A J Bond MA MSc LlC lhL MlCl Clng

O Brooker blng Clng MlCl MlStructl

A S Fraser blng lhL Clng MlCl MlStructl
A J Harris bSc MSc LlC MlCl Clng lCS
T Harrison bSc lhL Clng MlCl llC
A E K Jones blng lhL Clng llCl
R M Moss bSc lhL LlC Clng MlCl MlStructl
R S Narayanan lklng
R Webster Clng llStructl
low to Les|gn Concrete
Structures us|ng lurocode ?
A cement end concrete |ndustry pu|||cet|on
Foreword
he |ntroduct|on o luropeen stenderds to 0l construct|on |s e s|gn|ucent event he ten des|gn stenderds, |nown
es the lurocodes, w||| eect e|| des|gn end construct|on ect|v|t|es es current br|t|sh Stenderds or des|gn ere due
to |e w|thdrewn |n ?0!0 et the |etest bS S!!0, however, hes en eer||er w|thdrewe| dete o Merch ?00S he e|m
o th|s pu|||cet|on |s to me|e the trens|t|on to >nkh\h]^+3=^lb`gh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l es eesy es poss|||e |y
drew|ng together |n one p|ece |ey |normet|on end commentery requ|red or the des|gn end dete|||ng o typ|ce|
concrete e|ements
he cement end concrete |ndustry recogn|sed thet e su|stent|e| eort wes requ|red to ensure thet the 0l des|gn
proess|on wou|d |e e||e to use lurocode ? qu|c||y, eect|ve|y, euc|ent|y end w|th conudence v|th support
rom government, consu|tents end re|event |ndustry |od|es, the Concrete lndustry lurocode ? Croup (CllC)
wes ormed |n !999 end th|s Croup hes prov|ded the gu|dence or e co-ord|neted end co||e|oret|ve epproech to
the |ntroduct|on o lurocode ? lert o the output o the CllC pro|ect wes the techn|ce| content or / o the !!
chepters |n th|s pu|||cet|on he reme|n|ng chepters heve |een deve|oped |y he Concrete Centre
Acknowledgements
he content o Chepters ! end 3 to S were produced es pert o the pro|ect lurocode ? trens|t|on rom 0l to
luropeen concrete des|gn stenderds h|s pro|ect wes pert unded |y the Ll under the lertners |n lnnovet|on
scheme he |eed pertner wes br|t|sh Cement Assoc|et|on he wor| wes cerr|ed out under the gu|dence o the
Concrete lndustry lurocode ? Croup end overseen |y e Steer|ng Croup o the CllC (mem|ers ere ||sted on |ns|de
|ec| cover)
lert|cu|er then|s ere due to ko||n vh|tt|e, techn|ce| ed|tor to the ClN/C ?S0/SC? comm|ttee (the comm|ttee
respons|||e or structure| lurocodes), who hes rev|ewed end commented on the contents hen|s ere e|so due to
ohn le||y end Chr|s C|eer who heve contr||uted to |nd|v|due| chepters
C||||en bond, lssy lervey, lev|n Sm|th end the des|gners et Med|e end Les|gn Assoc|etes end M|chee| bur|r|dge ltd
heve e|so mede essent|e| contr||ut|ons to the product|on o th|s pu|||cet|on
Published by The Concrete Centre
k|vers|de louse, 4 Meedows bus|ness ler|, Stet|on Approech, b|ec|weter, Cem|er|ey, Surrey C0!/ 9Ab
Tel: 44 (0)!?/6 606S00 Fax: 44 (0)!?/6 606S0! www.concretecentre.com
CCll006
lu|||shed Lecem|er ?006, rev|sed Septem|er ?009
lSbN !-904S!S-4-!
lr|ce Croup l
MlA - he Concrete Centre
lerm|ss|on to reproduce extrects rom br|t|sh Stenderds |s grented |y br|t|sh Stenderds lnst|tut|on
br|t|sh Stenderds cen |e o|te|ned rom bSl Customer Serv|ces, 3S9 Ch|sw|c| l|gh koed, london v4 4Al
Tel: 44 (0)?0 S996 900! email: cserv|ces|s|-g|o|e|com
CCll pu|||cet|ons ere produced on |ehe| o the Cement end Concrete lndustry lu|||cet|ons lorum en |ndustry
|n|t|et|ve to pu|||sh techn|ce| gu|dence |n support o concrete des|gn end construct|on
CCll pu|||cet|ons ere eve||e||e rom the Concrete boo|shop et www.concrete bookshop.com
e| 44(0)/004-60////
A|| edv|ce or |normet|on rom MlA - he Concrete Centre |s |ntended on|y or use |n the 0l |y or those who w||| eve|uete the s|gn|ucence end ||m|tet|ons
o |ts contents end te|e respons|||||ty or |ts use end epp||cet|on No ||e||||ty (|nc|ud|ng thet or neg||gence) or eny |oss resu|t|ng rom such edv|ce or
|normet|on |s eccepted |y MlA - he Concrete Centre or |ts su|contrectors, supp||ers or edv|sors keeders shou|d note thet pu|||cet|ons rom MlA - he
Concrete Centre ere su||ect to rev|s|on rom t|me to t|me end shou|d thereore ensure thet they ere |n possess|on o the |etest vers|on lert o th|s
pu|||cet|on hes |een produced o||ow|ng e contrect p|eced |y the Lepertment or rede end lndustry (Ll), the v|ews expressed ere not necesser||y those
o the Ll
lr|nted |y M|chee| bur|r|dge ltd, Me|denheed
Contents
1. Introduction to Eurocodes !
2. Getting started 9
3. Slabs !/
4. Beams ?S
5. Columns 33
6. Foundations 43
7. Flat slabs S!
8. Deection calculations S9
9. Retaining walls 6/
10. Detailing /9
11. BS 8500 for building structures 9!
12. Structural re design 99
low to Les|gn Concrete
Structures us|ng lurocode ?
1he Lurocode Iumlly
h|s chepter shows how to use lurocode ?

w|th the other lurocodes ln

pert|cu|er |t |ntroduces lurocode Sa/ o| |ac|aa/ Je/q

end lurocode !
/c|/o o |ac|ae

end gu|des the des|gner through the process o

determ|n|ng the des|gn ve|ues or ect|ons on e structure lt e|so g|ves e |r|e
overv|ew o the s|gn||cent d|erences |etween the lurocodes end bS S!!0

,
(wh|ch w||| |e superseded) end |nc|udes e g|ossery o lurocode term|no|ogy
he deve|opment o the lurocodes sterted |n !9/S, s|nce then they heve
evo|ved s|gn||cent|y end ere now c|e|med to |e the most techn|ce||y
edvenced structure| codes |n the wor|d he meny |ene|ts o us|ng lurocode ?
ere summer|sed |e|ow here ere ten lurocodes cover|ng e|| the me|n structure|
meter|e|s (see l|gure !) hey ere produced |y the luropeen Comm|ttee or
Stenderd|.et|on (ClN), end w||| rep|ece ex|st|ng net|one| stenderds |n ?S
countr|es
lech country |s requ|red to pu|||sh e lurocode w|th e net|one| t|t|e pege end
orwerd |ut the or|g|ne| text o the lurocode must eppeer es produced |y
ClN es the me|n |ody o the document A Net|one| Annex (NA) cen |e
|nc|uded et the |ec| o the document (see l|gure ?) hroughout th|s
pu|||cet|on |t |s essumed thet the 0l Net|one| Annexes w||| |e used
e||e ! dete||s wh|ch ex|st|ng stenderds re|et|ng to concrete des|gn w||| |e
rep|eced |y the new lurocodes Lur|ng the |mp|ementet|on per|od |t |s
recommended thet ex|st|ng stenderds ere cons|dered or use where the
luropeen stenderds heve not yet |een |ssued
low to des|gn concrete structures us|ng lurocode ?
! lntroduct|on to lurocodes
k S Narayanan lklng O 8rookor blng, Clng, MlCl, MlStructl
8onofits of using urocodo 2
Leurnlng Lo use Lhe new Lurocodes wlll requlre Llme und eIIorL on
behulI oI Lhe deslgner, so whuL beneIlLs wlll Lhere be?
1. 1he new Lurocodes ure clulmed Lo be Lhe mosL Lechnlcully
udvunced codes ln Lhe world.
2. Lurocode 2 should resulL ln more economlc sLrucLures Lhun
S 8110.
3. 1he Lurocodes ure loglcul und orgunlsed Lo uvold repeLlLlon.
4. Lurocode 2 ls less resLrlcLlve Lhun exlsLlng codes.
5. Lurocode 2 ls more exLenslve Lhun exlsLlng codes.
6. Use oI Lhe Lurocodes wlll provlde more opporLunlLy Ior deslgners
Lo work LhroughouL Lurope.
7. ln Lurope ull publlc works musL ullow Lhe Lurocodes Lo be used.
2
|

2
|iguro 2
1ypica| urocodo |ayout
1ab|o 1
Concroto ro|atod urocodos and thoir oquiva|ont curront standards
|iguro 1
1ho urocodos
urocodo 1it|o Suporsodod standards
bS lN !990 bes|s o structure| des|gn bS S!!0 lert ! sect|on ?
bS lN !99!!! Lens|t|es, se|-we|ght end bS 6399 lert ! end bS 64S
|mposed |oeds
bS lN !99!!? Act|ons on structures
exposed to |re
bS lN !99!!3 Snow |oeds bS 6399 lert ?
bS lN !99!!4 v|nd ect|ons bS 6399 lert 3
bS lN !99!!S herme| ect|ons
bS lN !99!!6 Act|ons dur|ng execut|on
bS lN !99!!/ Acc|dente| ect|ons
bS lN !99!? re|c |oeds on |r|dges bL 3//SS
bS lN !99!3 Act|ons |nduced |y crenes
end mech|nery
bS lN !99!4 S||os end ten|s
bS lN !99?!! Cenere| ru|es or |u||d|ngs bS S!!0 lerts !, ? end 3
bS lN !99?!? l|re res|stence o concrete bS S!!0 lert !, e||e 3? end
structures bS S!!0 lert ?, sect|on 4
bS lN !99?? br|dges bS S400 lert 4
bS lN !99?3 l|qu|d-rete|n|ng end bS S00/
conte|nment structures
bS lN !99/! Ceotechn|ce| des|gn bS 603!, bS S00?, bS S004,
Cenere| ru|es bS S006, bS S00S 8bS S0S!
bS lN !99/? Ceotechn|ce| des|gn Cround bS S930
|nvest|get|on end test|ng
bS lN !99S Les|gn o structures or
eerthque|e res|stence (6 perts)
Structura| safoty,
sorvicoabi|ity and durabi|ity
Actions on structuros
Dosign and dotai|ing
Cootochnica|
and soismic
dosign
A: NuLlonul LlLle puge
8: NuLlonul loreword
C: CLN LlLle puge
D: Muln LexL
: Muln Annex(es)
|: NuLlonul Annex
S LN 1990, urocodo:
usls oI sLrucLurul deslgn
S LN 1991, urocodo 1:
AcLlons on sLrucLures
S LN 1992, urocodo 2: ConcreLe
S LN 1992, urocodo 3: SLeel
S LN 1994, urocodo 4: ComposlLe
S LN 199S, urocodo 5: 1lmber
S LN 1996, urocodo 6: Musonry
S LN 1999, urocodo 9: Alumlnlum
S LN 1997, urocodo 7:
GeoLechnlcul deslgn
S LN 1998, urocodo 8:
Selsmlc deslgn
D
D
D
D
C
8
A
Lurocode. usls oI
sLrucLurul deslgn
h|s lurocode underp|ns e|| structure| des|gn |rrespect|ve o the
meter|e| o construct|on lt este|||shes pr|nc|p|es end requ|rements or
seety, serv|cee||||ty end dure||||ty o structures (Note, the correct t|t|e
|s lurocode not lurocode 0) he lurocode uses e stet|st|ce| epproech
to determ|ne ree||st|c ve|ues or ect|ons thet occur |n com||net|on w|th
eech other
here |s no equ|ve|ent br|t|sh Stenderd or lurocode Sa/ o| |ac|aa/
Je/q end the correspond|ng |normet|on hes tred|t|one||y |een
rep||ceted |n eech o the meter|e| lurocodes lt e|so |ntroduces new
de|n|t|ons (see C|ossery) end sym|o|s (see e||es ?e end ?|), wh|ch
w||| |e used throughout th|s pu|||cet|on to ess|st em|||er|ty lert|e|
ectors or ect|ons ere g|ven |n th|s lurocode, wh||st pert|e| ectors or
meter|e|s ere prescr||ed |n the|r re|event lurocode
koprosontativo va|uos
lor eech ver|e||e ect|on there ere our representet|ve ve|ues he
pr|nc|pe| representet|ve ve|ue |s the cherecter|st|c ve|ue end th|s cen |e
determ|ned stet|st|ce||y or, where there |s |nsu|c|ent dete, e nom|ne|
ve|ue mey |e used he other representet|ve ve|ues ere com||net|on,
requent end ques|-permenent, these ere o|te|ned |y epp|y|ng to the
cherecter|st|c ve|ue the ectors
0
,
!
end
?
respect|ve|y (see l|gure 3)
A sem|-pro|e||||st|c method |s used to der|ve the ectors, wh|ch very
depend|ng on the type o |mposed |oed (see e||e 3) lurther |normet|on
on der|vet|on o the ectors cen |e ound |n Append|x C o the lurocode
he com||net|on ve|ue (
0

|
) o en ect|on |s |ntended to te|e
eccount o the reduced pro|e||||ty o the s|mu|teneous occurrence o
two or more ver|e||e ect|ons he requent ve|ue (
!

|
) |s such thet |t
shou|d |e exceeded on|y or e short per|od o t|me end |s used
pr|mer||y or the serv|cee||||ty ||m|t stetes (SlS) end e|so the ecc|dente|
u|t|mete ||m|t stete (0lS) he ques|-permenent ve|ue (
?

|
) mey |e
exceeded or e cons|dere||e per|od o t|me, e|ternet|ve|y |t mey |e
cons|dered es en everege |oed|ng over t|me lt |s used or the |ong-term
eects et the SlS end e|so ecc|dente| end se|sm|c 0lS
Combinations of actions
ln the lurocodes the term 'com||net|on o ect|ons' |s spec||ce||y used
or the de|n|t|on o the megn|tude o ect|ons to |e used when e ||m|t
stete |s under the |n|uence o d|erent ect|ons lt shou|d not |e
conused w|th '|oed ceses', wh|ch ere concerned w|th the errengement
o the ver|e||e ect|ons to g|ve the most unevoure||e cond|t|ons end
ere g|ven |n the meter|e| lurocodes he o||ow|ng process cen |e used
to determ|ne the ve|ue o ect|ons used or ene|ys|s
1. ldent|y the des|gn s|tuet|on (eg pers|stent, trens|ent, ecc|dente|)
2. ldent|y e|| ree||st|c ect|ons
3. Leterm|ne the pert|e| ectors (see |e|ow) or eech epp||ce||e
com||net|on o ect|ons
4. Arrenge the ect|ons to produce the most cr|t|ce| cond|t|ons
2
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
33
Action

0

1

2
lmposed louds ln bulldlngs (see S LN 199111)
Catego|y A domest|c, |es|dent|a| a|eas 0/ 0S 03
Catego|y b o|ce a|eas 0/ 0S 03
Catego|y C cong|egat|on a|eas 0/ 0/ 06
Catego|y L sho,,|ng a|eas 0/ 0/ 06
Catego|y l sto|age a|eas !0 09 0S
Catego|y l t|a|c a|ea, veh|c|e we|ght < 30 |N 0/ 0/ 06
Catego|y C t|a|c a|ea, 30 |N < veh|c|e we|ght < !60 |N 0/ 0S 03
Catego|y l |oos 0/ 0 0
Snow louds on bulldlngs (see S LN 19912)
lo| s|tes |ocated at a|t|tude l > !000 m a|ove sea |eve| 0/ 0S 02
lo| s|tes |ocated at a|t|tude l < !000 m a|ove sea |eve| 0S 02 0
Wlnd louds on bulldlngs (see S LN 199114) 0S 02 0
1emperuLure (non-Ilre) ln bulldlngs (see S LN 19911S) 06 0S 0
koy
See a|so !99!!! C|ause 332
3
|iguro 3
koprosontativo va|uos of variab|o actions

1ab|o 2b
So|octod subscripts
1ab|o 3
kocommondod va|uos of

factors for bui|dings {from Uk Nationa| Annox}

1ab|o 2a
So|octod symbo|s for urocodo
Symbo| Dofinition

k
Cha|acte||st|c va|ue o ,e|manent act|on

k
Cha|acte||st|c va|ue o s|ng|e va||a||e act|on

G la|t|a| acto| o| ,e|manent act|on

Q la|t|a| acto| o| va||a||e act|on

0 lacto| o| com||nat|on va|ue o a va||a||e act|on

1 lacto| o| |equent va|ue o a va||a||e act|on

2 lacto| o| quas|-,e|manent va|ue o a va||a||e act|on

Com||nat|on acto| o| ,e|manent act|ons

Subscript Dofinition
A Acc|denta| s|tuat|on
c Conc|ete
d Les|gn
L lect o act|on
Il l||e
k Cha|acte||st|c
k kes|stance
w Shea| |e|no|cement
y |e|d st|ength
ChurucLerlsLlc vulue oI K
|
n
s
t
a
n
t
a
n
o
o
u
s
v
a
|
u
o
o
f
Q
1imo
ComblnuLlon vulue oI 0K
lrequenL vulue oI 1K
Quusl-
permunenL
vulue oI 2K
vhe|e the|e |s on|y one va||a||e act|on (eg |m,osed |oad) |n a
com||nat|on, the magn|tude o the act|ons can |e o|ta|ned |y
mu|t|,|y|ng them |y the a,,|o,||ate ,a|t|a| acto|s
vhe|e the|e |s mo|e than one va||a||e act|on |n a com||nat|on, |t |s
necessa|y to |dent|y the |ead|ng act|on (
|,!
) and othe| accom,any|ng
act|ons (
|,|
) he accom,any|ng act|on |s a|ways ta|en as the
com||nat|on va|ue
U|timato |imit stato
he u|t|mate ||m|t states a|e d|v|ded |nto the o||ow|ng catego||es
QU loss o equ||||||um o the st|uctu|e
S1k lnte|na| a||u|e o| excess|ve deo|mat|on o the st|uctu|e
o| st|uctu|a| mem|e|
CO la||u|e due to excess|ve deo|mat|on o the g|ound
|A1 lat|gue a||u|e o the st|uctu|e o| st|uctu|a| mem|e|s
he lu|ocode g|ves d|e|ent com||nat|ons o| each o these u|t|mate
||m|t states lo| the ,u|,ose o th|s ,u|||cat|on on|y the Sk u|t|mate
||m|t state w||| |e cons|de|ed
lo| ,e|s|stent and t|ans|ent des|gn s|tuat|ons unde| the Sk ||m|t
state, the lu|ocode de|nes th|ee ,oss|||e com||nat|ons, wh|ch a|e g|ven
|n lx,|ess|ons (6!0), (6!0a) and (6!0|) o the lu|ocode (see a||es 4
and S) he des|gne| (o| 0l |u||d|ngs) may use e|the| (6!0) o| the |ess
avou|a||e o (6!0a) and (6!0|)
At ||st s|ght |t a,,ea|s that the|e |s cons|de|a||y mo|e ca|cu|at|on
|equ||ed to dete|m|ne the a,,|o,||ate |oad com||nat|on, howeve|, w|th
ex,e||ence the des|gne| w||| |e a||e to dete|m|ne th|s |y |ns,ect|on
lx,|ess|on (6!0) |s a|ways equa| to o| mo|e conse|vat|ve than the |ess
avou|a||e o lx,|ess|ons (6!0a) and (6!0|) lx,|ess|on (6!0|) w|||
no|ma||y a,,|y when the ,e|manent act|ons a|e not g|eate| than 4S
t|mes the va||a||e act|ons (exce,t o| sto|age |oads (catego|y l, a||e 3)
whe|e lx,|ess|on (6!0a) a|ways a,,||es)
he|eo|e, o| a ty,|ca| conc|ete |ame |u||d|ng, lx,|ess|on (6!0|) w|||
g|ve the most st|uctu|a||y econom|ca| com||nat|on o act|ons
Sorvicoabi|ity |imit stato
he|e a|e th|ee com||nat|ons o act|ons that can |e used to chec| the
se|v|cea||||ty ||m|t states (see a||es 6 and /) lu|ocode 2 |nd|cates
wh|ch com||nat|on shou|d |e used o| wh|ch ,henomenon (eg
de|ect|on |s chec|ed us|ng the quas|-,e|manent com||nat|on) Ca|e
shou|d |e ta|en not to conuse the SlS com||nat|ons o cha|acte||st|c,
|equent and quas|-,e|manent, w|th the |e,|esentat|ve va|ues that
have the same t|t|es
lor members supporLlng one vurluble ucLlon Lhe comblnuLlon
1.2S
k
+ 1.S
k
(derlved Irom (Lxp 6.10b))
cun be used provlded Lhe permunenL ucLlons ure noL greuLer
Lhun 4.S Llmes Lhe vurluble ucLlons (excepL Ior sLoruge louds).
3
*'Bgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l
4 4
1ab|o 4
Dosign va|uos of actions, u|timato |imit stato - porsistont and transiont dosign situations {tab|o A1.2 {8} urocodo}
1ab|o 5
Dosign va|uos of actions, dorivod for Uk dosign, u|timato |imit stato - porsistont and transiont dosign situations
1ab|o 6
Dosign va|uos of actions, sorvicoabi|ity |imit statos
1ab|o 7
xamp|o dosign combinations for dof|oction {quasi-pormanont} dorivod for typica| Uk roinforcod concroto dosign
Combination xprossion roforonco ormanont actions Loading variab|o action Accompanying variab|o actions
Unfavourab|o |avourab|o Main {if any} Othors
lx, (6!0)
C, | , su,
O
| , | , su,

C, | , |n
O
| , | , |n

Q,!

|,!

Q,!

0,!

|, |
lx, (6!0a)
C, | , su,
O
| , | , su,

C, | , |n
O
| , | , |n

Q,!

0,!

|,!

Q,!

0,!

|,|
lx, (6!0|)
C, | , su,
O
| , | , su,

C, | , |n
O
| , | , |n

Q,!

|,!

Q,!

0,!

|, |
Noto
1 Les|gn o| e|the| lx,|ess|on (6!0) o| the |ess avou|a||e o lx,|ess|ons (6!0a) and (6!0|)
Combination xprossion roforonco ormanont actions Loading variab|o action Accompanying variab|o actions
Unfavourab|o |avourab|o Main {if any} Othors
ComblnuLlon oI permunenL und vurluble ucLlons
lx, (6!0) !3S O
|
a
!0 O
|
a
!S
c

|
lx, (6!0a) !3S O
|
a
!0 O
|
a
!S
0,!
|

|
lx, (6!0|) 092S
d
x !3S O
|
a
!0 O
|
a
!S
c

|
ComblnuLlon oI permunenL, vurluble und uccompunylng vurluble ucLlons
lx, (6!0) !3S O
|
a
!0 O
|
a
!S
c

|,!
!S
c

0,|
|

|, |
lx, (6!0a) !3S O
|
a
!0 O
|
a
!S
0,!
|

|
!S
c

0,|
|

|,|
lx, (6!0|) 092S
d
x !3S O
|
a
!0 O
|
a
!S
c

|,!
!S
c

0,|
|

|,|
koy
a vhe|e the va||at|on |n ,e|manent act|on |s not cons|de|ed s|gn||cant, O
|,|,su,
and O
|,|,|n
may |e ta|en as O
|
b he va|ue o

0
can |e o|ta|ned |om a||e NA A!! o the 0l Nat|ona| Annex (|e,|oduced he|e as a||e 3)
c vhe|e the accom,any|ng |oad |s avou|a||e,
Q,|
0
d he va|ue o |n the 0l Nat|ona| Annex |s 092S
Combination ormanont actions Variab|o actions xamp|o of uso in urocodo 2
Unfavourab|o |avourab|o Loading Othors
Cha|acte||st|c O
|,|,su,
O
|,|,|n

|,!

0, |

|,|
l|equent O
|,|,su,
O
|,|,|n

!,!

|,!

2, |

|,|
C|ac||ng ,|est|essed conc|ete
Quas|-,e|manent O
|,|,su,
O
|,|,|n

2,!

|,!

2, |

|,|
Le|ect|on
Notos
1 vhe|e the va||at|on |n ,e|manent act|on |s not cons|de|ed s|gn||cant O
|,|,su,
and O
|,|,|n
may |e ta|en as O
|
2 lo| va|ues o

0,

!
and

2
|ee| to a||e 3
Combination ormanont actions Variab|o action
Unfavourab|o Loading
O|ce O
|
a
03
|

|,!
Sho,,|ng a|ea O
|
a
06
|

|,!
Sto|age O
|
a
0S
|

|,!
koy
a vhe|e the va||at|on |n ,e|manent act|on |s not cons|de|ed s|gn||cant O
|,|,su,
and O
|,|,|n
may |e ta|en as O
|
b Va|ues o

2
a|e ta|en |om 0l NA (see a||e 3)
4
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
555
1ab|o 8
urocodo 1, its parts and datos of pub|ication
|iguro 4
ko|ationship botwoon urocodo 2 and othor urocodos
koy
a l|anned ,u|||cat|on date (co||ect at t|me o ,u|||cat|on) Sou|ce bSl
S
S LN 1997
UkOCOD 7
GeoLechnlcul
deslgn
S LN 206
SpeclIylng
concreLe
S 8S00
SpeclIylng
concreLe
S LN 12670
LxecuLlon oI
sLrucLures
S LN 1990
UkOCOD
usls oI sLrucLurul
deslgn
S LN 1991
UkOCOD 1
AcLlons on
sLrucLures
S LN 1992
UkOCOD 2
ueslgn oI concreLe
sLrucLures
lurL 11. Generul
rules Ior sLrucLures
lurL 12. SLrucLurul
Ilre deslgn
S LN 1992 lurL 2.
UkOCOD 2
Llquld-reLulnlng
sLrucLures
S LN 1992
UkOCOD 2
lurL 2.
rldges
S LN 1998
UkOCOD 8
Selsmlc
deslgn
S LN 10080
kelnIorclng
sLeels
S 4449
kelnIorclng
sLeels
S LN 12269
lrecusL
concreLe
lrecusL
concreLe
producL
sLundurds
koforonco 1it|o ub|ication dato
urocodo Nationa| Annox
bS lN !99!!! Lens|t|es, u|y Lecem|e|
se|-we|ght and 2002 200S
|m,osed |oads
bS lN !99!!2 Act|ons on Novem|e| Lue
st|uctu|es 2002 Octo|e|
ex,osed to ||e 2006
a
bS lN !99!!3 Snow |oads u|y Lecem|e|
2003 200S
bS lN !99!!4 v|nd act|ons A,||| Lue
200S anua|y
200/
a
bS lN !99!!S he|ma| act|ons Ma|ch Lue
2004 Lecem|e|
2006
a
bS lN !99!!6 Act|ons du||ng Lecem|e| Lue
execut|on 200S une
200/
a
bS lN !99!!/ Acc|denta| act|ons Se,tem|e| Lue
due to |m,act 2006 Octo|e|
and ex,|os|ons 200/
a
bS lN !99!2 |a|c |oads Octo|e| Lue
on |||dges 2003 Lecem|e|
2006
a
bS lN !99!3 Act|ons |nduced Se,tem|e| Lue
|y c|anes 2006 anua|y
and mach|ne|y 200/
a
bS lN !99!4 Act|ons |n s||os une Lue
and tan|s 2006 une
200/
a
Lurocode 1
lu|ocode ! su,e|sedes bS 6399 /oaJ/q |o /a//J/q

and bS 64S
c/eJa/e o| ue/q/| o| /a//J/q ma|e/a/
'
lt conta|ns w|th|n |ts ten ,a|ts
(see a||e S) a|| the |no|mat|on |equ||ed |y the des|gne| to assess the
|nd|v|dua| act|ons on a st|uctu|e lt |s gene|a||y se|-ex,|anato|y and |t
|s ant|c|,ated the act|ons to |e used |n the 0l (as adv|sed |n the 0l
Nat|ona| Annex) w||| ty,|ca||y |e the same as those |n the cu||ent
b||t|sh Standa|ds he most nota||e exce,t|on |s the |u|| dens|ty o
|e|no|ced conc|ete, wh|ch has |een |nc|eased to 2S |N/m

Cu||ent|y
not a|| the ,a|ts o lu|ocode ! and the|| Nat|ona| Annexes a|e
ava||a||e, |n wh|ch case |t |s adv|sed that the |oads |ecommended |n
the cu||ent b||t|sh Standa|ds a|e used
Lurocode 2
he|e a|e ou| ,a|ts to lu|ocode 2, l|gu|e 4 |nd|cates how they |t |nto
the lu|ocode system, wh|ch |nc|udes othe| lu|o,ean standa|ds
art 1-1
lu|ocode 2, la|t !! Oeea/ a/e aJ a/e |o /a//J/q

|s the
,||nc|,a| ,a|t wh|ch |s |ee|enced |y the th|ee othe| ,a|ts lo| the 0l
des|gne| the|e a|e a num|e| o d|e|ences |etween lu|ocode 2 and
bS S!!0, wh|ch w||| |n|t|a||y ma|e the new lu|ocode seem unam|||a|
he |ey d|e|ences a|e ||sted |e|ow to ass|st |n the am|||a||sat|on ,|ocess
1. lu|ocode 2 |s gene|a||y |a|d out to g|ve adv|ce on the |as|s o
,henomena (eg |end|ng, shea| etc) |athe| than |y mem|e|
ty,es as |n bS S!!0 (eg |eams, s|a|s, co|umns etc)
2. Les|gn |s |ased on cha|acte||st|c cy||nde| st|engths not cu|e
st|engths
3. he lu|ocode does not ,|ov|de de||ved o|mu|ae (eg o| |end|ng,
on|y the deta||s o the st|ess ||oc| a|e ex,|essed) h|s |s the
t|ad|t|ona| lu|o,ean a,,|oach, whe|e the a,,||cat|on o a lu|ocode
|s ex,ected to |e ,|ov|ded |n a text|oo| o| s|m||a| ,u|||cat|on
he lu|ocodes a||ow o| th|s ty,e o deta|| to |e ,|ov|ded |n
'Non-cont|ad|cto|y com,|ementa|y |no|mat|on' (NCCl) (See
C|ossa|y)
4. 0n|ts o| st|ess a|e mega ,asca|s, Mla (! Mla ! N/mm

)
5. lu|ocode 2 uses a comma o| a dec|ma| ,o|nt lt |s ex,ected that
0l des|gne|s w||| cont|nue to use a dec|ma| ,o|nt he|eo|e to
avo|d conus|on, the comma shou|d not |e used o| se,a|at|ng
mu|t|,|es o a thousand
6. One thousandth |s |e,|esented |y %
7. he ,a|t|a| acto| o| stee| |e|no|cement |s !!S loweve|, the
cha|acte||st|c y|e|d st|ength o stee| that meets the |equ||ements
o bS 4449 w||| |e S00 Mla, so ove|a|| the eect |s neg||g|||e
8. lu|ocode 2 |s a,,||ca||e o| ||||ed |e|no|cement w|th cha|acte||st|c
y|e|d st|engths o 400 to 600 Mla he|e |s no gu|dance on ,|a|n
|a| o| m||d stee| |e|no|cement |n the lu|ocode, |ut gu|dance |s
g|ven |n the |ac|g|ound ,a,e| to the 0l Nat|ona| Annex

9. he eects o geomet||c |m,e|ect|on ('not|ona| ho||.onta| |oads')

a|e cons|de|ed |n uddlLlon to |ate|a| |oads
5
*'Bgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l
H\mh[^k
+))1
:ikbe
+))0
FZr
+))1
=^\^f[^k
+))1
FZr
+))1
=n^
L^im^f[^k
+))2
Z
=n^
H\mh[^k
+))2
Z
:ikbe
+))0
6 6
10. M|n|mum conc|ete cove| |s |e|ated to |ond st|ength, du|a||||ty
and ||e |es|stance ln add|t|on to the m|n|mum cove| an
a||owance o| dev|at|ons due to va||at|ons |n execut|on
(const|uct|on) shou|d |e |nc|uded lu|ocode 2 |ecommends
that, o| conc|ete cast aga|nst o|mwo||, th|s |s ta|en as !0 mm,
un|ess the const|uct|on |s su||ect to a qua||ty assu|ance system
|n wh|ch case |t cou|d |e |educed to S mm o| even 0 mm whe|e
non-cono|m|ng mem|e|s a|e |e|ected (eg |n a ,|ecast ya|d)
lt |s |ecommended that the nom|na| cove| |s stated on the
d|aw|ngs and const|uct|on to|e|ances a|e g|ven |n the
s,ec||cat|on
11. l|ghe| st|engths o conc|ete a|e cove|ed |y lu|ocode 2, u, to
c|ass C90/!0S loweve|, |ecause the cha|acte||st|cs o h|ghe|
st|ength conc|ete a|e d|e|ent, some lx,|ess|ons |n the lu|ocode
a|e ad|usted o| c|asses a|ove CS0/60
12. he 'va||a||e st|ut |nc||nat|on' method |s used |n lu|ocode 2 o|
the assessment o the shea| ca,ac|ty o a sect|on ln ,|act|ce,
des|gn va|ues o| actua| st|uctu|es can |e com,a|ed w|th
ta|u|ated va|ues lu|the| adv|ce can |e ound |n Cha,te| 4,
o||g|na||y ,u|||shed as Seam

13. he ,unch|ng shea| chec|s a|e ca|||ed out at 2J |om the ace o
the co|umn and o| a |ectangu|a| co|umn, the ,e||mete| |s
|ounded at the co|ne|s
14. Se|v|cea||||ty chec|s can st||| |e ca|||ed out us|ng 'deemed to
sat|sy' s,an to eect|ve de,th |u|es s|m||a| to bS S!!0 loweve|,
| a mo|e deta||ed chec| |s |equ||ed, lu|ocode 2 gu|dance va||es
|om the |u|es |n bS S!!0 la|t 2
15. he |u|es o| dete|m|n|ng the ancho|age and |a, |engths a|e mo|e
com,|ex than the s|m,|e ta||es |n bS S!!0 lu|ocode 2 cons|de|s
the eects o, amongst othe| th|ngs, the ,os|t|on o |a|s du||ng
conc|et|ng, the sha,e o the |a| and cove|
art 1-2
lu|ocode 2, la|t !2 |ac|aa/ |/e Je/q

, g|ves gu|dance on des|gn o|

||e |es|stance o conc|ete st|uctu|es A|though much o the lu|ocode
|s devoted to ||e eng|nee||ng methods, the des|gn o| ||e |es|stance
may st||| |e ca|||ed out |y |ee|||ng to ta||es o| m|n|mum cove| and
d|mens|ons o| va||ous e|ements hese a|e g|ven |n sect|on S o la|t
!2 lu|the| adv|ce on us|ng the ta|u|a| method |s g|ven |n Cha,te| 2,
o||g|na||y ,u|||shed as Oe||/q |a|eJ

art 2
lu|ocode 2, la|t 2 S/Jqe

a,,||es the gene|a| |u|es g|ven |n la|t !!

to the des|gn o conc|ete |||dges As a consequence |oth la|t !! and
la|t 2 w||| |e |equ||ed to ca||y out a des|gn o a |e|no|ced conc|ete
|||dge
art 3
lu|ocode 2, la|t 3 //a/J-e|a//q aJ co|a/me| |ac|ae
'
a,,||es
the gene|a| |u|es g|ven |n la|t !! to the ||qu|d-|eta|n|ng st|uctu|es
and su,e|sedes bS S00/

Lurocode 7
lu|ocode / Oeo|ec//ca/ Je/q
'
|s |n two ,a|ts and g|ves gu|dance on
geotechn|ca| des|gn, g|ound |nvest|gat|on and test|ng lt has a ||oad
sco,e and |nc|udes the geotechn|ca| des|gn o s,|ead oundat|ons, ,||ed
oundat|ons, |eta|n|ng wa||s, dee, |asements and em|an|ments l||e
a|| the lu|ocodes |t |s |ased on ||m|t state des|gn ,||nc|,|es, wh|ch |s
a s|gn||cant va||at|on o| most geotechn|ca| des|gn lu|the| gu|dance
|e|ated to s|m,|e oundat|ons |s g|ven |n Cha,te| 6, o||g|na||y
,,u|||shed as /oaJa|/o

Lurocode 8
lu|ocode S /e/q o| |ac|ae |o ea|/aa/e e/|ace

|s d|v|ded |nto
s|x ,a|ts and g|ves gu|dance on a|| as,ects o des|gn o| ea|thqua|e
|es|stance and cove|s gu|dance o| the va||ous st|uctu|a| mate||a|s o|
a|| ty,es o st|uctu|es lt a|so |nc|udes gu|dance o| st|engthen|ng and
|e,a|| o |u||d|ngs ln a|eas o |ow se|sm|c|ty |t |s ant|c|,ated that deta|||ng
st|uctu|es to lu|ocode 2 w||| ensu|e com,||ance w|th lu|ocode S
keluLed SLundurds
8S 8500I8S N 206
bS SS00 Coce|e - Como/eme|a, S/|// |aJaJ |o S // ?06-'

|e,|aced bS S32S |n Lecem|e| 2003 and des|gne|s shou|d cu||ent|y

|e us|ng th|s to s,ec|y conc|ete lu|the| gu|dance can ound |n
Cha,te| !!, o||g|na||y ,u|||shed as /ou |o ae S S'00 u/|/ S S''0

8S 4449I8S N 10080
bS 4449 oec/|/ca|/o |o ca/o |ee/ /a |o |/e e/|oceme| o|
coce|e

has |een |ev|sed |eady o| |m,|ementat|on |n anua|y 2006

lt |s a com,|ementa|y standa|d to bS lN !00S0 |ee/ |o |/e
e/|oceme| o| coce|e

and No|mat|ve Annex C o lu|ocode 2 he

most s|gn||cant changes a|e that stee| cha|acte||st|c y|e|d w||| change
to S00 Mla he|e a|e th|ee c|asses o |e|no|cement, A, b and C, wh|ch
|nd|cate |nc|eas|ng duct|||ty C|ass A |s not su|ta||e o| use whe|e
|ed|st|||ut|on o 20% and a|ove has |een assumed |n the des|gn
8S N 13670
bS S!!0 la|t ! sect|ons 6 and / s,ec|y the wo||mansh|, o| conc|ete
const|uct|on he|e |s no equ|va|ent gu|dance |n lu|ocode 2, and |t |s
|ntended that execut|on (const|uct|on) w||| |e cove|ed |n a new
standa|d bS lN !36/0 /\eca|/o o| coce|e |ac|ae

h|s |s st||| |n
,|e,a|at|on and |s not ex,ected to |e |eady o| ,u|||cat|on unt|| 200S
at the ea|||est ln the |nte|ven|ng ,e||od the d|at |ac|g|ound ,a,e| to
the 0l Nat|ona| Annex o lu|ocode 2, la|t !

|ecommends that
des|gne|s use the /a|/oa/ |ac|aa/ coce|e oec/|/ca|/o |o /a//J/q
co|ac|/o
'
, wh|ch |ee|s to bS S!!0 o| wo||mansh|,
6
low to des|gn concrete structures us|ng lurocode 2
bS 4449 Li^\b\Zmbhg_hk\Zk[hglm^^e[Zkl_hkma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmh_
\hg\k^m^
22
has |een rev|sed so that |t |s a comp|ementary standard to
bS lN !00S0 Lm^^e_hkma^k^bg_hk\^f^gmh_\hg\k^m^
23
and Normat|ve
Annex C o lurocode 2 he most s|gn|ucant changes are that stee|
character|st|c y|e|d w||| change to S00 Mla here are three c|asses o
re|norcement, A, b and C, wh|ch |nd|cate |ncreas|ng duct|||ty C|ass A |s
not su|ta||e or use where red|str||ut|on o 20% and a|ove has |een
assumed |n the des|gn
bS S!!0 lart ! sect|ons 6 and / spec|y the wor|mansh|p or concrete
construct|on here |s no equ|va|ent gu|dance |n lurocode 2, and |t
|s |ntended that execut|on (construct|on) w||| |e covered |n a new
standard bS lN !36/0 >q^\nmbhgh_\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^l
24
h|s |s st|||
|n preparat|on and |s not expected to |e ready or pu|||cat|on unt||
20!0 ln the |nterven|ng per|od the drat |ac|ground paper to the
0l Nat|ona| Annex o lurocode 2, lart !!
!0
recommends that
des|gners use the GZmbhgZelmkn\mnkZe\hg\k^m^li^\b\Zmbhg_hk
[nbe]bg`\hglmkn\mbhg
2S
, wh|ch reers to bS S!!0 or wor|mansh|p
77
Glossury oI Lurocode Lermlnology
1orm Dofinition
l||nc|,|es C|auses that a|e gene|a| statements, de|n|t|ons, |equ||ements and ana|yt|ca| mode|s o| wh|ch no
a|te|nat|ve |s ,e|m|tted hey a|e |dent||ed |y (l) ate| the c|ause num|e|
A,,||cat|on ku|es hese a|e gene|a||y |ecogn|sed |u|es, wh|ch com,|y w|th the ,||nc|,|es and sat|sy the|| |equ||ements
Nat|ona||y Lete|m|ned la|amete| (NLl) lu|ocodes may |e used to sat|sy nat|ona| bu||d|ng kegu|at|ons, wh|ch themse|ves w||| not |e
ha|mon|.ed NLls a|e the|eo|e used to a||ow a count|y to set |ts own |eve|s o saety NLls a|so a||ow
ce|ta|n othe| ,a|amete|s (gene|a||y |n|uenced |y c||mate, geog|a,hy and geo|ogy) to |e |et o,en o|
se|ect|on nat|ona||y NLls a|e adv|sed |n the Nat|ona| Annex
Nat|ona| Annex (NA) A Nat|ona| Annex accom,an|es each lu|ocode and |t conta|ns a) the va|ues o NLls |) the nat|ona|
dec|s|on |ega|d|ng the use o lno|mat|ve Annexes and c) |ee|ences to NCCls
No|mat|ve he te|m used o| the text o Standa|ds that o|ms the co|e |equ||ements Com,||ance w|th lu|ocodes
w||| gene|a||y |e |udged aga|nst the no|mat|ve |equ||ements
lno|mat|ve A te|m used on|y |n |e|at|on to annexes, wh|ch see| to |no|m |athe| than |equ||e
NCCl Non-cont|ad|cto|y com,|ementa|y |no|mat|on kee|ences |n a Nat|ona| Annex wh|ch conta|ns u|the|
|no|mat|on o| gu|dance wh|ch does not cont|ad|ct the lu|ocode
Cha|acte||st|c va|ue A va|ue that may |e de||ved stat|st|ca||y w|th a ,|o|a||||ty o not |e|ng exceeded du||ng a |ee|ence
,e||od he va|ue co||es,onds to a s,ec||ed |act||e o| a ,a|t|cu|a| ,|o,e|ty o mate||a| o| ,|oduct he
cha|acte||st|c va|ues a|e denoted |y su|sc||,t '|' (eg
|
etc) lt |s the ,||nc|,a| |e,|esentat|ve va|ue
|om wh|ch othe| |e,|esentat|ve va|ues may |e de||ved
ke,|esentat|ve va|ue Va|ue used o| ve|||cat|on o a ||m|t state lt may |e the cha|acte||st|c va|ue o| an accom,any|ng va|ue,
eg com||nat|on, |equent o| quas|-,e|manent
Les|gn va|ues hese |ee| to |e,|esentat|ve va|ues mod||ed |y ,a|t|a| acto|s hey a|e denoted |y su|sc||,t 'd'
(eg
cd

c|
/
c ,

d

Q

|
)
Act|on () Set o o|ces, deo|mat|ons o| acce|e|at|ons act|ng on the st|uctu|e
Com||nat|on o act|ons Set o des|gn va|ues used o| the ve|||cat|on o the st|uctu|a| |e||a||||ty o| a ||m|t state unde| the
s|mu|taneous |n|uence o d|e|ent and stat|st|ca||y |nde,endent act|ons
l|xed act|on Act|on that has a |xed d|st|||ut|on and ,os|t|on ove| the st|uctu|e o| st|uctu|a| mem|e|
l|ee act|on Act|on that may have va||ous s,at|a| d|st|||ut|ons ove| the st|uctu|e
le|manent act|ons () Act|ons that a|e |||e|y to act th|oughout the ||e o the st|uctu|e and whose va||at|on |n magn|tude
w|th t|me |s neg||g|||e (eg ,e|manent |oads)
Va||a||e act|ons () Act|ons whose magn|tude w||| va|y w|th t|me (eg w|nd |oads)
lect o act|on (#) Leo|mat|on o| |nte|na| o|ce caused |y an act|on
Acc|denta| act|on () Act|on, usua||y o sho|t du|at|on |ut o s|gn||cant magn|tude, that |s un|||e|y to occu| on a g|ven
st|uctu|e du||ng the des|gn wo|||ng ||e
Accom,any|ng act|on An act|on |n a com||nat|on that |s not the |ead|ng va||a||e act|on
|ans|ent des|gn s|tuat|on Les|gn s|tuat|on that |s |e|evant du||ng a ,e||od much sho|te| than the des|gn wo|||ng ||e o the st|uctu|e
le|s|stent des|gn s|tuat|on Les|gn s|tuat|on that |s |e|evant du||ng a ,e||od o the same o|de| as the des|gn wo|||ng ||e o the st|uctu|e
Acc|denta| des|gn s|tuat|on Les|gn s|tuat|on |nvo|v|ng exce,t|ona| cond|t|ons o the st|uctu|e
l||eve|s|||e se|v|cea||||ty ||m|t state Se|v|cea||||ty ||m|t state whe|e some consequences o act|ons w||| |ema|n when the act|ons a|e |emoved
keve|s|||e se|v|cea||||ty ||m|t state Se|v|cea||||ty ||m|t state whe|e no consequences o act|ons w||| |ema|n when the act|ons a|e |emoved
lxecut|on Const|uct|on o the wo||s
7
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8
koforoncos
1 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !992, lu|ocode 2 /e/q o| coce|e |ac|ae bSl (4 ,a|ts)
2 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !990, lu|ocode Sa/ o| |ac|aa/ Je/q bSl, 2002
3 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !99!, lu|ocode ! /c|/o o |ac|ae bSl (!0 ,a|ts)
4 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS S!!0 I/e |ac|aa/ ae o| coce|e bSl (3 ,a|ts)
5 C0lVANlSSlAN, l, CAlCAkO, A 8 lOllC

