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Chapter 5 Cell Division Cell division

Starts with

Nuclear division
2 forms

Mitosis
Subdivide into

Meiosis
Consists of

Controlled mitosis

Uncontrolled mitosis
Leads to

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Cancers
Define as Significance

Division of nucleus to produce 2 genetically identical daughter cells.

1. To replace / repair dead or damaged cells. 2. Allows the growth & development in living organisms. 3. Provides basis of asexual reproduction

Chromosomes structure
Chromatid Centromere

Cells
Classified into

Somatic cells
Chromosomal number

Reproductive cells / gametes

Chromosomal number

Double-stranded chromosomes

Diploid (2n)
Means

Haploid (n)
Means

2 sets of chromosomes: 1 from the father & the other from the mother.
Formed through

1 set of chromosomes: from the father or mother.

Formed through

Mitosis

Meiosis

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The cell cycle

Each chromosome has 2 sister chromatids.

Synthesis of proteins & enzymes. DNA synthesis / replication Each chromosome has 1 chromatid.

Cytokinesis
Synthesis of proteins & organelles.

Cloning plants by tissue culture Cloning = the process of producing genetically identical organism (clones) through asexual reproduction. Tissue culture = The growth of tissues in a sterile culture medium. Advantages & disadvantages of cloning Advantages Disadvantages 1. Desired traits can be selected to produce in large 1. Possible long-term side effects are not known. quality. 2. Plants that are cloned bear fruit faster compared 2. Clones are identical to the original organism. Any to those that are planted from seeds. sudden changes in the environment may even lead to the extinction of the organism. 3. Able to produce plants of high quality especially 3. Clones share the same level of resistance to certain in those that do not produce seeds e.g. orchid. diseases or pests. If a new disease or pest appears, the entire population of clones could be eliminated . 4. Cloning involve vegetative reproduction which 4. Cloning obstructs the process of natural selection. does not need pollinating agents. 5. Clones mature faster as their rate of growth is faster. Meiosis (Reduction division) * Definition: Meiosis is a nucleus division which produces four daughter cells with each containing half the chromosome number of the parent nucleus. * Occurs in reproductive organs: Organ (2n) Cell (n) Animal Male Testis Sperm Female Ovary Ovum Plant Male Anther Pollen Female Ovary Ovule

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The Differences between Mitosis & Meiosis Mitosis Chromosomal number of the daughter cells are diploid (2n). Genetic content identical to parent cell. Occurs in all somatic cells. Purpose to replace damaged & dead cells. Synapsis does not occur. Crossing over does not occur. One time division. 2 daughter cells produced at the end. Do not cause genetic variation.

Meiosis Chromosomal number of daughter cells are haploid (n). Genetic content different from the parent cell. Occurs in reproductive organs. Purpose to produce gametes. Synapsis occurs. Crossing over occurs. Two times division. 4 daughter cells / gametes produced. Causes genetic variation.

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Mitosis
Lukiskan keadaan sel yang berlaku di dalam sel haiwan & tumbuhan semasa mitosis

Fasa Interfasa

Sel haiwan

Sel tumbuhan

Mitosis

Profasa

Metafasa Anafasa

Telofasa

Sitokinesis

Phases Prophase

Meiosis Meiosis I * Chromatin coils, shorten and thicker.

Meiosis II As in

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Metaphase

* Nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappeared. * Spindle fibres forms. * Synapsis occur (the pairing of homologous chromosomes /tetrad) * Crossing over occurs. Tetrads line-up along the equator of the cell. Spindle fibres contract, tetrads separate and drawn opposite poles. * Chromosomes arrive the poles. * Nuclear membrane & nucleolus reappears.

Prophase of mitosis.

Chromatids line up along the equator. Separation of the centromeres, spindle fibres contract, pulling each chromosome toward their pole. * Nucleolus and nuclear membranes reform. * Spindle fibres break down. * Cytokinesis follows, four haploid daughter cells are formed.

Anaphase

to at

Telophase