70 % over a wide operation range The cycle efficiency is around 4 % The fresh water production is approximately 320 l/h with a thermal input of 35 kW

The research was done in the framework of the project RO-Solar-Rankine (COOPCT-2003-507997) funded by the European Comission. Therefore the TU Mnchen is much obliged.
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Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006

Lehrstuhl

Energie Systeme

Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff

Waste-heat recovery from biomass digestion recovery with low temperature ORC plants
Organic Waste Energy Crops

Gainful use of the excess heat of the IC engine is important for the economic and energetic efficiency Only 2025 % of the waste heat of the engine is needed for heating the digester The characteristics of heat demand and the location of the digestion plants is hindering for the use of waste heat in district heating networks enhanced electricity production by the application of ORC
Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006

Manure

Desulphurization Biogas IC engine

Grid

Fermenter

Biogas tank

ORC System
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Lehrstuhl

Energie Systeme

Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff

Case Study for biomass digestion plant

Thermo oil loop Test Rig at TUM

IC engine

Organic Rankine Cycle

Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006 19

Lehrstuhl

Energie Systeme

Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff

Case Study for biomass digestion plant

Combustion Engine 555 kW Deutz TCG 2016 V12 Electrical Power 537 kWel Exhaust gas temperature of ~ 490 C Additional Power production of 35 kWel equivalent to an efficiency gain of 2.6 % With an interest rate of 5 % and 7.500 full load hours electricity production cost of 5.65 Ct/kWh can be reached
5 Ct
O.R.

6C

t
t 7C
8C t

9C

Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006

20

Lehrstuhl

Energie Systeme

Prof. Dr.-Ing. H. Spliethoff

Conclusions:
Organic Rankine Cycles are a modification of the well known Clausius Rankine Cycle The use of organic fluids offer various advantages The ORC technology for electricity production from biomass and geothermal heat is state of the art ORCs are also suitable for waste-heat recovery and power production from solarthermal heat these applications are subject of further research ORC linked with Reverse Osmosis is a promising possibility for seawater desalination

Electricity generation, combined heat and power Strasbourg, 14 -16 September 2006

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