, M /e/qe qa/Je |o // '990 homas e|o|d, 2002

6 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS 6399 /oaJ/q |o /a//J/q bSl (3 ,a|ts)
7 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS 64S c/eJa/e o| ue/q/| o| /a//J/q ma|e/a/ bSl, !964
8 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON ve| ,age uuu//-q/o/a/com//aocoJe//oqe//Je\\a/|e bSl
9 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !992!!, lu|ocode 2 /e/q o| coce|e |ac|ae Oeea/ a/e aJ a/e |o /a//J/q bSl, 2004
10 bkllSl SANLAkL lNSl0lON lL 66S/ bac|g|ound ,a,e| to the 0l Nat|ona| Annex to bS lN !992!! bSl, 2006
11 MOSS, k M 8 bkOOllk, O /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ? Seam (CC/03/!9) he Conc|ete Cent|e, 2006
12 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !992!2, lu|ocode 2 /e/q o| coce|e |ac|ae |ac|aa/ |/e Je/q bSl, 2004
13 bkOOllk, O /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ? Oe||/q |a|eJ (CC/03/!/) he Conc|ete Cent|e, 200S
14 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !9922, lu|ocode 2 /e/q o| coce|e |ac|ae S/Jqe bSl, 200S
15 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !9923, lu|ocode 2 /e/q o| coce|e |ac|ae //a/J-e|a//q aJ co|a/me| |ac|ae
bSl, due 2006
16 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS S00/ CoJe o| oac|/ce |o Je/q o| coce|e |ac|ae |o e|a//q aaeoa //a/J bSl, !9S/
17 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !99/, lu|ocode / Oeo|ec//ca/ Je/q bSl (2 ,a|ts)
18 vlbSlk, k 8 bkOOllk, O /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ? /oaJa|/o (CC/03/2!) he Conc|ete Cent|e, 2006
19 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !99S, lu|ocode S /e/q o| |ac|ae |o ea|/aa/e e/|ace bSl (6 ,a|ts)
20 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS SS00 Coce|e - Como/eme|a, S/|// |aJaJ |o S // ?06-' 2002 (2 ,a|ts)
21 lAkklSON, A 8 bkOOllk, O /ou |o ae S S'00 u/|/ S S''0 (CC/03/!!) he Conc|ete Cent|e, 200S
22 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS 4449 oec/|/ca|/o |o ca/o |ee/ /a |o |/e e/|oceme| o| coce|e bSl, 200S
23 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !00S0 |ee/ |o |/e e/|oceme| o| coce|e - we/Ja//e e/|oc/q |ee/ - Oeea/ bSl, 200S
24 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON lN !36/0 /\eca|/o o| coce|e |ac|ae - /a| ' Commo bSl, due 200S
25 ll CONCkll SOCll CS !S2 /a|/oa/ |ac|aa/ coce|e oec/|/ca|/o |o /a//J/q co|ac|/o th||d ed|t|on he Soc|ety, 2004
8
!lntroduct|ontolurocodes
1 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSlN!99?,lurocode?/e/qo|coce|e|ac|aebSl(4perts)
2 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSlN!990,lurocodeSa/o||ac|aa/Je/qbSl,?00?
3 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSlN!99!,lurocode!/c|/oo|ac|aebSl(!0perts)
4 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSS!!0I/e|ac|aa/aeo|coce|ebSl(3perts)
5 C0lVANlSSlAN,l,CAlCAkO,A8lOllC,M/e/qeqa/Je|o//'990homese|ord,?00?
6 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbS6399/oaJ/q|o/a//J/qbSl(3perts)
7 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbS64Sc/eJa/eo|ue/q/|o|/a//J/qma|e/a/bSl,!964
8 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONve|pegewww|s|groupcom/en/Stenderds-end-pu|||cet|ons/lndustry-Sectors/lurocodes/
lu|||cet|on-schedu|e/lurocode-!
9 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSlN!99?!!,lurocode?/e/qo|coce|e|ac|aeOeea/a/eaJa/e|o/a//J/qbSl,?004
10 bkllSlSANLAkLlNSl0lONlL66S/bec|groundpepertothe0lNet|one|AnnextobSlN!99?!!bSl,?006
11 MOSS,kM8bkOOllk,O/ou|oJe/qcoce|e|ac|aea/q/aocoJe?Seam(CC/03/!9)heConcreteCentre,?006
12 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSlN!99?!?,lurocode?/e/qo|coce|e|ac|ae|ac|aa/|eJe/qbSl,?004
13 bkOOllk,O/ou|oJe/qcoce|e|ac|aea/q/aocoJe?Oe||/q|a|eJ(CC/03/!/)heConcreteCentre,?00S
14 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSlN!99??,lurocode?/e/qo|coce|e|ac|aeS/JqebSl,?00S
15 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSlN!99?3,lurocode?/e/qo|coce|e|ac|ae//a/J-e|a//qaJco|a/me||ac|ae
bSl,?006
16 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSS00/CoJeo|oac|/ce|oJe/qo|coce|e|ac|ae|oe|a//qaaeoa//a/JbSl,!9S/
17 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSlN!99/,lurocode/Oeo|ec//ca/Je/qbSl(?perts)
18 vlbSlk,k8bkOOllk,O/ou|oJe/qcoce|e|ac|aea/q/aocoJe?/oaJa|/o(CC/03/?!)heConcreteCentre,?006
19 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSlN!99S,lurocodeS/e/qo||ac|ae|oea|/aa/ee/|acebSl(6perts)
20 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSSS00Coce|e-Como/eme|a,S/|//|aJaJ|oS//?06-',?006(?perts)
21 lAkklSON,A8bkOOllk,O/ou|oaeSS'00u/|/SS''0(CC/03/!!)heConcreteCentre,?00S
22 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbS4449oec/|ca|/o|oca/o|ee//a|o|/ee/|oceme|o|coce|ebSl,?00S
23 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSlN!00S0|ee/|o|/ee/|oceme|o|coce|e-we/Ja//ee/|oc/q|ee/-Oeea/bSl,?00S
24 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSlN!36/0/\eca|/oo|coce|e|ac|ae-/a|'CommobSl,due?0!0
25 llCONCkllSOCllCS!S?/a|/oa/|ac|aa/coce|eoec/|ca|/o|o/a//J/qco|ac|/o,th|rded|t|onheSoc|ety,?004
The design process
+;<F c;eCGeE <F <AGeAded GB eFF<FG G;e deF<:AeE deGeE@<Ae e|| G;e deF<:A
<ABE@eG<BA EeDH<Eed CE<BE GB e@|eE><A: BA deGe<|ed e|e@eAG deF<:A "G
cBIeEF deF<:A |<e, ecG<BAF BA FGEHcGHEeF, |Bed eEEeA:e@eAGF, cB@|<AeG<BAF
B ecG<BAF, @eG;Bd B eAe|LF<F, @eGeE<e| CEBCeEG<eF, FGe|<|<GL eAd
<@CeEecG<BAF, @<A<@H@ cBAcEeGe cBIeE eAd @eK<@H@ cEec> w<dG;F
+;e CEBceFF B deF<:A<A: e|e@eAGF w<|| ABG |e EeIB|HG<BA<Fed eF e EeFH|G
B HF<A: lHEBcBde ?
1
, e|G;BH:; @Hc; B G;e deGe<| @eL c;eA:e eF
deFcE<|ed <A FH|FeDHeAG c;eCGeEF
*<@<|eE|L, G;e CEBceFF B deGe<|<A: w<|| ABG IeEL F<:A<<ceAG|L EB@ cHEEeAG
CEecG<ce CH<deAce ceA |e BHAd <A C;eCGeE !0 BE <A /a*JaJ )e//+J +|
Je/a&/&*q
2
.<G; Ee:eEd GB FCec<<ceG<BA, edI<ce ceA |e BHAd <A C;eCGeE !,
BE<:<Ae||L CH||<F;ed eF /*/+Jac/&+* /+ /a+c+Je.
3
CBAceCG deF<:AF
CEeCeEed eFFH@<A: G;eG deGe<|ed deF<:A wBH|d |e GB b* S!!0 @eL |e
cBAG<AHed G;EBH:; GB deGe<|ed deF<:A HF<A: lHEBcBde ?
"A G;e |BA:-GeE@ <G <F eAG<c<CeGed G;eG lHEBcBde ? w<|| |eed GB @BEe
ecBAB@<c FGEHcGHEeF
Design life
+;e deF<:A |<e BE e FGEHcGHEe <F :<IeA <A lHEBcBde Sa.&. +| ./ac/aa/
Je.&q*
4
+;e ,l &eG<BAe| AAAeK (&A) GB lHEBcBde CEeFeAGF ,l Ie|HeF
BE deF<:A |<e, G;eFe eEe :<IeA <A +e||e ! (BIeE|ee) +;eFe F;BH|d |e HFed
GB deGeE@<Ae G;e dHEe|<|<GL EeDH<Ee@eAGF BE G;e deF<:A B Ee<ABEced
cBAcEeGe FGEHcGHEeF
Actions on structures
lHEBcBde ! /c/&+*. +* ./ac/ae.
5
cBAF<FGF B !0 CeEGF :<I<A: deGe<|F B
e w<de IeE<eGL B ecG<BAF HEG;eE <ABE@eG<BA BA G;e <Ad<I<dHe| cBdeF
ceA |e BHAd <A C;eCGeE ! lHEBcBde !, (eEG !! Oe*ea/ ac/&+*. -
/e*.&/&e. .e/|-2e&q// &)o+.eJ /+aJ. |+ /a&/J&*q.
6
:<IeF G;e deAF<G<eF eAd
Fe|-we<:;GF B |H<|d<A: @eGeE<e|F (Fee +e||e ? BIeE|ee)
+;e >eL c;eA:e GB cHEEeAG CEecG<ce <F G;eG G;e |H|> deAF<GL B Ee<ABEced
cBAcEeGe ;eF |eeA <AcEeeFed GB ?S >&/@
3
+;e dEeG &eG<BAe| AAAeK GB
G;<F lHEBcBde :<IeF G;e <@CBFed |BedF BE ,l |H<|d<A:F eAd e Fe|ecG<BA <F
!Bw GB deF<:A cBAcEeGe FGEHcGHEeF HF<A: lHEBcBde ?
? CeGG<A: FGeEGed
O Brooker blA:, ClA:, %"Cl, %"*GEHcGl
10
EeCEBdHced <A +e||e 3 "G F;BH|d |e ABGed G;eG G;eEe <F AB edI<ce :<IeA
BE C|eAG EBB@F
AG G;e G<@e B wE<G<A: ABG e|| G;e CeEGF B lHEBcBde ! eAd G;e<E &eG<BAe|
AAAeKeF eEe eIe<|e||e, <G <F edI<Fed G;eG eK<FG<A: FGeAdeEdF eEe cBAF<deEed
BE HFe w;eEe lHEBCeeA FGeAdeEdF ;eIe ABG LeG |eeA <FFHed
Load arrangements
+;e GeE@ |Bed eEEeA:e@eAGF EeeEF GB G;e eEEeA:<A: B IeE<e||e ecG<BAF
(e: <@CBFed eAd w<Ad |BedF) GB :<Ie G;e @BFG BAeEBHF BEceF <A e
@e@|eE BE FGEHcGHEe eAd eEe :<IeA <A lHEBcBde ? eAd <GF ,l &A
BE |H<|d<A: FGEHcGHEeF, G;e ,l &A GB lHEBcBde ?, (eEG !! e||BwF eAL
B G;e B||Bw<A: FeGF B |Bed eEEeA:e@eAGF GB |e HFed BE |BG; G;e
H|G<@eGe |<@<G FGeGe eAd FeEI<cee|<|<GL |<@<G FGeGe
Load set 1. Alternate or adjacent spans loaded
+;e deF<:A Ie|HeF F;BH|d |e B|Ge<Aed EB@ G;e @BEe cE<G<ce| B
A|GeEAeGe FCeAF ceEEL<A: G;e deF<:A IeE<e||e eAd CeE@eAeAG |BedF
w<G; BG;eE FCeAF |Beded w<G; BA|L G;e deF<:A CeE@eAeAG |Bed (Fee
<:HEe !) +;e Ie|He B
g
C
F;BH|d |e G;e Fe@e G;EBH:;BHG
AAL GwB ed=eceAG FCeAF ceEEL<A: G;e deF<:A IeE<e||e eAd
CeE@eAeAG |BedF w<G; BG;eE FCeAF |Beded w<G; BA|L G;e deF<:A
CeE@eAeAG |Bed (Fee <:HEe ?) +;e Ie|He B
g
C
F;BH|d |e G;e
Fe@e G;EBH:;BHG
Load set 2. All or alternate spans loaded
+;e deF<:A Ie|HeF F;BH|d |e B|Ge<Aed EB@ G;e @BEe cE<G<ce| B
A|| FCeAF ceEEL<A: G;e deF<:A IeE<e||e eAd CeE@eAeAG |BedF
(Fee <:HEe 3)
A|GeEAeGe FCeAF ceEEL<A: G;e deF<:A IeE<e||e eAd CeE@eAeAG |BedF
w<G; BG;eE FCeAF |Beded w<G; BA|L G;e deF<:A CeE@eAeAG |Bed (Fee
<:HEe !) +;e Ie|He B
g
C
F;BH|d |e G;e Fe@e G;EBH:;BHG
CeAeEe||L, |Bed FeG ? w<|| |e HFed BE |ee@F eAd F|e|F <A G;e ,l eF <G
EeDH<EeF G;Eee |Bed eEEeA:e@eAGF GB |e cBAF<deEed, w;<|e |Bed FeG !
w<|| BGeA EeDH<Ee @BEe G;eA G;Eee eEEeA:e@eAGF GB |e eFFeFFed
A|GeEAeG<Ie|L, G;e ,l &A @e>eF G;e B||Bw<A: CEBI<F<BA BE F|e|F
Load set 3. Simplified arrangements for slabs
+;e |Bed eEEeA:e@eAGF ceA |e F<@C|<<ed BE F|e|F w;eEe <G <F BA|L
AeceFFeEL GB cBAF<deE G;e e|| FCeAF |Beded eEEeA:e@eAG (Fee <:HEe 3),
CEBI<ded G;e B||Bw<A: cBAd<G<BAF eEe @eG
"A e BAe-weL FCeAA<A: F|e| G;e eEee B eec; |eL eKceedF 30 @
2
(e |eL @eeAF e FGE<C ecEBFF G;e H|| w<dG; B e FGEHcGHEe |BHAded
BA G;e BG;eE F<deF |L |<AeF B FHCCBEG)
+;e EeG<B B G;e IeE<e||e ecG<BAF (
>
) GB G;e CeE@eAeAG ecG<BAF (O
>
)
dBeF ABG eKceed !?S
+;e @e:A<GHde B G;e IeE<e||e ecG<BAF eKc|Hd<A: CeEG<G<BAF dBeF ABG
eKceed S >&/@
2

Figure 2
Adjacent spans loaded
Figure 3
All spans loaded
Figure 1
Alternate spans loaded
Table 1
Indicative design working life (from UK National Annex to Eurocode)
Design life (years) Examples
!0 +e@CBEeEL FGEHcGHEeF
!030 )eC|ecee||e FGEHcGHEe| CeEGF
!S?S A:E<cH|GHEe| eAd F<@<|eE FGEHcGHEeF
S0 bH<|d<A:F eAd BG;eE cB@@BA FGEHcGHEeF
!?0 %BAH@eAGe| |H<|d<A:F, |E<d:eF eAd BG;eE c<I<|
eA:<AeeE<A: FGEHcGHEeF
Table 2
Selected bulk density of materials (from Eurocode 1, Part 11)
Material Bulk density (kN/m
3
)
&BE@e| we<:;G cBAcEeGe ?40
)e<ABEced ABE@e| we<:;G cBAcEeGe ?S0
.eG ABE@e| we<:;G Ee<ABEced cBAcEeGe ?60
10
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
11
Combination of actions
+;e GeE@ cB@|<AeG<BA B ecG<BAF EeeEF GB G;e Ie|He B ecG<BAF GB |e
HFed w;eA e |<@<G FGeGe <F HAdeE G;e <A|HeAce B d<eEeAG ecG<BAF
+;e AH@eE<ce| Ie|HeF B G;e CeEG<e| ecGBEF BE G;e ,l* cB@|<AeG<BA ceA
|e B|Ge<Aed |L EeeEE<A: GB lHEBcBde Sa.&. +| ./ac/aa/ Je.&q* BE GB
C;eCGeE !
(
+;eEe eEe G;Eee *l* cB@|<AeG<BAF B ecG<BAF c;eEecGeE<FG<c, EeDHeAG
eAd DHeF<-CeE@eAeAG +;e AH@eE<ce| Ie|HeF eEe :<IeA <A lHEBcBde Sa.&.
+| ./ac/aa/ Je.&q*
Material properties
Concrete
"A lHEBcBde ? G;e deF<:A B Ee<ABEced cBAcEeGe <F |eFed BA G;e
c;eEecGeE<FG<c cL|<AdeE FGEeA:G; EeG;eE G;eA cH|e FGEeA:G; eAd F;BH|d
|e FCec<<ed eccBEd<A: GB b* SS00 C+*ce/e - c+)o/e)e*/a, S&/&./
/a*JaJ /+ S // ?06-'
7
(e: BE c|eFF C?S/3S cBAcEeGe G;e cL|<AdeE
FGEeA:G; <F ?S %(e, w;eEeeF G;e cH|e FGEeA:G; <F 3S %(e) +LC<ce|
cBAcEeGe CEBCeEG<eF eEe :<IeA <A +e||e 4
CBAcEeGe HC GB c|eFF C90/!0S ceA |e deF<:Aed HF<A: lHEBcBde ?
BE c|eFFeF e|BIe CS0/60, ;BweIeE, G;eEe eEe edd<G<BAe| EH|eF eAd
IeE<eG<BAF BE G;<F EeeFBA, G;e deF<:A B G;eFe ;<:;eE c|eFFeF <F ABG
cBAF<deEed <A G;<F CH||<ceG<BA
Reinforcing steel
lHEBcBde ? ceA |e HFed w<G; Ee<ABEce@eAG B c;eEecGeE<FG<c
FGEeA:G;F EeA:<A: EB@ 400 GB 600 %(e +;e CEBCeEG<eF B FGee|
Ee<ABEce@eAG <A G;e ,l BE HFe w<G; lHEBcBde ? eEe :<IeA <A
b* 4449 (?00S) oec&|&ca/&+* |+ ca/+* ./ee/ /a. |+ //e
e&*|+ce)e*/ +| c+*ce/e
8
eAd eEe FH@@eE<Fed <A +e||e S (BA Ce:e 4)
A c;eEecGeE<FG<c L<e|d FGEeA:G; B S00 %(e ;eF |eeA edBCGed |L G;e
,l Ee<ABEce@eAG <AdHFGEL
+;eEe eEe G;Eee c|eFFeF B Ee<ABEce@eAG, A, b eAd C, w;<c; CEBI<de
<AcEeeF<A: dHcG<|<GL C|eFF A <F ABG FH<Ge||e w;eEe Eed<FGE<|HG<BA B
?0% eAd e|BIe ;eF |eeA eFFH@ed <A G;e deF<:A +;eEe <F AB
CEBI<F<BA BE G;e HFe B C|e<A |eE BE @<|d FGee| Ee<ABEce@eAG, |HG
:H<deAce <F :<IeA <A G;e |ec>:EBHAd CeCeE GB G;e &eG<BAe| AAAeK
9

Table 4
Selected concrete properties based on Table 3.1 of Eurocode 2, Part 11
Table 3
Selected imposed loads for buildings (from draft UK National Annex to Eurocode 1, Part 11)
For members supporting one variable action the ULS combination
1.25 G
k
+ 1.5 Q
k
(derived from Exp. (6.10b), Eurocode)
can be used provided the permanent actions are not greater than
4.5 times the variable actions (except for storage loads).
Symbol Description Properties
|
c>
(%(e) C;eEecGeE<FG<c cL|<AdeE FGEeA:G; !? !6 ?0 ?S 30 3S 40 4S S0 ?S
e
3?
e
|
c>,cH|e
(%(e) C;eEecGeE<FG<c cH|e FGEeA:G; !S ?0 ?S 30 3/ 4S S0 SS 60 3S 40
|
c@
(%(e) %eeA cL|<AdeE FGEeA:G; ?0 ?4 ?S 33 3S 43 4S S3 SS 36 40
|
cG@
(%(e) %eeA GeAF<|e FGEeA:G; !6 !9 ?? ?6 ?9 3? 3S 3S 4! ?S 30
/
c@
|
(C(e) *eceAG @BdH|HF B e|eFG<c<GL ?/ ?9 30 3! 33 34 3S 36 3/ 3? 34
Key
a CBAcEeGe c|eFF ABG c<Ged <A +e||e 3!, lHEBcBde ?, (eEG !!
b %eeA FeceAG @BdH|HF B e|eFG<c<GL eG ?S deLF BE cBAcEeGe w<G; DHeEGM<Ge e::Ee:eGeF BE cBAcEeGeF w<G; BG;eE e::Ee:eGeF EeeE GB C| 3!3 (?)
Category Example use q
k
(kN/m
2
) Q
k
(kN)
A! A|| HFeF w<G;<A Fe|-cBAGe<Aed dwe||<A: HA<GF !S ?0
A? bedEBB@F eAd dBE@<GBE<eF !S ?0
A3 bedEBB@F <A ;BGe|F eAd @BGe|F, ;BFC<Ge| weEdF eAd GB<|eGF ?0 ?0
AS be|cBA<eF <A F<A:|e e@<|L dwe||<A: HA<GF ?S ?0
A/ be|cBA<eF <A ;BGe|F eAd @BGe|F 40 @<A ?0 eG BHGeE ed:e
b! '<ceF BE :eAeEe| HFe ?S ?/
CS AFFe@||L eEee w<G;BHG <Ked FeeG<A:, cBAceEG ;e||F, |eEF, C|eceF B wBEF;<C S0 36
L!/? *;BCC<A: eEeeF 40 36
l!? CeAeEe| FGBEe:e ?4 CeE @ ;e<:;G /0
l!/ LeAFe @B|<|e FGec><A: <A weEe;BHFeF 4S CeE @ ;e<:;G (@<A !S0) /0
CEBFF Ie;<c|e we<:;G O 30>& ?S !00
Reinforcing steel
lHEBcBde ? ceA |e HFed w<G; Ee<ABEce@eAG B c;eEecGeE<FG<c
FGEeA:G;F EeA:<A: EB@ 400 GB 600 %(e +;e CEBCeEG<eF B FGee|
Ee<ABEce@eAG <A G;e ,l BE HFe w<G; lHEBcBde ? eEe :<IeA <A
b* 4449 (?00S) oec&|&ca/&+* |+ ca/+* ./ee/ /a. |+ //e
e&*|+ce)e*/ +| c+*ce/e
8
eAd eEe FH@@eE<Fed <A +e||e S (BA Ce:e 4)
A c;eEecGeE<FG<c L<e|d FGEeA:G; B S00 %(e ;eF |eeA edBCGed |L G;e
,l Ee<ABEce@eAG <AdHFGEL
+;eEe eEe G;Eee c|eFFeF B Ee<ABEce@eAG, A, b eAd C, w;<c; CEBI<de
<AcEeeF<A: dHcG<|<GL C|eFF A <F ABG FH<Ge||e w;eEe Eed<FGE<|HG<BA B
?0% eAd e|BIe ;eF |eeA eFFH@ed <A G;e deF<:A +;eEe <F AB
CEBI<F<BA BE G;e HFe B C|e<A |eE BE @<|d FGee| Ee<ABEce@eAG, |HG
:H<deAce <F :<IeA <A G;e |ec>:EBHAd CeCeE GB G;e &eG<BAe| AAAeK
9

11
?Cett|ngsterted
12
Structural analysis
+;e CE<@eEL CHECBFe B FGEHcGHEe| eAe|LF<F <A |H<|d<A: FGEHcGHEeF <F GB
eFGe||<F; G;e d<FGE<|HG<BA B <AGeEAe| BEceF eAd @B@eAGF BIeE G;e
w;B|e BE CeEG B e FGEHcGHEe eAd GB <deAG<L G;e cE<G<ce| deF<:A
cBAd<G<BAF eG e|| FecG<BAF +;e :eB@eGEL <F cB@@BA|L <dee|<Fed |L
cBAF<deE<A: G;e FGEHcGHEe GB |e @ede HC B |<AeeE e|e@eAGF eAd C|eAe
GwB-d<@eAF<BAe| e|e@eAGF
+;e GLCe B eAe|LF<F F;BH|d |e eCCEBCE<eGe GB G;e CEB||e@ |e<A:
cBAF<deEed +;e B||Bw<A: @eL |e HFed |<AeeE e|eFG<c eAe|LF<F, |<AeeE
e|eFG<c eAe|LF<F w<G; |<@<Ged Eed<FGE<|HG<BA, eAd C|eFG<c eAe|LF<F l<AeeE
e|eFG<c eAe|LF<F @eL |e ceEE<ed BHG eFFH@<A: cEBFF FecG<BAF eEe
HAcEec>ed (<e cBAcEeGe FecG<BA CEBCeEG<eF), HF<A: |<AeeE FGEeFF-FGEe<A
Ee|eG<BAF;<CF, eAd eFFH@<A: @eeA Ie|HeF B e|eFG<c @BdH|HF
BE G;e H|G<@eGe |<@<G FGeGe BA|L, G;e @B@eAGF deE<Ied EB@ e|eFG<c
eAe|LF<F @eL |e Eed<FGE<|HGed (HC GB e @eK<@H@ B 30%) CEBI<ded
G;eG G;e EeFH|G<A: d<FGE<|HG<BA B @B@eAGF Ee@e<AF <A eDH<|<|E<H@ w<G;
G;e eCC|<ed |BedF eAd FH|=ecG GB ceEGe<A |<@<GF eAd deF<:A cE<GeE<e (e:
|<@<GeG<BAF B deCG; GB AeHGEe| eK<F)
)e:eEd|eFF B G;e @eG;Bd B eAe|LF<F HFed, G;e B||Bw<A: CE<Ac<C|eF eCC|L
.;eEe e |ee@ BE F|e| <F @BAB|<G;<c w<G; <GF FHCCBEGF, G;e cE<G<ce|
deF<:A ;B::<A: @B@eAG @eL |e Ge>eA eF G;eG eG G;e ece B G;e
FHCCBEG, |HG F;BH|d ABG |e Ge>eA eF |eFF G;eA 06S G<@eF G;e H||
<Ked eAd @B@eAG
.;eEe e |ee@ BE F|e| <F cBAG<AHBHF BIeE e FHCCBEG G;eG @eL |e
cBAF<deEed ABG GB CEBI<de EBGeG<BAe| EeFGEe<AG, G;e @B@eAG
ce|cH|eGed eG G;e ceAGEe |<Ae B G;e FHCCBEG @eL |e EedHced |L
(/
ld,FHC
//S), w;eEe /
ld,FHC
<F G;e FHCCBEG EeecG<BA eAd / <F G;e |EeedG;
B G;e FHCCBEG
BE G;e deF<:A B cB|H@AF G;e e|eFG<c @B@eAGF EB@ G;e Ee@e
ecG<BA F;BH|d |e HFed w<G;BHG eAL Eed<FGE<|HG<BA
beAd<A: @B@eAG eAd F;eeE BEce cB-e<c<eAGF BE |ee@F eEe :<IeA <A
+e||e 6, G;eFe eEe FH<Ge||e w;eEe FCeAF eEe B F<@<|eE |eA:G; eAd G;e
BG;eE ABGeF GB G;e Ge||e eEe B|FeEIed
Minimum concrete cover
+;e AB@<Ae| cBIeE ceA |e eFFeFFed eF B||BwF
.;eEe c
@<A
F;BH|d |e FeG GB FeG<FL G;e EeDH<Ee@eAGF |e|Bw
Fee GEeAF@<FF<BA B |BAd BEceF
dHEe|<|<GL
<Ee EeF<FGeAce
eAd Dc
deI
<F eA e||BweAce w;<c; F;BH|d |e @ede <A G;e deF<:A BE
deI<eG<BAF EB@ G;e @<A<@H@ cBIeE "G F;BH|d |e Ge>eA eF !0 @@,
HA|eFF e|E<ceG<BA (<e cBAFGEHcG<BA) <F FH|=ecGed GB e DHe|<GL eFFHEeAce
FLFGe@, <A w;<c; ceFe <G <F CeE@<GGed GB EedHce Dc
deI
GB S @@
Table 6
Bending moment and shear co-efficients for beams
Table 7
Exposure classes
Class Description
No risk of corrosion or attack
/0 BE cBAcEeGe w<G;BHG Ee<ABEce@eAG BE e@|edded @eGe| w;eEe G;eEe
<F AB F<:A<<ceAG EeeMe/G;ew, e|EeF<BA BE c;e@<ce| eGGec>
Corrosion induced by carbonation
/C! LEL BE CeE@eAeAG|L weG
/C? .eG, EeEe|L dEL
/C3/4 %BdeEeGe ;H@<d<GL BE cLc|<c weG eAd dEL
Corrosion induced by chlorides other than from seawater
/L! %BdeEeGe ;H@<d<GL
/L? .eG, EeEe|L dEL
/L3 CLc|<c weG eAd dEL
Corrosion induced by chlorides from seawater
/*! lKCBFed GB e<E|BEAe Fe|G |HG ABG <A d<EecG cBAGecG w<G; Fee weGeE
/*? (eE@eAeAG|L FH|@eE:ed
/*3 +<de|, FC|eF; eAd FCEeL MBAeF
Freeze/thaw with or without de-icing agents
/! %BdeEeGe weGeE FeGHEeG<BA w<G;BHG de-<c<A: e:eAG
/? %BdeEeGe weGeE FeGHEeG<BA w<G; de-<c<A: e:eAG
/3 !<:; weGeE FeGHEeG<BA w<G;BHG de-<c<A: e:eAG
/4 !<:; weGeE FeGHEeG<BA w<G; de-<c<A: e:eAG BE Fee weGeE
Chemical attack (ACEC classes)
)eeE GB b* SS00! eAd *Cec<e| L<:eFG !
!!
Table 5
Characteristic tensile properties of reinforcement
Moment Shear
'HGeE FHCCBEG ?S% B FCeA @B@eAG 04S (O )
&eeE @<dd|e B eAd FCeA 0090 O/ 0!00 /
AG <EFG <AGeE<BE FHCCBEG 0094 (O ) / 063 (O )
e
AG @<dd|e B <AGeE<BE FCeAF 0066 O/ 00S6 /
AG <AGeE<BE FHCCBEGF 00/S (O ) / 0S0 (O )
Key
a 0SS (O ) @eL |e HFed ed=eceAG GB G;e <AGeE<BE FCeA
Notes
1 )ed<FGE<|HG<BA B FHCCBEG @B@eAGF |L !S% ;eF |eeA <Ac|Hded
2 ACC|<ce||e GB 3 BE @BEe FCeAF BA|L eAd w;eEe
>
O O
>

3 %<A<@H@ FCeA P 0SS |BA:eFG FCeA

4 / <F G;e eecG<Ie |eA:G;, O <F G;e GBGe| B G;e ,l* CeE@eAeAG ecG<BAF, <F G;e GBGe|
B G;e ,l* IeE<e||e ecG<BAF
c
AB@
c
@<A
Dc
deI
lKC (4!)
Class (BS 4449) and designation (BS 8666) A B C
C;eEecGeE<FG<c L<e|d FGEeA:G; |
L>
BE |
0?>
(%(e) S00 S00 S00
%<A<@H@ Ie|He B ' ( |
G
/|
L
)
>
P !0S P !0S P !!S < !3S
C;eEecGeE<FG<c FGEe<A eG @eK<@H@ BEce e
H>
(%) P ?S P S0 P /S
Notes
1 +e||e deE<Ied EB@ b* l& !99?!! AAAeK C, b* 4449 ?00S eAd b* l& !00S0
!0

2 +;e AB@eAc|eGHEe HFed <A b* 4449 ?00S d<eEF EB@ G;eG HFed <A b* l& !99?!!
AAAeK C eAd HFed ;eEe
3 "A eccBEdeAce w<G; b* S666, c|eFF ! |e FCec<<ed, <A w;<c; ceFe c|eFF A, b BE C
@eL |e FHCC|<ed w;eA |eE d<e@eGeE O !? @@, BG;eEw<Fe c|eFFeF b BE C @HFG |e FHCC|<ed
12
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
!?mm,otherw|sec|essesborCmust|esupp||ed
c|esslmey|espec|ued,|nwh|chcesec|essA,borC
04S(O
d
$
d
)
00/S(O
d
$
d
)/ 0S0(O
d
$
d
)
0SS(O
d
$
d
)mey|euseded|ecenttothe|nter|orspen
/|sthespen,O
d
|sthedes|gnve|ueopermenentect|ons(et0lS)end
d
|sthedes|gn
ve|ueover|e||eect|ons(et0lS)
0066O
d
/$00S6
d
/
0094(O
d
$
d
)/
0090O
d
/$0!00
d
/
063(O
d
$
d
)
e
13
Minimum cover for bond
+;e @<A<@H@ cBIeE GB eAFHEe edeDHeGe |BAd F;BH|d ABG |e |eFF G;eA
G;e |eE d<e@eGeE, BE eDH<Ie|eAG |eE d<e@eGeE BE |HAd|ed |eEF, HA|eFF
G;e e::Ee:eGe F<Me <F BIeE 3? @@
Minimum cover for durability
+;e EecB@@eAdeG<BAF BE dHEe|<|<GL <A lHEBcBde ? eEe |eFed BA
b* l& ?06!
12
"A G;e ,l G;e EeDH<Ee@eAGF B b* l& ?06 ! eEe
eCC|<ed G;EBH:; G;e cB@C|e@eAGeEL FGeAdeEd b* SS00 +;<F
F<:A<<ceAG|L @Bd<<eF G;e eCCEBec; Ge>eA <A lHEBcBde ? b* SS00 weF
EeI<Fed <A ?00S eAd +e||e 43(A)(b*) B G;e ,l &A <F AB |BA:eE Ie|<d
+;e IeE<BHF eKCBFHEe c|eFFeF EB@ b* SS00 eEe :<IeA <A +e||e / *e|ecGed
EecB@@eAdeG<BAF eEe :<IeA <A +e||e S (BA Ce:e 6) BE G;e cBAcEeGe
FGEeA:G;, @<A<@H@ ce@eAG EeG<B, @<A<@H@ cBAcEeGe cBIeE eAd @eK<@H@
ce@eAG cBAGeAG BE IeE<BHF e|e@eAGF <A e FGEHcGHEe |eFed BA G;e eKCBFHEe
B G;eG e|e@eAG +;<F <F Ge>eA EB@ C;eCGeE !!, BE<:<Ae||L CH||<F;ed eF
/+2 /+ a.e S S'00 2&// S S''0
13

Design for fire resistance

lHEBcBde ? (eEG !? /ac/aa/ |&e Je.&q*
14
, :<IeF FeIeEe| @eG;BdF
BE deGeE@<A<A: G;e <Ee EeF<FGeAce B cBAcEeGe e|e@eAGF, HEG;eE
:H<deAce ceA |e B|Ge<Aed EB@ FCec<e|<FG |<GeEeGHEe LeF<:A BE
<Ee EeF<FGeAce @eL FG<|| |e ceEE<ed BHG |L EeeEE<A: GB Ge||eF GB
deGeE@<Ae G;e @<A<@H@ cBIeE eAd d<@eAF<BAF BE IeE<BHF e|e@eAGF,
eF FeG BHG |e|Bw
)eG;eE G;eA :<I<A: G;e @<A<@H@ cBIeE, G;e Ge|H|eE @eG;Bd <F |eFed
BA AB@<Ae| eK<F d<FGeAce, a (Fee <:HEe 4) +;<F <F G;e d<FGeAce EB@ G;e
ceAGEe B G;e @e<A Ee<ABEc<A: |eE GB G;e FHEece B G;e @e@|eE "G <F
e AB@<Ae| (ABG @<A<@H@) d<@eAF<BA +;e deF<:AeE F;BH|d eAFHEe G;eG
a c
AB@
f
|<A>
f
|eE
/?
+;eEe eEe G;Eee FGeAdeEd <Ee eKCBFHEe cBAd<G<BAF G;eG @eL |e FeG<F<ed
R %ec;eA<ce| EeF<FGeAce BE |Bed |eeE<A:
E "AGe:E<GL B FeCeEeG<BA
I "AFH|eG<BA
+e||eF 9 eAd !0 :<Ie G;e @<A<@H@ d<@eAF<BAF BE cB|H@AF eAd F|e|F
GB @eeG G;e e|BIe cBAd<G<BAF +;e Ge||eF BeE @BEe |eK<|<|<GL G;eA
b* S!!0 <A G;eG G;eEe eEe BCG<BAF eIe<|e||e GB G;e deF<:AeE e: FecG<BA
F<MeF ceA |e EedHced |L <AcEeeF<A: G;e eK<F d<FGeAce HEG;eE <ABE@eG<BA
<F :<IeA <A lHEBcBde ? eAd FH|FeDHeAG c;eCGeEF, <Ac|Hd<A: deF<:A
|<@<GeG<BAF eAd deGe BE we||F eAd |ee@F
Table 9
Minimum column dimensions and axis distances for columns with
rectangular or circular section method A
Standard fire Minimum dimensions (mm)
resistance Column width ( b
min
)/axis distance (a) of the main bars
Column exposed on more Exposed on one side
than one side (
m
f i
= 0.7) (
m
f i
= 0.7)
) 60 ?S0/46 !SS/?S
3S0/40
) !?0 3S0/S/ !/S/3S
4S0/S!
) ?40 N ?9S//0
Notes
1 )eeE GB b* l& !99?!? BE deF<:A |<@<GeG<BAF
2
m
<
<F G;e EeG<B B G;e deF<:A eK<e| |Bed HAdeE <Ee cBAd<G<BAF GB G;e deF<:A EeF<FGeAce
B G;e cB|H@A eG ABE@e| Ge@CeEeGHEe cBAd<G<BAF CBAFeEIeG<Ie|L
m
<
@eL |e Ge>eA
eF 0/
* %<A<@H@ S |eEF
%eG;Bd b <Ad<ceGeF 600//0 BE ) ?40 eAd
m
<
0/ eAd @eL |e HFed
*ee l& !99?!? +e||e S?|
Standard Minimum dimensions (mm)
fire
One-way Two-way spanning slab Flat slab Ribs in a two-way spanning ribbed slab
resistance
spanning slab
l
y
/l
x
1.5 1.5 < l
y
/l
x
2 (b
min
is the width of the rib)
)l" 60 /
F
S0 S0 S0 !S0 /
@<A
!00 !?0 P?00
a ?0 !0 !S !S a ?S !S !0
)l" !?0 /
F
!?0 !?0 !?0 ?00 /
@<A
!60 !90 P300
a 40 ?0 ?S 3S a 4S 40 30
)l" ?40 /
F
!/S !/S !/S ?00 /
@<A
4S0 /00
a 6S 40 S0 S0 a /0 60

Notes
1 )eeE GB b* l& !99?!? BE deF<:A |<@<GeG<BAF
2 a <F G;e eK<F d<FGeAce (Fee <:HEe 4)
3 /
F
<F G;e F|e| G;<c>AeFF, <Ac|Hd<A: eAL ABA-cB@|HFG<||e |BBE<A:
Figure 4
Sections through structural members, showing nominal axis distance, a
Table 10
Minimum dimensions and axis distances for reinforced concrete slabs
13
?Cett|ngsterted
?006 (N)(bS)othe0lNA|sno|ongerve||d
14
Table 8
Selected
e
recommendations for normal-weight reinforced concrete quality for combined exposure classes and cover to reinforcement for at least a 50-
year intended working life and 20 mm maximum aggregate size
Exposure conditions Cement/
combination
designations
b
Nominal cover to reinforcement
d
Typical example Primary Secondary
15 +Dc
dev
20 +Dc
dev
25 +Dc
dev
30 +Dc
dev
35 +Dc
dev
40 +Dc
dev
45 +Dc
dev
50 +Dc
dev
Strength class
c
, maximum w/c ratio, minimum cement or combination
content (kg/m
3
), and equivalent designated concrete (where applicable)
)ecB@@eAded G;eG G;<F eKCBFHEe <F ABG eCC|<ed GB Ee<ABEced cBAcEeGe
"AGeEAe| @eFF
cBAcEeGe
"AGeEAe| e|e@eAGF
(eKceCG ;H@<d
|BceG<BAF)
bHE<ed cBAcEeGe
<A AC-! :EBHAd
cBAd<G<BAF
e
-eEG<ce| FHEece
CEBGecGed EB@
d<EecG Ee<Ae||
lKCBFed IeEG<ce|
FHEeceF
lKCBFed ;BE<MBAGe|
FHEeceF
l|e@eAGF FH|=ecG
GB e<E|BEAe
c;|BE<deF
CeE CeE> dec>F eAd
eEeeF FH|=ecG GB
de-<c<A: FCEeL
-eEG<ce| e|e@eAGF
FH|=ecG GB de-<c<A:
FCEeL eAd EeeM<A:
CeE CeE> dec>F,
Ee@CF eAd eKGeEAe|
eEeeF FH|=ecG GB
EeeM<A: eAd
de-<c<A: Fe|GF
lKCBFed IeEG<ce|
FHEeceF AeeE cBeFG
lKCBFed ;BE<MBAGe|
FHEeceF AeeE cBeFG
X0
333
XC1
XC2
XC3
8
XC4
XD1

XD3

XS1

333
AC-1
333
XF1
XF3
333
333
XF2
XF4
XF4 (e<E
eAGEe<Aed)
XF3 or
XF4
XF1
XF3 (e<E
eAGEe<Aed)
A||
A||
A||
A|| eKceCG
"-b--
A|| eKceCG
"-b--
A|| eKceCG
"-b--
A|| eKceCG
"-b--
A||
""b--, """A
Cl% ", ""A,
""b-*, *)(C
"""b, "-b--
""b--, """A
Cl% ", ""A,
""b-*, *)(C
"""b, "-b--
Cl% ", ""A,
""b-*, *)(C
""b--, """A, """b
Cl% ", ""A,
""b-*, *)(C
""b--, """A
"""b
Cl% ", ""A,
""b-*, *)(C
C?0/?S,
0/0, ?40 BE
)C?0/?S
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
<<<
333
C40/S0,
04S, 340 BE
)C40/S0
C40/S0,
04S, 340 BE
)C40/S0
C40/S0,04S,
340
:
BE
)C40/S0/
:
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
<<<
C?S/30,
06S, ?60 BE
)C?S/30
C30/3/,
0SS, 300
BE )C30/3/
C30/3/,
0SS, 300
BE )C30/3/
<<<
C30/3/,
0SS, 300
C|HF e<E
:,;
C40/S0,
04S, 360
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
<<<
<<<
C?S/3S,
060, ?S0 BE
)C?S/3S
C?S/3S,
060, ?S0 BE
)C?S/3S
<<<
C?S/3S,
060, ?S0
C|HF e<E
:,;
BE (A-?
C3?/40,
0SS, 3?0
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
*ee
b* SS00
*ee
b* SS00
C3?/40,
040, 3S0
*ee
b* SS00
<<<
<<<
C?S/30,
06S, ?60 BE
)C?S/30
<<<
<<<
C?S/30,
060, ?S0
C|HF e<E
:, ;, =
BE (A-!
C?S/3S,
060, 300
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
333
C3S/4S,
04S, 360
C3?/40,
04S, 360
C?S/30,
0S0, 340
C40/S0,
04S, 360
:
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
C3S/4S,
040, 3S0
*ee
b* SS00
C3?/40,
040, 3S0
C3S/4S,
040, 3S0
*ee
b* SS00
C3?/40,
040, 3S0
*ee
b* SS00
C?S/3S,
040, 3S0
:, ;
C3?/40,
0S0, 340
C?S/3S,
0S0, 340
C?S/30,
0S0, 340
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
C3?/40,
04S, 360
C40/S0,
040, 3S0
C?S/3S,
04S, 360
C3?/40,
04S, 360
C40/S0,
040, 3S0
C3?/40
04S, 360
C40/S0,
040, 3S0
:
C?S/3S
04S, 360
:, ;
<<<
C?S/30,
0SS, 3?0
C?S/30,
0SS, 3?0
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
C?S/3S,
0S0, 340
C3S/4S,
04S, 360
C?S/30,
0S0, 340
C3?/40,
0S0, 340
C3S/4S,
04S, 360
C3?/40,
0S0, 340
<<<
C?S/3S,
0S0, 340
:, ;
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
333
&BG EecB@@eAded
<<< "Ad<ceGeF G;eG cBAcEeGe
DHe|<GL <A ce|| GB G;e |eG
F;BH|d ABG |e EedHced
Key
a +;<F Ge||e cB@CE<FeF e Fe|ecG<BA B cB@@BA eKCBFHEe c|eFF cB@|<AeG<BAF
)eDH<Ee@eAGF BE BG;eE FeGF B eKCBFHEe c|eFFeF, e: /L?, /*? eAd /*3 F;BH|d
|e deE<Ied EB@ b* SS00-! ?00?, AAAeK A
b *ee b* SS00-?, +e||e ! (Cl% " <F (BEG|eAd ce@eAG, ""A GB "-b eEe ce@eAG cB@|<AeG<BAF)
c BE CEeFGEeFFed cBAcEeGe G;e @<A<@H@ FGEeA:G; c|eFF F;BH|d |e C?S/3S
d Dc
deI
<F eA e||BweAce BE deI<eG<BAF
e BE FecG<BAF |eFF G;eA !40 @@ G;<c> EeeE GB b* SS00
f A|FB edeDHeGe BE eKCBFHEe c|eFF /C3/4
g EeeMe/G;ew EeF<FG<A: e::Ee:eGeF F;BH|d |e FCec<<ed
h A<E eAGEe<Aed cBAcEeGe <F EeDH<Eed
j +;<F BCG<BA @eL ABG |e FH<Ge||e BE eEeeF FH|=ecG GB
FeIeEe e|EeF<BA
-
14
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
Cement/
combination
designations
b
15
a) Bracing system b) Floor diaphragm c) Roof diaphragm
Figure 5
Examples of the effect of geometric imperfections
Stability and imperfections
+;e eecGF B :eB@eGE<c <@CeEecG<BAF F;BH|d |e cBAF<deEed <A
cB@|<AeG<BA w<G; G;e eecGF B w<Ad |BedF (<e ABG eF eA e|GeEAeG<Ie
|Bed cB@|<AeG<BA) BE :|B|e| eAe|LF<F, G;e <@CeEecG<BAF @eL |e
EeCEeFeAGed |L eA <Ac|<AeG<BA y
<

y
<
(!/?00) K a
;
K a
@
w;eEe
a
;
(?/R/), GB |e Ge>eA eF ABG |eFF G;eA ?/3 ABE :EeeGeE G;eA !0
a
@
10S (! !/))2
0
.
5
/ <F G;e ;e<:;G B G;e |H<|d<A: <A @eGEeF
) <F G;e AH@|eE B IeEG<ce| @e@|eEF cBAGE<|HG<A: GB G;e ;BE<MBAGe|
BEce <A G;e |Eec<A: FLFGe@
+;e eecG B G;e <Ac|<AeG<BA @eL |e EeCEeFeAGed |L GEeAFIeEFe BEceF eG
eec; |eIe| eAd <Ac|Hded <A G;e eAe|LF<F e|BA: w<G; BG;eE ecG<BAF (Fee
<:HEe S)
lecG BA |Eec<A: FLFGe@ /
<
y
<
(/
|
/
e
)
lecG BA |BBE d<eC;Ee:@ /
<
y
<
(/
|
/
e
)/?
lecG BA EBB d<eC;Ee:@ /
<
y
<
/
e
w;eEe /
e
eAd /
|
eEe |BA:<GHd<Ae| BEceF cBAGE<|HG<A: GB /
<

