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If you prefer the old one, click here. Have any thoughts? Leave us your feedback. inShare Embed Doc Copy Link Readcast Collections 17 Comments Download This pageintentionally leftblank Preface to the First Edition ix Preface to the First Edition Quite frequently these days people talk of research, both in academic institutio ns and outside. Severalresearch studies are undertaken and accomplished year aft er year. But in most cases very littleattention is paid to an important dimensio n relaing to research, namely, that of research methodology.The result is that m uch of research, particularly in social sciences, contains endless word-spinning and too many quotations. Thus a great deal of research tends to be futile. It ma y be noted, in thecontext of planning and development, that the significance of research lies in its quality and not inquantity. The need, therefore, is for tho se concerned with research to pay due attention to designingand adhering to the appropriate methodology throughout for improving the quality of research. Themet hodology may differ from problem to problem, yet the basic approach towards rese arch remainsthe same.Keeping all this in view, the present book has been written with two clear objectives, viz., (i) toenable researchers, irrespective of thei r discipline, in developing the most appropriate methodologyfor their research s tudies; and (ii) to make them familiar with the art of using different researchmethods and techniques. It is hoped that the humble effort made in the form of t his book will assist inthe accomplishment of exploratory as well as result-orien ted research studies.Regarding the organization, the book consists of fourteen c hapters, well arranged in a coherentmanner. Chapter One is an introduction, pres enting an overview of the research methodology. ChapterTwo explains the techniqu e of defining a research problem. Chapter Three dwells on various researchdesign s, highlighting their main characteristics. Chapter Four presents the details of several samplingdesigns. Different measurement and scaling techniques, along wi th multidimensional scaling, havebeen lucidly described in Chapter Five. Chapter Six presents a comparative study of the differentmethods of data collection. It also provides in its appendices guidelines for successful interviewing aswell a s for constructing questionnaire/schedules. Chapter Seven deals with processing and analysisof data. Sampling fundamentals, along with the theory of estimation, constitutes the subject-matter of Chapter Eight. Chapter Nine has been exclusiv ely devoted to several parametric tests of hypotheses,followed by Chapter Ten co ncerning Chi-square test. In Chapter Eleven important features of ANOVAand ANOCO VA techniques have been explained and illustrated. Important non-parametric test s,generally used by researchers have been described and illustrated in Chapter T welve. In ChapterThirteen, an effort has been made to present the conceptual asp ects and circumstances under which

Preface to the First Edition various multivariate techniques can appropriate be utilized in research studies, specially in behaviouraland social sciences. Factor analysis has been dealt wit h in relatively more detail. Chapter Fourteenhas been devoted to the task of int erpretation and the art of writing research reports.The book is primarily intend ed to serve as a textbook for graduate and M.Phil. students of Research Methodol ogy in all disciplines of various universities. It is hoped that the book shall provideguidelines to all interested in research studies of one sort or the other . The book is, in fact, anoutgrowth of my experience of teaching the subject to M.Phil. students for the last several years.I am highly indebted to my students and learned colleagues in the Department for providing thenecessary stimulus for writing this book. I am grateful to all those persons whose writings and worksh ave helped me in the preparation of this book. I am equally grateful to the revi ewer of the manuscriptof this book who made extremely valuable suggestions and h as thus contributed in enhancing thestandard of the book. I thankfully acknowled ge the assistance provided by the University GrantsCommission in the form of on acc ount grant in the preparation of the manuscript of this book.I shall feel amply rew arded if the book proves helpful in the development of genuine researchstudies. I look forward to suggestions from all readers, specially from experienced resea rchers andscholars for further improving the subject content as well as the pres entation of this book.C.R. K OTHARI Contents xi Contents Preface to the Second Edition viiPreface to the First Edition ix 1.Research Methodology: An Introduction1 Meaning of Research 1 Objectives of Research 2 Motivation in Research 2 Types of Research 2 Research Approaches 5 Significance of Research 5 Research Methods versus Methodology 7 Research and Scientific Method 9 Importance of Knowing How Research is Done 10 Research Process 10 Criteria of Good Research 20 Problems Encountered by Researchers in India 21 2.Defining the Research Problem24 What is a Research Problem? 24 Selecting the Problem 25 Necessity of Defining the Problem 26

