ELEN

459
Spring 2007

TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETER CALCULATION

_____________________________________________________________________________________

ELEN 459 Power System Fault Analysis and Protection Spring 2007

I.

Types of Power System Studies

System planning and operation requires a variety of studies to be performed so that system can be built and operated in a way that is both secure and economical. The most typical studies are: Short-Circuit Studies Load Flow Studies Transient Studies Stability Studies

Short-Circuit Studies: The objective of these studies is calculation of bus voltages and branch currents during the short circuit fault period. The results of these studies may be used by system designers, protection engineers, system dispatchers, etc. Load Flow Studies: The objective of these studies is calculation of the bus voltages, bus power generation as well as branch losses for a given combination of power loads. The results of these studies are used by system planners, system dispatchers, etc. Transient Studies: The objective of these studies is calculation of the voltages and currents during the transient periods. The results of these studies are used by protection engineers, apparatus design engineers, etc. Stability Studies: The objective of these studies is analysis of electromechanical transients that follows large system disturbances. The results of these studies are used by system planners, system dispatchers, etc.

II.

Transmission Line Models

Transmission lines are very important system elements and most of the studies require that they be modeled in some way. In general, current and voltage signals on a transmission line depend both on the location and time as well as on the frequency of the driving source. Depending on the study type, simplified transmission line models may be applicable. Steady-State Studies Lumped Parameter Model: For short length lines (<50 miles); no charging effects are modeled, no propagation effects are modeled Nominal PI-Circuit Model: For medium length lines (<150 miles) ); charging effects are approximated using shunt elements, no propagation effects are modeled Exact PI-Circuit Model: For long length lines (>150 lines) ); charging effects are modeled, propagation effects are taken into account

Transient Studies Exact PI-Circuit Model: For short-length and remote lines; for initialization runs, for lines that are part of an equivalent Constant-Parameter Model: For long, but less important lines; losses must be lumped at line terminals Frequency Dependent-Parameter Model: For important lines affected by fault; inductance and resistance change with frequency, losses are distributed

Transmission line models described here are defined by line parameters. Obtaining line parameters is the first step in building the line model. Usually, these steps are distinct, but in some cases, the boundary is not so obvious.

III.

Calculating Line Parameters

Transmission line models briefly introduced earlier are described by four parameters: series resistance - accounts for thermal losses in the conductors series inductance - accounts for effects of the magnetic field around the conductor shunt capacitance - accounts for effects of the electric field around the conductor series conductance - accounts for the leakage currents along the insulators and in the air

The parameters need to be calculated or estimated before any line model can be built. In particular, inductance and capacitance depend on the line and tower geometry. Calculation of these parameters is based on several basic physics laws. In addition, several characteristic cases can be observed. A. Some Laws of Physics: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

B = H r r = B da
A

Flux density is linearly dependent on the field intensity Total magnetic flux through a surface area A If magnetic flux links all of the N turns of the coil equally If magnetic flux does not links all turns of the coil equally The relationship between flux linkage and current is linear

= N

= i
i

= Li

B. Infinite Straight Wire: This is an important case as it can be used to represent a reasonably long wire, which can be used to explain calculation of the inductance in the case of realistic multi-conductor lines. The calculation is done per unit of length (1 m) up to the selected radius R. The current density is also assumed uniform. Total flux linkage has two components: internal flux linkage and external flux linkage. Internal component is related to the linkage through the conductor. External component is related to the linkage through the surface of the rectangle extending from the wire to some arbitrary selected radius R.

= 1 + 2 =

r 0 i 0 i R + ln 8 2 r
r radius of the conductor

R selected outside radius R C. Multiple Conductor Case:

A case that is more realistic is related to multi-conductor line arrangement. Some of the conductors may be "return" ones. The uniform current distribution can be assumed if the distance between conductors is relatively large compared to their diameters. All the conductor currents contribute to the flux linkage. Using the principle of superposition, the following equation can be derived:

0 1 1 1 ) (i1 ln + ... + ik ln + ... + in ln 2 d k1 rk d kn k = lk1 i1 + lk 2 i2 + ... + lkk ik + ... + lkn in k =

Above equation clearly indicates that the presence of both mutual and self-inductance in the circuit description.