"A @BFG ceFeF, eA e||BweAce BE <@CeEecG<BAF <F @ede <A G;e CeEG<e|
ecGBEF HFed <A G;e deF<:A B e|e@eAGF !BweIeE BE cB|H@AF, G;e eecG
B <@CeEecG<BAF, w;<c; <F F<@<|eE <A CE<Ac<C|e GB G;e e|BIe, @HFG |e
cBAF<deEed (Fee C;eCGeE S, BE<:<Ae||L CH||<F;ed eF C+/a)*.
15
)
Steel
stress
(s
s
)MPa
OR OR
Table 11
Maximum bar size or spacing to limit crack width
w
max
= 0.4 mm w
max
= 0.3 mm
Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
bar bar bar bar
size (mm) spacing (mm) size (mm) spacing (mm)
!60 40 300 3? 300
?00 3? 300 ?S ?S0
?40 ?0 ?S0 !6 ?00
?S0 !6 ?00 !? !S0
3?0 !? !S0 !0 !00
360 !0 !00 S S0
Note
+;e FGee| FGEeFF @eL |e eFG<@eGed EB@ G;e eKCEeFF<BA |e|Bw (BE Fee <:HEe 6)
s
F
|
L>
) /
F,EeD
g
F
* /
F,CEBI
d
w;eEe
|
L>
c;eEecGeE<FG<c Ee<ABEce@eAG L<e|d FGEeFF
g
F
CeEG<e| ecGBE BE Ee<ABEc<A: FGee|
) GBGe| |Bed EB@ DHeF<-CeE@eAeAG cB@|<AeG<BA
* GBGe| |Bed EB@ ,l* cB@|<AeG<BA
/
F,EeD
eEee B Ee<ABEce@eAG eG G;e ,l*
/
F,CEBI
eEee B Ee<ABEce@eAG CEBI<ded
d EeG<B B Eed<FGE<|HGed @B@eAG GB e|eFG<c @B@eAG
Crack control
CEec> w<dG;F F;BH|d |e |<@<Ged GB eAFHEe eCCeeEeAce eAd dHEe|<|<GL
eEe FeG<FecGBEL "A G;e e|FeAce B FCec<<c dHEe|<|<GL EeDH<Ee@eAGF
(e: weGeE G<:;GAeFF) G;e cEec> w<dG;F @eL |e |<@<Ged GB 03 @@ <A
e|| eKCBFHEe c|eFFeF HAdeE G;e DHeF<-CeE@eAeAG cB@|<AeG<BA "A G;e
e|FeAce B EeDH<Ee@eAGF BE eCCeeEeAce, G;<F |<@<G @eL |e Ee|eKed (GB
FeL 04 @@) BE eKCBFHEe c|eFFeF /0 eAd /C! (EeeE GB +e||e /) +;e
G;eBEeG<ce| F<Me B G;e cEec> ceA |e ce|cH|eGed HF<A: G;e eKCEeFF<BAF
:<IeA <A C| /34 EB@ lHEBcBde ?!! BE EB@ G;e Rdee@ed GB FeG<FL'
EeDH<Ee@eAGF G;eG ceA |e B|Ge<Aed EB@ +e||e !!, w;<c; <F |eFed BA
Ge||eF /?& eAd /3& B G;e lHEBcBde +;e |<@<GF eCC|L GB e<G;eE G;e
|eE F<Me BE G;e |eE FCec<A:, ABG |BG;
Figure 6
Determination of steel stress for crack width control
To determine stress in the reinforcement (s
s
), calculate the ratio G
k
/Q
k
,
read up the graph to the appropriate curve and read across to determine s
su
.
s
s
can be calculated from the expression: s
s
= s
su
A
s,req
A
s,prov
1
d
( ( ) )
15
?Cett|ngsterted
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e

s
t
e
e
l

s
t
r
e
s
s

a
t

S
L
S

f
o
r

A
s
,

r
e
q
,

s
s
u
16
References
1 b)"+"*! *+A&LA)L* "&*+"+,+"'& b* l& !99?, lHEBcBde ? /e.&q* +| c+*ce/e ./ac/ae. b*" (4 CeEGF)
2 "&*+"+,+"'& ' *+),C+,)Al l&C"&ll)*/+!l C'&C)l+l *'C"l+0 /a*JaJ )e//+J +| Je/a&/&*q "*l/C* ?006
3 &A)A0A&A&, ) * 8 b)''ll), ' /+2 /+ Je.&q* c+*ce/e ./ac/ae. a.&*q /a+c+Je ? /*/+Jac/&+* /+ /a+c+Je. (+CC/03/!6) +;e CBAcEeGe CeAGEe, ?00S
4 b)"+"*! *+A&LA)L* "&*+"+,+"'& b* l& !990, lHEBcBde Sa.&. +| ./ac/aa/ Je.&q* b*", ?00?
5 b)"+"*! *+A&LA)L* "&*+"+,+"'& b* l& !99!, lHEBcBde ! /c/&+*. +* ./ac/ae. b*" (!0 CeEGF)
6 b)"+"*! *+A&LA)L* "&*+"+,+"'& b* l& !99!, lHEBcBde ! /c/&+*. +* ./ac/ae. a/ '-' Oe*ea/ ac/&+*. - /e*.&/&e. .e/|-2e&q// &)o+.eJ /+aJ.
|+ /a&/J&*q. b*", ?00?
7 b)"+"*! *+A&LA)L* "&*+"+,+"'& b* SS00! C+*ce/e - C+)o/e)e*/a, S&/&./ /a*JaJ /+ S // ?06-'- a/ ' /e//+J +| .oec&|,&*q a*J
qa&Ja*ce |+ //e .oec&|&e b*", ?006
8 b)"+"*! *+A&LA)L* "&*+"+,+"'& b* 4449 oec&|&ca/&+* |+ ca/+* ./ee/ /a. |+ //e e&*|+ce)e*/ +| c+*ce/e b*", ?00S
9 b)"+"*! *+A&LA)L* "&*+"+,+"'& Sac'q+a*J oaoe /+ //e c/ /a/&+*a/ /**e3 /+ S // '99?-'-' b*", ?006
10 b)"+"*! *+A&L A)L* "&*+"+,+"'& b* l& !00S0 /ee/ |+ //e e&*|+ce)e*/ +| c+*ce/e - we/Ja//e e&*|+c&*q ./ee/ - Oe*ea/ b*", ?00S
11 b,"lL"&C )l*lA)C! l*+Abl"*!%l&+ *Cec<e| L<:eFG ! C+*ce/e &* aqqe..&1e q+a*J b)l, ?00S
12 b)"+"*! *+A&LA)L* "&*+"+,+"'& b* l& ?06! C+*ce/e - a/ oec&|&ca/&+* oe|+)a*ce o+Jac/&+* a*J c+*|+)&/, b*", ?000
13 !A))"*'&, + A b)''ll), ' /+2 /+ a.e S S'00 2&// S S''0 (+CC/03/!!) +;e CBAcEeGe CeAGEe, ?00S
14 b)"+"*! *+A&LA)L* "&*+"+,+"'& b* l& !99?!?, lHEBcBde ? /e.&q* +| c+*ce/e ./ac/ae. Oe*ea/ a/e. - ./ac/aa/ |&e Je.&q*, b*", ?004
15 %'**, ) % 8 b)''ll), ' /+2 /+ Je.&q* c+*ce/e ./ac/ae. a.&*q /a+c+Je ? C+/a)*., (+CC/03/?0) +;e CBAcEeGe CeAGEe, ?006
16
?Cett|ngsterted
ueslgnlng Lo Lurocode 2
+9|s chepter covers the ene|ys|s end des|gn o s|e|s to lurocode ?
1
wh|ch |s
essent|e||y the seme es w|th bS S!!0
2
lowever, the |eyout end content o
lurocode ? mey eppeer unusue| to des|gners em|||er w|th bS S!!0 lurocode ?
does not conte|n the der|ved ormu|ee or spec||c gu|dence on determ|n|ng
moments end sheer orces h|s hes er|sen |eceuse |t hes |een luropeen
prect|ce to g|ve pr|nc|p|es |n the codes end or the dete||ed epp||cet|on to
|e presented |n other sources such es text|oo|s
Chepter !, or|g|ne||y pu|||shed es /|oJac|/o |o /aocoJe
3
, h|gh||ghted the
|ey d|erences |etween lurocode ? end bS S!!0, |nc|ud|ng term|no|ogy
Chepter /, or|g|ne||y pu|||shed es //a| /a/
4
covers the des|gn o |et s|e|s
lt shou|d |e noted thet ve|ues rom the 0l Net|one| Annex (NA) heve |een
used throughout, |nc|ud|ng ve|ues thet ere em|edded |n der|ved ormu|ee
(Ler|vet|ons cen |e ound et wwweurocode?|no) A ||st o sym|o|s re|eted to
s|e| des|gn |s g|ven et the end o th|s chepter
ueslgn procedure
A procedure or cerry|ng out the dete||ed des|gn o s|e|s |s shown |n e||e !
h|s essumes thet the s|e| th|c|ness hes prev|ous|y |een determ|ned dur|ng
conceptue| des|gn More dete||ed edv|ce on determ|n|ng des|gn ||e, ect|ons,
meter|e| propert|es, methods o ene|ys|s, m|n|mum concrete cover or
dure||||ty end contro| o crec| w|dths cen |e ound |n Chepter ?, or|g|ne||y
pu|||shed es Oe||/q |a|eJ
5

llre reslsLunce
lurocode ?, lert !? |ac|aa/ |/e Je/q
6
, g|ves e cho|ce o edvenced,
s|mp|||ed or te|u|er methods or determ|n|ng the |re res|stence 0s|ng te||es
|s the estest method or determ|n|ng the m|n|mum d|mens|ons end cover or
s|e|s here ere, however, some restr|ct|ons wh|ch shou|d |e edhered to
lurther gu|dence on the edvenced end s|mp|||ed methods cen |e o|te|ned
rom spec|e||st ||tereture
kether then g|v|ng e m|n|mum cover, the te|u|er method |s |esed on
nom|ne| ex|s d|stence, a h|s |s the d|stence rom the centre o the me|n
re|norc|ng |er to the surece o the mem|er lt |s e nom|ne| (not m|n|mum)
low to des|gn concrete structures us|ng lurocode ?
3 S|e|s
k M Moss bSc, lhL, LlC, Clng, MlCl, MlStructl O 8rookor blng, Clng, MlCl, MlStructl
Co|/ae oaqe '9
18
Standard firo Minimum dimonsions {mm}
rosistanco
One-wuy
u, b
1wo-wuy spunnlng slub
u,b,c,d
klbs ln u Lwo-wuy spunnlng rlbbed slub
e
spunnlng slub
|
y
/|
x
s 1.S
I
1.S <|
y
/|
x
s 2
I
2
1ab|o 1
S|ab dosign procoduro
kll 60
kll 90
kll !?0
kll ?40
/
s

a
/
s

a
/
s

a
/
s

a
S0
?0
!00
30
!?0
40
!/S
6S
S0
!0
g
!00
!S
g
!?0
?0
!/S
40
S0
!S
g
!00
?0
!?0
?S
!/S
S0
/
m|n

a
/
m|n

a
/
m|n

a
/
m|n

a
!00
?S
!?0
3S
!60
4S
4S0
/0
!?0
!S
g
!60
?S
!90
40
/00
60
~?00
!0
g
~?S0
!S
g
~300
30

Notos
1 h|s te||e |s te|en rom bS lN !99?!? e||es SS to S!! lor |et s|e|s reer to
Chepter /
2 he te||e |s ve||d on|y | the dete|||ng requ|rements (see note 3) ere o|served end |n
norme| tempereture des|gn red|str||ut|on o |end|ng moments does not exceed !S%
3 lor |re res|stence o k90 end e|ove, or e d|stence o 03/
e
rom the centre ||ne o eech
|ntermed|ete support, the eree o top re|norcement shou|d not |e |ess then the o||ow|ng
/
s,req
(x) /
s,req
( 0) ( ! ?S( x/ /
e
) )
where
x |s the d|stence o the sect|on |e|ng cons|dered rom the centre
||ne o the support
/
s,req
( 0) |s the eree o re|norcement requ|red or norme| tempereture des|gn
/
s,req
(x) |s the m|n|mum eree o re|norcement requ|red et the sect|on
|e|ng cons|dered |ut not |ess then thet requ|red or norme|
tempereture des|gn
/
e
|s the greeter o the eect|ve |engths o the two ed|ecent spens
4 here ere three stenderd |re exposure cond|t|ons thet need to |e set|s|ed
k Mechen|ce| res|stence or |oed |eer|ng
lntegr|ty o seperet|on
| lnsu|et|on
5 he r||s |n e one-wey spenn|ng r|||ed s|e| cen |e treeted es |eems end reerence cen
|e mede to Chepter 4, Seam he topp|ng cen |e treeted es e two-wey s|e| where
!S < /
y
/ /
x
< ?
koy
a he s|e| th|c|ness /
s
|s the sum o the s|e| th|c|ness end the th|c|ness o eny
non-com|ust|||e |oor|ng
b lor cont|nuous so||d s|e|s e m|n|mum neget|ve re|norcement /
s
~ 000S /
c
shou|d |e prov|ded over |ntermed|ete supports |
!) co|d wor|ed re|norcement |s used, or
?) there |s no |x|ty over the end supports |n e two spen s|e|, or
3) where trensverse red|str||ut|on o |oed eects cennot |e ech|eved
c ln two wey s|e|s the ex|s reers to the |ower |eyer o re|norcement
d he term two wey s|e|s re|etes to s|e|s supported et e|| our edges l th|s |s
not the cese, they shou|d |e treeted es one-wey spenn|ng s|e|s
o lor two-wey r|||ed s|e|s the o||ow|ng notes epp|y
he ex|s d|stence meesured to the |etere| surece o the r|| shou|d |e et
|eest (a !0)
he ve|ues epp|y where there |s predom|nent|y un|orm|y d|str||uted |oed|ng
here shou|d |e et |eest one restre|ned edge
he top re|norcement shou|d |e p|eced |n the upper he| o the |enge
f /
x
end /
y
ere the spens o e two-wey s|e| (two d|rect|ons et r|ght eng|es) where
/
y
|s the |onger spen
g Norme||y the requ|rements o bS lN !99?!! w||| determ|ne the cover
1ab|o 2
Minimum dimonsions and axis distancos for roinforcod concroto s|abs {oxc|uding f|at s|abs}
Stop 1ask |urthor guidanco
ChupLer ln Lhls publlcuLlon SLundurd
! Leterm|ne des|gn ||e ? Oe||/q |a|eJ NA to bS lN !990 e||e NA?!
? Assess ect|ons on the s|e| ? Oe||/q |a|eJ bS lN !99! (!0 perts) end Net|one| Annexes
3 Leterm|ne wh|ch com||net|ons o ect|ons epp|y ! /|oJac|/o |o /aocoJe NA to bS lN !990 e||es NAA!! end NAA!? (b)
4 Leterm|ne |oed|ng errengements ? Oe||/q |a|eJ NA to bS lN !99?!!
S Assess dure||||ty requ|rements end determ|ne concrete strength ? Oe||/q |a|eJ bS SS00 ?006
6 Chec| cover requ|rements or eppropr|ete |re res|stence per|od ? Oe||/q |a|eJ end e||e ? Approved Locument b bS lN !99?!? Sect|on S
/ Ce|cu|ete m|n cover or dure||||ty, |re end |ond requ|rements ? Oe||/q |a|eJ bS lN !99?!! C| 44!
S Ane|yse structure to o|te|n cr|t|ce| moments end sheer orces ? Oe||/q |a|eJ end e||e 3 bS lN !99?!! sect|on S
9 Les|gn |exure| re|norcement See l|gure ! bS lN !99?!! sect|on 6!
!0 Chec| de|ect|on See l|gure 3 bS lN !99?!! sect|on /4
!! Chec| sheer cepec|ty See e||e / bS lN !99?!! sect|on 6?
!? Chec| spec|ng o |ers ? Oe||/q |a|eJ bS lN !99?!! sect|on /3
Noto
NA Net|one| Annex
18
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
19
nd support Is|ab connoction |irst |ntorior |ntorior
llnned ConLlnuous
intorior spans supports
Lnd Lnd Lnd Lnd
support
supporL spun supporL spun
Moment 0 00S6// 004// 00/S// 00S6// 0063// 0063//
Sheer 040/ 046/ 06/ 0S/
Notos
1 App||ce||e to one-wey spenn|ng s|e|s where the eree o eech |ey exceeds 30 m
?
,

|
< !?S O
|
end
|
< S |N/m
?
2 / |s the tote| des|gn u|t|mete |oed, / |s the spen
3 M|n|mum spen > 0SS |ongest spen, m|n|mum 3 spens
4 besed on ?0% red|str||ut|on et supports end no decreese |n spen moments
3
f
ck
f
ctm
Minimum%{0.26 f
ctm
If
yk
a
}
?S ?6 0!3%
?S ?S 0!4%
30 ?9 0!S%
3? 30 0!6%
3S 3? 0!/%
40 3S 0!S%
4S 3S 0?0%
S0 4! 0?!%
koy
a vhere |
y|
S00 Mle
1ab|o 3
8onding momont and shoar coofficionts for s|abs
1ab|o 4
Va|uos for K'
1ab|o 6
Minimum porcontago of roinforcomont roquirod
% rodistribution d {rodistribution ratio} K'
0 !00 0?0S
e
!0 090 0!S?
e
!S 0SS 0!6S
?0 0S0 0!S3
?S 0/S 0!3/
30 0/0 0!?0
K z/d
<00S 09S0
e
006 0944
00/ 0934
00S 09?4
009 09!3
0!0 090?
0!! 0S9!
0!? 0SS0
K z/d
0!3 0S6S
0!4 0SS6
0!S 0S43
0!6 0S30
0!/ 0S!6
0!S 0S0?
0!9 0/S/
0?0 0//!
Curry ouL unulysls oI slub Lo deLermlne deslgn momenLs (/)
(Where upproprluLe use coeIIlclenLs Irom 1uble 2)
ObLuln lever urm z Irom 1uble S or
CulculuLe Lenslon relnIorcemenL requlred Irom
Check mlnlmum relnIorcemenL requlremenLs (see 1uble 6)
No compresslon relnIorcemenL requlred
Check muxlmum relnIorcemenL requlremenLs
/
s, mux
= 0.04 /
c
Ior Lenslon or compresslon
relnIorcemenL ouLslde lup locuLlons
ueLermlne /' Irom 1uble 4 or
/' = 0.60d 0.18d
2
0.21 where d s 1.0
OuLslde scope oI
Lhls publlcuLlon
Compresslon
relnIorcemenL
requlred noL
recommended Ior
Lyplcul slubs
S1Ak1
ConcreLe cluss
sCS0/60?
ls / s /' ?
Yes
Yes
No
No
ueLermlne / Irom. / =
|iguro 1
rocoduro for dotormining f|oxura| roinforcomont
d|mens|on, so the des|gner shou|d ensure thet
a ~ c
nom
f
||n|
f
|er
/?
he requ|rements or ver|ous types o s|e| ere g|ven |n e||e ?
llexure
he des|gn procedure or |exure| des|gn |s g|ven |n l|gure !, th|s
|nc|udes der|ved ormu|ee |esed on the s|mp|||ed rectengu|er stress
||oc| rom lurocode ? vhere eppropr|ete, e||e 3 mey |e used to
determ|ne |end|ng moments end sheer orces or s|e|s lurther
|normet|on or the des|gn o two-wey, r|||ed or we|e s|e|s |s g|ven |n
the eppropr|ete sect|ons on peges S end 6
oJ
2
j
ck
/
1 + 1 2.S2/ s 0.9SJ t =
2
J
| |
/
s
=
j
yd
t
/
/
s, mln
= where j
ck
a 2S
j
yk
0.26 j
cLm
o
L
J
koy
a l|m|t|ng to 09SJ |s not e requ|rement o lurocode ?, |ut |s cons|dered to |e good prect|ce
1ab|o 5
z/d for sing|y roinforcod roctangu|ar soctions
koy
a lt |s oten recomended |n the 0l thet / shou|d |e ||m|ted to 0!6S to ensure duct||e e||ure
19
3S|e|s
20
|iguro 2
Simp|ifiod roctangu|ar stross b|ock for concroto up to c|ass C50I60 from urocodo 2
ueIlecLlon
lurocode ? hes two e|ternet|ve methods o des|gn|ng or de|ect|on,
e|ther |y ||m|t|ng spen-to-depth ret|o or |y essess|ng the theoret|ce|
de|ect|on us|ng the lxpress|ons g|ven |n the lurocode he |etter
|s dee|t w|th |n dete|| |n Chepter S, or|g|ne||y pu|||shed es /e|/ec|/o
ca/ca/a|/o
7

he spen-to-depth ret|os shou|d ensure thet de|ect|on |s ||m|ted to

spen/?S0 end th|s |s the procedure presented |n l|gure 3
lurocode ? oers ver|ous methods or determ|n|ng the stress-stre|n
re|et|onsh|p o concrete lor s|mp||c|ty end em|||er|ty the method
presented here |s the s|mp|||ed rectengu|er stress ||oc|, wh|ch |s
s|m||er to thet ound |n bS S!!0 (see l|gure ?)
he lurocode g|ves recommendet|ons or the des|gn o concrete up to
c|ess C90/!0S lowever, or concrete greeter then c|ess CS0/60, the stress
||oc| |s mod||ed lt |s |mportent to note thet concrete strength |s |esed
on the cy||nder strength end not the cu|e strength (|e or c|ess C?S/3S
the cy||nder strength |s ?S Mle, wherees the cu|e strength |s 3S Mle)
|iguro 4
Dotormination of stoo| stross
|iguro 3
rocoduro for assossing dof|oction
1o deLermlne sLress ln Lhe provlded relnIorcemenL (s
s
), culculuLe
Lhe ruLlo C
k
/Q
k
, reud up Lhe gruph Lo Lhe upproprluLe curve und
reud ucross Lo deLermlne s
su
.
s
s
cun be culculuLed Irom Lhe expresslon. s
s
= s
su
/
s,req
/
s,prov
1
d
( ( ) )
ls buslc |/J x l1 x l2 x l2 a AcLuul |/J ?
lncreuse
/
s,prov
ueLermlne lucLor 2 (l2)
l2 = 210/s
s
Where s
s
= SLress ln relnIorcemenL uL servlceublllLy
llmlL sLuLe (see llgure 4)
s
s
muy be ussumed Lo be 210 Mlu (l.e. l2 = 1.0)
NoLe. /
s,prov
s 1.S /
s,req'd
(UK NuLlonul Annex)
ueLermlne buslc |/J Irom llgure S
Check compleLe
ueLermlne lucLor 1 (l1)
lor rlbbed or wuIIle slubs
l1 = 1 0.1 ((o
I
/o
w
) 1) a 0.8
1
(o
I
ls Ilunge breudLh und o
w
ls rlb breudLh)
OLherwlse l1 = 1.0
ueLermlne lucLor 2 (l2)
Where Lhe slub spun exceeds 7 m und lL supporLs
brlLLle purLlLlons, l2 = 7/|
eII
OLherwlse l2 = 1.0
No
Yes
S1Ak1
1
1he Lurocode ls umblguous regurdlng llneur lnLerpoluLlon. lL ls undersLood LhuL Lhls
wus Lhe lnLenLlon oI Lhe druILlng commlLLee und ls ln llne wlLh currenL UK prucLlce.
20
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
,
s
s
u
A
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e

s
t
e
e
l

s
t
r
e
s
s

a
t

S
L
S

f
o
r

A
s
,
r
e
q
,

s
s
u
21 55
ueslgn Ior sheur
lt |s not usue| or e s|e| to conte|n sheer re|norcement, thereore |t |s
on|y necessery to ensure thet the concrete sheer stress cepec|ty
w|thout sheer re|norcement (.
kd,c
see e||e /) |s more then epp||ed
sheer stress (.
ld
\
ld
/( /J )) vhere sheer re|norcement |s requ|red,
eg or r||s |n e r|||ed s|e|, reer to Chepter 4, or|g|ne||y pu|||shed es
Seam
8

1wo-wuy slubs
0n|||e bS S!!0 there |s no spec||c gu|dence g|ven |n lurocode ? on
how to determ|ne the |end|ng moments or e two-wey s|e| he
essessment o the |end|ng moment cen |e cerr|ed out us|ng eny
su|te||e method rom Sect|on S o the Code lowever, co-e|c|ents
mey |e o|te|ned rom e||e S (te|en rom the /aaa/ |o |/e Je/q o|
/a//J/q |ac|ae |o /aocoJe ?
9
) to determ|ne |end|ng moments per
un|t w|dth (/
sx
end /
sy
) where
/
sx
b
sx
u /
x
2
/
sy
b
sy
u /
x
2
vhere b
sx
end b
sy
ere coe|c|ents, /
x
|s the shorter spen end u (|oed
per un|t eree) |s the Sk u|t|mete ||m|t stete com||net|on lor more
|normet|on on com||net|ons reer to Chepter !, or|g|ne||y pu|||shed es
/|oJac|/o |o /aocoJe
3

1ab|o 7
v
kd,c
rosistanco of mombors without shoar roinforcomont, Ma
|iguro 5
8asic span-to-offoctivo-dopth ratios
r
l
= ffoctivo dopth, d {mm}
A
s
I{bd}
s200 225 250 275 300 350 400 450 500 600 750
0.25% 0S4 0S? 0S0 04S 04/ 04S 043 04! 040 03S 036
0.50% 0S9 0S/ 0S6 0SS 0S4 0S? 0S! 049 04S 04/ 04S
0.75% 06S 066 064 063 06? 0S9 0SS 0S6 0SS 0S3 0S!
1.00% 0/S 0/? 0/! 069 06S 06S 064 06? 06! 0S9 0S/
1.25% 0S0 0/S 0/6 0/4 0/3 0/! 069 06/ 066 063 06!
1.50% 0SS 0S3 0S! 0/9 0/S 0/S 0/3 0/! 0/0 06/ 06S
1.75% 090 0S/ 0SS 0S3 0S? 0/9 0// 0/S 0/3 0/! 06S
z2.00% 094 09! 0S9 0S/ 0SS 0S? 0S0 0/S 0// 0/4 0/!
k ?000 !943 !S94 !SS3 !S!6 !/S6 !/0/ !66/ !63? !S// !S!6
e||e der|ved rom .
kd,c
0!? / (!00r
I
|
c|
)
!/3
~ 003S /
!S
|
c|
0S
where / ! R(?00/J) < ? end r
I
/
s
/(/J) < 00?
Noto
1 h|s te||e hes |een prepered or |
c|
30
2 vhere r
I
exceeds 040% the o||ow|ng ectors mey |e used
f
ck
25 28 32 35 40 45 50
|actor 094 09S !0? !0S !!0 !!4 !!9
Notos
1 lor two-wey spenn|ng s|e|s, the chec| shou|d |e
cerr|ed out on the |es|s o the shorter spen
2 h|s greph essumes s|mp|y supported spen
cond|t|on (/ !0)
/ !S or |nter|or spen cond|t|on
/ !3 or end spen cond|t|on
/ 04 or cent||evers
3 Compress|on re|norcement, r', hes |een te|en es 0
4 Curves |esed on the o||ow|ng express|ons
where r < r
0
end
where r > r
0

!! 3? ! /
r
|
c|
r
0
!S
J
/
|
c|
r
r
0
| ( ) |
!! /
(
r r
')
|
c|
r
0
!S
J
/
!?
|
c|
r
0
r
'
| |
!S
lercenLuge oI Lenslon relnIorcemenL (A
s,req
/oJ)
21
3S|e|s
22
|iguro 6
rocoduro for dotormining f|oxura| capacity of f|angod ribs
klbbed or wuIIle slubs
Current prect|ces or determ|n|ng orces |n r|||ed end we|e s|e|s mey e|so
|e used or des|gns to lurocode ? vhere e we|e s|e| |s treeted es e
two-wey s|e| reer to prev|ous sect|on, |ut note thet the|r tors|one| st|ness
|s s|gn||cent|y |ess then or e two-wey s|e| end the |end|ng moment co-
e|c|ents mey not |e epp||ce||e vhere |t |s treeted es e |et s|e| reerence
mey |e mede to Chepter /, or|g|ne||y pu|||shed es //a| /a/
4
he pos|t|on o the neutre| ex|s |n the r|| shou|d |e determ|ned, end
then the eree o re|norcement cen |e ce|cu|eted depend|ng on
whether |t ||es |n the |enge or we| (see |ow chert |n l|gure 6) he
me|n d|erences compered w|th bS S!!0 ere thet the essessment o
the |enge w|dth |s more soph|st|ceted (see l|gures / end S)
vhere e s|e| |s ormed w|th permenent ||oc|s or e w|th e topp|ng
th|c|ness |ess then S0 mm end one-tenth o the c|eer d|stence
|etween r||s |t |s recommended thet e |ong|tud|ne| sheer chec| |s
cerr|ed out to determ|ne whether edd|t|one| trensverse re|norcement |s
requ|red (see bS lN !99?!!, C| 6?4)
1ab|o 8
8onding momont coofficionts for two-way spanning roctangu|ar s|abs
supportod by boams
1ypo or pano| Short span coofficionts for Long-span
and momonts va|uos of l
y
Il
x
coofficionts
considorod for a|| va|uos
of l
y
Il
x
!0 !?S !S !/S ?0
|ntorior pano|s
Neget|ve moment 003! 0044 00S3 00S9 0063 003?
et cont|nuous edge
los|t|ve moment 00?4 0034 0040 0044 004S 00?4
et m|dspen
Ono short odgo discontinuous
Neget|ve moment 0039 00S0 00SS 0063 006/ 003/
et cont|nuous edge
los|t|ve moment 00?9 003S 0043 004/ 00S0 00?S
et m|dspen
Ono |ong odgo discontinuous
Neget|ve moment 0039 00S9 00/3 00S3 00S9 003/
et cont|nuous edge
los|t|ve moment 0030 004S 00SS 006? 006/ 00?S
et m|dspen
1wo adjacont odgos discontinuous
Neget|ve moment 004/ 0066 00/S 00S/ 0093 004S
et cont|nuous edge
los|t|ve moment 0036 0049 00S9 006S 00/0 0034
et m|dspen
S1Ak1
ConcreLe cluss
s CS0/60?
ls x s 1.2S|
I
ls /
I
s /'
OuLslde scope
oI Lhls
publlcuLlon
NeuLrul uxls ln
Ilunge.
ueslgn us
recLungulur
secLlon.
kedeslgn
secLlon
ueLermlne |
0
(see llgure 7) und o
eII
Irom.
o
eII
= (o
w
+ o
eII1
+ o
eII2
) where
o
eII1
= (0.2o
1
+ 0.1 |
0
) s 0.2 |
0
s o
1
o
eII2
= (0.2o
2
+ 0.1 |
0
) s 0.2 |
0
s o
2
NoLe. 1he Ilunge wldLh uL Lhe supporL wlll be
dlIIerenL Irom LhuL uL mld-spun.
lor symbols reIer Lo llgures 7 und 8
ueLermlne /' Irom 1uble 2 or
/' = 0.60d 0.18d
2
0.21 where d s 1.0
CulculuLe depLh Lo neuLrul uxls x Irom.
x = 2.S (J t)
CulculuLe lever urm z Irom
NeuLrul uxls ln web
CulculuLe momenL cupuclLy oI Ilunge Irom.
/
k,I
= 0.S7 j
ck
(o
eII
o
w
) |
I
(d 0.S|
I
)
CulculuLe ureu oI relnIorcemenL requlred Irom
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
ueLermlne / Irom. / =
1 + 1 2.S2/ s 0.9SJ t =
2
J
| |
oJ
2
j
ck
/
/
s
= +
j
ywd
(J 0.S |
I
)
/
k,I
j
ywd
t
/ /
k,I
/
I
= und
j
ck
o
w
J
2
/ /
k,I
Yes
22
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
23
kules Ior spuclng und
quunLlLy oI relnIorcemenL
Minimum aroa of principa| roinforcomont
he m|n|mum eree o pr|nc|pe| re|norcement |n the me|n d|rect|on |s
/
s, m|n
0?6 |
c tm
/
t
J/|
y |
|ut not |ess then 000!3/
t
J, where /
t
|s the
meen w|dth o the tens|on .one (see e||e 6) lor e -|eem w|th the
|enge |n compress|on, on|y the w|dth o the we| |s te|en |nto eccount
|n ce|cu|et|ng the ve|ue o /
t

Minimum aroa of socondary roinforcomont

he m|n|mum eree o secondery trensverse re|norcement |s
?0% /
s, m|n
ln erees neer supports, trensverse re|norcement |s not
necessery where there |s no trensverse |end|ng moment
Maximum aroa of roinforcomont
Outs|de |ep |ocet|ons, the mex|mum eree o tens|on or compress|on
re|norcement shou|d not exceed /
s, mex
004 /
c
Minimum spacing of roinforcomont
he m|n|mum c|eer d|stence |etween |ers shou|d |e the greeter o
ber d|emeter
Aggregete s|.e p|us S mm
?0 mm
Maximum spacing of roinforcomont
lor s|e|s |ess then ?00 mm th|c| the o||ow|ng mex|mum spec|ng
ru|es epp|y
lor the pr|nc|pe| re|norcement 3/ |ut not more then 400 mm
lor the secondery re|norcement 3S/ |ut not more then 4S0 mm
he except|on |s |n erees w|th concentreted |oeds or erees o mex|mum
moment where the o||ow|ng epp||es
lor the pr|nc|pe| re|norcement ?/ |ut not more then ?S0 mm
lor the secondery re|norcement 3/ |ut not more then 400 mm
vhere / |s the depth o the s|e|
lor s|e|s ?00 mm th|c| or greeter the |er s|.e end spec|ng shou|d |e
||m|ted to contro| the crec| w|dth end reerence shou|d |e mede to
sect|on /33 o the Code or Chepter ?, or|g|ne||y pu|||shed es Oe||/q
|a|eJ
5

|iguro 7
Dofinition of l
0
, for ca|cu|ation of offoctivo f|ango width
|iguro 8
ffoctivo f|ango width paramotors
Symbo| Dofinition Va|uo
/
c
Cross sect|one| eree o concrete //
/
s
Aree o tens|on stee|
/
s?
Aree o compress|on stee|
/
s, prov
Aree o tens|on stee| prov|ded
/
s, req
Aree o tens|on stee| requ|red
/
e
lect|ve |enge w|dth
/
t
Meen w|dth o the tens|on .one
/
m|n
v|dth o |eem or r||
/
w
v|dth o r|| we|
J lect|ve depth
J
?
lect|ve depth to compress|on re|norcement
|
cd
Les|gn ve|ue o concrete compress|ve strength a
cc
|
c|
/g
c
|
c|
Cherecter|st|c cy||nder strength o concrete
|
ctm
Meen ve|ue o ex|e| tens||e strength 030 |
c|
?/3
or |
c|
< CS0/60
(rom e||e 3!, lurocode ?)
/

l|enge th|c|ness
/
s
S|e| th|c|ness
/ lector to te|e eccount o the d|erent See e||e NA4 |n
structure| systems 0l Net|one| Annex
/
e
lect|ve spen o mem|er See Sect|on S3?? (!)
/
0
L|stence |etween po|nts o .ero moment
//J l|m|t|ng spen-to-depth ret|o
/
x
, /
y
Spens o e two-wey s|e|
/ Les|gn moment et the 0lS
\ Lepth to neutre| ex|s (J )/04
\
mex
l|m|t|ng ve|ue or depth to neutre| ex|s (d 04)J where d <!0
lever erm
a
cc
Coe|c|ent te||ng eccount o |ong term 0SS or |exure end
eects on compress|ve strength end o ex|e| |oeds
unevoure||e eects resu|t|ng rom the !0 or other phenomene
wey |oed |s epp||ed (lrom 0l Net|one| Annex)
d ket|o o the red|str||uted moment to the
e|est|c |end|ng moment
g
m
lert|e| ector or meter|e| propert|es !!S or re|norcement (g
s
)
!S or concrete (g
c
)
r
0
keerence re|norcement ret|o R|
c|
/!000
r kequ|red tens|on re|norcement et m|d-spen /
s
//J
to res|st the moment due to the des|gn
|oeds (or et support or cent||evers)
r' kequ|red compress|on re|norcement et /
s?
//J
m|d-spen to res|st the moment due to the
des|gn |oeds (or et support or cent||evers)
So|octod symbo|s
23
3S|e|s
24
koforoncos
1 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !99?!! lurocode ? /e/q o| coce|e |ac|ae - /a| '-' Oeea/ a/e aJ a/e |o /a//J/q bSl, ?004
2 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS S!!0! I/e |ac|aa/ ae o| coce|e - /a| ' CoJe o| oac|/ce |o Je/q aJ co|ac|/o bSl, !99/
3 NAkAANAN, k S 8 bkOOllk, O /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ? /|oJac|/o |o /aocoJe he Concrete Centre, ?00S
4 MOSS, k M 8 bkOOllk, O /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ? //a| /a/ he Concrete Centre, ?006
5 bkOOllk, O /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ? Oe||/q |a|eJ he Concrete Centre, ?00S
6 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !99?!?, lurocode ? /e/q o| coce|e |ac|ae Oeea/ a/e - |ac|aa/ |/e Je/q bSl ?004
7 vlbSlk, k 8 bkOOllk, O /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ? /e|/ec|/o ca/ca/a|/o he Concrete Centre, ?006
8 MOSS, k M 8 bkOOllk, O /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ? Seam he Concrete Centre, ?006
9 ll lNSl0lON Ol Sk0C0kAl lNClNllkS/ll lNSl0lON Ol ClVll lNClNllkS /aaa/ |o |/e Je/q o| coce|e /a//J/q |ac|ae |o
/aocoJe ? lStructl/lCl, ?006
24
3S|e|s
ueslgnlng Lo Lurocode 2
h|s covers the ana|ys|s and des|gn o concrete |eams to lurocode 2
1
wh|ch |s essent|a||y the same as w|th bS S!!0
2
lowever, the|eyoutend
contentolurocode?meyeppeerunusue|todes|gnersem|||erw|thbSS!!0
lurocode?doesnotconte|ntheder|vedormu|eeorspec||cgu|denceon
determ|n|ngmomentsendsheerorces h|sheser|sen|eceuse|thes
|eenluropeenprect|cetog|vepr|nc|p|es|nthecodesendorthedete||ed
epp||cet|onto|epresented|nothersourcessuchestext|oo|s
Chepter!,or|g|ne||ypu|||shedesBgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l%h|gh||ghtedthe
|eyd|erences|etweenlurocode?endbSS!!0, |nc|ud|ngterm|no|ogy
ltshou|d|enotedthetve|uesromthe0lNet|one|Annex(NA)heve|een
usedthroughout, |nc|ud|ngve|uesthetereem|edded|nder|ved ormu|ee
(der|vet|onscen|eoundetwwweurocode?|no) A||stosym|o|s re|eted
to|eemdes|gn|sg|venettheendoth|schepter
3
ueslgn procedure
Aprocedureorcerry|ngoutthedete||eddes|gno|eems|sshown|ne||e!
h|sessumesthetthe|eemd|mens|onsheveprev|ous|y|eendeterm|ned
dur|ngconceptue|des|gn Conceptdes|gnspreperedessum|ngdete||eddes|gn
wou|d|etobSS!!0mey|econt|nuedthroughtodete||eddes|gnus|ng
lurocode? Moredete||ededv|ceondeterm|n|ngdes|gn||e, ect|ons, meter|e|
propert|es, methodsoene|ys|s, m|n|mumconcretecoverordure||||tyend
contro|ocrec|w|dthscen|eound|nChepter?,or|g|ne||ypu|||shedes
@^mmbg`lmZkm^]

,end Chepter!
Fire resistance
lurocode?, lert!? Lmkn\mnkZe_bk^]^lb`g , g|vesecho|ceoedvenced,
s|mp|||edorte|u|ermethodsor determ|n|ngthe|reres|stence 0s|ngte||es
|stheestestmethodordeterm|n|ngthem|n|mumd|mens|onsendcover
or|eems hereere, however, somerestr|ct|onsend|theseepp|yurther
gu|denceontheedvencedends|mp|||edmethodscen|eo|te|nedrom
spec|e||st||tereture

kethertheng|v|ngem|n|mumcover, thete|u|ermethod
|s|esedonnom|ne|ex|sd|stence,
'
Z (see?|gure!) h|s|sthed|stencerom
thecentreotheme|nre|norc|ng|ertothetopor|ottomsureceothe
<hgmbgn^liZ`^+0
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
4beems
R MossbSc,lhL,LlC,Clng,MlCl,MlStructlO Brookerblng,Clng,MlCl,MlStructl
spec|e||st||tereturekethertheng|v|ngem|n|mumcover,thete|u|ermethod
chepter
|n
26
e c n a d i u g r e h t r u F k s a T p e t S
d r a d n a t S Chapter in this publication
! Leterm|nedes|gn||e ?@^mmbg`lmZkm^] NAtobSlN!990e||eNA?!
? Assessect|onsonthe|eem ?@^mmbg`lmZkm^] bSlN!99!(!0perts)endNet|one|Annexes
3 Leterm|newh|chcom||net|onsoect|onsepp|y !Bgmkh]n\mbhgmh>nkh\h]^l NAtobSlN!990e||esNAA!!endNAA!?(b)
4 Leterm|ne|oed|ngerrengements ?@^mmbg`lmZkm^] NAtobSlN!99?!!
S Assessdure||||tyrequ|rementsenddeterm|neconcretestrength ?@^mmbg`lmZkm^] bSSS00 ?00?
6 Chec|coverrequ|rementsoreppropr|ete|reres|stenceper|od ?@^mmbg`lmZkm^] end'?|reres|stence' ApprovedLocumentb bSlN!99?!! Sect|onS
sect|on
/ Ce|cu|etem|n coverordure||||ty, |reend|ondrequ|rements ?@^mmbg`lmZkm^] bSlN!99?!!C|44!
S Ane|ysestructuretoo|te|ncr|t|ce|momentsendsheerorces ?@^mmbg`lmZkm^] ende||e3 bSlN!99?!!sect|onS
9 ! 6 n o | t c e s ! ! ? 9 9 ! N l S b n o | t c e s ' e r u x e | ? ' e e S t n e m e c r o n | e r | e r u x e | n g | s e L
? 6 n o | t c e s ! ! ? 9 9 ! N l S b n o | t c e s ' r e e h s | e c | t r e V ' e e S y t | c e p e c r e e h s | c e h C 0 !
4 / n o | t c e s ! ! ? 9 9 ! N l S b n o | t c e s ' n o | t c e | e L ' e e S n o | t c e | e d | c e h C ! !
!? Chec|spec|ngo|ers ?@^mmbg`lmZkm^] bSlN!99?!!sect|on/3
Note
NA6Net|one|Annex
Table 1
Beam design procedure
1ab|o 2
Minimum dimonsions and axis distancos for boams mado with roinforcod concroto for firo rosistanco
|iguro 3
Simp|ifiod roctangu|ar stross b|ock for
concroto up to c|ass C50I60 from urocodo 2
J
|
x
SecLlon
/
s2
/
s
NeuLrul uxls
o
J
2
SLruln

sc
0.8x
/
sc

j
cd
SLress block und Iorces
z
/
c
/
sL
|iguro 1
Soction through structura| mombor,
showing nomina| axis distancos a and a
sd
o
a
a
sd
|>o
Standard firo rosistanco Minimum dimonsions {mm}
ossib|o combinations of a and b
min
whoro a is tho avorago axis distanco and b
min
is tho width of tho boam
Slmply supporLed beums ConLlnuous beums
A C u L l G H
k60 /
m|n
!20 !60 00 30 00
a 40 3S 30 2S 2S !2
a
k90 /
m|n
!S0 200 300 400 !S0 2S0
a SS 4S 40 3S 3S 2S
k!20 /
m|n
200 240 300 S00 200 300 4S0 S00
a 6S 60 SS S0 4S 3S 3S 30
k240 /
m|n
2S0 3S0 S00 /00 2S0 S00 6S0 /00
a 90 S0 /S /0 /S 60 60 S0
Notos
1 h|s ta||e |s ta|en rom bS lN !992!2 a||es SS and S6
2 he ax|s d|stance, a
sd
, rom the s|de o the |eam to the corner |ar shou|d |e a !0 mm except where /
m|n
|s greater than the va|ues |n co|umns C and l
3 he ta||e |s va||d on|y | the deta|||ng requ|rements (see note 4) are o|served and, |n norma| temperature des|gn, red|str||ut|on o |end|ng moments does not exceed !S%
4 lor |re res|stance o k90 and a|ove, or a d|stance o 03/
e
rom the centre ||ne o each |ntermed|ate support, the area o top re|norcement shou|d not |e |ess than the o||ow|ng
/
s,req
(x) /
s,req
( 0)( ! 2S( x/ /
e
) )
where
x |s the d|stance o the sect|on |e|ng cons|dered rom the centre ||ne o the support
/
s,req
( 0) |s the area o re|norcement requ|red or norma| temperature des|gn
/
s,req
(x) |s the m|n|mum area o re|norcement requ|red at the sect|on |e|ng cons|dered |ut not |ess than that requ|red or norma| temperature des|gn
/
e
|s the greater o the eect|ve |engths o the two ad|acent spans
5 lor |re res|stances k!20 k240, the w|dth o the |eam at the |rst |ntermed|ate support shou|d |e at |east that |n co|umn l, | |oth the o||ow|ng cond|t|ons ex|st
a there |s no |x|ty at the end support, and
b the act|ng shear at norma| temperature \
sd
> 06/ \
kd,max

koy
a Norma||y the requ|rements o bS lN !992!! w||| determ|ne the cover
26
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
?006
? 0 !?0 ?
27
Outside scope of this
publication
Curry ouL unulysls oI beum Lo deLermlne
deslgn momenLs (M) (see 1uble 2)
ObLuln lever urm t Irom 1uble S or use
CulculuLe Lenslon relnIorcemenL
requlred Irom
Check mlnlmum relnIorcemenL
requlremenLs (see 1uble 6)
No compresslon relnIorcemenL requlred
Check muxlmum relnIorcemenL requlremenLs /
s, mux
= 0.04 /
c
Ior Lenslon or compresslon relnIorcemenL ouLslde lup locuLlons
ueLermlne /' Irom 1uble 4 or
/' = 0.60d 0.18d
2
0.21
where d s 1.0
Compresslon relnIorcemenL
requlred
CulculuLe lever urm t Irom
S1Ak1
ConcreLe cluss
sCS0/60?
ls / s /' ?
Yes
Yes
No
No
ueLermlne / Irom / =
/
oJ
2
j
ck
CulculuLe compresslon
relnIorcemenL requlred Irom
where
|iguro 2
rocoduro for dotormining f|oxura| roinforcomont
1ab|o 3
8onding momont and shoar coofficionts for boams
mem|er lt |s a nom|na| (not m|n|mum) d|mens|on, so the des|gner
shou|d ensure that
a a c
nom
f
||n|
f
|ar
/2 and a
sd
a !0 mm
a||e 2 g|ves the m|n|mum d|mens|ons or |eams to meet the
standard |re per|ods
llexure
he des|gn procedure or |exura| des|gn |s g|ven |n l|gure 2, th|s |nc|udes
der|ved ormu|ae |ased on the s|mp|||ed rectangu|ar stress ||oc| rom
lurocode 2 a||e 3 may |e used to determ|ne |end|ng moments and
shear orces or |eams, prov|ded the notes to the ta||e are o|served
Table 4
Values for K
%redistribution d (redistribution ratio) K
0 !00 0?0S
e
!0 090 0!S?
e
!S 0SS 0!6S
?0 0S0 0!S3
30 0/0 0!?0
?S 0/S 0!3/
Key
a lt|sotenrecomended|nthe0lthet Dshou|d|e||m|tedto0!6Stoensureduct||ee||ure
K z/d
<00S 0 9S0
e
006 0944
00/ 0934
00S 09?4
009 09!3
0!0 090?
K z/d
0!! 0S9!
0!? 0SS0
0!3 0S6S
0!4 0SS6
0!S 0S43
0!6 0S30
0!/ 0S!6
0!S 0S0?
0!9 0/S/
0?0 0//!
Key
a l|m|t|ngs to09S] |snoterequ|rementolurocode?, |ut|scons|deredto|egoodprect|ce
for singly reinforced rectangular sections
Table 6
Minimum percentage of required reinforcement
f
ck
f
ctm
Minimum percentage (0.26 f
ctm
/ f
yk
a
)
?S ?6 0!3%
?S ?S 0!4%
30 ?9 0!S%
3? 30 0!6%
3S 3? 0!/%
40 3S 0!S%
4S 3S 0?0%
S0 4! 0?!%
Key
a Assum|ng_
y|
6 S00Mle
Table 5
z/d
/
s2
=
(//') j
c|
oJ
2
j
sc
(JJ
2
)
CulculuLe Lenslon
relnIorcemenL requlred Irom
1 + 1 2.S2/' t =
2
J
| |
1 + 1 2.S2/ s 0.9SJ t =
2
J
| |
/
s, mln
= where j
ck
a 2S
j
yk
0.26 j
cLm
o
L
J
/
s
=
j
yd
t
/
/
s
= + /
s2
j
yd
t
/'j
c|
oJ
2
j
yd
j
sc
j
sc
= 700 s j
yd
x
x d
2
| |
Momont Shoar
Outer support 2S% o span moment 04S (O )
Neerm|dd|eoendspen 0090O/ 0!00 /
At |rst |nter|or support 0094 (O ) / 063 (O )
a
At m|dd|e o |nter|or spans 0066 O/ 00S6 /
At |nter|or supports 00/S (O ) / 0S0 (O )
koy
a 0SS (O ) may |e used ad|acent to the |nter|or span
Notos
1 ked|str||ut|on o support moments |y !S% has |een |nc|uded
2 App||ca||e to 3 or more spans on|y and where
|
< O
|

3 M|n|mum span ~ 0SS |ongest span

4 / |s the span, O |s the tota| o the 0lS permanent act|ons, |s the tota|
o the 0lS var|a||e act|ons
27
4beems
04S(@
d
$J
d
)
00/S(@
d
$J
d
)e 0S0(@
d
$J
d
)
0SS(@
d
J
d
)mey|euseded|ecenttothe|nter|orspen
e|sthespen,@
d
|sthedes|gnve|ueopermenentect|ons(et0lS)endJ
d
|sthedes|gn
ve|ueover|e||eect|ons(et0lS)
0066@
d
e$00S6J
d
e
0094(@
d
$J
d
)e
0090@
d
e$0!00J
d
e
063(@
d
$J
d
)
e
lt|sotenrecommended|nthe0lthetD'shou|d|e||m|tedto0!6Stoensureduct||ee||ure
28 4
|iguro 5
rocoduro for dotormining vortica| shoar roinforcomont
Determine v
Ed
where
v
Ed
= design shear stress v
Ed
= V
Ed
/(b
w
z) = V
Ed
/(0 . 9 b
w
d)] [
Yes (cot y = 2.5)
No No
START
Determine the concrete strut capacity v
Rd, max cot y = 2.5
from Table 7
Redesign
section
Determine y from:
Calculate area of shear reinforcement:
Check maximum spacing for vertical shear reinforcement:
s
l, max
= 0.75 d
=
s
A
sw
y = 0.5 sin
-1
0.20 f
ck
(1 f
ck
/250)
v
Ed
T V
f
ywd
cot y
v
Ed
b
w
Is
v
Ed
< v
Rd, max coty = 2.5
?
Is
v
Ed
< v
Rd, max cot y = 1.0
?
(see Table 7)
Yes
1ab|o 7
Minimum and maximum concroto strut capacity in torms of stross
f
ck
v
kd,max cot y = 2.5
v
kd,max cot y = 1.0
20 2S4 36S
2S 3!0 4S0
2S 343 49/
30 364 S2S
32 3S4 SSS
3S 4!S 602
40 463 6/2
4S S0S /3S
S0 SS! S00
|iguro 4
Strut inc|ination mothod
LonglLudlnul
relnIorcemenL ln Lenslon

verLlcul sheur
relnIorcemenL
ConcreLe sLruL ln compresslon
y
lurocode 2 oers var|ous methods or determ|n|ng the stress-stra|n
re|at|onsh|p o concrete lor s|mp||c|ty and am|||ar|ty the method
presented here |s the s|mp|||ed rectangu|ar stress ||oc|, wh|ch |s
s|m||ar to that ound |n bS S!!0 (see l|gure 3)
lurocode 2 g|ves recommendat|ons or the des|gn o concrete up to
c|ass C90/!0S lowever, or concrete greater than c|ass CS0/60, the
stress ||oc| |s mod||ed lt |s |mportant to note that concrete strength
|s |ased on the cy||nder strength and not the cu|e strength (|e or
c|ass C30/3/ the cy||nder strength (
c|
) |s 30 Mla, whereas the cu|e
strength |s 3/ Mla)
verLlcul sheur
lurocode 2 |ntroduces the strut |nc||nat|on method or shear capac|ty
chec|s ln th|s method the shear |s res|sted |y concrete struts act|ng |n
compress|on and shear re|norcement act|ng |n tens|on
he ang|e o the concrete strut var|es, depend|ng on the shear orce
app||ed (see l|gure 4) he procedure or determ|n|ng the shear capac|ty
o a sect|on |s shown |n l|gure S (wh|ch |nc|udes 0l NA va|ues) and |s
|n terms o shear stress |n the vert|ca| p|ane rather than a vert|ca| orce
as g|ven |n lurocode 2 vhere shear re|norcement |s requ|red, then
the ang|e o the concrete strut shou|d |e ca|cu|ated lor many typ|ca|
|eams the m|n|mum ang|e o strut w||| app|y (when cot y 2S or y
2!S) |e or c|ass C30/3/ concrete the strut ang|e exceeds 2!S on|y
when the shear stress |s greater than 32/ N/mm
2
(reer to a||e /)
As w|th bS S!!0, there |s a max|mum perm|tted shear capac|ty, +
kd,max
,
(when cot y !0 or y 4S), |ut th|s |s not restr|cted to S Mla as |n
bS S!!0
Deflection
lurocode 2 has two a|ternat|ve methods or chec||ng de|ect|on,
e|ther a ||m|t|ng span-to-depth rat|o may |e used or the theoret|ca|
de|ect|on can |e assessed us|ng the express|ons g|ven |n the Code
he |atter |s dea|t w|th |n deta|| |n Chapter S, or|g|na||y pu|||shed as
/e|/ec|/onco/ca/o|/on:
he span-to-depth rat|os shou|d ensure that de|ect|on |s ||m|ted to
span/2S0 and th|s |s the procedure presented |n l|gure 6
Flanged beams
l|anged |eams can |e treated |n much the same way as |n bS S!!0
he ma|n d|erences compared w|th bS S!!0 are that the assessment
o the |ange w|dth |s more soph|st|cated (see l|gures 9 and !0) and
that lurocode 2 conta|ns a chec| to con|rm that the shear stress at
Con|/nae:ooqe3'
28
low to des|gn concrete structures us|ng lurocode 2