Technique Involved in Defining a Problem 27 An Illustration 29 Conclusion 29 3.Research Design31 Meaning of Research Design 31 Need for Research Design 32

xii Research Methodology Features of a Good Design 33 Important Concepts Relating to Research Design 33 Different Research Designs 35 Basic Principles of Experimental Designs 39 Conclusion 52 Appendix Developing a Research Plan 53 4.Sampling Design55 Census and Sample Survey 55 Implications of a Sample Design 55 Steps in Sampling Design 56 Criteria of Selecting a Sampling Procedure 57 Characteristics of a Good Sample Design 58 Different Types of Sample Designs 58 How to Select a Random Sample? 60 Random Sample from an Infinite Universe 61 Complex Random Sampling Designs 62 Conclusion 67 5.Measurement and Scaling Techniques69 Measurement in Research 69 Measurement Scales 71 Sources of Error in Measurement 72 Tests of Sound Measurement 73 Technique of Developing Measurement Tools

75 Scaling 76 Meaning of Scaling 76 Scale Classification Bases 77 Important Scaling Techniques 78 Scale Construction Techniques 82 6.Methods of Data Collection95 Collection of Primary Data 95 Observation Method 96 Interview Method 97 Collection of Data through Questionnaires 100 Collection of Data through Schedules 104 Difference between Questionnaires and Schedules 104 Some Other Methods of Data Collection 106 Collection of Secondary Data 111 Contents xiii Selection of Appropriate Method for Data Collection 112 Case Study Method 113 Appendices (i)Guidelines for Constructing Questionnaire/Schedule 118 (ii)Guidelines for Successful Interviewing 119 (iii)Difference between Survey and Experiment 120 7.Processing and Analysis of Data122 Processing Operations 122 Some Problems in Processing 129 Elements/Types of Analysis 130 Statistics in Research 131 Measures of Central Tendency 132 Measures of Dispersion 134 Measures of Asymmetry (Skewness) 136 Measures of Relationship 138

Simple Regression Analysis 141 Multiple Correlation and Regression 142 Partial Correlation 143 Association in Case of Attributes 144 Other Measures 147 Appendix : Summary Chart Concerning Analysis of Data 151 8.Sampling Fundamentals152 Need for Sampling 152 Some Fundamental Definitions 152 Important Sampling Distributions 155 Central Limit Theorem 157 Sampling Theory 158 Sandler s A -test 162 Concept of Standard Error 163 Estimation 167 Estimating the Population Mean ( ) 168 Estimating Population Proportion 172 Sample Size and its Determination 174 Determination of Sample Size through the ApproachBased on Precision Rate and Con fidence Level 175 Determination of Sample Size through the ApproachBased on Bayesian Statistics 180 00 / 00 Leave a Comment Submit Characters: ... Rushin Patel Good Book 02 / 22 / 2012 Hitesh Mistry the term Ex post facto research for descriptive research studies. The main chara cteristic of this method is that the researcher has no control over the variable s; he can only report what has happened or what is happening. Most ex post facto

research projects are used for descriptive studies in which the researcher seek s to measure such items as, for example, frequency of shopping, prefere 11 / 30 / 2011 ozgesaygin thanks for your nice comments...i'm happy to hear that it is useful. i'll upload my archive in the next days 11 / 30 / 2011 roshyny7284 its very useful 11 / 02 / 2011 roshyny7284 thank u 11 / 02 / 2011 Shibin Kumar look please this is our research methodology 07 / 17 / 2011 Birasa Gideon I real like reading through Internet and am gad to see many people who like read ing 06 / 02 / 2011 Ikampreet Singh why dis not going onwords 05 / 01 / 2011 Show More Research Methodology~Methods and Techniques by C.R. Kothari 111,553 Reads More Info Download or Print Uploaded by ozgesaygin Document Sections IMPORTANT PARAMETRIC TESTS THE BASIC PRINCIPLE OF ANOVA Related Documents 353 p. Business Research eBook From Valliappan Muthiah 353 p. Pondicherry Univ From diivya1987 353 p. 24934240 MK0034 Research Methodology From Piu Bhattacharjee 353 p. 5-MBA From rsrao70 353 p. Research Methodology From Johny 98 p. 6. DATA COLLECTION From TamaraBookoo 98 p. 5. RESEARCH METHODS

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