D. Conductor Bundling: Example 3.2 shows that inductance (per unit length) can be reduced by reducing the conductor spacing or by increasing their radii. These measures are not very practical ones. Fortunately, alternative approaches can be used. Typically, phase conductors are built in such a way that each conductor consist of several sub-conductors (bundled conductors). These conductors are supported at regular interval by frames that effectively make them parallel conductors.
8 7

Phase B
5 6

D
4 3 2

12

11

Phase A
1

Phase C D
9 10

Figure 1: Bundled Conductors Flux linkage of the conductor (1) is then:

1 =

0 1 1 1 ) (i A ln + iB ln + iC ln 2 Rb D1B D1C

Rb geometric mean radius (GMR) of the bundle: Rb = (rd1,2d1,3d1,4)1/4 D1B geometric mean distance (GMD) of the conductor (1) to phase B: D1B = (d1,5d1,6d1,7d1,8)1/4 D1C geometric mean distance (GMD) of the conductor (1) to phase C: D1C = (d1,9d1,10d1,11d1,12)1/4 Taking into account that: D1C D1C D iA+iB+iC=0
B

The formula can be simplified as follows (the inductance formula follows directly by dropping the current):

1 =

0 i D ln 2 Rb

E. Perfectly Transposed Lines: Equilateral arrangement of phases is not practical. Usually, either horizontal or vertical arrangement is used instead. Therefore, the symmetry assumed while deriving the earlier equations is not preserved. However, it can be regained by using transposition of lines A B C l << l l

Figure 2: Transposition of lines The inductance has similar form as before (the average inductance of each phase should be the same):

lA =
Dm

0 Dm ln r 2

geometric mean distance: Dm = (d1,2d2,3d1,3)1/3

For three-phase system of conductors, the following matrix can be used to express the relationship between phase currents and voltages of the transmission line (notice that matrix is symmetric).

Ls L = Lm Lm
LS Lm

Lm Ls Lm

Lm Lm Ls

self inductance mutual inductance (between two phase conductors)

F. Untransposed Lines: If the line is not perfectly transposed, there is an unbalance present in the system of the inductance values for phase conductors. The matrix of such a system is not symmetric anymore.

LAA L = LBA LCA

LAB LBB LCB

LAC LBC LCC

G. Including Ground Return Effects: Balanced operation of the system can not be always assumed. The current in neutral conductor and the ground return is not zero anymore. The effect of this return path must be included in the calculation of the transmission line impedance. Paper by Carson (1923) still can be used for calculation. The voltage drop from one end to the other end is given by:

V A Z AA V Z B = BA VC Z CA VN Z NA

Z AB Z BB Z CB Z NB

Z AC Z BC Z CC Z NC

Z AN I A Z BN I B Z CN I C Z NN I N

The matrix Z above can be modified by eliminating the ground conductor. New matrix Z' (3x3) is then obtained. H. Line Capacitance: Formulae similar to the one for inductance can be derived based on the line geometry.

IV.

Software for Line Parameter Calculation

EMTP (Electromagnetic Transient Program) is de-facto industry-standard program for simulation of electromagnetic, electromechanical, and control system transients of multiphase electrical power systems. EMTP is very versatile program, with models for wide variety of power system elements (generators, transmission lines, cables, power transformers, non-linear elements, etc.). EMTP was originally developed by Dr. Hermann Dommel. Over the years, many other individuals have contributed to program evolution by working on refinement and development of various modules. Today, various versions of the program exist. One of the more popular versions is ATP (Alternative Transient Program), which is available for variety of platforms (including MS Windows). A number of support programs have been written during the course of EMTP development (Line Constants, Xformer, Saturation, Cable Constants). In some early versions, these programs have been appended to EMTP. Later, a standalone program called EMTP Support Program (AUX 1 ) has been created. For ATP, support routines are still part of the main program. Discussion given here relates to AUX, however, most of it is also applicable to ATP as well. Line Constants: The Line Constants program calculates parameters (resistance, inductance, capacitance, conductance) of the overhead transmission lines based on the data about the line geometry. The program can also generate the line models that can be directly used in the input file of the EMTP. The program is invlked by using special request word: LINE CONSTANTS. The Line Constants consists of two main modules: Line Parameters: is invoked by using special request word: LINE-PARAMETERS in AUX data input file. The result of the program is series impedance matrix and shunt admittance matrix. Line Models: special request word: LINE-MODEL in AUX data input file. The result of the program is line model that can be used for steady state and transient studies.

Input Data: Input data for both Line Parameters and Line Models are: Physical configuration of the system of conductors Data about conductor material For more details, please refer to the Line Constants manual. ATP_LCC Program: ATP_LCC is a standalone program for preparing the input data file for Line Constants program developed for MS Windows operating system. Please refer to ATP_LCC help file (enclosed in the appendix) for more information.

Auxiliary Routines

V.