6
29
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
S
p
a
n

t
o

d
e
p
t
h

r
a
t
i
o

(
Percentage of tension reinforcement (A
s,reqd
/bd)
l
/
d
)
0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40% 1.60% 1.80% 2.00%
f
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
= 50
f = 45
f = 40
f = 35
f = 32
f = 30
f = 28
f = 25
f = 20
f
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
ck
= 50
f = 45
f = 40
f = 35
f = 32
f = 30
f = 28
f = 25
f = 20
Figure 7
Basic span-to-effective-depth ratios
Notes
1 h|s graph assumes s|mp|y supported span cond|t|on
(/ !0)
/ !S or |nter|or span cond|t|on
/ !3 or end span cond|t|on
/ 04 or cant||evers
2 Compress|on re|norcement, r', has |een ta|en as 0
3 Curves |ased on the o||ow|ng express|ons
where r < r
0
and
where r > r
0

!! 32 ! /
r
|
c|
r
0
!S
J
/
|
c|
r
r
0
| ( ) |
!! /
(
r r
')
|
c|
r
0
!S
J
/
!2
|
c|
r
0
r
'
| |
!S
5
|iguro 6
rocoduro for assossing dof|oction
ls buslc / x x l1 x l2 x l2 a AcLuul / ?
lncreuse

s,prov
ueLermlne lucLor 2 (l2)
l2 = 210/s
s
Where s
s
= SLress ln relnIorcemenL uL servlceublllLy
llmlL sLuLe (see llgure 8)
s
s
muy ussumed Lo be 210 Mlu (l.e. l2 = 1.0)
NoLe.
s,prov
s 1.S
s,req'd
(UK NuLlonul Annex)
ueLermlne buslc / und Irom llgure 7
Check compleLe
ueLermlne lucLor 1 (l1)
lor rlbbed or wuIIle slubs
l1 = 1 0.1 ((
I
/
w
) 1) a 0.8
1
(
I
ls Ilunge breudLh und
w
ls rlb breudLh)
OLherwlse l1 = 1.0
ueLermlne lucLor 2 (l2)
Where Lhe slub spun exceeds 7 m und lL supporLs
brlLLle purLlLlons, l2 = 7/
eII
s 1.0
OLherwlse l2 = 1.0
No
Yes
S1Ak1
1
1he Lurocode ls umblguous regurdlng llneur lnLerpoluLlon. lL ls undersLood LhuL
lL wus Lhe lnLenLlon oI Lhe druILlng commlLLee LhuL llneur lnLerpoluLlon be used
und Lhls ls ln llne wlLh currenL UK prucLlce.
|iguro 8
Dotormination of stoo| stross
1o deLermlne sLress ln Lhe relnIorcemenL (s
s
), culculuLe Lhe ruLlo

k
/
k
, reud up Lhe gruph Lo Lhe upproprluLe curve und reud ucross
Lo deLermlne s
su
.
s
s
cun be culculuLed Irom Lhe expresslon. s
s
= s
su

s,req

s,prov
1
d
( ( ) )
kuLlo
k
/
k
U
n
m
o
d
l
I
l
e
d

s
L
e
e
l

s
L
r
e
s
s
,

s
s
u
180
200
220
240
260
280
200
220
1.0 2.0 2.0 4.0
c
2
= 0.8, g
G
= 1.2S
c
2

= 0.6, g
G

= 1.2S
c
2
= 0.2, g
G

= 1.2S
c
2

= 0.2, g
G

= 1.2S
c
2

= 0.6, g
G

= 1.2S
c
2
= 0.2, g
G

= 1.2S
c
2
= 0.2, g
G

= 1.2S
29
4 beams
For anged sections
Where the beam span exceeds 7 m and it supports
To determine stress in the provided reinforcement (s
s
), calculate the ratio
Percentage of tension reinforcement (A
s,req
/bd)
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e

s
t
e
e
l

s
t
r
e
s
s

a
t

S
L
S

f
o
r

A
s
,
r
e
q
,
s
s
u
30
|iguro 11
rocoduro for dotormining f|oxura| capacity of f|angod boams
|iguro 9
Dofinition of l
o
, for ca|cu|ation of offoctivo f|ango width
|iguro 10
ffoctivo f|ango width paramotors
|
0
= 0.8S |
1
|
0
= 0.1S {|
1
+ |
2
)
|
1
|
2
|
2
|
0
= 0.7 |
2
|
0
= 0.1S |
2
+ |
2
o
1
o
1
o
2
o
2
o
w

o
eII

o
eII,2
o
o
eII,1

S1Ak1
ls x s 1.2S|
I
?
ls /
I
s /' ?
Curry ouL unulysls oI beum Lo deLermlne deslgn
momenLs, / (see 1uble 2)
NeuLrul uxls ln
Ilunge. ueslgn
us recLungulur
secLlon (llgure 2)
und Lhen check
longlLudlnul sheur
(llgure 14)
kedeslgn secLlon
ueLermlne |
0
(see llgure 9) und o
eII
Irom.
o
eII
= (o
w
+ o
eII1
+ o
eII2
) where
o
eII1
= (0.2o
1
+ 0.1 |
0
) s 0.2 |
0
s o
1
o
eII2
= (0.2o
2
+ 0.1 |
0
) s 0.2 |
0
s o
2
NoLe. 1he Ilunge wldLh uL Lhe supporL wlll be
dlIIerenL Irom LhuL uL mld-spun.
lor symbols reIer Lo llgures 9 und 10
ueLermlne /' Irom 1uble 4 or
/' = 0.60d 0.18d
2
0.21 where d s 1.0
CulculuLe depLh Lo neuLrul uxls x Irom.
x = 2.S (J t)
CulculuLe lever urm z Irom
NeuLrul uxls ln web
CulculuLe momenL cupuclLy oI Ilunge Irom.
/
k,I
= 0.S7 j
ck
(o
eII
o
w
) |
I
(d 0.S|
I
)
CulculuLe ureu oI relnIorcemenL requlred Irom Check longlLudlnul
sheur
(see llgure 14)
Yes
No
Yes
No
ueLermlne / Irom / =
where o = o
w
uL supporL
o = o
eII
ln spun
1 + 1 2.S2/ s 0.9SJ t =
2
J
1 2
oJ
2
j
ck
/
/
s
= +
j
ywd
(J 0.S |
I
)
/
k,I
j
ywd
/ /
k,I
/
I
= und
j
ck
o
w
J
2
/ /
k,I
|iguro 12
|acing of tonsion roinforcomont in f|angod cross soction
|iguro 13
Notations for tho connoction botwoon f|ango and wob
/
/
/
d
/
d
5
I
o
eII
/
sI
|
I
/
d
+ /
d
D
/
d
+ /
d
D
Dx
o
w
y
I
LonglLudlnul bur
unchored beyond
Lhls pro|ecLed polnL
Compresslve sLruLs
o
eII
o
eII1
o
eII2
/
s
o
w
|
I
30
low to des|gn concrete structures us|ng lurocode 2
f
yd
(d 0.5 h
f
) f
ydz
z
31
Figure 14
Procedure for determining longitudinal shear capacity of flanged beams
Yes
No No
No
Calculate the longitudinal shear stress
from: v
Ed
= DF
d
/(h
f
Dx)
(see Figure 13)
Determine the concrete strut capacity
fromTable 8 or from:
v
Rd
= 0.160 f
ck
(1 f
ck
/250)
Calculate area of transverse reinforcement from:
Yes (cot y
f
= 2.0) Yes (cot y
f
= 1.25)
Is v
RD
> v
Ed
? Is v
RD
> v
Ed
?
Is length of
flange under consideration
in tension?
Determine y
f
from:
Determine the concrete
strut capacity fromTable 8
or from:
v
Rd
= 0.195 f
ck
(1 f
ck
/250)
=
s
A
sf
y
f
=0.5sin
-1
0.2f
ck
(1 f
ck
/250)
v
Ed
T V
f
yd
cot y
f
v
Ed
h
f
Table 8
Concrete strut capacity for longitudinal shear in flanged beams
f
ck
v
Rd,max
Flange in compression Flange in tension
9 S 3 4 9 ? 0 ?
9 3 4 0 6 3 S ?
S S 4 S 9 3 S ?
S ! S ? ? 4 0 3
4 4 S 6 4 4 ? 3
/ S S ? S 4 S 3
S S 6 S 3 S 0 4
0 ? / 0 9 S S 4
0 S / 0 4 6 0 S
Minimum area of shear reinforcement
hem|n|mumereeosheerre|norcement|n|eems,/sw,m|nshou|d
|ece|cu|etedrom
where
r
w,m|n
cen|eo|te|nedrome||e9
/
sw
:/
w
4 r
w,m|n
the|ntereceothe|engeendwe|cen|eres|sted|ythetrensverse
re|norcement|nthe|enge hepos|t|onotheneutre|ex|sshou|d
|edeterm|ned, endthenthe ereeore|norcementcen|ece|cu|eted
depend|ngwhether|t||es|nthe|engeorwe|(seel|gure!!)
Atsupportsthetens|onre|norcementtores|sthogg|ngmoments
shou|d|ed|str||utedecrosstheu||w|dthotheeect|ve|engees
shown|nl|gure!? hespen-to-depthde|ect|onchec|sus|ngret|oo
tens|onre|norcementshou|d|e|esedonereeoconcretee|ove
centreotens|onstee|
Longitudinal shear
hesheerstress|nthevert|ce|p|ene|etweenthe|engeendwe|shou|d
|eessessedeccord|ngtosect|on6?4endl|gure6/othelurocode
(reproducedhereesl|gure!3) hechenge|norce|nthe|engecen
|eessessedromthemomentend|everermetepert|cu|er|ocet|on
helurocodestetesthetthemex|mum|engththetcen|econs|dered
orthechenge|norce|she|thed|stence|etweenthemex|mum
momentendthepo|ntwherethemoment|s.ero C|eer|y, themex|mum
|ong|tud|ne|orcew|||occurwherethechenge|nmoment, end
thereoreorce, |sthegreetest, oreun|orm|yd|str||uted|oedone
cont|nuous|eemth|sw||||ethe|engtho|eemc|osesttothesupport
l|gure!4showse|owchertoressess|ngthe|ong|tud|ne|sheer
cepec|ty, |nmenycesesthetrensversere|norcement|nthes|e|w||||e
su|c|enttores|stthesheerorce h|schec||s|nc|udedtoensurethet
wherepert|cu|er|yth|n|engesereusedthere|sedequetere|norcement
he|ong|tud|ne|sheercepec|ty|s|esedonthever|e||estrut|nc||net|on
method, wh|chwesdescr||ed|nthesect|ononvert|ce|sheer
Rules for spacing and
quantity of reinforcement
Minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement
hem|n|mumereeore|norcement|s/
s, m|n
0?6|
c tm
/
t
J/|
y |
|ut
not|essthen000!3/
t
J, where/
t
|sthemeenw|dthothetens|on
.one(seee||e6) lore-|eemw|ththe|enge|ncompress|on, on|y
thew|dthothewe||ste|en|ntoeccount|nce|cu|et|ngtheve|ueo/
Maximum area of longitudinal reinforcement
hemex|mumereeotens|onorcompress|onre|norcement, outs|de
|ep|ocet|onsshou|dnotexceed/
s, mex
004/
c
Minimum spacing of reinforcement
hem|n|mumc|eerd|stence|etween|ersshou|d|ethegreetero
berd|emeter
Aggregetes|.ep|usSmm
?0mm
Table 9
Values for r
w,min
f
ck 20 25 28 30 32 35 40 45 50
r
w,m|n
x!0
-3
0/? 0S0 0SS 0SS 09! 09S !0! !0/ !!3
31
4beems
32
References
1 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lON bSlN!99?!!, lurocode? /e:/qno|conce|e:|ac|ae:-/o|'-'Oeneo/a/e:onJa/e:|o
/a//J/nq: bSl, ?004
2 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lON bSS!!0! I/e:|ac|ao/a:eo|conce|e-/o|' CoJeo|ooc|/ce|oJe:/qnonJcon:|ac|/on bSl, !99/
3 NAkAANAN, kS8bkOOllk, O /ou|oJe:/qnconce|e:|ac|ae:a:/nq/aocoJe? /n|oJac|/on|o/aocoJe: heConcreteCentre, ?00S
4 bkOOllk, O /ou|oJe:/qnconce|e:|ac|ae:a:/nq/aocoJe? Oe||/nq:|o|eJ heConcreteCentre, ?00S
5 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lON bSlN!99?!?, lurocode? /e:/qno|conce|e:|ac|ae: Oeneo/a/e:-:|ac|ao/|/eJe:/qn bSl, ?004
7 vlbSlk, k8bkOOllk, O /ou|oJe:/qnconce|e:|ac|ae:a:/nq/aocoJe? /e|/ec|/onco/ca/o|/on: heConcreteCentre, ?006
6 LllAkMlNOlCOMM0NlllSANLlOCAlCOVlkNMlN /onJ/oo/|o//-'99?-'-? LClC,due?006
s
/
tores|stthemomentduetothedes|gn
|oeds(oretsupportorcent||evers)
r' kequ|redcompress|onre|norcementet /
s?
//J
m|d-spentores|stthemomentduetothe
des|gn|oeds(oretsupportorcent||evers)
(rome||e3!, lurocode?)
/

l|engeth|c|ness
/ lectortote|eeccountothed|erent Seete||eNA4|n
x e n n A | e n o | t e N l 0 s m e t s y s | e r u t c u r t s
/
e
lect|vespenomem|er SeeSect|onS3??(!)
/
o
L|stence|etweenpo|ntso.eromoment
//J Spen-to-depthret|o
/ Les|gnmomentetthe0lS
\ ( s | x e | e r t u e n o t h t p e L J-)/04
\
mex
l|m|t|ngve|ueordepthtoneutre|ex|s (d 04)J whered <!0
levererm
a
cc
Coe|c|entte||ngeccounto|ongterm 0SSor|exureend
eectsoncompress|vestrengthendo ex|e||oeds
unevoure||eeectsresu|t|ngromthe !0orotherphenomene
we ) x e n n A | e n o | t e N l 0 m o r l ( d e | | p p e s | d e o | y
d ket|oothered|str||utedmomenttothe
e|est|c|end|ngmoment
g
m
lert|e|ectorormeter|e|propert|es !!Sorre|norcement(g
s
)
!Sorconcrete(g
c
)
r
0
keerencere|norcementret|o R|
c|
/!000
r kequ|redtens|onre|norcementetm|d-spen / /J (orrectengu|er|eems)
/
c
Crosssect|one|ereeoconcrete
/
s
Areeotens|onstee|
/
s?
Areeocompress|onstee|
/
s, prov
Areeotens|onstee|prov|ded
/
s, req'd
Areeotens|onstee|requ|red
/
e
lect|ve|engew|dth
/
t
Meenw|dthothetens|on.one
/
m|n
v|dtho|eemorr||
/
w
v|dthosect|on, orw|dthowe|on|enged|eems
J lect|vedepth
J
?
lect|vedepthtocompress|onre|norcement
|
cd
Les|gnve|ueoconcretecompress|vestrength a
cc
|
c|
/g
c
or|
c|
<CS0/60
|
c|
Cherecter|st|ccy||nderstrengthoconcrete
|
ctm
Meenve|ueoex|e|tens||estrength 030|
c|
(?/3)
or|
c|
<CS0/60
S e u l a V n o i t i n i f e D l o b m y Sy e u l a V n o i t i n i f e D l o b m
Selected symbols
32
4beems
6 vlbSlk,k8bkOOllk,O/ou|oJe:/qnconce|e:|ac|ae:a:/nq/aocoJe?/e|ec|/onco/ca/o|/on:heConcreteCentre,?006
Designing to Eurocode 2
h|schepter|s|ntendedtoess|steng|neersw|ththedes|gnoco|umnsend
we||stolurocode?

ltsetsoutedes|gnproceduretoo||owendg|vesuseu|
commenteryontheprov|s|onsw|th|nthelurocodehe|eyoutendcontent
olurocode?meyeppeerunusue|todes|gnersem|||erw|thbSS!!0

lurocode?doesnotconte|ntheder|vedormu|ee,th|s|s|eceuse|thes|een
luropeenprect|cetog|vepr|nc|p|esendgenere|epp||cet|onru|es|nthecodes
endordete||edepp||cet|onru|esto|epresented|nothersourcessuches
text|oo|sorgu|dencedocuments
Chepter!,or|g|ne||ypu|||shedes/n|oJac|/on|o/aocoJe:

h|gh||ghtedthe
|eyd|erences|etweenlurocode?endbSS!!0,|nc|ud|ngterm|no|ogy
ltshou|de|so|enotedthetve|uesromthe0lNet|one|Annex(NA)heve
|eenusedthroughoutth|spu|||cet|on,|nc|ud|ngve|uesthetereem|edded|n
der|vedormu|ee(Ler|vet|onscen|eoundetwwweurocode?|no)Au||||st
osym|o|sre|etedtoco|umndes|gn|sg|venettheendoth|schepter
Design procedure
Aprocedureorcerry|ngoutthedete||eddes|gno|recedco|umns(|e
co|umnsthetdonotcontr||utetores|stenceohor|.onte|ect|ons)|sshown
|ne||e!h|sessumesthettheco|umnd|mens|onsheveprev|ous|y|een
determ|neddur|ngconceptue|des|gnor|yus|ngqu|c|des|gnmethods,or
exemp|ethosepresented|n/conom/cconce|e|omee/emen|:

Co|umns|.es
shou|dnot|es|gn||cent|yd|erentromthoseo|te|nedus|ngbSS!!0Steps
!to4oe||e!erecovered|yeer||ercheptersendthenextstep|sthereore
tocons|der|reres|stence
Fire resistance
lurocode?,lert!?|ac|ao/|/eJe:/qn
'
,g|vesecho|ceoedvenced,s|mp|||ed
orte|u|ermethodsordeterm|n|ng|reres|stenceoco|umns0s|ngte||es|sthe
estestmethodordeterm|n|ngthem|n|mumd|mens|onsendcoverorco|umns
hereere,however,somerestr|ct|onsend|theseepp|yurthergu|dencecen|e
o|te|nedromspec|e||st||tereture hes|mp|||edmethodmeyg|vemoreeconom|c
co|umns,espec|e||yorsme||co|umnsend/orh|gh|reres|stenceper|ods
kethertheng|v|ngem|n|mumcover,thete|u|ermethod|s|esedonnom|ne|
ex|sd|stence,o(seel|gure!)h|s|sthed|stenceromthecentreotheme|n
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
SCo|umns
R MossbSc,lhL,LlC,Clng,MlCl,MlStructlO Brookerblng,Clng,MlCl,MlStructl
Con|/nae:ooqe3'
34
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
Table 1
Column design procedure
Step Task Further guidance
Chapter in the publication Standard
! Leterm|nedes|gn||e ?Oe||/nq:|o|eJ 0lNAtobSlN!990e||eNA?!
? Assessect|onsontheco|umn ?Oe||/nq:|o|eJ bSlN!99!(!0perts)end0lNet|one|Annexes
3 Leterm|newh|chcom||net|onsoect|onsepp|y !/n|oJac|/on|o/aocoJe: 0lNAtobSlN!990e||esNAA!!endNAA!?(b)
4 Assessdure||||tyrequ|rementsenddeterm|neconcretestrength ?Oe||/nq:|o|eJ bSSS00?006
S Chec|coverrequ|rementsoreppropr|ete|reres|stenceper|od ?Oe||/nq:|o|eJende||e? ApprovedLocumentbbSlN!99?!?
6 Ce|cu|etem|ncoverordure||||ty,|reend|ondrequ|rements ?Oe||/nq:|o|eJ bSlN!99?!!C|44!
/ Ane|ysestructuretoo|te|ncr|t|ce|momentsendex|e|
orces
?Oe||/nq:|o|eJend'Structure|
ene|ys|s'sect|on
bSlN!99?!!sect|onS
S Chec|s|enderness Seel|gures?end3 bSlN!99?!!sect|onSS
9 Leterm|neereeore|norcementrequ|red Seel|gures?end3 bSlN!99?!!sect|on6!
!0 Chec|spec|ngo|ers 'ku|esorspec|ng'sect|on bSlN!99?!!sect|onsSend9
Note
NANet|one|Annex
Table 2
Minimum column dimensions and axis distances for fire resistance
Standard fire
resistance
Minimum dimensions (mm)
Column width b
min
/axis distance, a, of the main
bars
Column exposed on more than
one side
Column
exposed on
one side
(
fi
= 0.7)

fi
= 0.5
fi
= 0.7
k60 ?00/36
300/3!
?S0/46
3S0/40
!SS/?S
k90 300/4S
400/3S
e
3S0/S3
4S0/40
e
!SS/?S
k!?0 3S0/4S
e
4S0/40
e
3S0/S/
e
4S0/S!
e
!/S/3S
k?40 4S0//S
e |
?9S//0
Note
hete||e|ste|enrombSlN!99?!?e||eS?e(methodA)end|sve||dunderthe
o||ow|ngcond|t|ons
1 heeect|ve|engthoe|recedco|umnunder|recond|t|ons/o,| <3mheve|ueo/o,|
mey|ete|enesS0%otheectue||engthor|ntermed|ete|oorsend|etweenS0%
end/0%otheectue||engthortheupper|oorco|umn
2 he|rstordereccentr|c|tyunder|recond|t|onsshou|d|e<0!S/(or/)A|ternet|ve|y
usemethodb(seelurocode?,lert!?,e||eS?|)heeccentr|c|tyunder|re
cond|t|onsmey|ete|enesthetused|nnorme|tempereturedes|gn
3 here|norcementereeouts|de|ep|ocet|onsdoesnotexceed4%otheconcrete
crosssect|on
4 a||stheret|oothedes|gnex|e||oedunder|recond|t|onstothedes|gnres|stenceo
theco|umnetnorme|tempereturecond|t|onsa|meyconservet|ve|y|ete|enes0/
Key
a M|n|mumS|ers
b Methodbmey|eusedwh|ch|nd|cetes600//0ork?40enda
|
0/
SeebSlN!99?!?e||eS?|
Table 3
Minimum reinforced concrete wall dimensions and axis distances for
load-bearing for fire resistance
Standard
fire
resistance
Minimum dimensions (mm)
Wall thickness/axis distance, a, of the main bars
Wall exposed on one side
(
fi
= 0.7)
Wall exposed on two
sides (
fi
= 0.7)
kll60 !30/!0
e
!40/!0
e
kll90 !40/?S !/0/?S
kll!?0 !60/3S ??0/3S
kll?40 ?/0/60 3S0/60
Notes
1 hete||e|ste|enrombSlN!99?!?e||eS4
2 Seenote4oe||e?
Key
a Norme||ytherequ|rementsobSlN!99?!!w|||determ|nethecover
Figure 1
Section through structural member, showing nominal axis distance a
h b
a
b
35
SCo|umns
presentmethodsAendbbothereeque||yepp||ce||e,e|though
methodAhessme||er||m|tsoneccentr|c|tythenmethodbMethodA
|ss||ght|ys|mp|erend|spresented|ne||e?,||m|tsoepp||ce||||ty
ereg|ven|nthenotesS|m||erdeteor|oed-|eer|ngwe||s|sg|ven|n
e||e3
lorco|umnssupport|ngtheuppermoststorey,theeccentr|c|tyw|||
otenexceedthe||m|tsor|othmethodsAendblnth|ss|tuet|on
AnnexColurocode?,lert!?mey|eusedA|ternet|ve|y,
cons|deret|oncen|eg|ventotreet|ngtheco|umnese|eemor
determ|n|ngthedes|gn|reres|stence
Column design
A|owchertorthedes|gno|recedco|umns|sshown|nl|gure?lor
s|enderco|umns,l|gure3w|||e|so|erequ|red
Structural analysis
hetypeoene|ys|sshou|d|eeppropr|etetothepro||em|e|ng
cons|deredheo||ow|ngmey|eused||neere|est|cene|ys|s,||neer
e|est|cene|ys|sw|th||m|tedred|str||ut|on,p|est|cene|ys|send
non-||neerene|ys|sl|neere|est|cene|ys|smey|ecerr|edoutessum|ng
crosssect|onsereuncrec|ed(|econcretesect|onpropert|es),
us|ng||neerstress-stre|nre|et|onsh|psendessum|ngmeenve|ues
o|ong-terme|est|cmodu|us
lorthedes|gnoco|umnsthee|est|cmomentsromtheremeect|on
shou|d|eusedw|thoutenyred|str||ut|onlors|enderco|umnse
non-||neerene|ys|smey|ecerr|edouttodeterm|nethesecondorder
moments,e|ternet|ve|yusethemomentmegn||cet|onmethod
(C|SS/3)ornom|ne|curveturemethod(C|SSS)es|||ustreted|n
l|gure3he|etter|sexpectedto|eedopted|nthe0l
Design moments
hedes|gn|end|ngmoment|s|||ustreted|nl|gure4endde|nedes
/
ld
Mex[/
0?
,/
0e
/
?
,/
0!
0S/
?

where
/
0!
M|n[|/
top
|,|/
|ottom
|e
|
/
ld
/
0?
Mex[|/
top
|,|/
|ottom
|e
|
/
ld
e
|
Mex[/
o
/400,//30,?0(un|tsto|e|nm||||metres)
/
top
,/
|ottom
Momentsetthetopend|ottomotheco|umn
/
0e
06/
0?
04/
0!
~04/
0?
/
?
/
ld
e
?
where/
ld
|sthedes|gnex|e||oedende
?

|sde|ect|onduetosecondordereects
/
0!
end/
0?
shou|d|epos|t|ve|theyg|vetens|ononthesemes|de
Anon-s|enderco|umncen|edes|gned|gnor|ngsecondordereects
endthereoretheu|t|metedes|gnmoment,/
ld
/
0?

hece|cu|et|onotheeccentr|c|ty,e
?
,|snots|mp|eend|s|||e|yto
requ|resome|teret|ontodeterm|nethede|ect|onetepprox|mete|y
m|d-he|ght,e
?
Cu|dence|sg|ven|nl|gure3
Figure 2
Flow chart for braced column design
Use column chart (see Figure 9) to nd A
s
required for N
Ed

and M
Ed.
Alternatively, solve by iteration or by using RC
Spreadsheet TCC53 from Spreadsheets for concrete design to
BS 8110 and Eurocode 2
6
START
Initial column size may be determined using quick design
methods or through iteration.
Determine the actions on the column
using an appropriate analysis method.
The ultimate axial load is N
Ed
and the ultimate moments
are M
top
and M
bottom
(Moments from analysis)
Determine the effective length, l
0
, using either:
1. Figure 5
2. Table 4
3. Expression (5.15) from BS EN 199211
Determine rst order moments (see Figure 4)
M
01
= Min {|M
top
|, |M
bottom
|} + e
i
N
Ed
M
02
= Max {|M
top
|, |M
bottom
|} + e
i
N
Ed
Where e
i
= Max {l
0
/400, h/30, 20} (units to be in millimetres).
M
01
and M
02
should have the same sign
if they give tension on the same side.
Determine slenderness, l, from either:
l = l
0
/i where i = radius of gyration or
l = 3.46 l
0
/h for rectangular sections (h = overall depth) or
l = 4.0 l
0
/d for circular sections (d = column diameter)
Determine slenderness limit,
lim
, from:
l
lim =
15.4C
n

(See Slenderness section on page 5 for explanation.)
Column is slender
(refer to Figure 3).
Yes
Column is not slender. M
Ed
= M
02
No
Check rules for spacing and quantity of reinforcement
(see page 7)
Is l l
lim
?
re|norc|ng|ertothesureceothemem|erlt|senom|ne|(not
m|n|mum)d|mens|on,endthedes|gnershou|densurethet
o~c
nom
f
||n|
f
|er
/?
lorco|umnsthereeretwote||esg|ven|nlurocode?lert!?thet
36
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
Figure 3
Flow chart for slender columns (nominal curvature method)
Effective length
l|gureSg|vesgu|denceontheeect|ve|engthotheco|umn
lowever,ormostree|structuresl|guresS)endSg)on|yere
epp||ce||e,endlurocode?prov|destwoexpress|onstoce|cu|etethe
eect|ve|engthortheses|tuet|onslxpress|on(S!S)|sor|reced
mem|ersendlxpress|on(S!6)|sorun|recedmem|ers
ln|othexpress|ons,there|et|ve|ex|||||t|esete|therend,/
!
end/
?
,
shou|d|ece|cu|etedheexpress|onor/g|ven|nthelurocode
|nvo|vesce|cu|et|ngtherotet|onotherestre|n|ngmem|ers,wh|ch|n
prect|cerequ|restheuseoremewor|ene|ys|ssotwereA|ternet|ve|y,
lL66S/Soc/qoanJoooe|o|/e'//o|/ono/onne\
'
prov|dese
s|mp|||cet|on,|esedonthest|nessothe|eemsettechedtoe|ther
s|deotheco|umnh|sre|et|vest|ness,/,centhereore|ece|cu|eted
eso||ows(prov|dedthest|nessoed|ecentco|umnsdoesnotvery|y
morethen!S%otheh|gherst|ness)
k =
EI
c

2EI
b
0.1
l
c
where
/
c
,/
|
eretheco|umnend|eemuncrec|edsecondmomentsoeree
/
c
,/
|
eretheco|umnend|eem|engths
Once/
!
end/
?
heve|eence|cu|eted,theeect|ve|engthector,/,cen
|eeste|||shedrome||e4or|recedco|umnsheeect|ve|ength|s
then/
o
//
lore400mmsquere|nterne|co|umnsupport|nge?S0mmth|c||et
s|e|one/Smgr|d,theve|ueo/cou|d|e0!!,endthereore/
o
0S9/
lntheedgecond|t|on/|seect|ve|ydou||edend/
o
06//lthe|nterne|
co|umnhedenot|one||y'p|nned'supportet|ts|esethen/
o
0///
lt|se|sogenere||yecceptedthete||e3!9obSS!!0mey
conservet|ve|y|eusedtodeterm|netheeect|ve|engthectorlnthe
|ongterm,lxpress|ons(S!S)end(S!6)w||||e|ene|c|e|estheyere
pert|cu|er|ysu|te||eor|ncorporet|on|ntodes|gnsotwere
From Figure 2
Determine K
r
from Figure 9 or from
K
r
= (n
u
- n) / (n
u
- n
bal
) 1
where
n = N
Ed
/ (A
c
f
cd
), relative axial force
N
Ed
= the design value of axial force
n
u
= 1 + w
n
bal
= 0.4
w = A
s,est
f
yd
/ (A
c
f
cd
)
A
s,est
= the estimated total area of steel
A
c
= the area of concrete
Revise value
of A
s,est
No
Yes
Check detailing requirements
Calculate Kh from Kh = 1 + b h
ef
1
where
h
ef
= the effective creep ratio
b = 0.35 + f
ck
/200 /150
l = the slenderness ratio.
See section on creep (page 6)
Calculate e
2
from

e
2 = 0.1
(
K
r
Kh f
yd
)

l0
2
0.45d Es

where
Es = elastic modulus of reinforcing steel
(200 GPa)
M
0e
= 0.6 M
02
+ 0.4 M
01
0.4 M
02
M
2
= N
Ed
e
2
M
Ed
= Max {M
02
, M
0e
+ M
2
, M
01
+ 0.5 M
2
}
Use column chart to nd A
s,reqd
for N
Ed
and M
Ed
Alternatively, solve by iteration or by using
RC Spreadsheet
6
a) l
0
= l b) l
0
= 2l c) l
0
= 0.7l d) l
0
= l /2 e) l
0
= l f) l/2 < l
0
< l g) l
0
> 2l
y
l
y
y
M
Figure 5
Effective lengths for isolated members
First order
moments for
stocky columns
M
02
M
01
M
02
0.5 M
2
M M
01 2
+ 0.5
2 Ed 2
M M
0e 2
+ M
0e
Additional second
order moments for
slender columns
Total moment
diagram for
slender columns
+ =
M
e N
i Ed
M N = e
Figure 4
Design bending moments
Is A
s reqd
& A
s, est
?
l
b
37
SCo|umns
Table 4
Effective length factor, F, for braced columns
k2 k1
0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.70 1.00 2.00 5.00 9.00 Pinned
0.10 0.59 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.76 0.77
0.20 0.62 0.65 0.68 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.80 0.81
0.30 0.64 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.84
0.40 0.66 0.69 0.72 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.86
0.50 0.67 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.83 0.86 0.86 0.87
0.70 0.69 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.85 0.88 0.89 0.90
1.00 0.71 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.92
2.00 0.73 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.83 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.95
5.00 0.75 0.79 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.93 0.96 0.97 0.98
9.00 0.76 0.80 0.83 0.85 0.86 0.89 0.91 0.94 0.97 0.98 0.99
Pinned 0.77 0.81 0.84 0.86 0.87 0.90 0.92 0.95 0.98 0.99 1.00
105 kNm
105 kNm 105 kNm
105 kNm 105 kNm
r
m
= 1.0 r
m
= -1.0 r
m
= 0
a) C = 1.7 - 1 = 0.7 b) C = 1.7 - 0 = 1.7 c) C = 1.7 + 1.0 = 2.7
0
Figure 6
Calculating factor C
Slenderness
lurocode?stetesthetsecondordereectsmey|e|gnored|they
ere|essthen!0%othe|rstordereectsAsene|ternet|ve,|the
s|enderness(l)|s|essthenthes|enderness||m|t(l
||m
),thensecond
ordereectsmey|e|gnored
S|enderness,l/
o
//where/red|usogyret|onends|enderness||m|t
l
lim
=
20ABC

15.4C

n n
where
/!/(!0?h
e
)(|h
e
|snot|nown,/0/mey|eused)
S (|, re|norcementret|o,|snot|nown,
S!!mey|eused)
C!/
m
(|
m
|snot|nown,C0/mey|eusedsee|e|ow)
n/
ld
/(/
c
|
cd
)

m
/
0!
//
0?
/
0!
,/
0?
erethe|rstorderendmoments,|/
0?
|~|/
0!
|
ltheendmoments/
0!
end/
0?
g|vetens|ononthesemes|de,

m
shou|d|ete|enpos|t|ve
Othethreeectors/SendCCw|||hevethe|ergest|mpecton
l
||m
end|sthes|mp|esttoce|cu|eteAn|n|t|e|essessmentol
||m
cen
thereore|emedeus|ngthedeeu|tve|uesor/endS,|ut|nc|ud|ng
ece|cu|et|onorC(seel|gure6)Cereshou|d|ete|en|ndeterm|n|ng
C|eceusethes|gnothemomentsme|eses|gn||centd|erencelor
un|recedmem|ersCshou|de|weys|ete|enes0/
Column design resistance
lorprect|ce|purposestherectengu|erstress||oc|usedorthedes|gn
o|eems(seeChepter4,or|g|ne||ypu|||shedesSeom:

)meye|so|e
usedorthedes|gnoco|umns(seel|gure/)lowever,themex|mum
compress|vestre|norconcretec|essesuptoend|nc|ud|ngCS0/60,
whenthewho|esect|on|s|npurecompress|on,|s000!/S(seel|gure
Se)vhentheneutre|ex|se||soutsidethesect|on(l|gureS|),the
mex|mume||owe||estre|n|sessumedto||e|etween000!/Send
0003S,endmey|eo|te|ned|ydrew|nge||neromthepo|nto.ero
stre|nthroughthe'h|ngepo|nt'o000!/Sstre|netm|d-depthothe
sect|onvhentheneutre|ex|s||eswithinthesect|ondepththenthe
mex|mumcompress|vestre|n|s0003S(seel|gureSc)
0.00175
h
x
x x
hinge
point
hinge
point
0.00175 / ( /2) x x h
h
d
h/ 2
0.0035 max 0.0035 max
0.00175 mi n
d) General relationship c) When x < h b) When x > h a) Pure compression
0.00175
e
x
e
x
Figure 8
Strain diagrams for columns
a) Strain diagram b) Stress diagram
h
d
c
s
sc
e
cu2
e
sc
e
y
d
2
s
st
n. axis
d
2
x
f
cd
A
s2
A
s
Figure 7
Stress block diagram for columns
38
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
A f bhf
s yk ck
/
M/bh f
2
ck
N
b
h
f
/
c
k
K
r
= 0.2
d h
2
/ = 0.05
Figure 9a
Column design chart for rectangular columns d
2
/h = 0.05
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
hegenere|re|et|onsh|p|sshown|nl|gureSd)lorconcretec|esses
e|oveCS0/60thepr|nc|p|eseretheseme|utthemex|mumstre|n
ve|uesvery
woexpress|onscen|eder|vedortheereeostee|requ|red,(|esedon
erectengu|erstress||oc|,seel|gure/)oneortheex|e||oedsendthe
otherorthemoments
/
sN
/?(/
ld
|
cd
/J
c
)/(
sc

st
)
where
/
sN
Areeore|norcementrequ|redtores|stex|e||oed
/
ld
Ax|e||oed
|
cd
Les|gnve|ueoconcretecompress|vestrength

sc
(
st
)Stress|ncompress|on(endtens|on)re|norcement
/breedthosect|on
J
c
lect|vedepthoconcrete|ncompress|onl\</
l0Sor<CS0/60
\Lepthtoneutre|ex|s
/le|ghtosect|on
/
sM
/?|/|
cd
/J
c
(//?J
c
/?)|/|(//?J
?
)(
sc

st
)|
where
/
sM
ote|ereeore|norcementrequ|redtores|stmoment
kee||st|ce||y,thesecenon|y|eso|ved|teret|ve|yendthereoree|ther
computersotwere(egkCSpreedsheetCCS3romoeoJ:/ee|:|o
conce|eJe:/qn|oSS''0onJ/C?
'
)orco|umndes|gncherts(see
l|gures9eto9e)mey|eused
Creep
Lepend|ngontheessumpt|onsused|nthedes|gn,|tmey|enecessery
todeterm|netheeect|vecreepret|oh
e
(reC|3!48SS4)A
nomogrem|sprov|ded|nthelurocode(l|gure3!)orwh|chthe
cementstrengthc|ess|srequ|red,however,etthedes|gnstege|toten
notcerte|nwh|chc|essepp||esCenere||y,C|esskshou|d|eessumed
vherethegroundgrenu|eted||esturneces|eg(gg|s)exceeds3S%
othecementcom||net|onorwherepu|ver|.edue|esh(pe)exceeds
?0%othecementcom||net|on,C|essNmey|eessumedvhere
gg|sexceeds6S%orwherepeexceeds3S%,C|essSmey|eessumed
Biaxial bending
heeectso||ex|e||end|ngmey|echec|edus|nglxpress|on(S39),
wh|chwes|rstdeve|oped|ybres|eer
(


M
Edz


)
a
+
(


M
Edy

)
a
1.0
M
Rdz
M
Rdy
where
/
ld.,y
Les|gnmoment|ntherespect|ved|rect|on|nc|ud|ngsecond
ordereects|nes|enderco|umn
/
kd.,y
Momentores|stence|ntherespect|ved|rect|on
o?orc|rcu|erende|||pt|ce|sect|ons,reertoe||eSorrectengu|er
sect|ons
/
kd
/
c
|
cd
/
s
|
yd
Con|/nae:ooqe4'
39
SCo|umns
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.0
d h
2
/ = 0.15
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
A f bhf
s yk ck
/
N
b
h
f
/
c
k
M bh f /
2
ck
K
r
=1
0.6
0.8
Figure 9c
Column design chart for rectangular columns d
2
/h = 0.15
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
M bh f /
2
ck
d h
2
/ = 0.10
K
r
=1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
N
b
h
f
/
c
k
A f bhf
s yk
/
ck
Figure 9b
Column design chart for rectangular columns d
2
/h = 0.10
40
A f bhf
s yk ck
/
d h
2
/ = 0.25
M/bh f
2
ck
N
b
h
f
/
c
k
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
K
r
= 1
Figure 9e
Column design chart for rectangular columns d
2
/h = 0.25
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.3
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
A f bhf
s yk ck
/
d h
2
/ = 0.20
M/bh f
2
ck
N
b
h
f
/
c
k
K
r
= 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Figure 9d
Column design chart for rectangular columns d
2
/h = 0.20
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
41
Table 5
Value of a for rectangular sections
N
Ed
/N
Rd
0.1 0.7 1.0
o !0 !S ?0
Note
l|neer|nterpo|et|onmey|eused
Unbraced columns
here|snocommentmedeonthedes|gnosweyremes|nlurocode?
lowever,|tg|vesgu|denceontheeect|ve|engthoenun|reced
mem|er|nlxpress|on(S!6)heve|ueorCo0/shou|de|weys|e
used|nlxpress|on(S!3N)hedes|gnmomentsshou|d|eessessed
|nc|ud|ngsecondordereectshete|u|ermethodor|reres|stence
des|gn(lert!?)doesnotexp||c|t|ycoverun|recedco|umns,however
reerencecen|emedetotheChepter!?
9

Walls
vhenthesect|on|engthoevert|ce|e|ement|sourt|mesgreeter
then|tsth|c|ness|t|sde|nedesewe||hedes|gnowe||sdoesnot
d|ers|gn||cent|yromthetorco|umnsexceptortheo||ow|ng
Nherequ|rementsor|reres|stence(seee||e3)
Nbend|ngw||||ecr|t|ce|e|outthewee|ex|s
Nhereered|erentru|esorspec|ngendquent|tyore|norcement
(see|e|ow)
here|snospec||cgu|denceg|venor|end|nge|outthestrongex|s
orste||||tylowever,thepr|nc|p|esoClklAkeport!0S

mey|e
o||owedA|ternet|ve|ythestrutendt|emethodmey|eused(sect|on
6Sothelurocode)
Rules for spacing and
quantity of reinforcement
Maximum areas of reinforcement
lnlurocode?themex|mumnom|ne|re|norcementereeorco|umns
endwe||souts|de|eps|s4%comperedw|th6%|nbSS!!0lowever,
th|sereecen|e|ncreesedprov|dedthettheconcretecen|ep|eced
endcompectedsu|c|ent|ylrequ|redse|-compect|ngconcretemey
|eusedorpert|cu|er|ycongesteds|tuet|ons,wherethere|norc|ng|ers
shou|d|especedtoensurethettheconcretecen|oweroundthem
lurthergu|dencecen|eound|ne/|-comooc|/nqconce|e

Minimum reinforcement requirements

herecommendedm|n|mumd|emetero|ong|tud|ne|re|norcement|n
co|umns|s!?mmhem|n|mumereeo|ong|tud|ne|re|norcement|n
co|umns|sg|ven|y/
s,m|n
0!0/
ld
/|
yd
~000?/
c
lxp(9!?N)
hed|emeterothetrensversere|norcementshou|dnot|e|essthen
6mmoronequerterothemex|mumd|emeterothe|ong|tud|ne||ers
Symbol Definition Value
'/
0
keerencecurveture
yd
/(04SJ)
'/ Curveture /
r
/h'/
0
o Ax|sd|stenceor|reres|stence
/ lectorordeterm|n|ngs|enderness||m|t !/(!0?h
e
j
/
c
Crosssect|one|ereeoconcrete //
/
s
Areeotote|co|umnre|norcement
S lectorordeterm|n|ngs|enderness||m|t
c lectordepend|ngoncurvetured|str||ut|on !0(orconstentcross-sect|on)
C lectorordeterm|n|ngs|enderness||m|t !/
m

J lect|vedepth
e
?
Secondordereccentr|c|ty (!/)/
0
/c
e
|
lccentr|c|tyduetogeometr|c|mperect|ons
/
s
l|est|cmodu|usore|norc|ngstee| ?00Cle
|
cd
Les|gnve|ueoconcretecompress|vestrength
cc
|
c|
/c
|
c|
Cherecter|st|ccy||nderstrengthoconcrete
/ C|eerhe|ghtocompress|onmem|er|etween
endrestre|nts
/
0
lect|ve|ength
/
r
Correct|onectordepend|ngonex|e||oed
/h lectorte||ng|ntoeccountcreep
/
0!
/
0?
l|rstordermoments|nc|ud|ngtheeecto
geometr|c|mperect|ons|/
0?
|~|/
0!
|
/
?
Nom|ne|secondordermoment /
ld
e
?
/
0e
lqu|ve|ent|rstordermoment 06/
0?
04/
0!
~04/
0?
/
ld
0|t|metedes|gnmoment
/
lqp
l|rstorder|end|ngmomentunder
ques|-permenent|oed|ng
n ke|et|veex|e|orce /
ld
//
c
|
cd
j
n
|e|
Ve|ueonetmex|mummomentores|stence 04
n
u
lectortoe||oworre|norcement|ntheco|umn !
/
ld
0|t|meteex|e||oed

m
Momentret|o /
0!
//
0?
\ Lepthtoneutre|ex|s J-j/04
levererm

cc
Coe|c|entte||ngeccounto|ongtermeects 0SSor|exureendex|e|
oncompress|vestrengthendounevoure||e |oeds!0orother
eectsresu|t|ngromthewey|oed|sepp||ed phenomene(lrom0lNA)
lector 03S|
c|
/?00/!S0

yd
Les|gnve|ueostre|n|nre|norcement |
yd
//
s

m
lert|e|ectorormeter|e|propert|es !!Sorre|norcement(
s
j
!Sorconcrete(
c
)
l S|enderness /
0
//
l
||m
S|enderness||m|t
a
|
Legreeout|||set|on|ne|re /
ld,|
//
kd
h
e
lect|vecreepret|o h

|
o
j/
lqp
//
ld
h

|
0
j l|ne|creepco-e|c|enttoC|3!4
Mechen|ce|re|norcementret|o /
s
|
yd
//
c
|
cd
j
|\| A|so|uteve|ueox
Mexj\,jhemex|mumove|uesxory.
Selected symbols
SCo|umns
42
SCo|umns
References
1 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSlN!99?!!,lurocode?/e:/qno|conce|e:|ac|ae:Oeneo/a/e:onJa/e:|o/a//J/nq:bSl,?004
2 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSS!!0!,|ac|ao/a:eo|conce|e-/o|'CoJeo|ooc|/ce|oJe:/qnonJcon:|ac|/onbSl,?004
3 NAkAANAN,kS8bkOOllk,O/ou|oJe:/qnconce|e:|ac|ae:a:/nq/aocoJe?/n|oJac|/onheConcreteCentre,?00S
4 COOLClllL,Cl,lllO,lS8vlbSlk,kM/conom/cconce|e|omee/emen|:heConcreteCentre,?009
5 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSlN!99?!?lurocode?/e:/qno|conce|e:|ac|ae:Oeneo/a/e:-:|ac|ao/|/eJe:/qnbSl,?004
6 COOLClllL,Cl8vlbSlk,kMoeoJ:/ee|:|oconce|eJe:/qn|oSS''0onJ/aocoJe?vers|on3heConcreteCentre,?006
7 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONlL66S/,Soc/qoanJoooe|o|/e'//o|/ono//nne\|oS//'99?-'-'onJS//'99?-'-?bSl,?006
8 MOSS,kM8bkOOllk,O/ou|oJe:/qnconce|e:|ac|ae:a:/nq/aocoJe?Seom:heConcreteCentre,?006
9 lkASlk,AS8ONlSAll/ou|oJe:/qnconce|e:|ac|ae:a:/nq/aocoJe?|ac|ao/|/eJe:/qnheConcreteCentre,?009
10 ClklA/eoo|'0?/e:/qno|:/eouo///a//J/nq:ClklA,!9S4
11 llCONCkllSOCllIec/n/co//eoo|/o6?e/|-comooc|/nqconce|e/e./euheSoc|ety,?00S
Spacing requirements for columns
hemex|mumspec|ngotrensversere|norcement(|e||n|s)|n
co|umns(C|euse9S3(!))shou|dnotexceed
N!?t|mesthem|n|mumd|emeterothe|ong|tud|ne||ers
N60%othe|esserd|mens|onotheco|umn
N?40mm
Ated|stencegreeterthenthe|ergerd|mens|onotheco|umne|ove
or|e|owe|eemors|e|thesespec|ngscen|e|ncreesed|yeector
o!6/hem|n|mumc|eerd|stence|etweenthe|ersshou|d|ethe
greeterothe|erd|emeter,eggregetes|.ep|usSmmor?0mm
No|ong|tud|ne||ershou|d|eurtherthen!S0mmromtrensverse
re|norcement(||n|s)|nthecompress|on.one
Particular requirements for walls
hem|n|mumereeovert|ce|re|norcement|nwe||s|sg|ven|y
/
s,m|n
000?/
c
le|oth|sereeshou|d|e|ocetedeteechecehed|stence|etween
twoed|ecentvert|ce||ersshou|dnotexceedthe|esseroe|therthree
t|mesthewe||th|c|nessor400mm
hem|n|mumereeohor|.onte|re|norcement|nwe||s|sthegreeter
oe|ther?S%overt|ce|re|norcementor000!A
c
lowever,where
crec|contro||s|mportent,eer|yegetherme|endshr|n|egeeects
shou|d|econs|deredexp||c|t|y
Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design
Scope
A||oundet|onsshou|d|edes|gnedsothettheso||see|yres|ststhe
ect|onsepp||edtothestructurehedes|gnoenyoundet|oncons|stso
twocomponents,thegeotechn|ce|des|gnendthestructure|des|gnothe
oundet|on|tse|lowever,orsomeoundet|ons(eg|ex|||erets)theeect
othe|nterect|on|etweentheso||endstructuremey|ecr|t|ce|endmust
e|so|econs|deredCeotechn|ce|des|gn|scovered|ylurocode/

,wh|ch
supersedessevere|currentbr|t|shStenderds|nc|ud|ngbSS930

,bSS00?

