1. Antiulcerogenic Activity and Gastroprotective Effects of Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S.

Irwin & Barneby, Saraca thaipingensis and Delonix regia (Hock) Raf. Darryl Hannah B. Castillo 2. ABSTRACT Gastric ulcer is one of the leading diseases that affect the Filipinos. Ulcers, characterized by a discontinuity or crater-like sores in the gastrointestinal tract, develop when there is an imbalance in the production of digestive juices and the composition of its lining. Infection caused by Helicobacter pylori, frequent intake of Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (i.e. aspirin) and alcohol also trigger ulcerations. The gastroprotective effects of the methanolic extracts of Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, Saraca thaipingensis and Delonix regia (Hock) Raf on HCl/ethanol-induced ulcer models in mice will be studied. Plants of interest will be screened for phytochemicals such as flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and tannins, which are reported as antiulcerogenic agents. 3. Digestive System and the Stomach The stomach is involved in the second phase of digestion and secretes acid and enzymes that digest food. The stomach muscles contract periodically, churning food to enhance digestion. The mucosa (stomach lining) secretes enzymes and strong acids to aid in food ingestion 4. Digestive System and the Stomach Large amounts of acids are released in our stomach. Gastric acid has a pH of 1 to 2. It is composed of hydrocholoric acid (HCl), potassium chloride (KCl), and sodium chloride (NaCl). Thirty percent of the total gastric acid to be produced is stimulated by anticipation of eating, sixty percent of the acid secreted is stimulated by the distention of the stomach with food and the remaining 10% of acid is secreted when chyme enters the small intestine. There is also a small continuous basal secretion of gastric acid between meals of usually less than 10 mEq/hour.[7] 5. Protection of the gastric mucosal cells: physical barrier of viscous mucus- A thick mucus layer coats the mucosa and helps keep the acidic digestive juice from dissolving the tissue of the stomach itself. Mucosal defense barriers prevent rapid diffusion of hydrogen ions into the mucosal layer which prevents the stomach from damaging itself chemical defense of bicarbonate, neutralizes acid 6. Gastric Acid Regulation

Several specialised cells in the gastric mucosa contribute to the control of acid secretion. G cells in the gastric antrum release the hormone gastrin. Gastrin acts on the enterochromaffin-like cells in the gastric corpus to release histamine, which stimulates parietal cells to secrete acid. Gastrin also stimulates parietal cells directly and promotes growth of enterochromaffin-like and parietal cells. Histamine H2 receptor antagonists act by blocking the effect of histamine on parietal cells. Proton pump inhibitors act by inhibiting the enzyme in parietal cells that catalyses acid production for release into the gastric lumen. G cells, enterochromaffin-like cells, and parietal cells are all regulated by release of the inhibitory peptide somatostatin from somatostatin cells, which are distributed throughout the stomach.[9] 7. WARNING: NEXT SLIDE MAY SHOW A VERY ATTRACTIVE AND BEAUTIFUL PICTURE 8. Ulcers discontinuity or crater-like sores in the gastrointestinal tract 9. Peptic Ulcer Disease most common ulcer of an area of the gastrointestinal tract. Mucosal erosions equal or greater than 0.5cm describes PUD. 10. Signs and Symptoms Burning pain anywhere from the navel up to the breastbone is the most common symptom. Abdominal bloating and fullness, nausea or vomiting, hematemesis (vomiting of blood), and loss of weight and appetite are also common symptoms of PUD. These symptoms and their timing may vary with the location of ulcer. 11. Classifications of PUD PUD can be classified according to its affected region. Duodenal, esophageal, and gastric ulcer mainly affects the duodenum, esophagus and stomach respectively. Among these, duodenal and gastric ulcers are the most common. However, duodenal ulcer can be relieved by ingestion of foods while gastric ulcers are exacerbated by food intakes because gastric acid production is increased as food enters the stomach. 12. Causes Helicobacter pylori NSAIDs Alcohol Smoking