Computer Example

7.85 m D=3.18 cm 30.5 m

D=1.46 cm

21.63 m

12.2 m 11.8 m

0.2 m Figure 3: Line Tower Configuration

10 cm

Figure 4: Conductor Bundle

9.83 m

23.2 m

Figure 5: Line mid-tower profile

Conductor Resistance: Rphase = 0.0522 OHM/km, Rground = 0.36 OHM/km Ground Resistivity: = 100 OHMm

Line Model File (LINE459.PCH):

C <++++++> Cards punched by support routine on 25-Aug-00 16.47.17 <++++++> C **** UNTRANSPOSED K.C. Lee line calculated at 6.000E+01 HZ. **** C LINE CONSTANTS C $ERASE C METRIC C 1 .231 .0522 4 3.18 -12.2 21.63 9.83 C 1 .231 .0522 4 3.18 -11.8 21.63 9.83 C 2 .231 .0522 4 3.18 -0.2 21.63 9.83 C 2 .231 .0522 4 3.18 .2 21.63 9.83 C 3 .231 .0522 4 3.18 11.8 21.63 9.83 C 3 .231 .0522 4 3.18 12.2 21.63 9.83 C 0 .5 .36 4 1.46 -7.85 30.5 23.2 C 0 .5 .36 4 1.46 7.85 30.5 23.2 C BLANK CARD ENDING CONDUCTOR CARDS C 100. 60. 1 100. 0 10 C The transformation matrix was calculated at 6.00000000E+01 Hz. $VINTAGE, 1 -1 1.99152E-01 5.33850E+02 2.28930E+05-1.00000E+02 1 3 -2 2.80408E-02 3.33712E+02 2.90378E+05-1.00000E+02 1 3 -3 2.64767E-02 2.88106E+02 2.96804E+05-1.00000E+02 1 3 $VINTAGE, 0 0.59279395 -0.70710678 -0.40925951 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.54515196 0.00000000 0.81548348 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.59279395 0.70710678 -0.40925951 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000

Note: Output file is given in the appendix.

Appendix A: Output File (Line459.OUT)

--18 cards of disk file read into card cache cells 1 onward. EMTP table dumping to RAM. |RAM TABLES Default multiplier = 3.000 |DEFAULT 3.0 1st card (Lists 1-10). |BLANK 2nd card (Lists 11-20). |BLANK 3rd card (Lists 21-29). |BLANK Supplemental offsets. | 240000 742 Alternative Transients Program (ATP), Salford 80386 translation. All rights reserved by Can/Am user group of Portland, Oregon, USA. Date (dd-mth-yy) and time of day (hh.mm.ss) = 25-Aug-00 16.47.17 Name of disk plot file, if any, is C:\ATPLCC\LINE Consult the 860-page ATP Rule Book of the Can/Am EMTP User Group in Portland, Oregon, USA. Program is no older than March, 1996. Total size of LABCOM tables = 233316 INTEGER words. VARDIM List Sizes follow : 752 900 1500 150 7500 120 2100 5250 225 480 150 150 15000 60 10800 120 12 15 4800 2580 300 1050 12000 9 1200 252 76 21000 --------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Descriptive interpretation of input data cards. | Input data card images are shown below, all 80 columns, character by character 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 --------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Comment card. KOMPAR = 1. |C data:\ATPLCC\LINE459.DAT Marker card preceding new EMTP data case. |BEGIN NEW DATA CASE Compute overhead line constants. Limit = 100 |LINE CONSTANTS Erase all of 0 cards in the punch buffer. |$ERASE Request for metric (not English) units. |METRIC Line conductor card. 2.310E-01 5.220E-02 4 | 1 .231 .0522 4 3.18 -12.2 21.63 9.83 Line conductor card. 2.310E-01 5.220E-02 4 | 1 .231 .0522 4 3.18 -11.8 21.63 9.83 Line conductor card. 2.310E-01 5.220E-02 4 | 2 .231 .0522 4 3.18 -0.2 21.63 9.83 Line conductor card. 2.310E-01 5.220E-02 4 | 2 .231 .0522 4 3.18 .2 21.63 9.83 Line conductor card. 2.310E-01 5.220E-02 4 | 3 .231 .0522 4 3.18 11.8 21.63 9.83 Line conductor card. 2.310E-01 5.220E-02 4 | 3 .231 .0522 4 3.18 12.2 21.63 9.83 Line conductor card. 5.000E-01 3.600E-01 4 | 0 .5 .36 4 1.46 -7.85 30.5 23.2 Line conductor card. 5.000E-01 3.600E-01 4 | 0 .5 .36 4 1.46 7.85 30.5 23.2 Blank card terminating conductor cards. |BLANK CARD ENDING CONDUCTOR CARDS Frequency card. 1.000E+02 6.000E+01 1.000E+02 | 100. 60. 1 100. 0 1 0 Line conductor table after sorting and initial processing. Table Phase Skin effect Resistance Reactance data specification Row Number R-type R (ohm/km) X-type X(ohm/km) or GMR 1 1 .23100 .05220 4 .000000 2 2 .23100 .05220 4 .000000 3 3 .23100 .05220 4 .000000 4 1 .23100 .05220 4 .000000 5 2 .23100 .05220 4 .000000 6 3 .23100 .05220 4 .000000 7 0 .50000 .36000 4 .000000 8 0 .50000 .36000 4 .000000 Matrices are for earth resistivity = 1.00000000E+02 1.00000000E-06 ohm-meters