endbSS004

henewlurocodemer|ses|gn||centchenge|ngeotechn|ce|
des|gn|nthet||m|tstetepr|nc|p|esereusedthroughoutendth|sshou|d
ensurecons|stency|etweenthelurocodeshereeretwopertstolurocode/,
lert!Oeneo/a/e:endlert?OoanJ/n.e:|/qo|/ononJ|e:|/nqCu|denceon
thedes|gnorete|n|ngwe||scen|eound|nChepter9
heessent|e|eeturesolurocode/,lert!re|et|ngtooundet|ondes|gnere
d|scussed|nth|schepterltshou|d|eemphes|sedthetth|spu|||cet|oncovers
on|ythedes|gnos|mp|eoundet|ons,wh|chereesme||pertothescopeo
lurocode/hereore|tshou|dnot|ere||edonorgenere|gu|denceonth|s
lurocode
Limit states
heo||ow|ngu|t|mete||m|tstetes(0lS)shou|d|eset|s|edorgeotechn|ce|
des|gn,theyeechhevethe|rowncom||net|onsoect|ons(lorenexp|enet|on
olurocodeterm|no|ogyp|eesereertoChepter!,or|g|ne||ypu|||shedes
/n|oJac|/on|o/aocoJe:
'
)
EQU lossoequ||||r|umothestructure
STR lnterne|e||ureorexcess|vedeormet|onothestructureorstructure|
mem|er
GEO le||ureduetoexcess|vedeormet|onotheground
UPL lossoequ||||r|umduetoup||t|yweterpressure
HYD le||ureceused|yhydreu||cgred|ents
lnedd|t|on,theserv|cee||||ty||m|tstetes(SlS)shou|d|eset|s|edltw|||
usue||y|ec|eerthetoneothe||m|tstetesw|||governthedes|gnend
thereore|tw|||not|enecesserytocerryoutchec|sore||othem,e|though
|t|scons|deredgoodprect|cetorecordthettheyhevee|||eencons|dered
Geotechnical Categories
lurocode/recommendsthreeCeotechn|ce|Cetegor|estoess|st|neste|||sh|ng
thegeotechn|ce|des|gnrequ|rementsorestructure(seee||e!)
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
6loundet|ons
R WebsterClng,llStructlO Brookerblng,Clng,MlCl,MlStructl
44
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
Table 1
Geotechnical categories of structures
Category Description Risk of geotechnical failure Examples from Eurocode 7
! Sme||endre|et|ve|ys|mp|estructures Neg||g|||e Noneg|ven
? Convent|one|typesostructureendoundet|on
w|thnod||cu|tgroundor|oed|ngcond|t|ons
Noexcept|one|r|s| Spreedoundet|ons
3 A||otherstructures A|norme|r|s|s lergeorunusue|structures
lxcept|one|groundcond|t|ons
Table 2
Design values of actions derived for UK design, STR/GEO ultimate limit state persistent and transient design situations
Combination
Expression reference
from BS EN 1990
Permanent actions Leading variable
action
Accompanying variable actions
Unfavourable Favourable Main (if any) Others
Combination 1 (Application of combination 1 (BS EN 1997) to set B (BS EN 1990))
lxp(6!0) !3SO
|
e
!0O
|
e
!S
|

|
!S
|
c
o,|
c

|,|
lxp(6!0e) !3SO
|
e
!0O
|
e
!Sc
o
,
!
c

|
!S
|
c
o,|
c

|,|
lxp(6!0|) 09?S
d
x!3SO
|
e
!0O
|
e
!S
|

|
!S
|
c
o,|
c

|,|
Combination 2 (Application of combination 2 (BS EN 1997) to set C (BS EN 1990))
lxp(6!0) !0O
|
e
!0O
|
e
!3
|

|,!
!3
|
c
o,|
c

|,|
Key
a vherethever|et|on|npermenentect|on|snotcons|dereds|gn||centO
|,|,sup
endO
|,|,|n
mey|ete|enesO
|
b vheretheect|on|sevoure||e,g
Q
,
|
0endthever|e||eect|onsshou|d|e|gnored
c heve|ueoc
o
cen|eo|te|nedrome||eNAA!!othe0lNAtobSlN!990(orseee||e3oChepter!)
d heve|ueoj|nthe0lNAtobSlN!990|s09?S
Table 3
Partial factors for geotechnical material properties
Angle of shearing resistance
(apply to tan h)
Effective cohesion Undrained shear
strength
Unconfined
strength
Bulk density
Symbol g
h
g
c
g
cu
g
qu
g
g
Com||net|on! !0 !0 !0 !0 !0
Com||net|on? !?S !?S !4 !4 !0
lQ0 !! !! !? !? !0
lt|sent|c|petedthetstructure|eng|neersw|||te|erespons|||||tyorthe
geotechn|ce|des|gnocetegory!structures,endthetgeotechn|ce|
eng|neersw|||te|erespons|||||tyorcetegory3structureshe
geotechn|ce|des|gnocetegory?structuresmey|eunderte|en|y
mem|ersoe|therproess|onh|sdec|s|onw|||verymuchdependon
|nd|v|due|c|rcumstences
Methods of design and combinations
herehesnot|eeneconsensusemongstgeotechn|ce|eng|neers
overtheepp||cet|ono||m|tstetepr|nc|p|estogeotechn|ce|des|gn
hereore,toe||oworthesed|erencesoop|n|on,lurocode/
prov|desorthreeLes|gnApproechesto|eusedorthe0lShe
dec|s|ononwh|chepproechtouseorepert|cu|ercountry|sg|ven
|n|tsNet|one|Annexlnthe0lLes|gnApproech!w||||espec||ed
|ntheNet|one|Annexlorth|sLes|gnApproech(exc|ud|ngp||eend
enchoregedes|gn)thereeretwosetsocom||net|onstouseorthe
SkendClOu|t|mete||m|tstetesheve|uesorthepert|e|ectors
to|eepp||edtotheect|onsorthesecom||net|onsopert|e|ectors
ereg|ven|ne||e?endthepert|e|ectorsorthegeotechn|ce|
meter|e|propert|esereg|ven|ne||e3Com||net|on!w|||genere||y
governthestructure|res|stence,endCom||net|on?w|||genere||y
governthes|.|ngotheoundet|ons

hepert|e|ectorsorso||res|stencetos||d|ngend|eer|ngshou|d|e
te|enes!0or|othcom||net|ons
hepert|e|ectorsto|eepp||edtotheect|onsetthelQ0||m|tstete
ereg|ven|ne||e4,thegeotechn|ce|meter|e|pert|e|ectorsereg|ven
|ne||e3
lortheSlS,lurocode/doesnotg|veenyedv|ceonwhetherthe
cherecter|st|c,requentorques|-permenentcom||net|onshou|d|e
usedvheretheprescr|pt|vemethod|susedorspreedoundet|ons
(seepege3)thenthecherecter|st|cve|uesshou|d|eedoptedlor
45
6loundet|ons
d|rectmethodsoce|cu|et|ontherequentcom||net|oncen|eused
ors|.|ngooundet|onsendtheques|-permenentcom||net|oncen|e
usedorsett|ementce|cu|et|ons
lurther|normet|onondes|gncom||net|onscen|eound|nChepter!,
or|g|ne||ypu|||shedes/n|oJac|/on|o/aocoJe:
'

Geotechnical design report

Ageotechn|ce|des|gnreportshou|d|eproducedoreechpro|ect,
even||t|son|yes|ng|esheethereportshou|dconte|ndete||so
thes|te,|nterpretet|onotheground|nvest|get|onreport,geotechn|ce|
des|gnrecommendet|onsendedv|ceonsuperv|s|on,mon|tor|ngend
me|ntenenceothewor|slt|s|||e|ythetth|sreportw|||requ|re|nput
rommorethenoneconsu|tent,depend|ngonwhetherthepro|ect|s|n
Ceotechn|ce|Cetegory!,?or3
heoundet|ondes|gnrecommendet|onsshou|d|nc|ude|eer|ng
res|stencesendcherecter|st|cve|uesorso||peremetersltshou|d
e|soc|eer|ystetewhethertheve|uesereepp||ce||etoSlSor0lSend
whethertheyereorCom||net|on!orCom||net|on?
Spread foundations
hegeotechn|ce|des|gnospreedoundet|ons(egstr|pendped
oundet|ons)|scovered|ysect|on6olurocode/,lert!endth|s
g|vesthreemethodsordes|gn
N L|rectmethodce|cu|et|on|scerr|edoutoreech||m|tstete
N lnd|rectmethodexper|enceendtest|ngusedtodeterm|ne
serv|cee||||ty||m|tsteteperemetersthete|soset|sye||re|event
||m|tstetes(|nc|uded|nlurocode/me|n|ytosu|tlrenchdes|gn
methods,end|snotd|scussedurtherhere)
N lrescr|pt|vemethod|nwh|chepresumed|eer|ngres|stence|sused
lormostspreedoundet|ons|nthe0l,sett|ementw||||ethe
govern|ngcr|ter|on,tred|t|one||y'e||owe||e|eer|ngpressures'heve|een
usedto||m|tsett|ementh|sconcepto|ncrees|ngtheectoroseety
on|eer|ngres|stencestocontro|sett|ementmeyst||||eusedw|ththe
prescr|pt|vemethodheexcept|on|sorsotc|eyswherelurocode/
requ|ressett|ementce|cu|et|onsto|eunderte|en
vhenus|ngthed|rectmethod,ce|cu|et|onserecerr|edoutoreech
||m|tsteteAtthe0lS,the|eer|ngres|stenceotheso||shou|d|e
chec|edus|ngpert|e|ectorsontheso||propert|eseswe||eson
theect|onsAttheSlSthesett|ementotheoundet|onsshou|d|e
ce|cu|etedendchec|edege|nstperm|ss|||e||m|ts
heprescr|pt|vemethodmey|eusedwherece|cu|et|onotheso||
propert|es|snotposs|||eornecesseryendcen|eusedprov|dedthet
conservet|veru|esodes|gnereusedhereorereerencecencont|nue
to|emedetoe||e!obSS004(seee||eS)todeterm|nepresumed
(e||owe||e)|eer|ngpressuresorcetegory!structuresendpre||m|nery
ce|cu|et|onsorcetegory?structuresA|ternet|ve|y,thepresumed
|eer|ngres|stencetoe||oworsett|ementcen|ece|cu|eted|ythe
geotechn|ce|des|gnerend|nc|uded|nthegeotechn|ce|des|gnreport
Table 4
Design values of actions derived for UK design, EQU ultimate limit
state persistent and transient design situations
Combination
Expression
reference
Permanent actions Leading
variable
action
Accompanying variable
actions
Unfavourable Favourable Main
(if any)
Others
lxp(6!0) !!O
|
e
090O
|
e
!S
|

|
!S
|
c
o,|

|,|
Key
a vherethever|et|on|npermenentect|on|snotcons|dereds|gn||centO
|, |, sup

endO
|, |, |n
mey|ete|enesO
|
b vheretheect|on|sevoure||e,g
Q
,
|
0endthever|e||eect|onsshou|d|e|gnored
c heve|ueoc
o
cen|eo|te|nedrome||eNAA!!othe0lNAtobSlN!990
Table 5
Presumed allowable bearing values under static loading (from BS 8004)
Category Type of soil Presumed allowable bearing value (kN/m
2
) Remarks
Non-
cohes|ve
so||s
Lensegreve|,ordensesendendgreve| >600 v|dthooundet|onnot|essthen!m
Croundweter|eve|essumedto|e|e|owthe|ese
otheoundet|on
Med|umdensegreve|,ormed|um
densesendendgreve|
<?00to600
loosegreve|,or|oosesendendgreve| <?00
Compectsend >300
Med|umdensesend !00to300
loosesend <!00
Cohes|ve
so||s
Veryst||ou|derc|eyendherdc|ey 300to600 Suscept|||eto|ong-termconso||det|onsett|ement
St|c|ey !S0to300
l|rmc|ey /Sto!S0
Sotc|eyends||t </S
Verysotc|eyends||t Notepp||ce||e
Note
heseve|uesereorpre||m|nerydes|gnpurposeson|y
46
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
lert|e|ectorsortheso||peremetersusedtodeterm|netheres|stences
cen|eo|te|nedrome||e3e|ove(Com||net|on?)
hepressured|str||ut|onunderthe|eseshou|d|eessessedtoensure
thetthemex|mumpressuredoesnotexceedthe|eer|ngres|stences
o|te|nedromthegeotechn|ce|des|gnreportet|othlQ0endClO
u|t|mete||m|tstetes(seel|gure?)ltheeccentr|c|ty|sgreeterthen
l/6etSlS,thenthepressured|str||ut|onusedtodeterm|nethe
sett|ementshou|d|emod||ed|eceusetens|oncennotoccur|etween
the|eseendtheso||lnth|scesethedes|gnershou|dset|syh|mse|
thettherew||||enoedverseconsequences(egexcess|verotet|ono
the|ese)ltshou|de|so|enotedthetthe0lSpressured|str||ut|on
d|egremw||||erectengu|erendnottrepe.o|de|
Reinforced concrete pads
vherethepedoundet|onsrequ|rere|norcementtheo||ow|ngchec|s
shou|d|ecerr|edouttoensure
N Su|c|entre|norcementtores|st|end|ngmoments
N lunch|ngsheerstrength
N beemsheerstrength
hemomentsendsheerorcesshou|d|eessessedus|ngtheSk
com||net|on
!3SO
|
!S
|
Skcom||net|on!(lxp(6!0))
lowever,theremey|eeconom|estomederomus|nglxpress|ons
(6!0e)or(6!0|)romthelurocode
hecr|t|ce||end|ngmomentsordes|gno|ottomre|norcement
ere|ocetedettheco|umnecesboth|eemsheerendpunch|ng
sheershou|dthen|echec|edetthe|ocet|onsshown|nl|gure3lor
punch|ngsheerthegroundreect|onw|th|ntheper|metermey|e
deductedromtheco|umn|oed(lxpress|on(64S),lurocode?!!

)
lt|snotusue|orepedoundet|ontoconte|nsheerre|norcement,
thereore|t|son|ynecesserytoensurethettheconcretesheerstress
cepec|tyw|thoutsheerre|norcement(.
kd,c
seee||e6)|sgreeterthen
epp||edsheerstress(.
ld
\
ld
/(/J))
lthe|es|csheerstress|sexceeded,thedes|gnermey|ncreesethe
depthothe|eseA|ternet|ve|y,theemountome|nre|norcement
cou|d|e|ncreesedor,|essdes|re||y,sheer||n|scou|d|eprov|ded(See
Chepter4,or|g|ne||ypu|||shedesSeom:

orenexp|enet|onohowto
des|gnsheerre|norcement)
A|owchertshow|ngthedes|gnprocessorshe||owoundet|ons|s
g|ven|nl|gure!
vherethere|semomentepp||edtotheoundet|on,thelQ0||m|t
steteshou|de|so|echec|edAssum|ngthepotent|e|overturn|ngo
the|ese|sduetothever|e||eect|onromthew|nd,theo||ow|ng
com||net|onshou|d|eused(thever|e||e|mposedect|on|snot
cons|deredtocontr||utetotheste||||tyothestructure)
09O
|
!S
|,w
lQ0com||net|on
where
O
|
|stheste||||s|ngcherecter|st|cpermenentect|on
(0se!!O
|
oredeste||||s|ngpermenentect|on)

|,w
|sthedeste||||s|ngcherecter|st|cver|e||ew|ndect|on
Figure 1
Procedures for depth of spread foundations
Design foundation (structural design) using the worst of
Combinations 1 and 2 (ULS) for actions and geotechnical
material properties.
START
Design using
direct method?
Obtain soil parameters from Ground Investigation report
Size foundation
(geotechnical design) using
the worst of Combinations
1 or 2 (ULS) for actions
and geotechnical material
properties. Combination 2
will usually govern.
Use prescriptive method.
Size foundation
(geotechnical design)
using SLS for actions
and presumed
bearing resistance
Is there an
overturning moment?
Check overturning using EQU
limit state for actions and
GEO Combination 2
for material properties.
Yes No
Yes
No
M M
M
P
P
P
e
e e
e = / M P
P
P
L
L
L
L
1 +
e 6
6e
1
2P
1.5 3 L e
L = width of base
SLS pressure distributions ULS pressure distribution
or
P
2 L e
P P P
Figure 2
Pressure distributions for pad foundations
47
6loundet|ons
START
Determine value of factor
( =1.0 when applied moment is zero; refer to Expressions
(6.38) to (6.42) from BS EN 199211 for other cases)
Determine value of vEd,max
(design shear stress at face of column) from:
vEd,max = (VEd DVEd) (from Exp. (6.38))
(u0deff)
where u0 is perimeter of column
(see Clause 6.4.5 for columns at base edges)
deff = (dy + dz)/2 where dy and dz
are the effective depths in orthogonal directions
Determine value of vRd,max (refer to Table 7)
Determine concrete punching shear capacity vRd (without
shear reinforcement) from 2dvRd,c/a (Refer to Table 6 for vRd,c)
Yes
Either increase main
steel, or provide
punching shear
reinforcement required.
(Not recommended
for foundations.)
No
No shear reinforcement required. Check complete.
Figure 4
Procedure for determining punching shear capacity for pad foundations
Yes
Redesign foundation Is vEd,max < vRd, max?
No
Determine value of vEd, (design shear stress) from:
vEd = (VEd DVEd)
(u1deff)
where u1 is length of control perimeter (refer to Figure 5). For
eccentrically loaded bases, refer to Exp. (6.51).
The control perimeter will have to be found through iteration;
it will usually be between d and 2d
Is vEd < vRd at
critical perimeter?
Design for punching shear
lurocode?prov|desspec||cgu|denceonthedes|gnooundet|onsor
punch|ngsheer,endth|sver|esromthetg|venors|e|slnlurocode?the
sheerper|meterhesroundedcornersendtheorcesd|rect|yres|sted|y
thegroundshou|d|ededucted(toevo|dunnecesser||yconservet|ve
des|gns)hecr|t|ce|per|metershou|d|eound|teret|ve|y,|ut|t|s
genere||yeccepte||etochec|etJend?JA|ternet|ve|y,espreedsheet
cou|d|eused(egspreedsheetCCS!romoeoJ:/ee|:|oconce|e
Je:/qn|oSS''0onJ/aocoJe?
'
)heprocedureordeterm|n|ngthe
punch|ngsheerrequ|rements|sshown|nl|gure4
Table 6
v
Rd
,
c
resistance of members without shear reinforcement, MPa
r
l Effective depth, d (mm)
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
a
0.25% 0.47 0.43 0.40 0.38 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34
0.50% 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.47 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.43
0.75% 0.62 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.49
1.00% 0.68 0.64 0.61 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.54
1.25% 0.73 0.69 0.66 0.63 0.62 0.60 0.59 0.58
1.50% 0.78 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.62
1.75% 0.82 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.65
2.00% 0.85 0.80 0.77 0.74 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.68
k 1.816 1.707 1.632 1.577 1.535 1.500 1.471 1.447
Key
alordepthsgreeterthen!000ce|cu|ete.kd,cd|rect|y
Notes
1e||eder|vedrom.kd,c0!?/(!00rl|c|)
(!/3)
~003S/
!S
|c|
0S

where/!(?00/d)<?endrl(rlyrl.)<00?,
rly/sy/(/J)endrl./s./(/J)
2h|ste||ehes|eenpreperedor|c|30,
wherer|exceed040%theo||ow|ngectorsmey|eused
f
c|
25 28 32 35 40 45 50
Factor 094 09S !0? !0S !!0 !!4 !!9
Beam shear
faces
2d
d
d
h
Bends may be
required
Punching shear perimeters,
(load within deducted from V )
Ed
Figure 3
Shear checks for pad foundations
b
z
2d
2d
b
y
u
1
u
1
Figure 5
Typical basic control perimeters around loaded areas
48
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
|exurereerenceshou|d|emedetoChepter4,or|g|ne||ypu|||shedes
Seom:

A|ternet|ve|y,etrussene|ogymey|eused,th|s|scovered|nSect|onsS64
end6Solurocode?!!hestruteng|eyshou|d|eet|eest?!Sto
thehor|.onte|,notethetyshou|d|emeesured|nthep|eneotheco|umn
endp||e
both|eemsheerendpunch|ngsheershou|dthen|echec|edesshown|n
l|gure6lor|eemsheer,thedes|gnres|stences|ne||e6mey|eusedlthe
|es|csheerstress|sexceeded,thedes|gnershou|d|ncreesethedepthothe
|eseA|ternet|ve|y,theemountome|nre|norcementcou|d|e|ncreesedor,
|essdes|re||y,sheer||n|scou|d|eprov|dedCereshou|d|ete|enthetme|n
|ersereu||yenchoredAsem|n|mum,eu||enchoregeshou|d|eprov|ded
romthe|nnereceop||eslergered|us|endsmey|erequ|red
vhenessess|ngthesheercepec|ty|nep||ecep,on|ythetens|onstee|
p|ecedw|th|nthestress.oneshou|d|econs|deredescontr||ut|ngtothe
sheercepec|ty(seel|gure/)
Raft foundations
he|es|cdes|gnprocessesorretseres|m||ertothoseor|so|eted
pedoundet|onsorp||ecepsheon|yd|erence|nepproech||es|nthe
se|ect|onoeneppropr|etemethodorene|ys|ngthe|nterect|on|etween
theretendthegroundsoestoech|eveereesone||erepresentet|ono
the|r|ehev|ourlorst|errets(|espen-to-th|c|nessgreeterthen!0)w|th
ee|r|yregu|er|eyout,s|mp|||edepproechessuchesy|e|d||neorthe|et
s|e|equ|ve|entrememethodmey|eemp|oyed,onceenest|met|ono
thever|et|ons|n|eer|ngpressurehes|eeno|te|nedromegeotechn|ce|
spec|e||stvhetevers|mp|||cet|onseremede,|nd|v|due|e|est|cret
reect|onsshou|dequetetotheepp||edco|umn|oeds
h|nner,more|ex|||eretsorthosew|thecomp|ex|eyoutmeyrequ|re
theepp||cet|onoe|n|tee|ementorgr|||egeene|ys|slorrets|eer|ng
ongrenu|ersu|-gredesorwhencont|guous-p||edwe||sord|ephregm
per|meterwe||serepresent,thegroundmey|emode||edeseser|es
ov|n||erspr|ngslowever,orcohes|vesu|-gredes,th|sepproech|s
un|||e|yto|eve||d,endspec|e||stsotwerew||||erequ|red
Piled foundations
lorthepurposeoth|schepter|t|sessumedthetthep||edes|gnw||||e
cerr|edout|yespec|e||stp|||ngcontrectorheect|onsonthep||esmust
|ec|eer|yconveyedtothep||edes|gner,endtheseshou|d|e|ro|endown
|ntotheunectoredpermenentect|onsendeechotheepp||ce||ever|e||e
ect|ons(eg|mposedendw|ndect|ons)hep||edes|gnercenthencerry
outthestructure|endgeotechn|ce|des|gnothep||es
vheremomentsereepp||edtothep||ecepthelQ0com||net|on
shou|de|so|eusedtochec|thep||escenres|sttheoverturn|ngorces
heselQ0|oedsmuste|so|ec|eer|yconveyedtothep||edes|gner
endproceduresput|np|ecetoensurethep||eseredes|gnedorthe
correctorces
Ap||ecepmey|etreetedese|eem|n|end|ng,wherethecr|t|ce|
|end|ngmomentsorthedes|gnothe|ottomre|norcementere
|ocetedettheco|umneceslorurthergu|denceondes|gn|ngor
Table 7
Values for v
Rd, max
f
ck
v
Rd,max
?0 36S
?S 4S0
?S 49/
30 S?S
3? SSS
3S 60?
40 6/?
4S /3S
S0 S00
a a
b
F
h
F
Figure 8
Dimensions for plain foundations
Stress zone
45
o
A
s
contributing to shear capacity
Figure 7
Shear reinforcement for pilecaps
Punching shear 5 2d from column face
f /5
f /5
f
Beam shear 5 d from column face
Figure 6
Critical shear perimeters for piles
49
6loundet|ons
Table 8
Minimum percentage of reinforcement required
f
ck
f
ctm
Minimum % (0.26 f
ctm
/f
yk
a
)
?S ?6 0!3%
?S ?S 0!4%
30 ?9 0!S%
3? 30 0!6%
3S 3? 0!/%
40 3S 0!S%
4S 3S 0?0%
S0 4! 0?!%
Key
a vhere|
y|
S00Mle
Plain concrete foundations
Str|pendpedoot|ngsmey|econstructedromp|e|nconcrete
prov|dedtheo||ow|ngru|esereedheredto
N lncompress|on,theve|ueoa
cc
,thecoe|c|entte||ngeccounto
|ong-termeectsepp||edtodes|gncompress|vestrength
(seeC|3!6),shou|d|ete|enes06esopposedto0SSor
re|norcedconcrete
N hem|n|mumoundet|ondepth,/
l
,(seel|gureS)mey|e
ce|cu|etedrom

where
s
gd
thedes|gnve|ueotheground|eer|ngpressure
|
ctd
thedes|gnconcretetens||estrengthromlxp(3!6)
lormenys|tuet|onsth|s|sun|||e|ytooerenysev|ngsoverthecurrent
prect|ceodes|gn|ngor/

~e
heposs|||||tyosp||tt|ngorces,esedv|sed|nC|euse9S4olurocode
?!!,meyneedto|econs|dered
lurocode?e||owsp|e|nconcreteoundet|onstoconte|nre|norcement
orcontro|ocrec||ng
Rules for spacing and
quantity of reinforcement
Crack control
keertoChepter?,or|g|ne||ypu|||shedesOe||/nq:|o|eJ

Minimum area of principal reinforcement

hem|n|mumereeore|norcement|s/
s,m|n
0?6|
ctm
/
t
J/|
y|
|utnot
|essthen000!3/
t
J(seee||eS)
Maximum area of reinforcement
lxceptet|ep|ocet|ons,themex|mumereeotens|onorcompress|on
re|norcement,shou|dnotexceed/
s,mex
004/
c
Minimum spacing of reinforcement
hem|n|mumspec|ngo|ersshou|d|ethegreetero
N berd|emeter,
N Aggregetes|.ep|usSmm,or
N ?0mm
Deep elements
lordeepe|ementstheedv|ce|nlurocode?orthes|deecesodeep
|eemsmey|eo||owedhe0lNet|one|Annexrecommendsthet0?%
|sprov|ded|neechecehed|stence|etween|ersshou|dnotexceed
the|esserotw|cethe|eemdepthor300mmlorp||ecepsthes|de
ecemey|eunre|norced|there|snor|s|otens|ondeve|op|ng
Symbol Definition Value
/
c
Crosssect|one|ereeoconcrete //
/
s
Areeotens|onstee|
/
s,prov
Areeotens|onstee|prov|ded
/
s,req
Areeotens|onstee|requ|red
J lect|vedepth
J
e
Averegeeect|vedepth (J
y
J
.
)/?
|
cd
Les|gnve|ueoconcretecompress|vestrength a
cc
|
c|
/g
c
|
c|
Cherecter|st|ccy||nderstrengthoconcrete
|
ctm
Meenve|ueoex|e|tens||estrength 030|
c|
?/3
or|
c|
<CS0/60
(rome||e3!,lurocode?)
O
|
Cherecter|st|cve|ueopermenentect|on
/ Overe||depthothesect|on
/
e
lect|vespenomem|er SeeSect|onS3??(!)
/ Les|gnmomentetthe0lS

|
Cherecter|st|cve|ueoever|e||eect|on

|,w
Cherecter|st|cve|ueoever|e||ew|ndect|on
\
ld
Les|gnve|ueoepp||edsheerorce
.
ld
Les|gnve|ueoepp||edsheerstress
\
kd,c
Les|gnve|ueothepunch|ngsheer
res|stencew|thoutpunch|ngsheerre|norcement
.
kd,c
Les|gnve|ueothepunch|ngsheerstress
res|stencew|thoutpunch|ngsheerre|norcement
.
kd,mex
Les|gnve|ueothemex|mumpunch|ngsheer
res|stencee|ongthecontro|sect|oncons|dered
\ Lepthtoneutre|ex|s (J)/04
\
mex
l|m|t|ngve|ueordepthtoneutre|ex|s (d04)Jwhered<!0
levererm
a
cc
Coe|c|entte||ngeccounto|ongterm 0SSor|exureend
eectsoncompress|vestrengthendo ex|e||oeds,!0or
unevoure||eeectsresu|t|ngromthewey otherphenomene
|oed|sepp||ed(lrom0lNet|one|Annex)
b lectorordeterm|n|ngpunch|ngsheerstress
d ket|oothered|str||utedmomenttothee|est|c
|end|ngmoment
g
m
lert|e|ectorormeter|e|propert|es
r
0
keerencere|norcementret|o |
c|
/!000
r
|
kequ|redtens|onre|norcementetm|d-spen /
s
//J
tores|stthemomentduetothedes|gn
|oeds(oretsupportorcent||evers)
c
0
lectororcom||net|onve|ueoever|e||eect|on
c
!
lectororrequentve|ueoever|e||eect|on
c
?
lectororques|-permenentve|ueoever|e||eect|on
Selected symbols
50
References
1 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSlN!99/lurocode/Oeo|ec/n/co/Je:/qnbSl(?perts)
2 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSS930CoJeo|ooc|/ce|o:/|e/n.e:|/qo|/onbSl,!999
3 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSS00?CoJeo|ooc|/ce|oeo|/e|o/n/nq:|ac|ae:bSl,!994
4 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSS004CoJeo|ooc|/ce|o|oanJo|/on:bSl,!9S6
5 NAkAANAN,kS8bkOOllk,O/ou|oJe:/qnconce|e:|ac|ae:a:/nq/aocoJe?/n|oJac|/on|o/aocoJe:heConcreteCentre,?00S
6 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSlN!99?!!,/aocoJe?/e:/qno|conce|e:|ac|ae:Oeneo/a/e:onJa/e:|o/a//J/nq:bSl,?004
7 COOLClllL,Cl8vlbSlkkMoeoJ:/ee|:|oconce|eJe:/qn|oSS''0onJ/aocoJe?vers|on3heConcreteCentre,?006
8 MOSS,kM8bkOOllk,O/ou|oJe:/qnconce|e:|ac|ae:a:/nq/aocoJe?Seom:heConcreteCentre,?006
9 bkOOllk,O/ou|oJe:/qnconce|e:|ac|ae:a:/nq/aocoJe?Oe||/nq:|o|eJheConcreteCentre,?00S
6loundet|ons
Designing to Eurocode 2
h|scheptercoverstheene|ys|senddes|gnoconcrete|ets|e|stolurocode
?

,eprocesswh|ch|sessent|e||ythesemeeswhenus|ngbSS!!0

lowever,
the|eyoutendcontentolurocode?meyeppeerunusue|todes|gners
em|||erw|thbSS!!0lurocode?doesnotconte|ntheder|vedormu|eeor
spec||cgu|denceondeterm|n|ngmomentsendsheerorcesh|sheser|sen
|eceuse|thes|eenluropeenprect|cetog|vepr|nc|p|es|nthecodesendor
thedete||edepp||cet|onto|epresented|nothersourcessuchestext|oo|s
Chepter!,or|g|ne||ypu|||shedes/n|oJac|/on|o/aocoJe:

,h|gh||ghtedthe
|eyd|erences|etweenlurocode?endbSS!!0,|nc|ud|ngterm|no|ogy
ltshou|d|enotedthetve|uesromthe0lNet|one|Annex(NA)heve|een
usedthroughoutth|spu|||cet|on,|nc|ud|ngve|uesthetereem|edded|n
der|vedormu|ee(der|vet|onscen|eoundetwwweurocode?|no)A||sto
sym|o|sre|etedto|ets|e|des|gn|sg|venettheendoth|schepter
Analysis
0s|nglurocode?ortheene|ys|so|ets|e|s|ss|m||ertous|ngbSS!!0he
o||ow|ngmethodsmey|eused
N lqu|ve|entrememethod
N l|n|tee|ementene|ys|s
N |e|d||neene|ys|s
N Cr|||egeene|ogy
helurocodeg|vesurtheredv|ceontheequ|ve|entrememethod|n
Annexlenddes|gnersusedtobSS!!0w||||ndth|sveryem|||erOncethe
|end|ngmomentsendsheerorcesheve|eendeterm|ned,theo||ow|ng
gu|dencecen|eusedorthedes|gno|ets|e|s
Design procedure
Aprocedureorcerry|ngoutthedete||eddes|gno|ets|e|s|sshown|ne||e!
h|sessumesthetthes|e|th|c|nesshesprev|ous|y|eendeterm|neddur|ng
conceptue|des|gnConceptdes|gnspreperedessum|ngdete||eddes|gnwou|d
|etobSS!!0mey|econt|nuedthroughtodete||eddes|gnus|nglurocode?
Moredete||ededv|ceondeterm|n|ngdes|gn||e,|oed|ng,meter|e|propert|es,
methodsoene|ys|s,m|n|mumconcretecoverordure||||tyend|ond,end
contro|ocrec|w|dthscen|eound|nChepter?,or|g|ne||ypu|||shedes
Oe||/nq:|o|eJ

lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
/l|ets|e|s
R MossbSc,lhL,LlC,Clng,MlCl,MlStructlO Brookerblng,Clng,MlCl,MlStructl
52
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
Table 1
Flat slab design procedure
Step Task Further guidance
Chapter in this publication Standard
! Leterm|nedes|gn||e ?Oe||/nq:|o|eJ NAtobSlN!990e||eNA?!
? Assessect|onsonthes|e| ?Oe||/nq:|o|eJ bSlN!99!(!0perts)endNet|one|Annexes
3 Leterm|newh|chcom||net|onsoect|onsepp|y !/n|oJac|/on|o/aocoJe: NAtobSlN!990e||esNAA!!endNAA!?(b)
4 Leterm|ne|oed|ngerrengements ?Oe||/nq:|o|eJ NAtobSlN!99?!!
S Assessdure||||tyrequ|rementsenddeterm|neconcretestrength ?Oe||/nq:|o|eJ bSSS00?006
6 Chec|coverrequ|rementsoreppropr|ete|reres|stenceper|od ?Oe||/nq:|o|eJende||e? ApprovedLocumentbbSlN!99?!!Sect|onS
/ Ce|cu|etem|ncoverordure||||ty,|reend|ondrequ|rements ?Oe||/nq:|o|eJ bSlN!99?!!C|44!
S Ane|ysestructuretoo|te|ncr|t|ce|momentsendsheerorces ?Oe||/nq:|o|eJende||e3 bSlN!99?!!Sect|onS
9 Les|gn|exure|re|norcement Seel|gure! bSlN!99?!!Sect|on6!
!0 Chec|de|ect|on Seel|gure3 bSlN!99?!!Sect|on/4
!! Chec|punch|ngsheercepec|ty Seel|gure6 bSlN!99?!!Sect|on64
!? Chec|spec|ngo|ers ?Oe||/nq:|o|eJ bSlN!99?!!Sect|on/3
!3 Chec|res|stencetomomenttrenserromco|umntos|e| - bSlN!99?!!Annexl!?(S)
Note
NANet|one|Annex
Table 2
Minimum dimensions and axis distances for reinforced concrete slabs
Standard fire resistance Minimum dimensions (mm)
Slab thickness, h
s
Axis distance, a
kll60 !S0 !S
e
kll90 ?00 ?S
kll!?0 ?00 3S
kll?40 ?00 S0
Notes
1 h|ste||e|ste|enrombSlN!99?!?e||eS9
2 heex|sd|stence|stothecentreotheouter|eyerore|norcement
3 hete||e|sve||don|y|thedete|||ngrequ|rements(seenote4)ereo|servedend,|nthenorme|tempereturedes|gn,red|str||ut|ono|end|ngmomentsdoesnotexceed!S%
4 lor|reres|stenceok90ende|ove,et|eest?0%othetote|topre|norcement|neechd|rect|onover|ntermed|etesupportsrequ|red|ybSlN!99?!!shou|d|econt|nuousover
theu||spenh|sre|norcementshou|d|ep|eced|ntheco|umnstr|p
5 hereerethreestenderd|reexposurecond|t|onsthetmeyneedto|eset|s|ed
k Mechen|ce|res|stenceor|oed|eer|ng
l lntegr|tyoseperet|on
l lnsu|et|on
Key
a Norme||ytherequ|rementsobSlN!99?!!w|||determ|nethecover
Fire resistance
lurocode?,lert!?|ac|ao/|/eJe:/qn
'
,g|vesecho|ceoedvenced,
s|mp|||edorte|u|ermethodsordeterm|n|ngthe|reres|stence0s|ng
te||es|stheestestmethodordeterm|n|ngthem|n|mumd|mens|ons
endcoveror|ets|e|shereere,however,somerestr|ct|onsend|these
epp|yurthergu|dencecen|eo|te|nedromspec|e||st||tereture
kethertheng|v|ngem|n|mumcover,thete|u|ermethod|s|esed
onnom|ne|ex|sd|stence,oh|s|sthed|stenceromthecentreo
there|norc|ng|ertothesureceothemem|erlt|senom|ne|
(notm|n|mum)d|mens|on,sothedes|gnershou|densurethet
o~c
nom
f
||n|
f
|er
/?
herequ|rementsor|ets|e|sereg|ven|ne||e?
Flexure
hedes|gnprocedureor|exure|des|gn|sg|ven|nl|gure!,th|s
|nc|udesder|vedormu|ee|esedonthes|mp|||edrectengu|erstress
||oc|romlurocode?vhereeppropr|etee||e3mey|eusedto
determ|ne|end|ngmomentsor|ets|e|s
53
/l|ets|e|s
vh|chevermethodoene|ys|s|sused,C|94!requ|resthedes|gner
toconcentretethere|norcementovertheco|umnsAnnexlothe
lurocodeg|vesrecommendet|onsortheequ|ve|entrememethodon
howtoepport|onthetote||end|ngmomentecrosse|eyw|dth|nto
co|umnendm|dd|estr|pstocomp|yw|thC|94!Les|gnersus|ng
gr|||ege,|n|tee|ementory|e|d||nemethodsmeye|sochoosetoo||ow
theedv|ce|nAnnexltomeetth|srequ|rement
lurocode?oersver|ousmethodsordeterm|n|ngthestress-stre|n
re|et|onsh|poconcretelors|mp||c|tyendem|||er|tythemethod
presentedhere|sthes|mp|||edrectengu|erstress||oc|(seel|gure?),
wh|ch|ss|m||ertothetound|nbSS!!0
helurocodeg|vesrecommendet|onsorthedes|gnoconcreteup
toc|essC90/!0Slowever,orconcretestrengthgreeterthenc|ess
CS0/60,thestress||oc||smod||edlt|s|mportenttonotethet
concretestrength|s|esedonthecy||nderstrengthendnotthecu|e
strength(|eorc|essC?S/3Sthecy||nderstrength|s?SMle,wherees
thecu|estrength|s3SMle)
Table 4
Values for K
% redistribution d (redistribution ratio) K
0 !00 0?0S
e
!0 090 0!S?
e
!S 0SS 0!6S
?0 0S0 0!S3
?S 0/S 0!3/
30 0/0 0!?0
Key
a lt|sotenrecommended|nthe0lthet/shou|d|e|||m|tedto0!6Stoensure
duct||ee||ure
Table 5
z/d for singly reinforced rectangular sections
K z/d K z/d
<00S 09S0
e
0!3 0S6S
006 0944 0!4 0SS6
00/ 0934 0!S 0S43
00S 09?4 0!6 0S30
009 09!3 0!/ 0S!6
0!0 090? 0!S 0S0?
0!! 0S9! 0!9 0/S/
0!? 0SS0 0?0 0//!
Key
a l|m|t|ngto09SJ|snoterequ|rementolurocode?,|ut|scons|deredto|egoodprect|ce
Table 6
Minimum percentage of reinforcement required
f
ck
f
ctm
Minimum % (0.26 f
ctm
/f
yk
a
)
?S ?6 0!3%
?S ?S 0!4%
30 ?9 0!S%
3? 30 0!6%
3S 3? 0!/%
40 3S 0!S%
4S 3S 0?0%
S0 4! 0?!%
Key
a vhere|
y|
S00Mle
Figure 1
Procedure for determining flexural reinforcement
Table 3
Bending moment coefficients for flat slabs
End support/slab connection First
interior
support
Interior
spans
Interior
supports
Pinned Continuous
End
support
End
span
End
support
End
span
Moment 0 00S6// 004// 00/S// 00S6// 0063// 0063//
Notes
1 App||ce||etos|e|swheretheereeoeech|eyexceeds30m
?
,

|,
<

!?SO
|
end
|
<S|N/m
?
2 /|sthetote|des|gnu|t|mete|oed,/|stheeect|vespen
3 M|n|mumspen>0SS|ongestspen,m|n|mum3spens
4 besedon?0%red|str||ut|onetsupportsendnodecreese|nspenmoments
Carry out analysis of slab to determine design moments
(M) (Where appropriate use coefficients from Table 3).
No compression reinforcement required
Check maximum reinforcement requirements.
A
s, max
= 0.04 A
c
for tension or compression
reinforcement outside lap locations
Determine K from Table 4 or
K = 0.60d 0.18d
2
0.21 where d 1.0
START
Yes
Yes
Outside scope of
this publication
Concrete class
C50/60?
No
Compression
reinforcement
required not
recommended for
typical slabs
Is K K ?
No
Determine K from: K =
Determine K from: K =
bd
2
f
ck
M
Obtain lever arm z from Table 5 or
1 + 0.95d z =
2
d
1 3.53K
[ ]
Calculate tension reinforcement required from
A
s
=
f
yd
z
M
Check minimum reinforcement requirements (see Table 6)
A
s, min
= where f
yk
25
f
yk
0.26 f
ctm
b
t
d
54
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
Deflection
lurocode?hestwoe|ternet|vemethodsodes|gn|ngorde|ect|on,
e|ther|y||m|t|ngspen-to-depthret|oor|yessess|ngthetheoret|ce|
de|ect|onus|ngthelxpress|onsg|ven|nthelurocodehe|etter|s
dee|tw|th|ndete|||nChepterS,or|g|ne||ypu|||shedes/e|/ec|/on
co/ca/o|/on:

hespen-to-depthret|osshou|densurethetde|ect|on|s||m|ted
tospen/?S0endth|s|stheprocedurepresented|nl|gure3he
Soc/qoanJoooe|o|/e'//o|/ono//nne\
'
notesthetthespen-to-
depthret|osereeppropr|etewherethestructurereme|nspropped
dur|ngconstruct|onorunt||theconcreteette|nssu|c|entstrengthto
supporttheconstruct|on|oedsltcengenere||y|eessumedtheteer|y
str|||ngoormwor|w|||nots|gn||cent|yeectthede|ect|oneter
|nste|||ngthec|edd|ngend/orpert|t|ons

Punching shear
hedes|gnve|ueothepunch|ngsheerorce,\
ld
,w|||usue||y|ethe
supportreect|onettheu|t|mete||m|tstetelnpr|nc|p|ethedes|gn
orpunch|ngsheer|nlurocode?endbSS!!0|ss|m||erheme|n
d|erencesereeso||ows
N Stenderdectorsoredgeendcornerco|umnsthete||owor
momenttrenser(b)eregreeter|nlurocode?lowever,bcen
|ece|cu|etedd|rect|yromlxpress|ons(63S)to(646)othe
lurocodetog|vemoree|c|entdes|gns
Figure 2
Simplified rectangular stress block for concrete up to class C50/60
from Eurocode 2
Figure 4
Basic span-to-effective-depth ratios for flat slabs
Figure 3
Procedure for assessing deflection
Is basic l/d x F1 x F2 x F3 Actual l/d ?
Increase
A
s,prov
Determine Factor 3 (F3)
F3 = 310/s
s
Where s
s
= Stress in reinforcement at serviceability
limit state (see Figure 5)
s
s
may be assumed to be 310 MPa (i.e. F3 = 1.0)
Note: A
s,prov
1.5 A
s,reqd
(UK National Annex)
Determine basic l/d from Figure 4
Check complete
Determine Factor 1 (F1)
For ribbed or waffle slabs
F1 = 1 0.1 ((b
f
/b
w
) 1) 0.8

(b
f
is flange breadth and b
w
is rib breadth)
Otherwise F1 = 1.0
Determine Factor 2 (F2)
Where the slab span exceeds 8.5 m and it supports
brittle partitions, F2 = 8.5/l
eff
Otherwise F2 = 1.0
No
Yes
START

The Eurocode is ambiguous regarding linear interpolation. It is understood that this

was the intention of the drafting committee and is in line with current UK practice.
Notes
1 h|sgrephessumeses|mp|ysupported|ets|e|(/!?)
2 Compress|onre|norcement,r',hes|eente|enes0
3 Curves|esedontheo||ow|ngexpress|ons

wherer<r
0
end

wherer>r
0
!! /
J
/
(
r r
')
|
c|
r
0
!S
!?
|
c|

r
0
r
'
[ ]
!! 3? ! /
J
/
r
|
c|
r
0
!S
|
c|

r
r
0
[ ( ) ]
!S
f
ck
= 50
f
ck
= 45
f
ck
= 40
f
ck
= 35
f
ck
= 32
f
ck
= 30
f
ck
= 28
f
ck
= 25
f
ck
= 20
Percentage of tension reinforcement (A
s ,req
/bd)
39
37
35
33
31
29
27
25
23
21
19
17
15
0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.20% 1.80%
S
p
a
n
-
t
o
-
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
-
d
e
p
t
h

r
a
t
i
o

(
l
/
d
)
1.00% 1.40% 1.60% 2.00%
55
/l|ets|e|s
N lnlurocode?themex|mumve|ueosheerettheco|umnece|s
not||m|tedtoSMle,enddependsontheconcretestrengthused
N v|thlurocode?theperm|ss|||esheerres|stencewhenus|ngsheer
||n|s|sh|gher,e|thoughsuchdes|gnsmeynot|eeconom|cor
des|re||e
N hecontro|per|metersorrectengu|erco|umns|nlurocode?heve
roundedcorners
N vheresheerre|norcement|srequ|redtheprocedure|nlurocode?
|ss|mp|er,thepo|ntetwh|chnosheerre|norcement|srequ|redcen
|ece|cu|etedd|rect|yendthenusedtodeterm|netheextentothe
ereeoverwh|chsheerre|norcement|srequ|red
N lt|sessumedthetthere|norcementw||||e|nered|e|errengement
lowever,there|norcementcen|e|e|donegr|dprov|dedthe
spec|ngru|esereo||owed
heprocedureordeterm|n|ngthepunch|ngsheerrequ|rements|s
shown|nl|gure6
Asene|ternet|vetous|ngsheer||n|s,propr|eterysheerstudre||s
mey|eusedlurocode?(l|gure6??)e||owsthemto|e|e|dout
|nered|e|orcruc|ormpetternendg|vesspec|ngrequ|rementsor
|othOthertechn|quesereeve||e||eor|ncrees|ngpunch|ngsheer
res|stenceendtheseerecovered|ne|estprect|cegu|de

Figure 5
Determination of steel stress
Figure 6
Procedure for determining punching shear capacity
START
Determine value of factor
(refer to Figure 7 or Expressions (6.38) to (6.46)
of the Eurocode)
Determine value of vEd
(design shear stress at face of column) from:
vEd = VEd /(ui deff)
where ui is perimeter of column
deff = (dy + dz)/2 (dy and dz
are the effective depths in orthogonal directions)
Determine value of vRd,max from Table 7
Determine value of vEd, (design shear stress) from:
vEd = VEd /(ui deff)
where u1 is length of control perimeter (see Figure 8)
Yes
Redesign slab Is vEd,4 vRd?
No
Determine concrete punching shear capacity
(without shear reinforcement), vRD,c from Table 8
where rl = (rly rlz)
0.5
(rly, rlz are the reinforcement ratios in two orthogonal
directions for fully bonded tension steel, taken over a
width equal to column width plus 3d each side.)
Is vEd > v
Rd,c
?
Yes
Punching shear
reinforcement not
required
No
Determine area of punching shear reinforcement per perimeter
from:
Asw = (vEd 0.75vRd,c)sr u1/(1.5 fywd,ef)
where
sr is the radial spacing of shear reinforcement (see Figure 9)
fywd,ef = 250 + 0.25 deff fywd (see Table 9)
Determine the length of the outer perimeter where shear
reinforcement not required from:
uout,ef = b VEd/(vRd,c d)
Determine layout of punching shear reinforcement
(see Spacing of punching shear reinforcement
Section and Figure 9).
To determine stress in the provided reinforcement (s
s
), calculate the ratio
G
k
/Q
k
, read up the graph to the appropriate curve and read across to
determine s
su
.
s
s
can be calculated from the expression: s
s
= s
su
A
s,req
A
s,prov
1
d
( ) )
Ratio G
k
/Q
k
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e

s
t
e
e
l

s
t
r
e
s
s

a
t

S
L
S

f
o
r

A
s
,
r
e
q
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
c
2
= 0.8, g
G
= 1.35
c
2

= 0.6, g
G

= 1.35
c
2
= 0.3, g
G

= 1.35
c
2

= 0.2, g
G

= 1.35
c
2

= 0.6, g
G

= 1.25
c
2
= 0.3, g
G

= 1.25
c
2
= 0.2, g
G

= 1.25
(
c
2

is the factor for quasi-permanent value of a variable action. For further
explanation refer to How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2:
Introduction to Eurocodes
3
.
A
p
p
r
o
m
x
i
m
a
t
e

s
t
e
e
l

s
t
r
e
s
s

a
t

S
L
S

f
o
r

A
s
,
r
e
q
,
s
s
u
56
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
Rules for spacing and
quantity of reinforcement
Minimum area of reinforcement
hem|n|mumereeo|ong|tud|ne|re|norcement|ntheme|nd|rect|on
|s/
s,m|n
0?6|
ctm
/
t
J/
y|
|utnot|essthen000!3/J(seee||e6)
hem|n|mumereeoe||n||egorvert|ce|punch|ngsheer
re|norcement|s
!S/
sw,m|n
/(:
r
:
t
)~00S|
c|
/
/|
y|

wh|chcen|ereerrengedes
/
sw,m|n
~(:
r
:
t
)//
where
:
r
thespec|ngothe||n|s|nthered|e|d|rect|on
:
t
thespec|ngothe||n|s|nthetengent|e|d|rect|on
/cen|eo|te|nedrome||e!0
Maximum area of reinforcement
Outs|de|ep|ocet|ons,themex|mumereeotens|onorcompress|on
re|norcementshou|dnotexceed/
s,mex
04A
c