imbalances in the contents of the stomach and the composition of its mucosa or lining 13. Helicobacter pylori H. pylori infection is most likely acquired by ingesting contaminated food and water and through person to person contact. The leading cause of PUD. H pylori can elevate acid secretion in people who develop duodenal ulcers, decrease acid through gastric atrophy in those who develop gastric ulcers or cancer, and leave acid secretion largely unchanged in those who do not develop these diseases. 14. NSAIDs-induced ulcer are drugs with analgesic and antipyretic (fever-reducing) effects and which have, in higher doses, anti-inflammatory effects. PARACETAMOL IS NOT AN NSAIDs. SO parasafe, paracetamol.biogesic ;) Aspirin inhibits the prostaglandin synthesis via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. Prostaglandin is responsible for both increasing the mucosal resistance and decreasing the secretion of acid and pepsin. Aspirin can directly kill epithelial cells which results to erosion in the gastric lining. The proton pump in parietal cells is an exchanger of potassium and protons. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen inhibit the production of protective prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase 1 (COX1). For this reason, NSAIDs can promote ulcer formation, and their antiplatelet effects also make patients more susceptible to excessive bleeding if a gastric ulcer becomes severe. 15. Alcohol and Acid induced ulcer HCl causes damage severe damage to the gastric mucosa[10]. On the other hand, ethanol produces necrotic lesions on the gastric wall through several factors: enhancement of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) which in turn leads to lipid peroxidation[12], by causing stress in gastric blood flow, and by causing release of histamine and leucotriene C4.[13] 16. Pharmaceutical drugs Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) histamine receptor blockers (H2 blockers) Cytoprotective agents Antibiotics Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine receptor blockers (H2 blockers) help relieve peptic ulcer pain after a few weeks and promote ulcer healing. PPIs and H2 blockers are both

acid-reducing medicines but work in different ways. PPIs suppress acid production by halting the mechanism that pumps acid into the stomach while H2 blockers work by blocking histamine, which stimulates acid secretion. In addition to treating an NSAID-induced ulcer with a PPI or an H2 blocker, antibiotics are prescribed if an H. pylori infection is present. Antibiotics destroy the H. pylori bacteria and cure the infection.[15] Cytoprotective agents like Sucralfate (Carafate)and misoprostol (Cytotec) are agents that strengthen the gut lining against attacks by acid digestive juices. Carafate coats the ulcer surface and promotes healing. 17. Side Effects 18. SOLUTION PLANT KINGDOM Over many years, plant pharmacologists and other scientists have accumulated wealth of knowledge on the chemical constituents of plants and their pharmacological actions. Natural products are believed to be safe, ecological, and in tune with nature. 19. Phytochemicals
Tannin-rich plants are used in folk medicine for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activity which all have been related to anti-ulcer activity. One of the most medically useful properties of flavonoids is their ability to scavenge oxygen-derived free radicals protecting cells from injury and thus acting as an antioxidant This serves as gastro-protective activity since free radicals are possible culprits of ulcerative lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, they increase prostaglandin content, decrease histamine secretion from mast cells by inhibition of histidine carboxylase and inhibit Helicobacter pylori growth. Quinolizidine alkaloids decreased acid secretion and inhibited gastric motility while capsaicin, a phenylakylamide alkaloid stimulates mucus secretion and increased gastric mucosal blood flow.

20. Significance of the Study Peptic ulcer remains in the league table of major killers. Resulting complications such as gastrointestinal bleeding, erosion of the gastrointestinal wall or perforations, penetration of ulcer into adjacent organs and gastric outlet obstruction [3]. Ulcer symptoms such as abdominal pain and gnawing are usually regarded as just simple indications of hunger and are often neglected by people. Surely, pharmaceutical drugs are readily available but are usually expensive and generally show adverse effects. 21. Antiulcerogenic Activity and Gastroprotective Effects of Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, Saraca thaipingensis and Delonix regia (Hock) Raf. Studies show that natural drugs are much more harmless and cheaper than pharmaceutical drugs. This study aims to find an alternative medicine for ulcer that is readily available and imposes less or as much as possible, completely no harm.