Diameter ( cm ) 3.18000 3.18000 3.18000 3.18000 3.18000 3.18000 1.46000 1.46000

Horizontal X (mtrs) -12.200 -0.200 11.800 -11.800 0.200 12.200 -7.850 7.850 Hz.

Avg height Y (mtrs) 13.763 13.763 13.763 13.763 13.763 13.763 25.633 25.633 Correction factor =

Name

and frequency 6.00000000E+01

Modal parameters at frequency FREQ = 6.00000000E+01 Hz Mode Resistance Reactance Susceptance The surge impedance in units of [ohms] ohms/km ohms/km s/km real imag lossless 1 1.991520E-01 8.791216E-01 3.084677E-06 5.372215E+02 -6.008854E+01 5.338505E+02 2 2.804079E-02 4.332502E-01 3.890404E-06 3.338867E+02 -1.079360E+01 3.337122E+02 3 2.647665E-02 3.659424E-01 4.408682E-06 2.882940E+02 -1.041571E+01 2.881058E+02

Lossless and actual velocity in [km/sec] 2.289295E+05 1.413576E+05 2.903785E+05 1.803385E+05 2.968044E+05 1.843053E+05

Attenuation nepers/km 1.853537E-04 4.199147E-05 4.591954E-05

Eigenvector matrix [Ti] for current transformation: I-phase = [Ti]*I-mode. 5.927939532137261E-01-7.071067811865515E-01-4.092595134633435E-01 5.451519586926981E-01 6.776811910721761E-15 8.154834770119463E-01 5.927939532137261E-01 7.071067811865437E-01-4.092595134633449E-01 Finally, the imaginary part, row by row: 0.000000000000000E+00 0.000000000000000E+00 0.000000000000000E+00 0.000000000000000E+00 0.000000000000000E+00 0.000000000000000E+00 0.000000000000000E+00 0.000000000000000E+00 0.000000000000000E+00

First the real part, row by row:

Z-surge in the phase domain. Resistance and the imaginary part of [Ti] are ignored. 3.875407759086762E+02 8.520532811799301E+01 3.819474064617288E+02 5.382859845287199E+01 8.520532811799067E+01 3.875407759086791E+02 Blank card terminating frequency cards. |BLANK CARD ENDING FREQUENCY CARDS Request for flushing of punch buffer. |$PUNCH A listing of 80-column card images now being flushed from punch buffer follows. =============================================================================== 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789 =============================================================================== C <++++++> Cards punched by support routine on 25-Aug-00 16.47.17 <++++++> C **** UNTRANSPOSED K.C. Lee line calculated at 6.000E+01 HZ. **** C LINE CONSTANTS C $ERASE C METRIC C 1 .231 .0522 4 3.18 -12.2 21.63 9.83 C 1 .231 .0522 4 3.18 -11.8 21.63 9.83 C 2 .231 .0522 4 3.18 -0.2 21.63 9.83 C 2 .231 .0522 4 3.18 .2 21.63 9.83 C 3 .231 .0522 4 3.18 11.8 21.63 9.83 C 3 .231 .0522 4 3.18 12.2 21.63 9.83 C 0 .5 .36 4 1.46 -7.85 30.5 23.2 C 0 .5 .36 4 1.46 7.85 30.5 23.2 C BLANK CARD ENDING CONDUCTOR CARDS C 100. 60. 1 100. 0 1 0 C The transformation matrix was calculated at 6.00000000E+01 Hz. $VINTAGE, 1 -1 1.99152E-01 5.33850E+02 2.28930E+05-1.00000E+02 1 3 -2 2.80408E-02 3.33712E+02 2.90378E+05-1.00000E+02 1 3 -3 2.64767E-02 2.88106E+02 2.96804E+05-1.00000E+02 1 3 $VINTAGE, 0 0.59279395 -0.70710678 -0.40925951 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.54515196 0.00000000 0.81548348 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.59279395 0.70710678 -0.40925951 0.00000000 0.00000000 0.00000000 =========< End of LUNIT7 punched cards as flushed by $PUNCH request >======= Blank card ending "LINE CONSTANTS" cases. |BLANK CARD ENDING LINE CONSTANT Total case timing (CP, I/O, tot), sec: 27.000 0.000 27.000