Minimum spacing of reinforcement

hem|n|mumspec|ngo|ersshou|d|ethegreetero
N berd|emeter
N Aggregetes|.ep|usSmm
N ?0mm
Maximum spacing of main reinforcement
lors|e|s|essthen?00mmth|c|theo||ow|ngmex|mumspec|ngru|esepp|y
N lorthepr|nc|pe|re|norcement3/|utnotmorethen400mm
N lortheseconderyre|norcement3S/|utnotmorethen4S0mm
heexcept|on|s|nereesw|thconcentreted|oedsorereesomex|mum
b = 1.5
b = 1.4
b = 1.15
Internal column
Corner column
Edge column
Figure 7
Recommended standard values for b
Table 8
v
Rd,c
resistance of members without shear reinforcement, MPa
r
I
Effective depth, d (mm)
200 225 250 275 300 350 400 450 500 600 750
0.25% 0S4 0S? 0S0 04S 04/ 04S 043 04! 040 03S 036
0.50% 0S9 0S/ 0S6 0SS 0S4 0S? 0S! 049 04S 04/ 04S
0.75% 06S 066 064 063 06? 0S9 0SS 0S6 0SS 0S3 0S!
1.00% 0/S 0/? 0/! 069 06S 06S 064 06? 06! 0S9 0S/
1.25% 0S0 0/S 0/6 0/4 0/3 0/! 069 06/ 066 063 06!
1.50% 0SS 0S3 0S! 0/9 0/S 0/S 0/3 0/! 0/0 06/ 06S
1.75% 090 0S/ 0SS 0S3 0S? 0/9 0// 0/S 0/3 0/! 06S
2.00% 094 09! 0S9 0S/ 0SS 0S? 0S0 0/S 0// 0/4 0/!
k ?000 !943 !S94 !SS3 !S!6 !/S6 !/0/ !66/ !63? !S// !S!6
Notes
1e||eder|vedrom.
kd,c
0!?/(!00r
I
|
c|
)
!/3
~003S/
!S
|
c|
0S
where
/!R(?00/J)<?endr
I
R(r
|y
r
|.
)<00?,r
|y
/
sy
/(/J)endr
|.
/
s.
/(/J)
2 h|ste||ehes|eenpreperedor|
c|
30,
vherer
I
exceeds040%theo||ow|ngectorsmey|eused
f
c|
25 28 32 35 40 45 50
Factor 094 09S !0? !0S !!0 !!4 !!9
Figure 8
Typical basic control perimeters around loaded areas
b
z
2d
2d
b
y
u
1
u
1
Table 7
Values for v
Rd,max
Table 9
Values for f
ywd,ef
f
ck
v
Rd, max
d
eff
f
ywd,ef
?0 36S !S0 ?SS
?S 4S0 !/S ?94
?S 49S ?00 300
30 S?S ??S 306
3? SSS ?S0 3!3
3S 60? ?/S 3!9
40 6/? 300 3?S
4S /3S 3?S 33!
S0 S00 3S0 33S
57
/l|ets|e|s
Table 10
Factor, F, for determining A
sw, min
f
ck
Factor, F
?S !S/S
?S !//?
30 !/!?
3? !6S/
3S !SSS
40 !4S?
4S !39S
S0 !3?6
Note
|
c|
hes|eente|enesS00Mle
momentwheretheo||ow|ngepp||es
N lorthepr|nc|pe|re|norcement?/|utnotmorethen?S0mm
N lortheseconderyre|norcement3/|utnotmorethen400mm
vhere/|sthedepthothes|e|
lors|e|s?00mmth|c|orgreeter,the|ers|.eendspec|ngshou|d|e
||m|tedtocontro|thecrec|w|dthendreerenceshou|d|emedeto
Sect|on/33othelurocodeorChepter?,or|g|ne||ypu|||shedes
Oe||/nq:|o|eJ

Spacing of punching shear reinforcement

vherepunch|ngsheerre|norcement|srequ|redtheo||ow|ngru|es
shou|d|eo|served
N ltshou|d|eprov|ded|etweentheeceotheco|umnend/J
|ns|detheouterper|meterwheresheerre|norcement|sno|onger
requ|red/|s!S,un|esstheper|meteretwh|chre|norcement|sno
|ongerrequ|red|s|essthen3Jromtheeceotheco|umnlnth|s
cesethere|norcementshou|d|ep|eced|nthe.one03Jto!SJ
romtheeceotheco|umn
N hereshou|d|eet|eesttwoper|metersosheer||n|s
N hered|e|spec|ngothe||n|sshou|dnotexceed0/SJ
(seel|gure9)
N hetengent|e|spec|ngothe||n|sshou|dnotexceed!SJw|th|n
?Jotheco|umnece
N hetengent|e|spec|ngothe||n|sshou|dnotexceed?Joreny
otherper|meter
N hed|stence|etweentheeceotheco|umnendtheneerestsheer
re|norcementshou|d|e|essthen0SJ
Symbol Definition Value
/
c
Crosssect|one|ereeoconcrete //
/
s
Areeotens|onstee|
/
s?
Areeocompress|onstee|
/
s,prov
Areeotens|onstee|prov|ded
/
s,req
Areeotens|onstee|requ|red
/ v|dthos|e|
J lect|vedepth
J
?
lect|vedepthtocompress|onre|norcement
|
cd
Les|gnve|ueoconcretecompress|vestrength a
cc
|
c|
/g
c
|
c|
Cherecter|st|ccy||nderstrengthoconcrete
|
ctm
Meenve|ueoex|e|tens||estrength 030|
c|
?/3
or|
c|
<CS0/60
(rome||e3!,lurocode?)
/
s
S|e|th|c|ness
/ lectortote|eeccountothed|erent Seee||eN/4|n
structure|systems 0lNet|one|Annex
/
e
lect|vespenomem|er SeeSect|onS3??(!)
//J l|m|t|ngspen-to-depthret|o
/ Les|gnmomentetthe0lS
\ Lepthtoneutre|ex|s (J)/04
\
mex
l|m|t|ngve|ueordepthtoneutre|ex|s (d04)Jwhered<!0
levererm
a
cc
Coe|c|entte||ngeccounto|ongterm 0SSor|exureend
eectsoncompress|vestrengthendo ex|e||oeds
unevoure||eeectsresu|t|ngromthe !0orotherphenomene
wey|oed|sepp||ed (lrom0lNet|one|Annex)
d ket|oothered|str||utedmomenttothe
e|est|c|end|ngmoment
g
m
lert|e|ectorormeter|e|propert|es !!Sorre|norcement(g
s
)
!Sorconcrete(g
c
)
r
0
keerencere|norcementret|o R|
c|
/!000
r kequ|redtens|onre|norcementetm|d-spen /
s
//J
tores|stthemomentduetothedes|gn
|oeds(oretsupportorcent||evers)
r' kequ|redcompress|onre|norcementet /
s?
//J
m|d-spentores|stthemomentduetothe
des|gn|oeds(oretsupportorcent||evers)
Selected symbols
Figure 9
Punching shear layout
s
r
Outer control
perimeter
s 0.75
r
d
0.5 d
kd
Section A - A
s
t
Outer perimeter of shear
reinforcement
Outer control
perimeter
u
out
0.5 d
0.75d
1.5
(2 if > 2
from column)
d
d d
A
A
1.5d
58
References
1 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSlN!99?!!,/aocoJe?/e:/qno|conce|e:|ac|ae:-Oeneo/a/e:onJa/e:|o/a//J/nq:bSl,?004
2 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSS!!0!I/e:|ac|ao/a:eo|conce|e-/o|'CoJeo|ooc|/ce|oJe:/qnonJcon:|ac|/onbSl,!99/
3 NAkAANAN,kS8bkOOllk,O/ou|oJe:/qnconce|e:|ac|ae:a:/nq/aocoJe?/n|oJac|/on|o/aocoJe:heConcreteCentre,?00S
4 bkOOllk,O/ou|oJe:/qnconce|e:|ac|ae:a:/nq/aocoJe?Oe||/nq:|o|eJheConcreteCentre,?00S
5 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSlN!99?!?,lurocode?/e:/qno|conce|e:|ac|ae:Oeneo/a/e:-:|ac|ao/|/eJe:/qnbSl,?004
6 vlbSlk,k8bkOOllk,O/ou|oJe:/qnconce|e:|ac|ae:a:/nq/aocoJe?/e|/ec|/onco/ca/o|/on:heConcreteCentre,?006
7 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONlL66S/,Soc/qoanJoooe|o|/e'//o|/ono//nne\|oS//'99?-'-'onJS//'99?-'-?bSl,?006
8 lAlll,lOa/Je|o|/o|:/o/|omuo/onJ|o/:euo/Construct,?003
9 bkllSlClMlNASSOClAlON/e|o//co|eJoanc//nq:/eoe/n|ocemen||oe/n|oceJconce|e|/o|:/o/:bCA,?00!
/l|ets|e|s
Methods for checking deflection
h|schepterdescr||estheuseolurocode?

tochec|de|ect|on|y
ce|cu|et|onhee|ternet|vemethodorcomp|y|ngw|ththecoderequ|rements
|stousethedeemed-to-set|syspen-to-eect|ve-depthret|os,wh|chere
eppropr|eteendeconom|corthevestme|or|tyodes|gnslurthergu|dence
onthespen-to-eect|ve-depthmethod|sg|ven|nChepters3,4end/,
or|g|ne||ypu|||shedesSeom:

,/o/:

end//o|:/o/:

lowever,thereere
s|tuet|onswhered|rectce|cu|et|onode|ect|on|snecessery,es||sted|e|ow
N vhenenest|meteothede|ect|on|srequ|red
N vhende|ect|on||m|tsospen/?S0orques|-permenentect|ons(see
reerenceSorlurocodeterm|no|ogy)orspen/S00orpert|t|onend/or
c|edd|ng|oedserenoteppropr|ete
N vhenthedes|gnrequ|resepert|cu|er|yshe||owmem|er,d|rectce|cu|et|on
ode|ect|onmeyprov|deemoreeconom|cso|ut|on
N odeterm|netheeectonde|ect|onoeer|ystr|||ngoormwor|oro
temporery|oed|ngdur|ngconstruct|on
Overview
lnthepeststructurestendedto|est|w|thre|et|ve|yshortspensAs
techno|ogyendprect|ceheveedvenced,more|ex|||estructuresheveresu|ted
hereereenum|eroreesonsorth|s,|nc|ud|ng
N he|ncreese|nre|norcementstrength|eed|ngto|essre|norcement|e|ng
requ|redortheu|t|mete||m|tstete(0lS)endresu|t|ng|nh|gherserv|ce
stresses|nthere|norcement
N lncreeses|nconcretestrengthresu|t|ngromtheneedto|mprove|oth
dure||||tyendconstruct|ont|me,end|eed|ngtoconcretethet|smorest|
endw|thh|gherserv|cestresses
What affects deflection?
There are numerous factors
that affect deflection. These
factors are also often time-
related and interdependent,
which makes the prediction
of deflection difficult.
The main factors are:
Concrete tensile strength
Creep
Elastic modulus
Other factors include:
Degree of restraint
Magnitude of loading
Time of loading
Duration of loading
Cracking of the concrete
Shrinkage
Ambient conditions
Secondary load-paths
Stiffening by other elements
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
SLe|ect|once|cu|et|ons
R WebsterClng,llStructlO Brookerblng,Clng,MlCl,MlStructl
60
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
N Agreeterunderstend|ngostructure||ehev|ourendthee||||tyto
ene|ysethet|ehev|ourqu|c||y|ycomputer
N herequ|rementtoproduceeconom|cdes|gnsors|e|swhose
th|c|nesseseretyp|ce||ydeterm|ned|ytheserv|cee||||ty||m|tstete
(SlS)endwh|chconst|tuteS0%to90%othesuperstructurecosts
N C||entrequ|rementsor|ongerspensendgreeteroperet|one|
|ex|||||tyromthe|rstructures
Factors affecting deflection
Aneccureteessessmentode|ect|oncenon|y|eech|eved|
cons|deret|on|sg|ventotheectorstheteect|themore|mportent
ectorsered|scussed|ndete|||e|ow
Tensile strength
hetens||estrengthoconcrete|sen|mportentproperty|eceuse
thes|e|w|||crec|whenthetens||estress|ntheextreme||re|s
exceededlnlurocode?theconcretetens||estrength,|
ctm,
|semeen
ve|ue(wh|ch|seppropr|eteorde|ect|once|cu|et|ons)end|ncreeses
esthecompress|vestrength|ncreesesh|s|senedvencementwhen
comperedw|thbSS!!0wherethetens||estrength|s|xedore||
concretestrengths
hedegreeorestre|nttoshr|n|egemovementsw||||n|uencethe
eect|vetens||estrengthotheconcreteA|eyoutowe||sw|thh|gh
restre|ntw|||decreesetheeect|vetens||estrengthyp|ce|exemp|es
owe|||eyoutsereg|ven|nl|gure!lore|owrestre|nt|eyoutthe
o||ow|ngexpress|onmey|eusedortheconcretetens||estrength
|
ctm,|
(!6//!000)|
ctm
>|
ctm
where
|
ctm,|
Meen|exure|tens||estrengthore|norcedconcrete
|
ctm
Meentens||estrengthoconcrete
lt|sotenrecommendedthetthedes|gnve|ueotheconcrete
tens||estrengthore|owrestre|nt|eyout|ste|enestheeverege
o|
ctm,|
end|
ctm
,toe||oworun|ntent|one|restre|ntlorh|ghrestre|nt
|
ctm
shou|d|eused
Creep
Creep|sthet|me-dependent|ncreese|ncompress|vestre|n|ne
concretee|ementunderconstentcompress|vestressCreep|susue||y
cons|dered|nthedes|gn|ymod|y|ngthee|est|cmodu|usus|nge
creepcoe|c|ent,h,wh|chdependsontheegeet|oed|ng,s|.eo
themem|erendem||entcond|t|ons,|npert|cu|erre|et|vehum|d|ty
lurocode?g|vesedv|ceonthece|cu|et|onocreepcoe|c|ents|n
dete|||nAnnexblte|soedv|sesontheeppropr|etere|et|vehum|d|ty
touse|nl|gure3!
hecementstrengthc|ess|srequ|red|ntheessessmentocreep,
however,etthedes|gnstege|t|sotennotc|eerwh|chc|essshou|d
|eusedCenere||y,C|esskshou|d|eessumedvheretheground
grenu|eted||esturneces|eg(gg|s)contentexceeds3S%othe
cementcom||net|onorwhere|yesh(pe)exceeds?0%othe
cementcom||net|on,C|essNmey|eessumedvheregg|sexceeds
6S%orwherepeexceeds3S%C|essSmey|eessumed
Elastic modulus
hee|est|cmodu|usoconcrete|s|n|uenced|yeggregetetype,
wor|mensh|pendcur|ngcond|t|onsheeect|vee|est|cmodu|us
undersuste|ned|oed|ngw||||ereducedovert|meduetotheeect
ocreepheseectorsmeenthetsome|udgement|srequ|red
todeterm|neeneppropr|etee|est|cmodu|uslurocode?g|ves
recommendedve|uesorthe?S-deysecentmodu|us,/
cm
,(|ne||e3!)
endme|esrecommendet|onsored|ustmentstotheseve|uesto
eccountord|erenttypesoeggregetehe|ong-terme|est|cmodu|us
shou|d|ete|enes
Figure 1
Typical floor layouts
a) Favourable layout of restraining walls (low restraint)
b) Unfavourable layout of restraining walls (high restraint)
61
SLe|ect|once|cu|et|ons
Commerc|e|pressuresoten|eedtoerequ|rementtostr||etheormwor|
essoonesposs|||eendmoveontosu|sequent|oors,w|ththem|n|mum
opropp|ngestson|ets|e|shevedemonstretedthetesmuches/0%
othe|oedsromenew|ycest|oor(ormwor|,wetconcrete,construct|on
|oeds)mey|ecerr|ed|ythesuspended|oor|e|ow
'
ltcengenere||y
|eessumedtheteer|ystr|||ngoormwor|w|||notgreet|yeectthe
de|ect|oneter|nste|||ngthec|edd|ngend/orpert|t|onsh|s|s|eceusethe
de|ect|oneect|ngpert|t|onsw||||esme||er|thes|e||ecomes'crec|ed'
|eore,rethertheneter,the|nste||et|onothec|edd|ngend/orpert|t|ons
Cracking
Le|ect|onoconcretesect|ons|sc|ose|y||n|edtotheextento
crec||ngendthedegreetowh|chcrec||ngcepec|ty|sexceededhe
po|ntetwh|chcrec||ngoccurs|sdeterm|ned|ythemoments|nduced
|nthes|e|endthetens||estrengthotheconcrete,wh|ch|ncreeses
w|thegeOtenthecr|t|ce|s|tuet|on|swhenthes|e||sstruc|,orwhen
the|oedothes|e|e|ove|sepp||edOncethes|e|hescrec|ed|ts
st|ness|spermenent|yreduced
lt|sthereorenecesseryto|ndthecr|t|ce||oed|ngstegeetwh|ch
crec||ng|rstoccursh|scr|t|ce||oed|ngstegecorrespondsw|ththe
m|n|mumve|ueol,where
K f W
ctm
= 0.5
^ h
where
w heserv|cee||||ty|oed|ngepp||eduptothetstege
|
ctm
heconcretetens||estrengthetthetstege
vheretherequentcom||net|on|sthecr|t|ce||oedstege,then
thedegreeocrec||ng(z)ce|cu|etedortherequentcom||net|on
shou|de|so|eusedortheques|-permenentcom||net|on,|utnotor
/
c,l
/
c?S
/(!h)
where
/
c?S
?S-deytengentmodu|us!0S/
cm
h Creepector(Notethetw|thlurocode?,hre|etestoe?S-dey
short-terme|est|cmodu|us,whereese'true'creepectorwou|d
|eessoc|etedw|ththemodu|usettheegeo|oed|ng)
heessessmentothe|ong-term/-ve|uecen|ecerr|edoutmore
eccurete|yeterthecontrectorhes|eeneppo|nted|eceusetheyshou|d|e
e||eto|dent|ytheconcretesupp||er(endhencethetypeoeggregetes)
ende|sotheconstruct|onsequence(endhencetheegeet|rst|oed|ng)
Loading sequence
he|oed|ngsequenceendt|m|ngmey|ecr|t|ce||ndeterm|n|ng
thede|ect|onoesuspendeds|e||eceuse|tw||||n|uencethepo|nt
etwh|chthes|e|w|||crec|(|ete||)end|susedtoce|cu|etethecreep
ectorsorthes|e|A|oed|ngsequence|sshown|nl|gure?,wh|ch
showsthet|ntheeer|ystegesre|et|ve|yh|gh|oedsere|mposedwh||e
cest|ngthes|e|e|ovehe|oed|ngsequencemeyvery,depend|ngon
theconstruct|onmethod
Sme||er|oedsere|mposedwhenurthers|e|sereceste|ovehe|oeds
erethen|ncreesedpermenent|y|ytheepp||cet|onothe|oor|n|shes
enderect|onothepert|t|onsl|ne||y,thever|e||eect|onsereepp||ed
tothestructureend,orthepurposeode|ect|once|cu|et|on,the
ques|-permenentcom||net|onshou|d|eused(SeeChepter!,
or|g|ne||ypu|||shedes/n|oJac|/on|o/aocoJe:
'
orurther
|normet|ononcom||net|onsoect|ons)lowever,|t|s|||e|ythetthe
ques|-permenentcom||net|onw||||eexceededdur|ngthe||et|me
othe|u||d|ngend,orthepurposeodeterm|n|ngwhetherthes|e|
m|ghthevecrec|ed,therequentcom||net|onmey|ecr|t|ce|
Figure 2
Loading history for a slab an example
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Duration (days)
L
o
a
d

(
k
N
/
m
)
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Loading sequence
a Slab struck
b 1st slab above cast
c 2nd slab above cast
d 3rd slab above cast
e Floor finishes applied
f
g Quasi-permanent variable actions
h Frequent variable actions
Partitions erected
62
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
enyotheeer||er|oedstegesl,however,eneer||erstege
provescr|t|ce|,thezve|ueetthetstegeshou|d|ecerr|ed
orwerdtoe||su|sequentsteges
lurther|normet|oncen|eound|nthe|estprect|ce
gu|de/o/,:|///nqonJ/moo.eJ/oc/oooo/nq

Shrinkage curvature
Shr|n|egedependsontheweter/cementret|o,re|et|ve
hum|d|tyendthes|.eendshepeothemem|erheeect
oshr|n|ege|nenesymmetr|ce||yre|norcedsect|on|sto
|nduceecurveturethetcen|eedtos|gn||centde|ect|on|n
she||owmem|ersh|seectshou|d|econs|dered|nthe
de|ect|once|cu|et|ons
Methods for
calculating deflections
womethodsorce|cu|et|ngde|ect|onerepresented
|e|ow,endtheseere|esedontheedv|ce|nkSS
/e|/ec|/on:/nconce|e:/o/:onJ/eom:

Rigorous method
her|gorousmethodorce|cu|et|ngde|ect|ons|sthe
mosteppropr|etemethodordeterm|n|ngeree||st|c
est|meteode|ect|onlowever,|t|son|ysu|te||eor
usew|thcomputersotwereheConcreteCentrehes
producedenum|erospreedsheetsthetuseth|smethod
tocerryoutde|ect|once|cu|et|onsorever|etyos|e|s
end|eems

heseoerecost-eect|veweytocerry
outdete||edde|ect|once|cu|et|ons,endthey|nc|udethe
e||||tytocons|dertheeectoeer|yege|oed|ngothe
concretel|gure3|||ustretesthepr|nc|p|esothemethod
endshowshowtheectorseect|ngde|ect|onere
cons|dered|nther|gorousde|ect|once|cu|et|ons
l|n|tee|ementene|ys|smeye|so|eusedtoo|te|n
est|metesode|ect|onlnth|scesethepr|nc|p|es
|nl|gure3shou|d|eepp||ed|cred|||eresu|tsereto
|eo|te|ned
Panel 1
Determining long term elastic modulus of elasticity
Ce|cu|ete|ong-terme|est|cmodu|us,/
l
rom
E
E
W
E
W
E
W
E
W
E
W
eff,1
1
eff, 2
2
eff, 3
3
eff, 4
4
eff, 5
5
LT
= + + + + RW c m
where
/
e
/
c?S
/(!h)
w
n
Serv|cee||||ty|oedetstegen
h Creepcoe|c|entetre|event|oed|ngt|me
endduret|on
Figure 3
Outline of rigorous method for calculating deflection
Collate input data
N l|ementd|mens|onsendre|norcementdete||senderrengementsromthe
u|t|mete||m|tstetedes|gn
N loed|ngsequenceeg
Str|||ngtheormwor|
Cest|ngthe|oore|ove
lrect|onothepert|t|onsend/orc|edd|ng
App||cet|ono|n|shes
hesequencew|||veryrompro|ecttopro|ect
N Concretepropert|es(seee||e!)
Meencompress|vestrength(|
cm
)
Meentens||estrength(|
ctm
or|
ctm,|
)
l|est|cmodu|us(/
c?S
)!0S/
cm
N Cr|t|ce|errengementoect|ons
(orrepeetthece|cu|et|onsoreecherrengementtodeterm|nethecr|t|ce|cese)
Determine the curvature of the slab
Assess whether the element has flexural cracking
N Leterm|nethecr|t|ce||oedstegeetwh|chcrec||ng|rstoccurs
(See'Crec||ng'onpege3)
N Ce|cu|etetheo||ow|ngpropert|es
Creepcoe|c|ents,h(Annexbolurocode?orl|gure4)
longterme|est|cmodu|us,/
l
(seelene|!)
lect|vemodu|usret|o,a
e
roma
e
/
s
//
l
Neutre|ex|sdepthoruncrec|edcond|t|on,\
u
(seelene|?)
Secondmomentoereeoruncrec|edcond|t|on,/
u
(seelene|?)
Ce|cu|etecrec||ngmoment,/
cr
rom
/
cr
|
ctm
/
u
/(/\
u
),us|ngeppropr|eteve|ueor|
ctm

N Loesthemomentetthecr|t|ce||oedstegeexceedthecrec||ngmoment`
lyes,thee|ement|screc|edete||su|sequentsteges
z!0S(M
cr
/M)
?
|z0oruncrec|eds|tuet|on|
0sethesecr|t|ce|ve|ueso|
ctm
endzorsu|sequentsteges
lno,thee|ementw|||notcrec|etenystege
N vhenthes|e||screc|edce|cu|etetheo||ow|ngpropert|esetthe|oedstege
|e|ngcons|dered,us|ngeppropr|eteve|uesor|
ctm
,zend/
l

Neutre|ex|sdepthorcrec|edsect|on,\
c
(seelene|?)
Secondmomentoereeorcrec|edcond|t|on,/
c
(seelene|?)
N Ce|cu|etethe|exure|curveture
] g 1
1
r E I
M
fl e c
E I
e u
QP
M
QP
= + g g
N Ce|cu|etethecurvetureduetoshr|n|egestre|n!/
cs
(seelene|?)
N Ce|cu|etethetote|curveture,!/
t
!/
|
!/
cs
lde|ect|oneect|ngc|edd|ngend/orpert|t|ons|srequ|red,repeetce|cu|et|ons
orrequentcom||net|onendor|oed|ngett|meo|nste||et|onopert|t|ons
end/orc|edd|ng
kepeetthece|cu|et|onsetrequent|nterve|s(seyet!/?0po|nts)end|ntegrete
tw|cetoo|te|ntheovere||de|ect|on
lst|metede|ect|ons
N Overe||de|ect|on(ques|-permenentcom||net|on)
N Le|ect|oneect|ngpert|t|ons/c|edd|ng(lrequentcom||net|onde|ect|on
|essde|ect|onett|meo|nste||et|on)
R
e
p
e
a
t

a
t

1
/
2
0

p
o
i
n
t
s

f
o
r

a
l
l

t
h
r
e
e

l
o
a
d
i
n
g

s
t
a
g
e
s
63
SLe|ect|once|cu|et|ons
Table 1
Concrete properties
f
ck
MPa 320 325 328 330 332 335 340 350
|
cm
(|
c|
S) Mle 3?S 333 336 33S 340 343 34S 3SS
|
ctm
(03|
c|
(?/3)
<CS0/60or?!?|n(!(|
cm
/!0))>CS0/60) Mle 33??! 33?S6 33?// 33?90 3330? 333?! 333S! 3340/
|
ctm

(03|
cm
(?/3)
<CS0/60or!0S|n(|
cm
)0!>CS0/60)
e
Mle 33?// 33309 333?/ 33339 333S! 3336S 33396 334S0
/
cm
(??|(|
cm
)/!0|
03
Cle 3300 33!S 33?3 33?S 3333 334! 33S? 33/3
/
c?S
(!0S/
cm
) Cle 33!S 3330 3339 334S 33S0 33SS 33/0 339!
e
cd,0
ClMc|essk,kl S0% m|crostre|n /46 /06 6S3 66S 6S3 63? S9S S36
e
cd,0
ClMc|essk,kl S0% m|crostre|n 4!6 394 3S! 3/? 364 3S3 334 ?99
e
cd,0
ClMc|essN,kl S0% m|crostre|n S44 S!? 494 4S? 4/! 4S4 4?S 3/9
e
cd,0
ClMc|essN,kl S0% m|crostre|n 303 ?S6 ?/S ?69 ?63 ?S3 ?39 ?!?
e
cd,0
ClMc|essS,kl S0% m|crostre|n 44! 4!3 39/ 3S/ 3// 363 340 ?9S
e
cd,0
ClMc|essS,kl S0% m|crostre|n ?46 ?30 ??! ?!6 ?!0 ?0? !S9 !66
e
ce
() m|crostre|n 3?S 33S 34S 3S0 3SS 363 3/S !00
Key
a |
ctm
mey|eusedwhenstr|||nget|essthen/deysorwhereconstruct|onover|oed|ste|en|ntoeccount
Panel 2
Useful Expressions for a rectangular section
2
1
x
bh
A d d A
s e s2 2
2
u
=
+ - + a ] ] g
1 bh A A
e s s2
- + a ] ] g g
g
+
bh + + + x - 1
I
12
bh
2
h
A d x x d
u
3
u u
2
s
A
e 2 u s2 =
- - - a a ] ] ] k g g
2 2
g 6 @
1 2 A b A d d b
s 2 s2
x A
s2
A
s2
A
c e
2
s e
0.5
= + + - + a A
s e
a
e
a a ] 1 -
e
a ] ^ ^ ^ g 1 - - +
e
a ] h g h g h 7 A # -
g g g
3
1 I
bx
A d x
c
c
3
e s
A
s2
d
2
2 2
c
x
c
= + - - - + a
e
a ^ ^ ^
1
r
I
S
cs
cs e
u
u
= + - 1 g g f a
cs e
f a ^ h
I
S
c
c
where
/
s
Areeotens|onre|norcement
/
s?
Areeocompress|onre|norcement
/ breedthosect|on
J lect|vedepthtotens|on
re|norcement
J
?
Lepthtocompress|onre|norcement
/ Overe||depthosect|on
a
e
Modu|erret|o

u
/
s
(J\
u
)/
s?
(\
u
J
?
)

c
/
s
(J\
c
)/
s?
(\
c
J
?
)
100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300
h
o
(mm) h ? ( , ) t
0
C20/25
C25/30
C30/37
C35/45
C40/50
C45/55
C50/60
100 500 900 1300
h
0
(mm) h
100 100
N N R R S S
t
0
t
0
1 1
2 2
3 3
5 5
10 10
20 20
50 50
30 30
7.0 7.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 0 0
( , ? t )
0
A
E
B
D
C
a) Inside conditions - RH = 50% b) Outside conditions - RH = 80%
1100 700 300
Notes
1
2
3 Intersection point between lines D & E can also be above point A
4 For t
0
> 100 it is sufficiently accurate to assume t = 100
t
0
= age of concrete at time of loading
h
0
= 2A
c
/u
Key
How to use Nonogram
Figure 4
Method for determining creep coefficient h(,t
0
)

c

u
/
c
/
u
64
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
8
Loading Bending moment diagram
M M
M
M
al
W
l
0.125
M Wa a l = (1- )
0.0625
al
al
W/2 W/2
0.104
0.102
M =
Wal
2
q
ql
q
q
q
0.125
3 4a
48 (1-a)
If a = , K =
M
A
M
A
M
C
M
C
M
C M
C
M
B
M
B
Wal W
al
al
al al
a a (4 )
if = =0.25 a l , K
K = 0.083 (1 )
b =
1
80 Wl
2
24
(3 4 ) a
2
qa l
2 2
2
K = 0.104 (1 )
b =
M M
A
+
B
2
15.6
ql
2
K
a
6
1
12
1
2
2
2
End deflection
(3 ) a a
6
load at end = 0.333 K
12
b
4
M +M
A B
(5 4 ) a
3 4a
2 2
=
b
10
Simplified method
As|mp|||edmethodorce|cu|et|ngde|ect|on|spresented|nl|gureS
lt|sees|||etocerryoutthesece|cu|et|ons|yhend,endtheycou|d|e
usedtorough|yver|yde|ect|onresu|tsromcomputersotwere,or
usedwhereecomputer|snoteve||e||e
heme|ors|mp|||cet|on|sthettheeectsoeer|yege|oed|ngerenot
cons|deredexp||c|t|y,retherene||owence|smedeorthe|reectwhen
ce|cu|et|ngthecrec||ngmomentS|mp|||edcreepectorsereusedend
de|ect|onromthecurvetureothes|e||sepprox|metedus|ngeector
Figure 5
Simplified method for calculating deflection
Figure 6
Values for K for various bending moment diagrams
Calculate the moment, M
QP
, due to quasi-permanent actions at
the critical section (i.e. mid-span or at support for cantilever)
Calculate creep coefficient, h(,t0), using either Figure 4
or Annex B (in which case look-up f
cm
in Table 1)
START
Calculate flexural curvature 1
r E I
M
1
n eff c
E I
eff u
QP
M
QP
= + g g ^ h
Obtain concrete properties, f
ctm
, and E
c28
from Table 1
1 Calculate long term elastic modulus, E
eff
from: E
eff
= E
c28
/[1+h (,t0)]
2 Calculate effective modulus ratio, ae from ae = Es/Eeff, where Es is
elastic modulus for reinforcement (200 GPa)
3 Calculate depth to neutral axis for uncracked condition, xu
4 Calculate second moment of area for uncracked condition, Iu
Calculate depth to neutral axis for cracked
condition, x
c
and calculate second moment of area
for cracked condition, I
c
Yes
Finish
No
Calculate the deflection that will occur at the time of application of
the load due to partitions and/or cladding.
1 Calculate the creep coefficient h(t,t0), where t is the age when
partition/cladding loads are applied and t0 is the age of striking.
h(t,t0) h(,t0) bc(t,t0). For bc(t,t0) refer to Figure 7, alternatively
refer to Annex B of Eurocode 2.
2 Calculate the moment due to self-weight, partitions/cladding and any
other loads which have been applied prior to the installation of the
cladding/partition, Mpar and use in place of M
QP
3 Recalculate the section properties, curvature and hence deflection,
dpar, using h(t,t0) or equivalent instead of h(,t0)
4 The approximate deflection affecting cladding and partitions is
d = dQP dpar
Calculate cracking moment, M
cr
from:
0.9
M
h
f I
cr
x
u
ctm u
=

(Note the factor 0.9 has been introduced into this method
because the loading sequence is not considered)
Yes
No
Section is uncracked
z = 0
Is Mcr > MQP?
Section is cracked
z = 1 0.5(Mcr/MQP)
2
Calculate total shrinkage strain ecs from ecs = ecd + eca where:
ecd = kh ecd,0 = Drying shrinkage strain
kh = Coefficient based on notional size, see Table 2
ecd,0 = Nominal unrestrained drying shrinkage, see Table 1
eca = bas(t) eca() = eca() for long-term deflection, see Table 1
Calculate curvature due to shrinkage strain 1/rcs (see Panel 2)
Calculate total curvature = +
1
r
t, cs n QP
1 1
r r
Calculate quasi-permanent deflection from

1
KL
QP
2
= d
r
t,QP
where K can be obtained from Figure 6 and L is the span.
Do you need
to calculate deflection
due to cladding and
partitions?
65
100 300 500 700 900
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,

b
c

(
t
,

t
0
)
h
0
(mm)
t = 90, t0 = 7
t = 60, t0 = 7
t = 28, t0 = 7
t = 90, t0 = 3
t = 60, t0 = 3
t = 28, t0 = 3
SLe|ect|once|cu|et|ons
Precamber
As|e|or|eemcen|eprecem|eredtoreducetheeectode|ect|on
|e|owthehor|.onte|(seel|gureS)lowever,|nprect|cetoomuch
precem|er|sgenere||yusedendthes|e|reme|nspermenent|y
cem|eredh|s|s|eceuseothed||cu|ty|neccurete|yce|cu|et|ng
de|ect|onAprecem|erouptohe|theques|-permenent
com||net|onde|ect|oncou|d|eused,|ute|ower|gure|s
recommendedlrecem|erdoesnotreducethede|ect|onseect|ng
pert|t|onsorc|edd|ng
Flat slabs
l|ets|e|sereverypopu|erende|c|ent|oorsystemslowever,
|eceusetheyspen|ntwod|rect|ons,|tcen|ed||cu|ttoce|cu|etethe|r
de|ect|onkSS

g|vessevere|su|te||emethodsoressess|ng|ets|e|
de|ect|onOthese,epopu|ermethod|stote|etheeveregede|ect|on
otwopere||e|co|umnstr|psendtoeddthede|ect|onothem|dd|e
str|pspenn|ngorthogone||ytogetenepprox|met|onothemex|mum
de|ect|on|nthecentreothes|e|
herecommendedecceptencecr|ter|eore|ets|e|ereshown|nl|gure9
Accuracy
hece|cu|et|onode|ect|on|nlurocode?us|ngther|gorousmethod
presentedhere|smoreedvencedthenthet|nbSS!!0

ltcen|e
usedtote|eeccountoeer|y-egeconstruct|on|oed|ng|ycons|der|ng
reducedeer|yconcretetens||estrengths
lowever,theo||ow|ng|n|uencesonde|ect|onscennot|eeccurete|y
essessed
N ens||estrength,wh|chdeterm|nesthecrec||ngmoment
N Construct|on|oed|ng
N l|est|cmodu|us
hereoreenyce|cu|et|onode|ect|on|son|yenest|mete,endeventhe
mostsoph|st|cetedene|ys|scenst|||resu|t|n!S%to-30%errorlt|s
edv|se||etog|veesu|te||eceveetw|thenyest|meteode|ect|onthet
otherserere|y|ngon
Figure 7
Coefficient for development of creep with time after loading
Table 2
Values for K
h
h
0 k
h
>!00 !0
>?00 0SS
>300 0/S
>S00 0/0
Notes
/0|sthenot|one|s|.e(mm)othecross-sect|on?/
c
/a
where
/cConcretecross-sect|one|eree
aler|meterothetpertothecrosssect|onwh|ch|sexposedtodry|ng
Notes
| Ageoconcretewhenpert|t|ons/c|edd|ngepp||ed
|0 Ageoconcretewhenstruc|
|c| 30(|cm3S),howeverthecoe|c|ent|snotpert|cu|er|ysens|t|vetoconcretec|ess
Figure 8
Precambering of slabs
Deflection affecting partitions
Just before installation
of partitions Precamber
Deflection due to
frequent combination
Deflection due to
quasi-permanent
combination
Figure 9
Recommended acceptance criteria for flat slabs
a
X
Notes
lmex|mumperm|ttedd //nend
`|sthepos|t|onomex|mumd
where
/ Spen
n l|m|t|ngspen-to-depthret|o,
eg?S0
thenthede|ect|onet`shou|dnot|e
greeterthen?o/n
(Mex|mumde|ect|onongr|d||nes
mey|emorecr|t|ce|)
66
References
1 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSlN!99?!!,/aocoJe?/e:/qno|conce|e:|ac|ae:Oeneo/a/e:onJa/e:|o/a//J/nqbSl,?004
2 MOSS,kM8bkOOllk,O/ou|oJe:/qnconce|e:|ac|ae:a:/nq/aocoJe?Seom:heConcreteCentre,?006
3 MOSS,kM8bkOOllk,O/ou|oJe:/qnconce|e:|ac|ae:a:/nq/aocoJe?/o/:heConcreteCentre,?006
4 MOSS,kM8bkOOllk,O/ou|oJe:/qnconce|e:|ac|ae:a:/nq/aocoJe?//o|:/o/:heConcreteCentre,?006
5 NAkAANAN,kS8bkOOllk,O/ou|oJe:/qnconce|e:|ac|ae:a:/nq/aocoJe?/n|oJac|/on|o/aocoJe:heConcreteCentre,?00S
6 bkllSlClMlNASSOClAlON/o/,:|///nqonJ/moo.eJ/oc/oooo/nqbCA,?00!(Ave||e||eromwwwconcretecentrecom)
7 lAlll,lOa/Je|o|/o|:/o/|omuo/onJ|o/:euo/Construct,?003
8 llCONCkllSOCllechn|ce|reportNoSS/e|/ec|/on:/nconce|e:/o/:onJ/eom:heConcreteSoc|ety,?00S
9 COOLClllL,Cl8vlbSlk,kMoeoJ:/ee|:|oconce|eJe:/qn|oSS''0onJ/C?,vers|on3heConcreteCentre,?006
10 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSS!!0!|ac|ao/a:eo|conce|e-CoJeo|ooc|/ce|oJe:/qnonJcon:|ac|/onbSl,!99/
Cladding tolerances
Le|ect|onmeyeectc|edd|ngorg|e.|ng|ntheo||ow|ngweys
N vhenes|e|de|ects,the|oedonthecentre||x|ngsw||||ere||eved
endshedtoouter|x|ngs
N Menuecturersmeyseythetthe|rg|e.edsystemscenon|y
eccommodetede|ect|ones|owesSmm
hereshou|d|eopend|scuss|ons|etweenthedes|gnersorthever|ous
e|ementstodeterm|nethemostcost-eect|veweyodee||ngw|ththe
|nterect|onothestructureendc|edd|ng
SLe|ect|once|cu|et|ons
Introduction
h|scheptercoverstheene|ys|senddes|gnore|norcedconcreterete|n|ng
we||stolurocodes?

end/

ltcons|dersrete|n|ngwe||supto3mh|ghend
propped|esementwe||suptotwostoreysh|gh(/m)hese||m|tsheve|een
chosensothets|mp|||cet|onscen|emede|nthegeotechn|ce|des|gnhe
se|-we|ghtothesewe||s,|nc|ud|ngthese|-we|ghto|ec||||onthem,p|eyse
s|gn||centro|e|nsupport|ngtherete|nedmeter|e|hechepterdoesnotcover
theene|ys|senddes|gnoem|eddedrete|n|ngwe||s,wh|chre|ypr|mer||yon
pess|veeerthpressureend|exure|res|stencetosupporttherete|nedmeter|e|
lr|ortothepu|||cet|onothestructure|lurocodes,thegeotechn|ce|des|gno
rete|n|ngwe||swescovered|ybSS00?

A|thoughcerte|nprov|s|onsoth|s
codeeresuperseded|ylurocode/,theormerst|||conte|nsuseu|que||tet|ve
|normet|onregerd|ngthedes|gnore|norcedconcretewe||s
Amoregenere||ntroduct|ontothelurocodes|sg|ven|nChepters!end?
or|g|ne||ypu|||shedes/n|oJac|/on|o/aocoJe:

endOe||/nq:|o|eJ
'
he
essent|e|eeturesolurocode/lert!erecovered|nChepter6,/oanJo|/on:

,
wh|ch|nc|udesed|scuss|ono||m|tstetes,Ceotechn|ce|Cetegor|es,
methodsodes|gn,endtheCeotechn|ce|Les|gnkeportltshou|d|ereed|n
con|unct|onw|thth|schepter
lssent|e|eeturesolurocode/erepresented,e|ongw|ththeoret|ce|mode|s
ortheene|ys|sorete|n|ngwe||sAprocedureorene|ys|senddes|gn|sg|ven
onpege/0
Geotechnical Categories
lurocode/lert!de|nesthreeCeotechn|ce|Cetegor|esthetcen|eusedto
este|||shgeotechn|ce|des|gnrequ|rementsS|mp|estructuresw|thneg||e||e
r|s||e|ong|nCeotechn|ce|Cetegory!ve||sthetrete|nso||orweterenddo
not|nvo|veexcept|one|r|s|ord||cu|tso||or|oed|ngcond|t|ons|e|ong|n
Ceotechn|ce|Cetegory?,orwh|chrout|neproceduresor|e|dend|e|oretory
test|ngendordes|gnendexecut|onmey|eusedhedes|gnosuch
structuresrequ|resquent|tet|vegeotechn|ce|deteendene|ys|s
ve||sthet|nvo|vee|norme|r|s|orwherethere|sunusue|orexcept|one||y
d||cu|tso||or|oed|ngcond|t|ons|e|ong|nCeotechn|ce|Cetegory3,or
wh|che|ternet|veprov|s|onsendru|estothoseg|ven|nlurocode/mey|e
needed,theyereouts|dethescopeoth|spu|||cet|on
Limit states
hedes|gnore|norcedconcreterete|n|ngwe||srequ|resver||cet|onthetthe
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
9kete|n|ngwe||s
A J BondMA,MSc,lhL,LlC,MlCl,ClngO Brookerblng,Clng,MlCl,MlStructlA J HarrisbSc,MSc,LlC,MlCl,Clng,lCS
68 2
A|though lurocode / ,rov|des three Les|gn A,,roaches, the 0l
Nat|ona| Annex ,erm|ts on|y Les|gn A,,roach ! to |e used |n the
0l ln th|s a,,roach, two ca|cu|at|ons must |e ,erormed w|th d|erent
com||nat|ons o ,art|a| actors or the Sk/ClO ||m|t state (see a||e !)
ln ca|cu|at|ons or Com||nat|on !, ,art|a| actors greater than ! are
a,,||ed to act|ons and structura| mater|a|s on|y to the se|-we|ght o
the wa|| and |ac|||| (treated as ,ermanent act|ons), to any |m,osed
|oads or surcharges at the to, o the wa|| (,ermanent or var|a||e
act|ons, as a,,ro,r|ate), and to the earth and ,ore water ,ressures
act|ng on the wa||'s |oundary (,ermanent act|ons)
ln ca|cu|at|ons or Com||nat|on ?, ,art|a| actors greater than ! are
a,,||ed to var|a||e act|ons on|y and to the strength o the ground
and structure to the so||'s undra|ned strength |n short-term (|e
undra|ned) s|tuat|ons, and to the so||'s ang|e o shear|ng res|stance
and eect|ve cohes|on |n |ong-term (dra|ned) s|tuat|ons
he des|gn va|ue, /
d
, o an act|on can |e ex,ressed as /
d
g
l
c /
|
where
g
l
,art|a| actor or the act|on
/
|
character|st|c va|ue o the act|on
c e|ther !0, c
0
, c
!
or c
?
(see Cha,ters ! and 6)
S|m||ar|y the des|gn va|ue, /
d
, o an act|on can |e ex,ressed as
/
d
/
|
/ g
M

where
g
M
,art|a| actor or the act|on
/
|
character|st|c va|ue o the act|on
lt |s |m,ortant to note that the ,art|a| actor or h a,,||es to tan h,
|e tan h
d
(tan h
|
)/g
h

Calculation models for

strength limit states
he mechan|ca| |ehav|our o re|norced concrete cant||ever wa||s |s
common|y ana|ysed us|ng one o two assumed ca|cu|at|on mode|s,
wh|ch are ex,|a|ned |e|ow
lt |s assumed that so||s have neg||g|||e eect|ve cohes|on c', wh|ch
great|y s|m,|||es the mathemat|cs |nvo|ved h|s |s a sae assum,t|on
|ut, |n the |nterests o economy, the eects o eect|ve cohes|on
may |e |nc|uded |n the des|gn
he |ene|c|a| eect o ,ass|ve earth ,ressures |n ront o the wa||
|s |gnored |n th|s ,u|||cat|on, |ecause |ts contr||ut|on to res|stance
|s oten sma|| or re|norced concrete wa||s and |s on|y mo||||.ed
ater cons|dera||e movement o the wa|| lurthermore, lurocode /
requ|res a||owance to |e made or un,|anned excavat|ons |n ront
o reta|n|ng wa||s, wh|ch urther reduces the eects o ,ass|ve
earth ,ressures
ln the ex,ress|ons used here, the se|-we|ghts o the wa|| stem,
wa|| |ase, and |ac|||| are favourable act|ons when s||d|ng and
to,,||ng are cons|dered, |ut are ty,|ca||y unfavourable act|ons or
|ear|ng (|ut s|nce they reduce the |nc||nat|on and eccentr|c|ty o
o||ow|ng u|t|mate ||m|t states are not exceeded (see l|gure !)
Overa|| a||ure o the ground conta|n|ng the wa||
la||ure o the wa|| |y s||d|ng
la||ure o the wa|| |y to,,||ng (usua||y on|y re|evant to wa||s
ounded on roc|)
bear|ng a||ure o the ground |eneath the wa|| (wh|ch may
|nvo|ve sett|ement and rotat|on o the wa||)
Structura| a||ure o the wa||
he res|stance ava||a||e |n |ne-gra|ned so||s, such as c|ays and s||ts,
de,ends great|y on how qu|c||y excess ,ore water ,ressures |n the
ground d|ss|,ate ater |oad|ng he ||m|t states a|ove thereore need
to |e chec|ed |oth or short-term (|e undra|ned) |ehav|our o the
ground and or |ong-term (|e dra|ned) |ehav|our

Figure 1
Ultimate limit states for reinforced concrete retaining walls
a) Overall stability
b) Sliding c) Toppling
d) Bearing e) Structural failure
Table 1
Partial factors to be used for retaining wall design according to
design approach 1 (UK National Annex)
Combin-
ation
Partial factors on
actions
Partial factors on material
properties of soil
gG
a
gG,fav gQ g
b
gc gcu g
! !3S !0 !S !0 !0 !0 !0
? !0 !0 !3 !?S !?S !4 !0
Key
a g
C
|s a,,||ed to unavoura||e ,ermanent act|ons
b g
h
|s a,,||ed to tan h'
|
68
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
69 3
the tota| act|on, they may |e avoura||e |oth s|tuat|ons shou|d
|e chec|ed) ln the des|gn ca|cu|at|ons, avoura||e act|ons are
mu|t|,||ed |y d|erent ,art|a| actors to unavoura||e act|ons see
a||e !
Calculation model A
ln the |rst ca|cu|at|on mode| (see l|gure ?), the wa|| |nc|ud|ng
|ac|||| |n ||oc| /SC/ res|sts s||d|ng and to,,||ng caused |y the
earth ,ressures act|ng on the vert|ca| 'v|rtua|' ,|ane, S/ he ground
|eneath the wa|| |ase must a|so |e strong enough to carry the wa||'s
se|-we|ght and any tract|ons (vert|ca| com,onents o orce) on the
v|rtua| ,|ane
An attract|ve eature o th|s mode| |s that, ,rov|ded the wa|| hee|
C/ |s |arge enough, the earth thrust /
a
(see l|gure ?|) |s |nc||ned at
an ang|e to the hor|.onta| equa| to the ground s|o,e at the to, o
the wa|| (|e c = b), ,rov|ded a|ways that c < h' he test or the
mode|'s a,,||ca||||ty |s /
h
~ /
a
tan (4S h'
d
/?), wh|ch (| met) means
that a kan||ne act|ve .one orms w|th|n the con|nes o ||oc| /SC/
Figure 2
Calculation model A
h
a
Figure 3
Calculation model B
h
and the earth ,ressure coe|c|ent used to ca|cu|ate the thrust |s
g|ven |y kan||ne's ormu|a
l /
h
|s too sma||, then the wa|| stem |ntereres w|th the kan||ne .one
and c shou|d |e reduced to c < (h'/3 to ?h'/3) a|though str|ct|y
kan||ne's theory |s no |onger a,,||ca||e and ca|cu|at|on mode| b
shou|d |e used |nstead
lor s||d|ng and to,,||ng, the most unavoura||e |ocat|on o any
|m,osed surcharge |s as shown |n l|gure ?a), w|th the edge o the
surcharge co|nc|dent w|th ,o|nt S ln that ,os|t|on |t |ncreases
unavoura||e earth ,ressures act|ng on the v|rtua| ,|ane S/ |ut does
not |ncrease avoura||e vert|ca| orces act|ng on the wa|| hee|, /C
lor |ear|ng, the most unavoura||e |ocat|on o the surcharge |s when
|t extends to the |ac| o the wa||, ,o|nt /
Calculation model B
ln the second ca|cu|at|on mode| (see l|gure 3), the wa|| |nc|ud|ng
|ac|||| |n ||oc| /C/ res|sts s||d|ng and to,,||ng caused |y earth
69
9kete|n|ngwe||s
70 4
,ressures act|ng on the inclined 'v|rtua|' ,|ane, // he earth
thrust /
a
(l|gure 3|) |s |nc||ned at an ang|e y d to the hor|.onta|
(he same mode| |s used to ana|yse ,|a|n concrete grav|ty wa||s) he
ground |eneath the wa|| |ase must a|so |e strong enough to carry
the wa||'s se|-we|ght and the downwards com,onent o the earth
thrust on the v|rtua| ,|ane
A |ey theoret|ca| advantage o th|s mode| |s that |t can |e used
cons|stent|y or wa||s o a|| sha,es and s|.es lowever, |ts ma|n
d|sadvantage |s that |t |nvo|ves careu| cons|derat|on o tr|gonometry,
w|th the ang|e y ,|ay|ng a s|gn||cant ro|e, |ead|ng to a com,||cated
ex,ress|on or /
a
and va|ues are not so read||y o|ta|ned rom
,u|||shed charts o ,revent the mathemat|cs |ecom|ng too |nvo|ved,
var|ous s|m,|||cat|ons a|out the wa||'s geometry and that o the
enc|osed |ac|||| are usua||y made
lxce,t or s|tuat|ons where /
h
|s very sma||, |t |s reasona||e to
assume that the ang|e o r|ct|on d mo||||.ed a|ong the v|rtua| ,|ane
// |s equa| to the ang|e o shear|ng res|stance o the so||, h'
he most unavoura||e |ocat|on o any |m,osed surcharge |s ty,|ca||y
when |t extends to the |ac| o the wa||, ,o|nt / (as shown |n l|gure 3a)
lowever, s|nce the surcharge a|so reduces the |nc||nat|on and eccentr|c|ty
o the tota| act|on, s|tuat|ons w|th |t d|stant rom the wa|| shou|d a|so
|e cons|dered
Figure 4
Overall design procedure
Design procedure
he overa|| ,rocedure or the des|gn o re|norced concrete reta|n|ng
wa||s |s g|ven |n l|gure 4 and ex,|a|ned |n more deta|| over the next
ew ,ages
S|nce the s|.|ng o re|norced concrete wa||s |s oten contro||ed |y
s||d|ng w|th ,art|a| actors rom Com||nat|on ?, |t |s sens|||e to
underta|e that ver||cat|on |rst he other chec|s shou|d a|so |e
,erormed or both combinations. bear|ng can a|so contro| the
des|gn (de,end|ng on the wa|| geometry and so|| ,ro,ert|es)
Overall stability of the site
An essent|a| ,art o the geotechn|ca| des|gn o reta|n|ng structures
|s chec||ng the sta||||ty o the s|te aga|nst overa|| rotat|ona| a||ure
(see l|gure !a) and other orms o overa|| ground a||ure Cu|dance
on how to ,erorm the necessary ver||cat|ons |s outs|de the sco,e o
th|s document, |ut can |e ound e|sewhere, eg reerence /
Initial sizing
he |ase w|dth S o a re|norced concrete cant||ever reta|n|ng wa|| |s
usua||y |etween 0S and 0/ t|mes |ts overa|| he|ght
8
, / (see l|gure S)
he |readth o the wa|| stem /
s
|s norma||y //!S to //!0 , as |s
the th|c|ness o the wa|| |ase |
|
he |readth o the wa|| toe /
t
|s
ty,|ca||y equa| to S/4 to S/3
lor |asement wa||s |n most structures, the th|c|ness w||| norma||y
|e determ|ned |y the water,roo|ng requ|rements, oten a m|n|mum
th|c|ness o 300 mm |s used
lor s|m,||c|ty, |t |s assumed that adequate dra|nage systems w||| |e
|nsta||ed |eh|nd the reta|n|ng wa|| so that ,ore water ,ressures need
not |e cons|dered S|nce th|s |s a ,otent|a||y unsae assum,t|on, the
ex,ress|ons g|ven here need to |e ad|usted | th|s |s not the case
Figure 5
Symbols for initial sizing
Su|c|ent ca,ac|ty`
Les|gn aga|nst |ear|ng
a||ure (see l|gure !0)
Structura| des|gn (see
l|gure !3)
Les|gn aga|nst s||d|ng
(see l|gure /)
Les|gn aga|nst to,,||ng
(see l|gure 9)
Chec| overa|| sta||||ty o the s|te
Carry out |n|t|a| s|.|ng o the wa||
Leterm|ne character|st|c mater|a| ,ro,ert|es (see l|gure 6)
Ca|cu|ate the character|st|c va|ue o act|ons (see l|gure 6)
Ca|cu|ate the des|gn va|ue o act|ons (see l|gure 6)
Les|gn com,|ete
es
N
o
,

r
e
v
|
s
e

g
e
o
m
e
t
r
y
C
a
r
r
y

o
u
t

s
e
,
a
r
a
t
e
|
y

o
r

|
o
t
h

C
o
m
|
|
n
a
t
|
o
n
s

!

a
n
d

?
Start
70
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
71 5
Material properties
he character|st|c va|ue o a geotechn|ca| ,arameter |s de|ned |n
bS lN !99/! C| ?4S?(?)l as "a caut|ous est|mate o the va|ue
aect|ng the occurrence o the ||m|t state", determ|ned on the
|as|s o |a|oratory and |e|d test resu|ts com,|emented |y we||-
esta|||shed ex,er|ence and ta||ng account o the .one o so|| |nvo|ved
Character|st|c geotechn|ca| ,arameters shou|d |e determ|ned |y an
ex,er|enced geotechn|ca| eng|neer and recorded |n the Ceotechn|ca|
Les|gn ke,ort
he ,ro,ert|es chosen or the |ac|||| |eh|nd the reta|n|ng wa|| are
cr|t|ca| to the geotechn|ca| des|gn o the wa|| and shou|d |e se|ected
careu||y (see l|gure 6) hese |nc|ude |ts we|ght dens|ty, g, ang|e o
shear|ng res|stance, h, and (| cohes|ve) undra|ned strength, c
u
lt |s
uncommon or reta|n|ng wa||s to reta|n cohes|ve |||s, s|nce th|s can
|ead to the retent|on o water (wh|ch shou|d |e avo|ded) lurther,
cons|der|ng cohes|on reduces the ca|cu|ated earth ,ressures, wh|ch
|s not conservat|ve lor granu|ar |ac|||| the character|st|c ang|e o
shear|ng res|stance |s norma||y ta|en |etween 30` and 3S`
he oundat|on |eneath the wa|| |ase |s cr|t|ca| to the wa||'s s||d|ng
Figure 6
Procedure for determining material properties, geometry and actions
From Figure 4
Determine characteristic material properties
ve|ght dens|ty (g
|,
) and ang|e o shear|ng res|stance (h'
|,
)
o |ac||||
ve|ght dens|ty (g
|,dn
), undra|ned strength (c
u|,dn
), and ang|e
o shear|ng res|stance (h'
|,dn
) o oundat|on so||
ve|ght dens|ty (g
|,c
) and cy||nder strength (|
c|
) o concrete
Determine initial geometry and actions (see Panel 1)
1 Leterm|ne |n|t|a| geometry (see l|gure S)
lor ca|cu|at|on mode| b |nd |nc||nat|on o v|rtua| ,|ane (y)
2 Leterm|ne |ever arms (see l|gures ?c or 3c)
3 Ca|cu|ate orces
Character|st|c se|-we|ghts (w
|,s
, w
|,|
, w
|,
)
ota| we|ght w
|,|
w
|,s
w
|,|
w
|,
ota| moment (w
|,|
/
|
) (w
|,s
/
s
) (w
|,|
/
|
) (w
|,
/

)
Carry out separately for both Combinations 1 and 2
Determine design material properties and earth
pressures (see Panel 2)
1 A,,|y ,art|a| mater|a| actors to o|ta|n des|gn mater|a|
,ro,ert|es
ve|ght dens|ty g
d
g
|
/ g
g
g
|
s|nce g

!
Ang|e o shear|ng res|stance h'
d
tan
-!
(tan h'
|
/ g
'
)
0ndra|ned strength c
ud
c
u|
/ g
cu
2 Leterm|ne earth ,ressure
larth ,ressure coe|c|ent /
ad
unct|on o h'
d,
and b
(de,end|ng on ca|cu|at|on mode| used)
larth ,ressure |s unct|on o vert|ca| |oad and /
ad
To Figure 4
Panel 1
General expressions for geometry and actions
w
/
/

/ g
/c
w
//
|
/
S g
|,c
/
/
S /

/
|
/

/
|

/
/

For calculation model A:
/ |
/
/ /
/
tan b
w
/|
/
/
/ g
/|
/
|
& /
|
/

For calculation model B:
/
/
|
/
/
w
/|
& g
/|
/
|
/
|
/

y tan
-'
/

?
S
?
/
/
tan b
?
/
/
?
/
/
/
?
/
/
3
/
/
/
/
/
.o
S
W

b
W

y
/
.o
/
|
/

/
|
3
Panel 2
General expressions for material properties and earth pressures
For calculation model A:
/
aJ

cos b R s|n
?
h
J|
s|n
?
b
cos b R s|n
?
h
J|
s|n
?
b
cos b
g
/|
/
?
?
/
aJ

/
aJ
g
O

g

/
/
For calculation model B:
m
|

cos
-!
h'
J|
b
!
?
s|n b
s|n h'
J|
/

e
! s|n h'
J|
s|n (?m
|
- h
J|
)
! s|n h'
J|

? ( m
|
b h'
J|
y ) tan h'
J|
/

cos
?
b

/
g

/

cos b cos (b y )
/
aJ

g
O
/
g
g

/
/
g
/|
/
?
?
71
9kete|n|ngwe||s
72 6
and |ear|ng res|stance and |ts ,ro,ert|es shou|d |e chosen careu||y
hese |nc|ude |ts we|ght dens|ty, ang|e o shear|ng res|stance, and (|
cohes|ve) undra|ned strength lor cons|derat|on o s||d|ng, |t |s the
,ro,ert|es o the so||/concrete |nterace that are requ|red un|ess a
shear |ey |s ,rov|ded lor |ear|ng res|stance a conservat|ve est|mate
o the ,ro,ert|es o the oundat|on so||s |s requ|red
he we|ght dens|ty o concrete determ|nes ,art o the wa||'s
se|-we|ght and shou|d |e ta|en as g
|,c
?S |N/m
3
or re|norced
concrete |n accordance w|th lurocode !
9

Design against sliding

he ,rocedure or des|gn|ng re|norced concrete reta|n|ng wa||s
aga|nst s||d|ng |s g|ven |n l|gure /
ln the short-term (|e under undra|ned cond|t|ons), the hor|.onta|
com,onent o the thrust on the v|rtua| ,|ane must |e res|sted |y
adhes|on on the unders|de o the wa|| |ase, /
ld
< /
kd
, and |y r|ct|on
|n the |ong-term (under dra|ned cond|t|ons), /
ld
< /'
kd

Figure 7
Procedure for design against sliding
From Figure 4
Leterm|ne hor|.onta| thrust on v|rtua| ,|ane (see lane| ?)
/
ld
/
ad
cos
l a,,ro,r|ate determ|ne undra|ned s||d|ng res|stance on
unders|de o wa|| |ase
/
kd
c
ud,dn
S
Leterm|ne dra|ned s||d|ng res|stance on unders|de o wa|| |ase
Ca|cu|ate vert|ca| act|on \
d
g
a
S
|
v
|,|
Ca|cu|ate vert|ca| tract|on rom /
ad
(lane| ?)
Ca|cu|ate dra|nned s||d|ng res|stance, /'
kd
(lane| 3)
Ver|y /
ld
< /
kd
(| a,,ro,r|ate) and /
ld
< /'
kd
l necessary, re,eat the a|ove w|th a shear |ey
To Figure 4
Panel 3
Expressions for drained sliding resistance
Undrained sliding resistance:
/
/J
c
aJ|J
S
Drained sliding resistance:
d
J|J
h
c.J|J
/
/J
\
J
tan d
J|J
g
O|a.
/ w
//
tan h
c.J|J

v|th a shear |ey
/
/J
& g
O|a.
/ w
//
tan h
J|J
R
!

D|
0
S
?
/
/
l a|r can reach the |nterace |etween the |ase and a c|ay oundat|on,
then the undra|ned res|stance shou|d |e ||m|ted to /
kd
< 04\
d
see bS lN !99/! C|6S3(!?)l l dra|nage occurs at the |nterace,
dra|ned cond|t|ons may a,,|y even or short-term |oad|ng
he thrust de,ends |arge|y on the strength ,ro,ert|es o the |ac||||
l necessary, |ts magn|tude can |e reduced |y us|ng |ac|||| w|th a
greater ang|e o shear|ng res|stance
he res|stance de,ends |arge|y on the ,ro,ert|es o the so||/structure
|nterace |etween the wa|| |ase and the oundat|on so|| lt |s usua|
to assume u|| adhes|on |n ca|cu|at|ons or the undra|ned cond|t|on
|ased on tota| stresses (|e to use u|| c
u
) and reduced r|ct|on |n
ca|cu|at|ons or the dra|ned cond|t|on |ased on eect|ve stresses
(|e to use d
|J
<

f
|J
) lor concrete cast aga|nst so||, bS lN !99/!
C| 6S3(!0) recommends d
|J
f
c. |J
< f
|J
, where f
c. |J
|s the
constant vo|ume ang|e o shear|ng res|stance o the oundat|on so||
Va|ues o f
c. |J
are |nde,endent o the so||'s re|at|ve dens|ty and
ty,|ca||y range rom ?/` to 33` or granu|ar so||s lor cohes|ve so||s
the undra|ned s|tuat|on w||| |e cr|t|ca|
l necessary, a shear |ey can |e used to |m,rove the wa||'s res|stance
to s||d|ng (l|gure S) he |ey has three |ene|ts
lt moves the a||ure surace away rom the |nterace |etween the
wa|| and the oundat|on, so that an |m,roved va|ue o
d
|J
f
|J
may |e assumed
lt |engthens the a||ure surace, rom S to&R S
2
D|
|
2

lt ,otent|a||y |ncreases the ,ass|ve res|stance |n ront o the wa||,

wh|ch |s not cons|dered here
Design against toppling
he ,rocedure or des|gn|ng re|norced concrete reta|n|ng wa||s
aga|nst to,,||ng |s g|ven |n l|gure 9 Cenera||y th|s chec| |s on|y
needed when the reta|n|ng wa|| |s ounded on roc| or very hard so||
he desta||||s|ng moment a|out the wa|| toe (,o|nt / |n l|gures ?a
and 3a) ar|s|ng rom the thrust on the v|rtua| ,|ane must |e res|sted
Figure 9
Procedure for design against toppling
From Figure 4
Leterm|ne desta||||s|ng moment /
ld
a|out ,o|nt /
(see lane|s ! and ?) /
ld
/
ad
cos W //3
Leterm|ne sta||||s|ng moments a|out ,o|nt /
va|| stem /
d,s
w
d,s
/
s
va|| |ase /
d,|
w
d,|
/
|
bac|||| /
d,
w
d,
/

lrom act|ve thrust, /

d,v,
/
ad
s|n W /
v,
/
kd
/
d,s
/
d,|
/
d,
/
d,v,
Ver|y /
ld
< /
kd
To Figure 4

C
a
r
r
y

o
u
t

s
e
,
a
r
a
t
e
|
y

o
r

|
o
t
h

C
o
m
|
|
n
a
t
|
o
n
s

!

a
n
d

?
C
a
r
r
y

o
u
t

s
e
,
a
r
a
t
e
|
y

o
r

|
o
t
h

C
o
m
|
|
n
a
t
|
o
n
s

!

a
n
d

?
72
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
73
Figure 8
Effects of shear key
0
Panel 4
Expressions for bearing resistance
e
S' S ? e
S
?
g
C
/ (w
|,|
/
|
j (/
ad
s|n W /
v,
j - /
ad
cos W
/
3
\
d
(/
ad
s|n Wj
Undrained bearing resistance:

kd
c
ud,dn
/
c
/
c

d
,
where /
c
p ?
/
c
!
!
?
R
!

/
ad
cos W
S c
ud,dn
Drained bearing resistance:

kd

d
/
q
/
q
( g
d,dn
-

g
w
) /
g
/
g
S'
?
/

!
/
ad
cos W
g
C
/ w
|,|
(/
ad
s|n W)
?
/
/
g q
!S
Va|ues or /
c
, /
g
and /
q
can |e o|ta|ned rom l|gure !!
Figure 11
Bearing capacity factors, N, from ground properties
Angle
g
c
,
B
e
a
r
i
n
g

c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

f
a
c
t
o
r
,

N
|y the sta||||s|ng moment a|out the same ,o|nt ar|s|ng rom the
wa||'s se|-we|ght, |e /
ld
< /
kd

he desta||||s|ng moment de,ends |arge|y on the strength ,ro,ert|es

o the |ac|||| l necessary, |ts magn|tude can |e reduced |y us|ng a
|ac|||| w|th a greater ang|e o shear|ng res|stance
he sta||||s|ng moment de,ends |arge|y on the wa||'s se|-we|ght,
|nc|ud|ng the |ac||||
(Somewhat counter-|ntu|t|ve|y, the sta||||ty o a re|norced concrete
reta|n|ng wa|| su,,ort|ng so|| |s not governed |y ||m|t state lQ0,
de|ned |n lurocode / as "|oss o sta||||ty o the structure or the
ground, cons|dered as a r|g|d |ody", |ecause the strength o the
ground |s significant |n ,rov|d|ng res|stance lnstead, to,,||ng |s
usua||y governed |y ||m|t state ClO)
y,|ca||y, | the reta|n|ng wa|| has |een s|.ed a,,ro,r|ate|y or s||d|ng,
then to,,||ng w||| not |e cr|t|ca| to the des|gn
Design against bearing failure
he ,rocedure or des|gn|ng re|norced concrete reta|n|ng wa||s
aga|nst |ear|ng a||ure |s g|ven |n l|gure !0
he |ear|ng ,ressure act|ng |eneath the wa|| |ase must |e |ess than
|oth the oundat|on's short-term (undra|ned) |ear|ng ca,ac|ty,

ld
<
kd
, and |ts |ong-term (dra|ned) va|ue,
ld
<
kd

he |ear|ng ,ressure de,ends on the wa||'s se|-we|ght, |nc|ud|ng

|ac||||, and any downwards tract|on on the v|rtua| ,|ane S|nce the
centre o act|on o the resu|tant |ear|ng orce |s a|most |nev|ta||y
eccentr|c to the centre o the wa|| |ase, the |ear|ng ,ressure must |e
ca|cu|ated over an eect|ve w|dth S (see l|gure !?)
he |ear|ng ca,ac|ty de,ends |arge|y on the strength o the
oundat|on so|| lurocode / g|ves s|m,|e ana|yt|ca| methods or
|ear|ng res|stance ca|cu|at|ons, |ased on c|ass|ca| |ear|ng ca,ac|ty
theory S|nce the resu|tant |ear|ng orce |s a|most |nev|ta||y |nc||ned,
d|mens|on|ess actors reduc|ng the standard |ear|ng ca,ac|ty actors
Figure 10
Procedure for design against bearing failure
From Figure 4
Leterm|ne |ear|ng ,ressure (see lane|s ! and ?)

ld
(\
d
/
ad
s|n ) / S'
Leterm|ne undra|ned |ear|ng ca,ac|ty,
kd

(| a,,ro,r|ate, see lane| 4)
Leterm|ne dra|ned |ear|ng ca,ac|ty '
kd
(see lane| 4)
Ver|y
ld
<
kd
(| a,,ro,r|ate) and
ld
< '
kd
To Figure 4
C
a
r
r
y

o
u
t

s
e
,
a
r
a
t
e
|
y

o
r

|
o
t
h

C
o
m
|
|
n
a
t
|
o
n
s

!

a
n
d

?
73
9kete|n|ngwe||s
74 8
are needed he ormu|at|on or the dra|ned |ear|ng ca,ac|ty g|ven |n
l|gure !0 and lane| 4 assumes that the groundwater |eve| |s at the
unders|de o the |ase o the reta|n|ng wa|| h|s w||| |e conservat|ve
or s|tuat|ons where groundwater can |e guaranteed to |e a d|stance
~ S |e|ow the wa|| |ase Note that the over|urden ,ressure used |n
the ex,ress|on or |ear|ng ca,ac|ty |s that due to |ac|||| a|ove the
wa||'s toe (and |s |||e|y to |e a sma|| va|ue)
Structural design
A reta|n|ng wa|| |s |||e|y to |e much st|er than the ground |t
su,,orts, and thereore the stem o a re|norced concrete cant||ever
wa|| must |e des|gned to w|thstand earth ,ressures greater than
the act|ve ,ressures assumed |n the ca|cu|at|ons o s||d|ng, to,,||ng,
and |ear|ng res|stance Le,end|ng on how the wa|| |s constructed |t
shou|d e|ther |e des|gned or 'com,act|on ,ressures'
10
or or 'at-rest'
,ressures
As w|th s||d|ng, to,,||ng, and |ear|ng res|stance there are two
com||nat|ons o ,art|a| actors to chec| at the u|t|mate ||m|t state
he des|gn ,rocedure |s g|ven |n l|gure !3
Compaction earth pressures
va||s that are constructed |eore the ,|acement o |ac|||| shou|d |e
des|gned to w|thstand the com,act|on earth ,ressures (see l|gure !4)
he wa|| shou|d |e constructed w|th adequate dra|nage so that water
,ressures w||| not |u||d u, aga|nst the stem |n the |ong-term and so do
not need to |e cons|dered |n the des|gn
lane| S g|ves the earth ,ressure s
/
act|ng at de,th down the wa||
stem // ow|ng to the character|st|c com,act|on ||ne |oad /
/
lor
stat|c ro||ers, the ||ne |oad shou|d |e ta|en as the ro||er's se|-we|ght
lor v||rat|ng com,act|on equ|,ment, the sum o the se|-we|ght and
the centr|uga| v||rator orce shou|d |e used l the centr|uga| orce
|s un|nown, then or a v||rat|ng ro||er tw|ce the se|-we|ght may |e
used |nstead h|s ru|e o thum| shou|d |e used w|th caut|on and |s
not a,,ro,r|ate or use w|th v||rat|ng ,|ate com,actors A|| orces
shou|d |e entered ,er un|t |ength a|ong the wa|| Leta||s o ty,|ca|
com,act|on equ|,ment are g|ven |n a||e ?
Figure 12
Effective base width, B
h|s method or com,act|on earth ,ressure ca|cu|at|on assumes
that the ||| |s ,|aced us|ng a v||rat|ng ro||er that |s ,revented rom
com|ng u, to the ace o the wa|| // l the ro||er |s a||owed to reach
// then the de,th
|
w||| |e greater than that g|ven |n lane| 6, ow|ng
to wa|| y|e|d S|nce the wa|| |s not ,erect|y r|g|d, the equat|ons g|ven
|n lane| 6 are conservat|ve
At-rest earth pressures
Many |asement wa||s are constructed to reta|n ex|st|ng ground,
they shou|d |e des|gned to w|thstand the at-rest earth ,ressures
|||ustrated |n l|gure !6
he earth ,ressure coe|c|ent used to determ|ne the hor|.onta|
,ressures act|ng on the wa|| |s g|ven |n bS lN !99/! C| 9S?(3)
and (4) as /
0
(! s|n h') ROCk (! s|n b ) where OCk |s the
overconso||dat|on rat|o o the reta|ned so|| and b |s the ang|e o
Figure 13
Design procedure for structural design
From Figure 4
Chec| the stem o the reta|n|ng wa|| or com,act|on
,ressures or at-rest cond|t|ons as a,,ro,r|ate
Max|mum des|gn moment /
s
(see lane| S or 6)
Max|mum des|gn shear orce \
s
keer to Cha,ter 3, or|g|na||y ,u|||shed as /a/
11
or the
des|gn ex,ress|ons to use to chec| |end|ng, shear and
de|ect|on
Chec| the toe and hee| o the wa|| |n |end|ng and shear
us|ng the ex,ress|ons |n lane| S to determ|ne a,,||ed
orces and the des|gn ex,ress|ons rom Cha,ter 3 to
chec| |end|ng, shear and de|ect|on
To Figure 4
Figure 14
Compaction earth pressures for structural design of cantilever
retaining walls
z
J
z
K
z
D
C
a
r
r
y

o
u
t

s
e
,
a
r
a
t
e
|
y

o
r

|
o
t
h

C
o
m
|
|
n
a
t
|
o
n
s

!

a
n
d

?
74
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
75 9
Figure 15
Pressure diagram for design of reinforced concrete base
Panel 5
General expressions for designing walls for compaction pressures
Forces for stem design (see Figure 14)
Moment, /
s


hd,
.

L

?

hd,
(
L
.

)
?

(
hd,L

hd,l
)(
L
.
l
)
?
? 3 ? 6
Shear, \
s


hd,
.

hd,
(
L

) (
hd,L

hd,l
)(
L

l
)/?
?
where

hd,

hd
at / etc

Forces for heel design (see Figure 15b)
Moment, /
h
&

C
w
l,
/
h

ld
(/
h
S S')
?
? ?
Shear, \
h
&
C
w
l,

ld
(/
h
S S')

Forces for toe design (see Figure 15a)
Moment, /
t


ld
/
t
?
?
Shear, \
t

ld
/
t
Les|gn ||ne |oad (|n un|ts o |N/m), /
d
g
Q
/
|
Le,th o ,o|nt / |n l|gure !3,
/
/
oJ

R
Le,th o ,o|nt /,
/
/
aJ
R

between / and /, hor|.ona| stress (|n un|ts o |la)
s
/J
/
oJ
g
/|
.
between / and /
s
/J

R


betwwen / and /
s
/J
/
aJ
g
/|
.
?/
J
pg
/|
?/
J
pg
/|
?/
J
g
/|
p

/
aJ

cos b R s|n
?
h'
J|
s|n
?
b
cos b R s|n
?
h'
J|
s|n
?
b
cos b
/
oJ

cos b R s|n
?
h'
J|
s|n
?
b
cos b R s|n
?
h'
J|
s|n
?
b
cos b
ground surace he OCk |s the rat|o o max|mum ,ast |eve| o
vert|ca| stress to the current |eve| o vert|ca| eect|ve stress
OCk |s ty,|ca||y o|ta|ned rom an oedometer test and/or |now|edge
o the geo|og|ca| h|story o the s|te lt |s not conservat|ve to |gnore |t
Many |asements |nvo|ve one or two |eve|s o ,ro,,|ng and so
ver||cat|on o s||d|ng and to,,||ng res|stance |s unnecessary (at |east
or ,ers|stent des|gn s|tuat|ons they may st||| |e re|evant wh||e the
wa|| |s |e|ng constructed)
Ver||cat|on o the structura| res|stance o |asement wa||s o||ows
the same ,rocedure as that or cant||ever wa||s (see l|gure !3), w|th
su|ta||e a||owance or any water ,ressures that may |u||d u, on the
|ac| o the wa|| //, es,ec|a||y | no ,rov|s|on |s made or dra|nage
Table 2
Typical compaction equipment
12
Description of compaction
equipment
Mass (kg) Centrifugal
vibrator
force (kN)
Design
force (kN)
S0 |g v||rat|ng ,|ate com,actor S0 !4 !43
!S0 |g v||rat|ng ,|ate com,actor !S0 S0 S!S
3S0 |g ,edestr|an-o,erated
v||rat|ng ro||er
3S0 !? !S4
6/0 |g v||rat|ng ,|ate com,actor 6/0 96 !0?6
!S t ,edestr|an-o,erated
v||rat|ng ro||er
!S30 SS /30
?S t smooth whee|ed ro||er ?S00 N/A ?/S
69 t dou||e v||rat|ng ro||er 6900 !!S !SS/
S6 t smooth whee|ed ro||er S600 N/A S44
Panel 6
Expressions for the structural design of basement walls for at-rest
pressures
/
0J
(! s|n h'
J|
) ROCk (! s|n b )
s
.J
g
J|

J
between / and w
a
J
0
s
/J
s'
/J
/
0J
s
.J
between w and /
a
J
g
u
(
/
-
u
)
s'
/J
/
0J
(s
.J
a
J
)
s
/J
s'
/J
a
J
Forces for stem design
Moment, /
s


hd,A

/


v

hd,v

v

/

?
v

? 3 ? 3


?
hd,v
(
/

v
)
?

hd,L

(
/

v
)
?
6 6
Shear, \
s

hd,A

v

hd,v

v

hd,v
(
/

v
)

hd,L
(
/

v
)

? ? ? ?
See lane| S or orces or |ase des|gn
75
9kete|n|ngwe||s
4
!
D
pd
!
D
ed
between
Soil pressure above
toe ignored
hd ed |,
hd
d l,
hd pd |,
|,
d
l,
d,
d,
d,
ed
pd
d,
d
l

76 10
vhen the structure reta|ns
Sands and grave|s (|e h|gh ,ermea||||ty so||s) w|thout a re||a||e
dra|nage system |nsta||ed, or
S||ts and c|ays (|e |ow ,ermea||||ty so||s)
then bS lN !99/! C| ?46!(!!) requ|res the water ta||e to |e
ta|en at the "max|mum ,oss|||e |eve|, wh|ch may |e the ground
surace un|ess the adequacy o the dra|nage system can |e
demonstrated and |ts ma|ntenance ensured"
he re|evant ex,ress|ons or the tota| earth ,ressure s
/
( eect|ve
earth ,ressure, s
/
,ore water ,ressure, a) act|ng at de,th down
the wa|| // are g|ven |n lane| 6 or a water ta||e at de,th J
w
|e|ow
the to, o the wa|| hese ex,ress|ons assume that the wa|| |s r|g|d
(ow|ng to the ,ro,,|ng) and no stress re||e occurs dur|ng wa||
|nsta||at|on both o these assum,t|ons are conservat|ve
Detailing
Control of cracking
lt may |e necessary to contro| the crac||ng o a re|norced concrete
wa||, eg or aesthet|c reasons or to m|n|m|se water |ngress or a
|asement wa|| lor the |atter, deta||ed gu|dance on the des|gn o water-
res|st|ng |asements |s g|ven |n ClklA ke,ort !39
13
Str|ct|y, th|s re,ort
has |een wr|tten or use a|ongs|de bS S!!0 and bS S00/
14
, |ut the
,r|nc|,|es can |e used w|th bS lN !99?!! and bS lN !99?3
3

Contro| o crac||ng may e|ther |e assessed |y us|ng the deemed-to-

sat|sy method, wh|ch |s ,resented here, or |y ca|cu|at|ng the crac|
w|dths d|rect|y (reer to C| /34 o bS lN !99?!!)
Crac|s may |e ||m|ted to acce,ta||e w|dths |y the o||ow|ng measures
lrov|de a m|n|mum amount o re|norcement, /
s,m|n
, so that the
re|norcement does not y|e|d |mmed|ate|y u,on ormat|on o the
|rst crac|
vhere restraint |s the ma|n cause o crac||ng, ||m|t the |ar
d|ameter to that shown |n a||e 3 ln th|s case any |eve| o stee|
Figure 16
Earth and pore water pressures for structural design of retaining
walls subject to 'at-rest' conditions
z
W
z
D
W

stress may |e chosen |ut the se|ected va|ue must then |e used
|n the ca|cu|at|on o /
s,m|n
and the s|.e o the |ar shou|d |e
||m|ted as shown
vhere loading |s the ma|n cause o crac||ng, ||m|t the |ar
d|ameter or the |ar s,ac|ng to that shown |n a||e 3
ln the a|sence o s,ec||c requ|rements (eg water-t|ghtness), the
||m|t|ng ca|cu|ated crac| w|dth u
max
may |e restr|cted to 03 mm |n
a|| ex,osure c|asses under quas|-,ermanent |oad com||nat|ons (see
Cha,ter !)
he m|n|mum area o re|norcement |n tens||e .ones to contro|
crac||ng shou|d |e ca|cu|ated or each ,art o the mem|er as o||ows
/
s,m|n
/
c
/ |
ct,e
/
ct
/s
s
where
/
c
!0 or ,ure tens|on and 04 or ,ure |end|ng (a||ows or
the nature o the stress d|str||ut|on w|th|n the sect|on
|mmed|ate|y ,r|or to crac||ng and or the change o the |ever
arm as a resu|t o crac||ng)
/ !0 where the wa|| |s |ess than 300 mm and / 06S where
|t exceeds S00 mm th|c| lor |ntermed|ate cond|t|ons
|nter,o|at|on may |e used lactor a||ows or the eect o
non-un|orm se|-equ||||rat|ng stresses, wh|ch |ead to a
reduct|on o restra|nt orces
|
ct,e
mean va|ue o the tens||e strength o concrete eect|ve
at the t|me crac|s may |e |rst ex,ected to occur at the
a,,ro,r|ate age |
ct,e
|
ct,m
(see ta||e 3! o bS lN !99?-!-!
1
)
/
ct
area o concrete |n that ,art o the sect|on wh|ch |s
ca|cu|ated to |e |n the tens|on .one |e |n tens|on |ust |eore
the ormat|on o the |rst crac|
Table 3
Maximum bar size or spacing to lmit crack width (mm)
Steel
stress
(s
s
)
MPa
W
max
= 0.3 W
max
= 0.2
Maximum
bar size
(mm)
Ok
Maximum
bar spacing
(mm)
Maximum
bar size
(mm)
Ok
Maximum
bar spacing
(mm)
!60 3? 300 ?S ?00
?00 ?S ?S0 !6 !S0
?40 !6 ?00 !? !00
?S0 !? !S0 S S0
3?0 !0 !00 6
360 S S0 S
Note
he stee| stress may |e est|mated rom the ex,ress|on |e|ow
s
s

|
,/
m/
s,req
g
ms
/
s,,rov
d
where
|
,/
the character|st|c re|n|orcement y|e|ds stress
g
ms
the ,art|a| actor or re|norcement stee|
m the tota| |oad rom quas|-,ermanent com||nat|on


the tota| |oad rom 0lS com||nat|on
/
s,req
the area o re|norcement at the 0lS
/
s,,rov
the area o re|norcement ,rov|ded
d the rat|o o red|str||ut|on moment to e|ast|c moment

76
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
77 11
s
s
a|so|ute va|ue o the max|mum stress ,erm|tted |n the
re|norcement |mmed|ate|y ater the ormat|on o the crac|
he va|ue shou|d |e chosen |ear|ng |n m|nd the ||m|ts on |ar
s|.e and s,ac|ng |nd|cated |n a||e 3
Large radius bends
lt |s oten necessary to ,rov|de |arge rad|us |ends to the ma|n
re|norcement at the |ase o the stem |ecause o the h|gh tens||e
orces |n the |ars he m|n|mum mandre| d|ameter, f
mm|n
shou|d |e
assessed as o||ows
f
mm|n
~ /
|t
(!/a
|
!/(?f))/|
cd
where
/
|t
tens||e orce rom u|t|mate |oads |n a |ar at the start o
the |end
a
|
ha| the ,|tch o the |ars or nom|na| cover ,|us f/?
f |ar d|ameter
|
cd
des|gn va|ue o concrete com,ress|ve strength
he |aJaJ me|/oJ o| Je|a///q |ac|aa/ coce|e
15
, a,,end|x b,
conta|ns some useu| ta||es that w||| ass|st |n determ|n|ng the
m|n|mum mandre| s|.e
Rules for spacing and quantity of
reinforcement
Vertical reinforcement
vhere ax|a| orces dom|nate, the m|n|mum area o vert|ca|
re|norcement |s 000?/
c
, ha| th|s area shou|d |e ,|aced |n each
ace Otherw|se, the m|n|mum ,ercentage o re|norcement can
|e o|ta|ned rom a||e 6 o Cha,ter 3 Outs|de |a, |ocat|ons, the
max|mum area o vert|ca| re|norcement |s 004/
c,
, th|s may |e
dou||ed at |a, |ocat|ons
he d|stance |etween two ad|acent vert|ca| |ars shou|d not exceed
the |esser o e|ther three t|mes the wa|| th|c|ness or 400 mm
Figure 17
Typical drainage layout for a retaining wall
300 mm wide
granul ar backf il l
Weep hol e
Drainage pipe
Large radius bend
if required
lor wa||s w|th a h|gh ax|a| |oad (eg |asement wa||s), the ma|n
re|norcement ,|aced nearest to the wa|| aces shou|d have transverse
re|norcement |n the orm o ||n|s w|th at |east our ,er m
?
o wa||
area vhere we|ded mesh and |ars o d|ameter f < !6 mm are used
w|th cover |arger than ?f, transverse re|norcement |s not requ|red
Horizontal reinforcement
he m|n|mum area o hor|.onta| re|norcement |s the greater o
e|ther ?S% o vert|ca| re|norcement or 000! /
c
lowever, where
crac| contro| |s |m,ortant, ear|y age therma| and shr|n|age eects
shou|d |e cons|dered
vhere |exura| orces dom|nate, these requ|rements may |e re|axed
to ?0% o the vert|ca| re|norcement area
Practical issues
Design for movement
Concrete shr|n|s due to ear|y therma| eects |mmed|ate|y ater
cast|ng he |ase o a reta|n|ng structure |s usua||y restra|ned |y the
so|| on wh|ch |t |s |ear|ng, wh|ch |nduces stra|ns |n the concrete
hereore, the re|norcement deta|||ng, ,our s|.e and sequence o
construct|on shou|d |e ,|anned to contro| the resu|tant crac||ng
y,|ca||y ,our s|.es are u, to one storey h|gh, to ||m|t hydrostat|c
,ressures on ormwor| he /a|/oa/ |ac|aa/ coce|e oec/|/ca|/o
16

recommends ,our s|.es w|th a max|mum area o ?S m
2
and
max|mum d|mens|on S m or water-res|st|ng wa||s he contractor
w||| see| to use the |argest ,our s|.e ,oss|||e and w||| want to ensure
that the m|n|mum vo|ume o concrete or a ,our |s 6 m
3
(|e a u||
|oad o a ready-m|xed concrete) lt |s usua| to cast a|ternate |ays
|n a wa|| to reduce the eects o ear|y shr|n|age lurther adv|ce on
ca|cu|at|ng stra|ns and crac| w|dths or restra|ned wa||s can |e ound
|n a,,end|ces l and M o bS lN !99?3
1

lor |ong |engths o reta|n|ng wa||s, |t |s genera||y acce,ted ,ract|ce

to have ex,ans|on |o|nts every ?0 30 m, even so the |ase o the
wa|| w||| st||| |e restra|ned lor a tem,erature range o 40C, the |o|nt
shou|d a||ow or !0 mm o movement or every !0 m |ength o wa||
Drainage
o ,revent ,ore water ,ressures rom |u||d|ng u,, |t |s |m,ortant
to ,rov|de dra|nage mater|a| |eh|nd a reta|n|ng wa|| he .one
|mmed|ate|y |eh|nd the wa|| shou|d |e o a ree-dra|n|ng granu|ar
mater|a|, wh|ch shou|d |e ,rotected to ,revent |t |ecom|ng ||oc|ed
w|th |nes A dra|nage ,|,e, |a|d to a||s, shou|d |e ,rov|ded at the
|ase o the ree-dra|n|ng mater|a| he system shou|d |e des|gned or
the ant|c|,ated ra|na||, and rodd|ng ,o|nts ,rov|ded or ma|ntenance
o the dra|nage systems vee,ho|es shou|d |e ,rov|ded as a |ac|-u,
as they act as an over|ow and as a v|sua| warn|ng that ma|ntenance
|s requ|red shou|d the ,r|mary system |ecome ||oc|ed A ty,|ca|
dra|nage system |s |||ustrated |n l|gure !/
77
9kete|n|ngwe||s
78 78
9kete|n|ngwe||s
Construction
lt |s ,art|cu|ar|y |m,ortant when des|gn|ng reta|n|ng wa||s to cons|der
how they w||| |e constructed Oten some orm o tem,orary wor|s
|s requ|red and these may |m,act on the des|gn he s|m,|est orm o
construct|on |s |n an o,en excavat|on w|th the s|des |attered |ac| to
a sae ang|e to a||ow the construct|on o the wa|| ln th|s case there
|s ||tt|e |m,act on the des|gn, a|though the |oads |m,osed dur|ng
com,act|on o the |ac|||| may |e onerous
vhere there |s |nsu|c|ent s,ace or o,en|ng an excavat|on, e|ther a
||ng ,ost wa|| or sheet ,||e wa|| w||| |e used as tem,orary su,,orts,
and these may requ|re ,ro,,|ng, es,ec|a||y or a two-storey |asement
he des|gner shou|d ensure there |s su|c|ent s,ace to |nsta|| the
tem,orary wor|s lt |s ,oss|||e to use cont|guous ,||es, secant ,||es
or d|a,hragm wa|||ng as tem,orary su,,orts |ut |t |s more usua| or
these to |e |nsta||ed as ,art o the ,ermanent wor|s
he des|gner shou|d cons|der how the tem,orary wor|s w|||
aect the |nsta||at|on o the water-,roo|ng or a |asement wa||
lor |nstance, a sheet ,||e wa|| may |e used to a|x an externa|
water,roo|ng system, |ut th|s wou|d ,revent the sheet ,||es
rom |e|ng removed at the end o construct|on S|m||ar|y, externa|
water,roo|ng shou|d not |e used where tem,orary ,ro,,|ng
wou|d ,enetrate |t, |ecause |t w||| not |e ,oss|||e to com,|ete the
water,roo|ng when the ,ro,s are removed
he tem,orary wor|s may aect the so|| ,ressures act|ng on the
wa|| and the construct|on sequence cou|d g|ve r|se to tem,orary
act|ons that exceed the ,ermanent act|ons |m,osed on the wa||
he des|gner shou|d cons|der th|s as,ect and ,re,are a method
statement |nd|cat|ng the assum,t|ons made so the tem,orary wor|s
des|gner can wor| to the assum,t|ons made or ma|e a|ternat|ve
,ro,osa|s
References
1 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON, bS lN !99?, /aocoJe ? /e/q o| coce|e |ac|ae bSl (4 ,arts)
2 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON, bS lN !99/, /aocoJe ? Oeo|ec//ca/ Je/q bSl (? ,arts)
3 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON, bS S00? CoJe o| oac|/ce |o ea|/ e|a//q |ac|ae bSl, !994
4 NAkAANAN, k S 8 bkOOllk, O /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ? /|oJac|/o |o /aocoJe he Concrete Centre, ?00S
5 bkOOllk, O /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ? Oe||/q |a|eJ he Concrete Centre, ?00S
6 vlbSlk, k 8 bkOOllk, O /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ? /oaJa|/o he Concrete Centre, ?006
7 lkANl, k, bA0L0lN, C, LklSCOll, k, lAVVALAS, M, lklbS OVlSlN, N, Okk, 8 SCl0lllNlk, b /e/qe qa/Je |o S // '99?-' /aocoJe ?
Oeo|ec//ca/ Je/q - Oeea/ a/e homas e|ord lu|||sh|ng, ?004
8 ClAON, C k l 8 MllllSl, /a|/ oeae aJ ea|/-e|a//q |ac|ae b|ac||e 8 Son ltd, C|asgow, !9S6
9 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !99!!! Oeea/ ac|/o - /e/|/e e/|-ue/q/| /mooeJ /oaJ |o /a//J/q bSl, ?00?
10 lNCOlL, S he eects o com,act|on on reta|n|ng wa||s, Oeo|ec//ae ?9(3), ,, ?6S?S3, !9/9
11 MOSS, k M 8 bkOOllk, O /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ? /a/ he Concrete Centre, ?006
12 lAkSONS, A v Comoac|/o o| o// aJ qaa/a ma|e/a/ rans,ort kesearch la|oratory, !99?
13 ClklA ke,ort !39, wa|e-e/|/q /aeme| ClklA, !99S
14 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS S00/ CoJe o| oac|/ce |o Je/q o| |ac|ae |o e|a//q aaeoa //a/J bSl, !9S/
15 lNSl0lON Ol Sk0C0kAl lNClNllkS/ll CONCkll SOCll |aJaJ me|/oJ o| Je|a///q |ac|aa/ coce|e lStructl/he Concrete
Soc|ety, ?006
16 CONSk0C /a|/oa/ |ac|aa/ coce|e oec/|/ca|/o (th|rd ed|t|on) he Concrete Soc|ety, ?004
Introduction
h|schepter|s|ntendedoruse|ydete||erstopreperere|norcementdrew|ngs
orpro|ectsthetheve|eendes|gnedus|nglurocode?

ltprov|desesummery
otherequ|rementsothelurocodeends|mp|||esthemwhereeppropr|ete
opevetheweyorthe|ntroduct|onolurocode?,othersupport|ng
stenderdsheve|een|ntroducedorrev|sed,|nc|ud|ng
bSSS00 N Coce|eComo/eme|a, |aJaJ |o S // ?06-'
,
wh|ch
rep|ecedbSS3?SCoce|eon!Lecem|er?003endshou|de|reedy|e
em|||er
bS4449 N oec/|/ca|/o |o ca/o |ee/ /a |o |/e e/|oceme| o|
coce|e

wesrev|sed|n?00Ssothet|t|ecemeecomp|ementery
stenderdtobSlN!00S0|ee/ |o |/e e/|oceme| o| coce|e

end
Normet|veAnnexColurocode?
bSS666?00S, N c/eJa//q J/me/o/q /eJ/q aJ ca||/q o| |ee/
e/|oceme| |o coce|e - oec/|/ca|/o
'
hese|so|eenrev|sed,
|ntroduc|nglurocode?requ|rementsendegreeterrengeoshepecodes
lnth|spu|||cet|onenum|eroessumpt|onsheve|eenmedeMenyothe
der|vedexpress|onsend|guresessume0lve|uesortheNet|one|Leterm|ned
leremeters(NLls)lt|sessumedthet|erss|.esere40mmor|essendthet
the|ersw|||not|e|und|edtogetherlt|se|soessumedthettheconcrete
c|essw|||notexceedCS0/60loredd|t|one|requ|rementsouts|dethese||m|ts,
reerenceshou|d|emedetolurocode?
h|schepterocusesondete|||ngthere|norcementtocomp|yw|thlurocode?,
gu|denceonprocedures,respons|||||t|esendpreperet|onodrew|ngscen|e
ound|notherdocuments