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Appendix B: ATP_LCC Help File Help on Line dialog window Line Model Six formats are supported. * Constant parameters: KCLee or Clarke (transposed) lines. Punched output. * PI-circuit: Equivalent or nominal PI-circuits. Nominal PI: Short-line-equivalent can be used for transient studies. Punched output. Equivalent-PI: Long-line-equivalent, steady state only. Matrix output in .lis file. * JMarti: JMarti line. Punched output. * Single freq. output: Matrix output in .lis file of transfer and/or shunt impedance/admittance. Also called the Line Constants Stand Alone case. * Mutual coupl. output: Special case of Single. freq. output. Used to calculate the coupling between an overhead line and a 4th e.g. communication conductor. * Log. freq. output: Same as Single freq. output but calculations are performed for several frequencies. Input menus & buttons: - Rho:

The ground resistivity in ohmm of the homogenous earth (Carson's theory) - Dist: Length of overhead line - Freq.: Frequency at which the line parameters will be calculated. Special cases: JMarti: Freq. is used as the frequency where the transformation matrix is calculated. Log. freq. output: Freq. is the initial frequency point. - Metric/English: Switching between the Metric and English unit systems. No recalculation of data. - High accuracy (FCAR): If button is checked highest accuracy is used in Carson's formulas. - Seg. ground: Segmented ground wires. If button is unchecked then the ground wires are assumed to be continuously grounded. - Transposed: The overhead line is transposed if button is checked. - Real/Complex matrix (TR): Real matrix: The eigenvectors of the transformation matrix are rotated closer to the real axis so that their imaginary part is assumed to become negligible. Recommended for transient simulations. Complex matrix: Full complex transformation matrix will be used. Recommended for steady state calculations. - DEC: - PNT: For JMarti only: - Default fitting: - Freq.SS: - Freq.Init: - Misc.: Number of decades which are to be spanned by the logarithmic spaced frequency looping. Number of frequency points per decade. Recommended for inexperienced users. Frequency at which the steady state values should be calculated. Initial frequency of the logarithmic frequency looping. Idebug: diagnostic printout flag IPunch: punch branch cards

11

- A1:

Koutpr: Gmode: NexMis: EpsTol: NorMax: IeCode:

- Zc:

visibility of JMarti input data card interpretation (SKIP). Phase to ground conductance. Default: 3e-8 mhos/km. Different fitting (normally blank). Normax>=0 fitting tolerance [%] maximum order (default 30) off: accuracy based on EpsTol , on : accuracy based on order <= NorMax IfWta: on : output of fitting comparing rational approximation and theory. IfPlot: on : character plor of fitting (as above). IfDat: on : output of transmission circuit parameters as function of frequency. InElim: on : order increases regardless of improvements in fitting. Same parameters as A1 + NexMis: Different fitting (normally blank). Normax<=0 AminA1: Data points with magnitude less than AminA1 will be ignored during the fitting. Default value = 0.05.

Conductor Data - IP : - SKIN : phase number. 0=ground wire (eliminated) = 0: no skin effect (RESIS=AC resistance) = T/D: Skin effect (RESIS=DC resistance) (Tubular thickness/conductor diameter. Solid conductor: 0.5) Resistance ohm/km or ohm/mil. See SKIN. 0: REACT=reactance for one unit spacing (m or foot) at Freq. 1: REACT=reactance for one unit spacing (m or foot) at 60 Hz 2: REACT=Geometric mean radius (cm or inch) 3: REACT=GMR/R (Solid conductor: 0.7788) 4: REACT=Blank. Correction for skin effect. Self-inductance parameter. Outside diameter (cm or inch) of one conductor component. Horizontal distance (m or foot) from the center of bundle to a user selectable reference line. Vertical bundle height at tower (m or foot). Vertical bundle height at mid-span (m or foot). The height h= 2/3* VMid + 1/#*VTower is used in the calculations. Distance between conductors in a bundle (cm or inch) Angular position of one of the conductors in a bundle, measured counter-clockwise from the horizontal line. Number of conductors in a bundle.

- RESIS : - IX :

- REACT : - DIAM : - HORIZ : - VTower: - VMid : - SEPAR : - ALPHA : - NB :

12