,
'
,

Type and grade of reinforcement

he?00Srev|s|onobS4449|ntroducedecherecter|st|cy|e|dstrength
oS00Mlehereerenowthreegredesore|norcement,A,bendC(see
e||e!),wh|choer|ncrees|ngduct|||tylt|sexpectedthetorthedes|gno
0l|u||d|ngse||threegredesA,borCw||||eeppropr|eteend|nth|scesethe
|ers|.ecen|epre|xedw|thenl(egl!?)CredeA|snotsu|te||eoruse
wherered|str||ut|one|ove?0%hes|eenessumed|nthedes|gnende
gredeb|ershou|d|espec||ed|nthesec|rcumstences(egb!?)CredeC|s
orse|sm|ccond|t|onsorwhereedd|t|one|duct|||ty|srequ|red
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
!0Lete|||ng
O Brookerblng,Clng,MlCl,MlStructl
80
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
Table 1
Notation for steel reinforcement
Type of steel reinforcement Notation
CredebS00A,CredebS00borCredebS00Cconorm|ngto
bS4449?00S
l
CredebS00Aconorm|ngtobS4449?00S A
CredebS00borCredebS00Cconorm|ngtobS4449?00S b
CredebS00Cconorm|ngtobS4449?00S C
ke|norcementoetypenot|nc|uded|nthee|ove||sthev|ng
meter|e|propert|estheterede|ned|nthedes|gnorcontrect
spec||cet|on
`
Note
lntheCrededescr|pt|onbS00A,etc,'b'|nd|cetesre|norc|ngstee|
Figure 1
Description of bond conditions
a) 45 < a< 90
L|rect|onoconcret|ng
L|rect|onoconcret|ng
L|rect|onoconcret|ng
L|rect|onoconcret|ng
Key
b) h < 250 mm d) h > 600 mm
/ /
~300
c) h > 250 mm
?S0
a
'Cood'|ondcond|t|ons 'loor'|ondcond|t|ons
Cover
henom|ne|covershou|dgenere||y|espec||ed|ythedes|gnerend
u||dete||sohowtodeterm|neth|sereg|ven|nChepter?,or|g|ne||y
pu|||shedes,Oe||/q |a|eJ

henom|ne|covershou|d|eshown
onthedrew|ngsendshou|dreertothere|norcementneeresttothe
sureceotheconcreteegthe||n|s|ne|eem
A|so,thecovertotheme|n|ershou|d|eet|eesteque|tothes|.eo
thet|er,p|usthee||owenceordev|et|ons,Dc
dev
vherethereereno
||n|sthenom|ne|covershou|d|eet|eesteque|tothes|.eothe|er
p|usDc
dev
,th|smey|es|gn||centor|erd|emetersgreeterthen
!?mmDc
dev
mey|eSor!0mmdepend|ngontheque||tyessurence
systemessumedorthepro|ectlthecoverneedsto|e|ncreesedto
meettheserequ|rements,thedete||ershou|dconsu|tw|ththedes|gner
Anchorage and lap lengths
lurocode?|ntroduceserengeoectors(a
!
toa
6
)orusewhen
ce|cu|et|ngtheeppropr|eteenchoregeend|ep|engthsAnum|ero
essumpt|onscen|emedethetene||ee||e?to|edeve|opedor
enchoregeend|ep|engthslthecond|t|onsnoted|nthete||eerenot
metthenreerenceshou|d|emedetolurocode?lep|engthsor
uneque|s|.e|ersmey|e|esedonthesme||er|er,e|thoughth|s|snot
steted|ntheCode
Anchorage of bars and links
A||re|norcementshou|d|eenchoredsothettheorces|n|teresee|y
trensm|ttedtothesurround|ngconcrete|y|ondw|thoutceus|ng
Table 2
Anchorage and lap lengths for concrete class C25/30 (mm)
Bond
condition,
(see Figure 1)
Reinforcement in tension, bar diameter, f (mm)
Reinforcement
in
compression
8 10 12 16 20 25 32 40
Anchorege
|ength,/
|d
Stre|ght|erson|y
Cood ?30 3?0 4!0 600 /S0 !0!0 !300 !/60 40f
loor 330 4S0 SS0 SS0 !!?0 !4S0 !SS0 ?S!0 SSf
Other|ers
Cood 3?0 4!0 490 6S0 S!0 !0!0 !300 !/60 40f
loor 460 SS0 /00 930 !!60 !4S0 !SS0 ?S!0 SSf
lep|ength,
/
0
S0%|epped|none|ocet|on
(a
6
!4)
Cood 3?0 440 S/0 S30 !090 !4?0 !S!0 ?460 S/f
loor 460 630 S?0 !!90 !S60 ?0?0 ?S90 3S?0 S!f
!00%|epped|none|ocet|on
(a
6
!S)
Cood 340 4/0 6!0 S90 !!/0 !S?0 !940 ?640 6!f
loor 490 6S0 S/0 !?/0 !6/0 ?!/0 ?//0 3//0 S/f
Notes
1 Nom|ne|covertoe||s|desendd|stence|etween|ers~?Smm(|ea
?
<!)
2 a
!
a
3
a
4
a
S
!0
3 Les|gnstresshes|eente|enes43SMlevherethedes|gnstress|nthe|eretthepos|t|onromwheretheenchorege|smeesured,s
sd
,|s|essthen43SMlethe|gures|nth|s
te||ecen|eectored|ys
sd
/43Shem|n|mum|ep|ength|sg|ven|nc|S/3olurocode?
4 heenchoregeend|ep|engthsheve|eenroundeduptotheneerest!0mm
5 vhere33%o|ersere|epped|none|ocet|on,decreesethe|ep|engthsor'S0%|epped|none|ocet|on'|yeectoro0S?
6 he|gures|nth|ste||eheve|eenpreperedorconcretec|essC?S/30,reertoe||e!3orotherc|essesorusetheo||ow|ngectorsorotherconcretec|esses
Concrete class C20/25 C28/35 C30/37 C32/40 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60
lector !!6 093 0S9 0SS 0S0 0/3 06S 063
81
!0Lete|||ng
Bars in compression
lnedd|t|ontotheru|esor|ers|ntens|on(l|gure6e),one|erothe
trensversere|norcementshou|d|ep|ecedouts|deeechendothe|ep
|engtho|ers|ncompress|onendw|th|n4fotheendsothe|ep
|ength(seel|gure6|)
Figure 2
Design anchorage length l
bd
, for any shape measured along the
centreline
f l
bd
Figure 3
Anchorage of links
a) Bend angle > 150 b) Bend angle < 150
f f
Sf,|ut
~S0mm
!0f,|ut
~/0mm
Figure 4
Percentage of lapped bars in one lapped section
/
0
06S/
0
Sect|oncons|dered
|er!
|er?
|er3
|er4
06S/
0
lxemp|e|ers?end3ere
outs|dethesect|on|e|ng
cons|dered
hereorea
6
!4
Figure 5
Arranging adjacent lapping bars
/
s
/
s
/
s
/
s
/
s
/
s
/
0
~03/
0
f
a
<S0mm
~?0mm
<4f
~?f
crec||ngorspe|||nghedes|gnenchorege|ength,/
|d
,(wh|chcen|e
o|te|nedrome||e?)|smeesurede|ongthecentre||neothe|er
(seel|gure?)heenchoregeo||n|s|sshown|nl|gure3
Arrangement of laps
vhereposs|||e|eps|nemem|ershou|d|esteggered(seel|gure4)
endnot|oceted|nereesoh|ghstressheerrengemento|epped|ers
shou|dcomp|yw|thl|gureS,essetout|e|ow
1. hec|eerd|stence|etween|epped|ersshou|dnot|egreeterthen
4forS0mm,otherw|sethe|ep|engthshou|d|e|ncreesed|ye
|engtheque|tothec|eerd|stence
2. he|ong|tud|ne|d|stence|etweentwoed|ecent|epsshou|dnot|e
|essthen03t|mesthe|ep|ength,/
0
vhereth|s|snotthecese,the
|ersshou|d|econs|deredes|e|ng|epped|nonesect|on
3. lnceseoed|ecent|eps,thec|eerd|stence|etweened|ecent|ers
shou|dnot|e|essthen?for?0mm
vhentheprov|s|onscomp|yw|th!end3e|ove,theperm|ss|||e
percentegeo|epped|ers|ntens|onmey|e!00%wherethe|ersere
e|||none|eyerlnth|scesethedes|gn|ep|ength,/
0
,rome||e?,must
|e|ncreesed(seenoteS)vherethe|ersere|nsevere||eyersnomore
thenS0%shou|d|e|epped|nenyone|eyer
A|||ers|ncompress|onendsecondery(d|str||ut|on)re|norcementmey
|e|epped|ntheseme|ocet|on
Transverse reinforcement
Bars in tension
rensversetens||estressesoccurettheendso|epped|ersvherethe
d|emeter,f,othe|epped|ers|s|essthen?0mm,orthepercentege
o|epped|ers|nenysect|on|s|essthen?S%,thenenytrensverse
re|norcementor||n|snecesseryorotherreesonsmey|eessumed
su|c|entorthetrensversetens||eorcesw|thouturther|ust||cet|on
vherethed|emeter,f,othe|epped|ers|sgreeterthenoreque|
to?0mm,thetrensversere|norcementshou|dheveetote|eree,/
st

(sumoe|||egspere||e|tothe|eyerothesp||cedre|norcementsee
l|gure6e)onot|essthentheeree/
s
oone|epped|er(/
st
~!0/
s
)
hetrensverse|ershou|d|ep|ecedperpend|cu|ertothed|rect|ono
the|eppedre|norcementend|etweenthetendthesureceothe
concretee||e3g|vesrecommendedm|n|mumereesortrensverse
re|norcementvherethe|epped|ers|nes|e|ere|oceted|nen
ereeo|owstress,egneerthepo|ntocontre|exure,|t|sgenere||y
eccepte||etoessumethettrensversere|norcement|snotrequ|red
lmorethenS0%othe|ersere|epped|none|ocet|onendthe
d|stence,e,|etweened|ecent|epsetesect|on|s<!0f(seel|gureS)
trensversere|norcementshou|d|eormed|y||n|sor0-|ersenchored
|ntothe|odyothesect|on
82
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
Beams
Curtailment
0n|esstheedd|t|one|tens||eorce|nthe|ong|tud|ne|re|norcement
duetosheerhes|eence|cu|eted,thecurte||ment|engthothe
|ong|tud|ne|re|norcementshou|d|eextended|eyondthepo|ntet
wh|ch|t|srequ|redor|exure|strength(th|s|s|nownesthe'sh|t
ru|e')us|ngtheo||ow|ngexpress|on(seee|sol|gure/)
a
|
coty/?orvert|ce|sheerre|norcement
where
|evererm
y eng|eocompress|onstrut
h|scenconservet|ve|y|ete|enes
a
|
!!?SJ
lor|eemsdes|gnedus|ngtheco-e|c|entsg|ven|ne||e3oChepter4,
or|g|ne||ypu|||shedesSeam

thes|mp|||edru|esshown|nl|gureS
mey|eusedlowever,thes|mp|||cet|onsereconservet|veendeconom|es
cen|eech|eved|ycurte|||ng|erstosu|ttheectue|moments
Figure 6
Transverse reinforcement for lapped splices
a) Bars in tension
b) Bars in compression
/
s
/
s
/
s
/
s
/
0
/
0
/
0
/3 /
0
/3
/
0
/3
/
0
/3
/
st
/? /
st
/?
/
st
/? /
st
/?
4f 4f
<!S0mm
<!S0mm
Table 3
Bar sizes for transverse reinforcement
Lap length
(mm), for
transverse
bars at 150
mm centres
a
Number
of bars
at each
lap
Bar size (mm)
20 25 32 40
A
s
= 314 A
s
= 491 A
s
= 804 A
s
= 1260
<4S0 ? !0 !6 !6 ?S
4S!900 3 !0 !? !6 ?0
90!!3S0 4 S !0 !? !6
!3S!!S00 S S S !? !6
!S0!??S0 6 S S !0 !?
??S!?/00 / N/A S !0 !?
Key
a lortrensverse|erset|essthen!S0mmcentresusetheo||ow|ngexpress|onto
ce|cu|etetherequ|rednum|ero|ersendhencetherequ|redtrensverse|erd|emeter
Num|ero|ersrequ|red!/
0
/(3)wherespec|ngothetrensverse|ers
Figure 7
Illustration of curtailment of longitudinal reinforcement
logg|ngre|norcement
lnve|opeo/
ld
/ /
ld
Act|ngtens||eorce/
s
kes|st|ngtens||eorce/
ks
Segg|ngre|norcement
/
|d
/
|d
/
|d
/
|d
/
|d
/
|d
/
|d
/
|d
a
|
a
|
D/
td
D/
td
Figure 8
Simplified detailing rules for beams
|educe to 2S%
o| equa| s,ans
a) Continuous member, top reinforcement
ke|no|cement o|
max|mum hogg|ng moment
0!Sl a
|
~ l
|d
030l a
|
!00%
60%
3S%
lace o su,,o|t
b) Continuous member, bottom reinforcement
ke|no|cement o| max|mum sagg|ng moment
030l a
|
!00%
30%
los|t|on o
eect|ve
su,,o|t
l
|d
!00%
2S%
los|t|on o
eect|ve su,,o|t
c) Simple support, bottom reinforcement
00Sl
Notes
1 /|stheeect|ve|ength
2 a
|
|sthed|stencetoe||owortens||eorceduetosheerorce
3 /
|d
|sthedes|gnenchorege|ength
4
|
<O
|
5 M|n|mumotwospensrequ|red
6 App||estoun|orm|yd|str||uted|oedson|y
7 heshortestspenmust|egreeterthenoreque|to0SSt|mesthe|ongestspen
8 App||eswhere!S%red|str||ut|onhes|eenused
83
!0Lete|||ng
Reinforcement in end supports
lnmono||th|cconstruct|on,evenwhens|mp|esupportsheve|een
essumed|ndes|gn,thesect|onetsupports(topre|norcement)shou|d
|edes|gnedore|end|ngmomenter|s|ngrompert|e||x|tyoet
|eest?S%othemex|mum|end|ngmoment|nthespen(|eprov|de
?S%om|d-spen|ottomre|norcement)
heereeo|ottomre|norcementprov|dedetsupportsw|th||tt|eorno
end|x|tyessumed|ndes|gn,shou|d|eet|eest?S%otheereeostee|
prov|ded|nthespenhe|ersshou|d|eenchoredtores|steorce,/
l

/
l
(|\
ld
|a
|
/)/
ld
where
|\
ld
| e|so|uteve|ueosheerorce
/
ld
theex|e|orce|present
heenchorege,/
|d
,shou|d|emeesured|eyondthe||neocontect
|etweenthe|eemendsupport
lrov|deds
sd
|ste|enes43SMle|nthece|cu|et|onotheenchorege
|ength(wh|ch|sessumed|ne||es?end!3)then|tshou|dnot|e
neceserytoce|cu|ete/
l

Flanged beams
Atsupportsthetens|onre|norcementtores|sthogg|ngmoments
shou|d|ed|str||utedecrosstheu||w|dthotheeect|ve|engees
shown|nl|gure9,perto|tmey|econcentretedoverthewe|
Minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement
hem|n|mumereeore|norcement|s/
s,m|n
0?6|
ctm
/
t
J/|
y|
|ut
not|essthen000!3/
t
J,where/
t
|sthemeenw|dthothetens|on
.one(seee||e4)lore-|eemw|ththe|enge|ncompress|on,on|y
thew|dthothewe||ste|en|ntoeccount|nce|cu|et|ngtheve|ue
o/
t

Maximum area of longitudinal reinforcement

Outs|de|ep|ocet|ons,themex|mumereeotens|onorcompress|on
re|norcementshou|dnotexceed/
s,mex
004/
c

Figure 9
Placing of tension reinforcement in flanged cross section
b
eff
b
eff1
b
eff2
A
s
b
w
h
f
Minimum spacing of reinforcement
hem|n|mumc|eerd|stence|etween|ersshou|d|ethegreetero
berd|emeter N
Aggregetes|.ep|usSmm N
?0mm N
Shear reinforcement
he|ong|tud|ne|spec|ngovert|ce|sheerre|norcementshou|dnot
exceed0/SJNotetherequ|rementoremex|mumspec|ngo
!S0mmwherethesheerre|norcementectsesetrensverse
re|norcementet|eps|nthe|ong|tud|ne||ershetrensversespec|ng
othe|egs|neser|esosheer||n|sshou|dnotexceed

t,mex
0/SJ<600mm
hem|n|mumereeosheerre|norcement|n|eems,/
sw,m|n
shou|d|e
ce|cu|etedrom
/
sw
/
w
~r
w,m|n whererw,m|ncen|eo|te|nedrome||e4
Slabs
Curtailment
hecurte||mentru|esor|eemsshou|d|eo||owed,exceptthete
ve|ueoa
|
Jmey|eused
lors|e|sdes|gnedus|ngtheco-e|c|entsg|ven|ne||e3oChepter3,
or|g|ne||ypu|||shedes/a/

,thes|mp|||edru|esshown|nl|gure!0
mey|eused
Reinforcement in end supports
lns|mp|ysupporteds|e|s,theereeore|norcementmey|ereduced
tohe|thece|cu|etedspenre|norcementendcont|nueduptothe
support,otherw|se!00%othere|norcementmey|econt|nued
tothesupportbeyondtheeceothesupport!S%otheereeo
mex|mumre|norcementshou|d|eprov|ded(seel|gure!0c)he
|ersshou|d|eenchoredtores|steorce,/
l
,esg|ven|nthesect|on
on|eems
Table 4
Minimum percentage of reinforcement required
f
ck
f
ctm
Minimim percentage
(0.26 f
ctm
/ f
yk
a
)
r
w, min
x 10
-3
?S ?6 0!3% 0S0
?S ?S 0!4% 0SS
30 ?9 0!S% 0SS
3? 30 0!6% 09!
3S 3? 0!/% 09S
40 3S 0!S% !0!
4S 3S 0?0% !0/
S0 4! 0?!% !!3
Key
a Assum|ng|
y|
S00Mle
84
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
Minimum spacing requirements
hem|n|mumc|eerd|stence|etween|ers(hor|.onte|orvert|ce|)
shou|dnot|e|essthenthe|ers|.e,/,(J
g
Smm),or?0mm,where
J
g
|sthemex|mums|.eoeggregete
Maximum spacing of reinforcement
lors|e|s|essthen?00mmth|c|theo||ow|ngmex|mumspec|ng
ru|esepp|y(/|sthedepthothes|e|)
lorthepr|nc|pe|re|norcement3 N /|utnotmorethen400mm
lortheseconderyre|norcement3S N /|utnotmorethen4S0mm
heexcept|on|s|nereesw|thconcentreted|oedsorereeso
mex|mummomentwheretheo||ow|ngepp||es
lorthepr|nc|pe|re|norcement? N /|utnotmorethen?S0mm
lortheseconderyre|norcement3 N /|utnotmorethen400mm
lors|e|s?00mmth|c|orgreeter,thespec|ngrequ|rementsereg|ven
|ne||eSvherethedes|gnerhesnotspec||edtherequ|redspec|ng
orprov|dedthestee|stress,s
s
,|tcengenere||y|eessumedthets
s
w|||
notexceed3?0Mleoretyp|ce|s|e|vherethes|e|supportso|ce
orres|dent|e|erees|t|sun|||e|ythets
s
w|||exceed?S0Mle
Figure 10
Simplified detailing rules for slabs
a) Continuous member, top reinforcement
ke|no|cement o|
max|mum hogg|ng moment
0!Sl ~ l
|d
030l
!00%
S0%
lace o su,,o|t
b) Continuous member, bottom reinforcement
ke|no|cement o|
max|mum sagg|ng moment
02l
!00%
40%
los|t|on o
eect|ve
su,,o|t
c) Simple support, bottom reinforcement
!00%
!S%
l
|d
lace o
su,,o|t
Notes
1 /|stheeect|ve|ength
2 /
|d
|sthedes|gnenchorege|ength
3
|
<!?SO
|
end
|
<S|N/m
?

4 M|n|mumotwospensrequ|red
5 App||estoun|orm|yd|str||uted|oedson|y
6 heshortestspenmust|egreeterthenoreque|to0SSt|mesthe|ongestspen
7 App||eswhere?0%red|str||ut|onhes|eenused
Minimum areas of reinforcement
hem|n|mumereeore|norcementto|eprov|dedver|esw|ththe
concretestrength(seee||e4)
Maximum area of longitudinal reinforcement
Outs|de|ep|ocet|ons,themex|mumereeotens|onorcompress|on
re|norcement,shou|dnotexceed/
s,mex
004/
c
At|ep|ocet|ons
/
s,mex
00S/
c

Edge reinforcement
A|ongeree(unsupported)edge,es|e|shou|dnorme||yconte|n|ong|tud|ne|
endtrensversere|norcement,genere||yerrengedesshown|nl|gure!!
Flat slabs
A|ets|e|shou|d|ed|v|ded|ntoco|umnendm|dd|estr|ps(see
l|gure!?),thed|v|s|onothemoments|etweentheco|umnend
m|dd|estr|ps|sg|ven|ne||e6
Figure 11
Edge reinforcement for slab
2h
h
Table 5
Values for r
w,min
Steel
stress
(e
s
) MPa
w
max
= 0.4 mm w
max
= 0.3 mm
Maximum
bar size
(mm)
OR
Maximum
bar spacing
(mm)
Maximum
bar size
(mm)
OR
Maximum
bar spacing
(mm)
!60 40 300 3? 300
?00 3? 300 ?S ?S0
?40 ?0 ?S0 !6 ?00
?S0 !6 ?00 !? !S0
3?0 !? !S0 !0 !00
360 !0 !00 S S0
Table 6
Apportionment of bending moments in flat slabs equivalent frame method
Location Negative moments Positive moments
Co|umnstr|p 60%S0% S0%/0%
M|dd|estr|p 40%?0% S0%30%
Notes
hetote|neget|veendpos|t|vemomentsto|eres|sted|ytheco|umnendm|dd|e
str|pstogethershou|de|weyseddupto!00%
85
!0Lete|||ng
Figure 12
Division of panels in flat slabs
l
x
> l
y
l
y
/4 l
y
/4
l
y
l
y
/4
l
y
/4
Middle strip = l
x
l
y
/2
Middle strip = l
y
/2
Column strip = l
y
/2
At|nterne|co|umns,un|essr|gorousserv|cee||||tyce|cu|et|onsere
cerr|edout,topre|norcementoeree0S/
t
shou|d|ep|eced|ne
w|dtheque|tothesumo0!?St|mesthepene|w|dthone|thers|de
otheco|umn/
t
representstheereeore|norcementrequ|redto
res|sttheu||neget|vemomentromthesumothetwohe|pene|s
eechs|deotheco|umnlt|se|soedv|se||etoepp|yth|srequ|rement
toper|meterco|umnseseres|sposs|||e
At|nterne|co|umnset|eesttwo|erso|ottomre|norcement|neech
orthogone|d|rect|onshou|d|eprov|dedendtheyshou|dpess|etween
theco|umnre|norcementvh||st|t|snotecoderequ|rement|t|s
cons|deredgoodprect|cetoprov|detwo|ersrunn|ngpere||e|tothe
s|e|edge|etweenthere|norcementoenexterne|co|umn
ke|norcementperpend|cu|ertoereeedgerequ|redtotrensm|t
|end|ngmomentsromthes|e|toenedgeorcornerco|umnshou|d
|ep|ecedw|th|ntheeect|vew|dth,/
e
,shown|nl|gure!3
Punching shear reinforcement
vherepunch|ngsheerre|norcement|srequ|redtheo||ow|ngru|es
shou|d|eo|served
ltshou|d|eprov|ded|etweentheeceotheco|umnend N /J
|ns|detheouterper|meterwheresheerre|norcement|sno|onger
requ|red/|s!S,un|esstheper|meteretwh|chre|norcement|sno
|ongerrequ|red|s|essthen3Jromtheeceotheco|umnlnth|s
cesethere|norcementshou|d|ep|eced|nthe.one03Jto!SJ
romtheeceotheco|umn
hereshou|d|eet|eesttwoper|metersosheer||n|s N
hered|e|spec|ngothe||n|s, N
r
shou|dnotexceed0/SJ(seel|gure!4)
hetengent|e|spec|ngothe||n|s, N
d
shou|dnotexceed!SJ
w|th|n?Jotheco|umnece
hetengent|e|spec|ngothe||n|sshou|dnotexceed? N Joreny
otherper|meter
hed|stence|etweentheeceotheco|umnendtheneerestsheer N
re|norcementshou|d|e|etween03Jend 0SJ
he|ntent|on|stoprov|deenevend|str||ut|on/dens|tyopunch|ng
sheerre|norcementw|th|nthe.onewhere|t|srequ|redOne
s|mp||cet|ontoene||erectengu|erper|metersosheerre|norcement|s
touseen|ntens|tyo/
sw
/a
!
eroundrecteng|uerper|meters
hem|n|mumereeoe||n||egorvert|ce|punch|ngsheerre|norcement|s
!S/
sw,m|n
/(
r

t
)~00S|
c|
|
y|
wh|chcen|ereerrengedes
/
sw,m|n
~(
r

t
)//
where

r
thespec|ngothe||n|s|nthered|e|d|rect|on

t
thespec|ngothe||n|s|nthetengent|e|d|rect|on
/ ectoro|te|nedrome||e/
Figure 13
Effective width, b
e
of a flat slab
a) Edge column b) Corner column
Note
,|sthed|stenceromtheedgeothes|e|tothe|nnermosteceotheco|umn
S|e|edge
S|e|edge
S|e|edge
,cen|e>c
y
cen|e>c
x
end,cen|e>c
y
/
e
c
x
,
/
e
,/?
c
y
c
y
c
x c
x
,
,

Figure 14
Punching shear layout
s
|
Oute| cont|o|
,e||mete|
s 0/S
|
< d
<0Sd
kd
Sect|on A - A
s
t
Oute| ,e||mete| o
shea| |e|no|cement
Oute| cont|o|
,e||mete|
u
out
0Sd
< 0/Sd
<!Sd
A A
<!Sd
(2d | > 2d
|om co|umn)
86
Columns and walls
Maximum areas of reinforcement
lnlurocode?themex|mumnom|ne|re|norcementereeorco|umns
endwe||souts|de|eps|s4%comperedw|th6%|nbSS!!0lowever,
th|sereecen|e|ncreesedprov|dedthettheconcretecen|ep|eced
endcompectedsu|c|ent|ySe|-compect|ngconcretemey|eused
orpert|cu|er|ycongesteds|tuet|ons,wherethere|norc|ng|ersshou|d
|especedtoensurethettheconcretecen|oweroundthemlurther
gu|dencecen|eound|ne/|-comoac|/q coce|e

Minimum reinforcement requirements

herecommendedm|n|mumd|emetero|ong|tud|ne|re|norcement
|nco|umns|s!?mmhem|n|mumereeo|ong|tud|ne|re|norcement
|nco|umns|sg|ven|y/
s,m|n
0!0/
ld
/|
yd
~000?/
c
hed|emeter
othetrensversere|norcement(||n|)shou|dnot|e|essthen6mm
oronequerterothemex|mumd|emeterothe|ong|tud|ne||ers(see
e||eS)No|ong|tud|ne||ershou|d|emorethen!S0mmrome
trensverse|er
Particular requirements for walls
hem|n|mumereeovert|ce|re|norcement|nwe||s|sg|ven|y
/
s,vm|n
000?/
c
(seee|soe||e9)le|theereeshou|d|eprov|ded|n
eechece
hed|stence|etweentwoed|ecentvert|ce||ersshou|dnotexceed
the|esseroe|therthreet|mesthewe||th|c|nessor400mm
hem|n|mumereeohor|.onte|re|norcement|neecheceoewe||
|sthegreeteroe|ther?S%overt|ce|re|norcementor000!/
c

lowever,wherecrec|contro||s|mportent,eer|yegetherme|end
shr|n|egeeectsshou|d|econs|dered
here|snoedv|ceg|ven|ntheCodeonprov|s|onore|norcement
tocontro|crec||ng|np|e|nwe||s,|utre|norcementmey|eprov|ded
|requ|red
Table 7
Factor, F, for determining A
sw, min
f
ck
?S ?S 30 3? 3S 40 4S S0
Factor, F !S/S !//? !/!? !6S/ !SSS !4S? !39S !3?6
Note
|
y|
hes|eente|enesS00Mle
Table 8
Requirements for column reinforcement
Bar dia. (mm) 12 16 20 25 32 40
Mexspec|ng
e
(mm) !44
|
!9?
|
?40
|
?40
|
?40
|
?40
|
M|n||n|d|e(mm) 6
c
6
c
6
c
S S !0
Key
a Ated|stencegreeterthenthe|ergerd|mens|onotheco|umne|oveor|e|owe
|eemors|e|,d|mens|onscen|e|ncreesed|yeectoro!6/
b butnotgreeterthenm|n|mumd|mens|onotheco|umn
c 6mm|erserenotreed||yeve||e||e|nthe0l
Lapping fabric
0n|ess'|y|ngend'e|r|c|s|e|ngspec||ed,|epsoe|r|cshou|d|e
errengedesshown|nl|gure!Svhene|r|cre|norcement|s|epped
|y|eyer|ng,theo||ow|ngshou|d|enoted
lerm|ss|||epercentegeoe|r|cme|nre|norcementthetmey|e N
|epped|nenysect|on|s!00%|(/
s
/)<!?00mm
?
/m(where|s
thespec|ngo|ers)end60%|/
s
/>!?00mm
?
/m
A||seconderyre|norcementmey|e|eppedettheseme|ocet|on N
endthem|n|mum|ep|ength/
0,m|n
or|eyerede|r|c|seso||ows
~!S0mmorf<6mm
~?S0mmor6mm<f<SSmm
~3S0mmorSSmm<f<!?mm
hereshou|dgenere||y|eet|eesttwo|erp|tchesw|th|nthe|ep
|engthh|scou|d|ereducedtoone|erp|tchorf<6mm
Tolerances
heto|erencesorcutt|ngend/or|end|ngd|mens|onsereg|ven|ne||e!0
endshou|d|ete|en|ntoeccountwhencomp|et|ngthe|erschedu|e
vherethere|norcement|srequ|redto|t|etweentwoconcreteeces
(eg||n|s)thenene||owenceshou|d|emedeordev|et|ons|nthemem|er
s|.eend|end|ngto|erenceshere|snogu|denceg|ven|nlurocode?,|ut
e||e!!g|vesgu|denceonthededuct|onsto|emedeordev|et|ons
Table 9
Minimum area of vertical reinforcement in walls (half in each face)
Wall thickness (mm) A
s,min
/m length of wall (mm
2
)
?00 400
?S0 S00
300 600
3S0 /00
400 S00
Table 10
Tolerance
Cutting and bending processes Tolerance (mm)
Cutt|ngostre|ght|engths
(|nc|ud|ngre|norcementor
su|sequent|end|ng)
?S,?S
Bending:
<!000mm S,S
>!000mmto<?000mm S,!0
>?000mm S,?S
Table 11
Deductions to bar dimensions to allow for deviations between two
concrete faces
Distance between
concrete faces (mm)
Type of bar Total deduction
(mm)
0!000 l|n|sendother|ent|ers !0
!000?000 l|n|sendother|ent|ers !S
Over?000 l|n|sendother|ent|ers ?0
Any|ength Stre|ght|ers 40
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
87
Figure 15
Lapping of welded fabric
a) Intermeshed fabric (longitudinal section)
b) Layered fabric (longitudinal section)
/
s
/
s
/
s
/
s
/
0
/
0
Tying requirements
Ateech|oorendroo|eve|eneect|ve|ycont|nuousper|phere|t|e
shou|d|eprov|dedw|th|n!?mromtheedge,th|sneednot|e
edd|t|one|re|norcementlnprect|ce,ormost|u||d|ngsthet|eshou|d
res|stetens||eorceo60|NAnereeore|norcemento!3Smm
?
|s
su|c|enttores|stth|sorce
lnterne|t|esshou|d|eprov|dedeteech|oorendroo|eve||ntwo
d|rect|onsepprox|mete|yetr|ghteng|esheyshou|d|eeect|ve|y
cont|nuousthroughoutthe|r|engthendshou|d|eenchoredtothe
per|phere|t|eseteechend,un|esscont|nu|ngeshor|.onte|t|estoco|umns
orwe||she|nterne|t|esmey,|nwho|eor|npert,|espreedeven|y|n
thes|e|sormey|egroupedetor|n|eems,we||sorothereppropr|ete
pos|t|onslnwe||stheyshou|d|ew|th|n0Smromthetopor|ottomo
|oors|e|slneechd|rect|on,|nterne|t|esshou|d|ecepe||eores|st|nge
des|gnve|ueotens||eorce/
t|e,|nt
(|n|Npermetrew|dth)
/
t|e,|nt
|(
|
q
|
)//S|(/
r
/S)(/
t
)~/
t
|N/m
where
(
|
q
|
) sumotheeveregepermenentendver|e||e|oor|oeds
(|n|N/m
?
)

/
r
thegreeterothed|stences(|nm)|etweenthecentresothe
co|umns,remesorwe||ssupport|ngenytwoed|ecent|oor
spens|nthed|rect|onothet|eundercons|deret|on
/
t
(?04
0
)<60|N(
0
|sthenum|erostoreys)
hemex|mumspec|ngo|nterne|t|es|s!S/
r

Minimum radii and end

projections
hem|n|mumred||or|endsend|engthoendpro|ect|onsereg|ven
|ne||e!?
Table 12
Minimum scheduling radii and bend allowances
r P
5d
Nominal
size of bar,
d (mm)
Minimum
radius for
scheduling,
r (mm)
Mimimum end projection, P
General (min 5d
straight), including
links where bend >
150 (mm)
Links where bend
< 150 (min 10d
straight) (mm)
S !6 !!S
e
!!S
e
!0 ?0 !?0
e
!30
!? ?4 !?S
e
!60
!6 3? !30 ?!0
?0 /0 !90 ?90
?S S/ ?40 36S
3? !!? 30S 46S
40 !40 SS0
Key
a hem|n|mumendpro|ect|onsorsme||er|ers|sgoverned|ytheprect|ce||t|eso
|end|ng|ers
References
1 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSlN!99?,/aocoJe ? /e/q o| coce|e |ac|aebSl(4perts)
2 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSSS00Coce|e - Como/eme|a, |aJaJ |o S // ?06-'bS!,?00?
3 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbS4449oec/|/ca|/o |o ca/o |ee/ /a |o |/e e/|oceme| o| coce|ebSl,?00S
4 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSlN!00S0|ee/ |o |/e e/|oceme| o| coce|e - we/Ja//e e/|oc/q |ee/ - Oeea/ bSl,?00S
5 bkllSlSANLAkLSlNSl0lONbSS666c/eJa//q J/me/o/q /eJ/q aJ ca||/q o| |ee/ e/|oceme| |o coce|eoec/|/ca|/obSl,?00S
6 lNSl0lONOlSk0C0kAllNClNllkS/CONCkllSOCll|aJaJ me|/oJ o| Je|a///q |ac|aa/ coce|elSl/CS,?006
7 CONSk0C/a|/oa/ |ac|aa/ coce|e oec/|/ca|/o(th|rded|t|on)bCA,?004
8 CONSk0C/ qa/Je |o co|ac|o Je|a///q o| e/|oceme| / coce|e bCA,!99/
9 bkOOllk,O/ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ? Oe||/q |a|eJheConcreteCentre,?006
10 MOSS,kM8bkOOllk,O/ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ? SeamheConcreteCentre,?006
11 MOSS,kM8bkOOllk,O/ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ? /a/ heConcreteCentre,?006
12 llCONCkllSOCllechn|ce|report6?e/|-comoac|/q coce|eCCll00!heConcreteSoc|ety,?00S
13 Q0llNSlklNlkOlACSOllAkllAMlNI/e Co|ac|/o /e/q aJ /aaqeme|j /eqa/a|/o!994QlOAl,!994
!0Lete|||ng
88
Table 13
Anchorage and lap lengths
Bond condition
(see Figure 1)
Reinforcement in tension, bar diameter, f (mm) Reinforcement
in compression
8 10 12 16 20 25 32 40
Concrete class C20/25
Anchorege
|ength,l
|d
Stre|ght|erson|y
Cood ?/0 3/0 4S0 690 9!0 !!S0 !S00 ?040 4/f
loor 3S0 S?0 6S0 990 !?90 !6S0 ?!S0 ?9?0 6/f
Other|ers
Cood 3/0 4/0 S/0 /S0 940 !!S0 !S00 ?040 4/f
loor S30 6/0 S!0 !0S0 !340 !6S0 ?!S0 ?9?0 6/f
lep|ength,
l
0
S0%|epped|none
|ocet|on(a
6
!4)
Cood 3/0 S!0 660 9/0 !?/0 !640 ?!00 ?S60 66f
loor S30 /30 9S0 !3S0 !S!0 ?3S0 3000 40S0 94f
!00%|epped
|none|ocet|on(a
6
!S)
Cood 400 SS0 /!0 !030 !360 !/60 ??S0 3060 /0f
loor S!0 /90 !0!0 !4S0 !940 ?3?0 3??0 43/0 !00f
Concrete class C25/30
Anchorege
|ength,l
|d
Stre|ght|erson|y
Cood ?30 3?0 4!0 600 /S0 !0!0 !300 !/60 40f
loor 330 4S0 SS0 SS0 !!?0 !4S0 !SS0 ?S!0 SSf
Other|ers
Cood 3?0 4!0 490 6S0 S!0 !0!0 !300 !/60 40f
loor 460 SS0 /00 930 !!60 !4S0 !SS0 ?S!0 SSf
lep|ength,
l
0
S0%|epped|none
|ocet|on(a
6
!4)
Cood 3?0 440 S/0 S30 !090 !4?0 !S!0 ?460 S/f
loor 460 630 S?0 !!90 !S60 ?0?0 ?S90 3S?0 S!f
!00%|epped
|none|ocet|on(a
6
!S)
Cood 340 4/0 6!0 S90 !!/0 !S?0 !940 ?640 6!f
loor 490 6S0 S/0 !?/0 !6/0 ?!/0 ?//0 3//0 S/f
Concrete class C28/35
Anchorege
|ength,l
|d
Stre|ght|erson|y
Cood ?!0 300 3S0 SS0 /30 940 !?00 !630 3/f
loor 300 4?0 S40 /90 !030 !340 !/?0 ?330 S3f
Other|ers
Cood 300 3S0 4S0 600 /S0 940 !?00 !630 3/f
loor 4?0 S40 6S0 S60 !0/0 !340 !/?0 ?330 S3f
lep|ength,
l
0
S0%|epped|none
|ocet|on(a
6
!4)
Cood 300 4!0 S30 //0 !0!0 !3?0 !6S0 ??S0 S?f
loor 4?0 S90 /60 !!00 !4S0 !SS0 ?400 3?60 /Sf
!00%|epped
|none|ocet|on(a
6
!S)
Cood 3?0 440 S/0 S30 !090 !4!0 !S00 ?4S0 S6f
loor 4S0 630 S!0 !!S0 !SS0 ?0!0 ?S/0 34/0 S0f
Concrete class C30/37
Anchorege
|ength,l
|d
Stre|ght|erson|y
Cood ?!0 ?S0 360 S30 690 900 !!S0 !S60 36f
loor ?90 400 S?0 /S0 990 !?S0 !640 ??30 S!f
Other|ers
Cood ?90 360 430 SS0 /?0 900 !!S0 !S60 36f
loor 4!0 S?0 6?0 S?0 !030 !?S0 !640 ??30 S!f
lep|ength,
l
0
S0%|epped|none
|ocet|on(a
6
!4)
Cood ?90 390 S!0 /40 9/0 !?60 !6!0 ?!S0 S0f
loor 4!0 S60 /?0 !0S0 !3S0 !/90 ??90 3!!0 /?f
!00%|epped
|none|ocet|on(a
6
!S)
Cood 3!0 4?0 S40 /90 !040 !3S0 !/?0 ?340 S4f
loor 430 600 /S0 !!30 !4S0 !9?0 ?460 3340 //f
Concrete class C32/40
Anchorege
|ength,l
|d
Stre|ght|erson|y
Cood ?00 ?/0 3S0 S!0 660 S60 !!00 !490 34f
loor ?S0 3S0 S00 /?0 9S0 !?30 !S/0 ?!30 49f
Other|ers
Cood ?/0 3S0 4?0 SS0 690 S60 !!00 !490 34f
loor 390 490 S90 /90 9S0 !?30 !S/0 ?!30 49f
lep|ength,
l
0
S0%|epped|none
|ocet|on(a
6
!4)
Cood ?/0 3S0 490 /!0 930 !?00 !S40 ?090 4Sf
loor 390 S40 690 !0!0 !3?0 !/?0 ??00 ?9S0 69f
!00%|epped
|none|ocet|on(a
6
!S)
Cood ?90 400 S?0 /60 990 !?90 !6S0 ??40 S!f
loor 4?0 S/0 /40 !0S0 !4?0 !S40 ?3S0 3?00 /3f
lowtodes|gnconcretestructuresus|nglurocode?
89
!0Lete|||ng
Bond condition
(see Figure 1)
Reinforcement in tension, bar diameter, f (mm) Reinforcement
in compression
8 10 12 16 20 25 32 40
Concrete class C35/45
Anchorege
|ength,l
|d
Stre|ght|erson|y
Cood !90 ?60 330 4S0 630 S!0 !040 !4!0 3?f
loor ?60 360 4/0 6S0 S90 !!60 !4S0 ?0!0 46f
Other|ers
Cood ?60 330 390 S?0 6S0 S!0 !040 !4!0 3?f
loor 3/0 4/0 S60 /40 930 !!60 !4S0 ?0!0 46f
lep|ength,
l
0
S0%|epped|none
|ocet|on(a
6
!4)
Cood ?60 360 460 6/0 S/0 !!30 !4S0 !9/0 4Sf
loor 3/0 S!0 6S0 9S0 !?S0 !6?0 ?0/0 ?S!0 6Sf
!00%|epped
|none|ocet|on(a
6
!S)
Cood ?S0 3S0 490 /!0 940 !?!0 !SS0 ?!!0 4Sf
loor 390 S40 /00 !0?0 !340 !/30 ???0 30!0 69f
Concrete class C40/50
Anchorege
|ength,l
|d
Stre|ght|erson|y
Cood !/0 ?30 300 440 S/0 /40 9S0 !?90 30f
loor ?40 330 430 6?0 S?0 !060 !3S0 !S40 4?f
Other|ers
Cood ?40 300 360 4S0 600 /40 9S0 !?90 30f
loor 340 430 S!0 6S0 SS0 !060 !3S0 !S40 4?f
lep|ength,
l
0
S0%|epped|none
|ocet|on(a
6
!4)
Cood ?40 330 4?0 6!0 S00 !040 !330 !S00 4!f
loor 340 460 600 S/0 !!40 !4S0 !S90 ?S/0 S9f
!00%|epped
|none|ocet|on(a
6
!S)
Cood ?S0 3S0 4S0 6S0 S60 !!!0 !4?0 !930 44f
loor 360 S00 640 930 !??0 !S90 ?030 ?/60 63f
Concrete class C45/55
Anchorege
|ength,l
|d
Stre|ght|erson|y
Cood !60 ??0 ?S0 400 S30 690 SS0 !!90 ?/f
loor ??0 3!0 400 SS0 /60 9S0 !?S0 !/00 39f
Other|ers
Cood ??0 ?S0 330 440 SS0 690 SS0 !!90 ?/f
loor 3!0 390 4/0 630 /S0 9S0 !?S0 !/00 39f
lep|ength,
l
0
S0%|epped|none
|ocet|on(a
6
!4)
Cood ??0 300 390 S60 /40 960 !?30 !6/0 3Sf
loor 3!0 430 SS0 S00 !060 !3/0 !/S0 ?3S0 SSf
!00%|epped
|none|ocet|on(a
6
!S)
Cood ?30 3?0 4?0 600 /90 !030 !3!0 !/S0 4!f
loor 330 460 S90 S60 !!30 !4/0 !SS0 ?SS0 SSf
Concrete class C50/60
Anchorege
|ength,l
|d
Stre|ght|erson|y
Cood !S0 ?00 ?60 3S0 490 640 S?0 !!!0 ?Sf
loor ?!0 ?90 3/0 S40 /00 9!0 !!/0 !SS0 36f
Other|ers
Cood ??0 ?S0 330 440 SS0 690 SS0 !!90 ?/f
loor 3!0 390 4/0 630 /S0 9S0 !?S0 !/00 39f
lep|ength,
l
0
S0%|epped|none
|ocet|on(a
6
!4)
Cood ??0 300 390 S60 /40 960 !?30 !6/0 3Sf
loor 3!0 430 SS0 S00 !060 !3/0 !/S0 ?3S0 SSf
!00%|epped
|none|ocet|on(a
6
!S)
Cood ?30 3?0 4?0 600 /90 !030 !3!0 !/S0 4!f
loor 330 460 S90 S60 !!30 !4/0 !SS0 ?SS0 SSf
Notes
1 Covertoe||s|desendd|stence|etween|ers~?Smm(|ea
?
<!)
2 a
!
a
3
a
4
a
S
!0
3 Les|gnstresshes|eente|enet43SMlevherethedes|gnstress|nthe|eretthepos|t|onromwheretheenchorege|smeesured,s
sd
,|s|essthen43SMlethe|gures|nth|s
te||ecen|eectored|ys
sd
/43Shem|m|mum|ep|ength|dg|ven|nc|S/3olurocode?
4 heenchoregeend|ep|engthsheve|eenroundeduptotheneerest!0mm
5 vhere33%o|ersere|epped|none|ocet|on,decreesethe|ep|engthsorS0%|epped|none|ocet|on|yeectoro0S?
90 90
Table 14
Sectional areas of groups of bars (mm
2
)
Bar size
(mm)
Number of bars
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
S S03 !0! !S! ?0! ?S! 30? 3S? 40? 4S? S03
!0 /SS !S/ ?36 3!4 393 4/! SS0 6?S /0/ /SS
!? !!3 ??6 339 4S? S6S 6/9 /9? 90S !0?0 !!30
!6 ?0! 40? 603 S04 !0!0 !?!0 !4!0 !6!0 !S!0 ?0!0
?0 3!4 6?S 94? !?60 !S/0 !SS0 ??00 ?S!0 ?S30 3!40
?S 49! 9S? !4/0 !960 ?4S0 ?9S0 3440 3930 44?0 49!0
3? S04 !6!0 ?4!0 3??0 40?0 4S30 S630 6430 /?40 S040
40 !?60 ?S!0 3//0 S030 6?S0 /S40 SS00 !0!00 !!300 !?600
Table 15
Sectional areas per metre width for various spacings of bars (mm
2
)
Bar size
(mm)
Spacing of bars (mm)
75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
S 6/0 S03 40? 33S ?S/ ?S! ??3 ?0! !S3 !6S
!0 !0S0 /SS 6?S S?4 449 393 349 3!4 ?S6 ?6?
!? !S!0 !!30 90S /S4 646 S6S S03 4S? 4!! 3//
!6 ?6S0 ?0!0 !6!0 !340 !!S0 !0!0 S94 S04 /3! 6/0
?0 4!90 3!40 ?S!0 ?090 !S00 !S/0 !400 !?60 !!40 !0S0
?S 6S40 49!0 3930 3?/0 ?S00 ?4S0 ?!S0 !960 !/S0 !640
3? !0/00 S040 6430 S360 4600 40?0 3S/0 3??0 ?9?0 ?6S0
40 !6S00 !?600 !0!00 S3S0 /!S0 6?S0 SS90 S030 4S/0 4!90
Table 16
Mass of groups of bars (kg per metre run)
Bar size
(mm)
Number of bars
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
S 039S 0/S9 !!S4 !S/S !9/3 ?36S ?/6? 3!S/ 3SS! 3946
!0 06!/ !?33 !SS0 ?466 30S3 3699 43!6 493? SS49 6!6S
!? 0SSS !//6 ?663 3SS! 4439 S3?/ 6?!S /!03 /990 SS/S
!6 !S/S 3!S/ 4/3S 63!3 /S9? 94/0 !!04S !?6?/ !4?0S !S/S3
?0 ?466 493? /39S 9S6S !?33! !4/9/ !/?63 !9/?9 ??!9S ?466?
?S 3SS3 //0/ !!S60 !S4!3 !9?6/ ?3!?0 ?69/4 30S?/ 346S0 3SS34
3? 63!3 !?6?/ !S940 ?S?S3 3!S6/ 3/SS0 44!93 S0S0/ S6S?0 63!33
40 9S6S !9/?9 ?9S94 394SS 493?3 S9!SS 690S? /S9!/ SS/S! 9S646
Table 17
Mass in kg per square metre for various spacings of bars (kg per m
2
)
Bar size
(mm)
Spacing of bars (mm)
75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
S S?6! 3946 3!S/ ?63! ??SS !9/3 !/S4 !S/S !43S !3!S
!0 S??! 6!6S 493? 4!!0 3S?3 30S3 ?/40 ?466 ??4? ?0SS
!? !!S3S SS/S /!03 S9!9 S0/3 4439 3946 3SS! 3??S ?9S9
!6 ?!044 !S/S3 !?6?/ !0S?? 90!9 /S9? /0!S 63!3 S/39 S?6!
?0 3?SS? ?466? !9/?9 !644! !409? !?33! !096! 9S6S S96S S??!
?S S!3/S 3SS34 30S?/ ?S6S9 ??0!9 !9?6/ !/!?6 !S4!3 !40!? !?S4S
3? S4!/S 63!33 S0S0/ 4?0S9 360/6 3!S6/ ?S0S9 ?S?S3 ??9SS ?!044
40 !3!S?S 9S646 /S9!/ 6S/64 S6369 493?3 43S43 394SS 3SS/! 3?SS?
!0Lete|||ng
91
low to des|gn concrete structures us|ng lurocode ?
!! bS SS00 or |u||d|ng structures
lnLroducLlon
S S'00 Coce|e - Como/eme|a, S/|// |aJaJ |o S // ?06-'

wes rev|sed
|n Lecem|er ?006 pr|nc|pe||y to re|ect chenges to oec/a/ //qe| '

end |r|ng |t
|nto ||ne w|th other stenderds
he gu|de||nes g|ven |n bS SS00 or dure||||ty ere |esed on the |etest reseerch
end recommends strength, cover, cement content end weter/cement ret|os or
ver|ous exposure cond|t|ons
ConcreLe deslgn lnIormuLlon
xposuro c|assification
ln|t|e||y the re|event exposure cond|t|on(s) shou|d |e |dent||ed ln bS SS00
exposure c|ess||cet|on |s re|eted to the deter|oret|on processes o cer|onet|on,
|ngress o ch|or|des, chem|ce| ettec| rom eggress|ve ground end ree.e/thew
(see e||e !) A|| o these deter|oret|on processes ere su|-d|v|ded he
recommendet|ons or `L end `S exposure c|esses ere su|c|ent or exposure
c|ess `C end |t |s on|y necessery to chec| eech ece o the concrete e|ement
or e|ther `C, `L or `S exposure c|ess
So|octing concroto strongth and covor
lev|ng |dent||ed the re|event exposure cond|t|on(s), e recommended strength
c|ess end cover shou|d |e chosen e||e ? |nd|cetes the m|n|mum cover end
strengths requ|red to meet common exposure cond|t|ons or e S0-yeer wor||ng
||e, urther exp|enet|on |s g|ven |e|ow e||e ? |s not |ntended to cover e||
concrete exposure s|tuet|ons end reerence shou|d |e mede to bS SS00 or
those ceses not |nc|uded, end where e !00-yeer wor||ng ||e |s requ|red
Comprossivo strongth
bS SS00 uses 'compress|ve strength c|ess' to de|ne concrete strengths, the
notet|on used g|ves the cy||nder strength es we|| es the cu|e strength (see
e||e 3) lt |s |mportent to quote the compress|ve strength c|ess |n u|| to
evo|d conus|on
Covor to roinforcomont
he dure||||ty gu|dence g|ven |n bS SS00 |s |esed on the essumpt|on thet the
m|n|mum cover or dure||||ty |s ech|eved An e||owence shou|d |e mede |n the
des|gn or dev|et|ons rom the m|n|mum cover (c
dev
) h|s shou|d |e edded to
the m|n|mum cover to o|te|n the nom|ne| cover
1 A Harrison bSc, lhL, Clng, MlCl, llC O 8rookor blng, Clng, MlCl, MlStructl
Co|/ae oaqe 94
92
1ab|o 1
xposuro C|assos
C|ass
X0
XC1
XC2
XC3 8
XC4
XD1
XD2
XD3
XS1
XS2
XS3
X|1
X|2
X|3
X|4
C|ass doscription
lor concrete w|thout re|norcement or
em|edded mete| where there |s no s|gn||cent
ree.e/thew, e|res|on or chem|ce| ettec|
Lry or permenent|y wet
vet, rere|y dry
Moderete hum|d|ty or cyc||c wet end dry
Moderete hum|d|ty
vet, rere|y dry
Cyc||c wet end dry
lxposed to e|r|orne se|t |ut not |n d|rect
contect w|th see weter
lermenent|y su|merged
|de|, sp|esh end sprey .ones
Moderete weter seturet|on w|thout
de-|c|ng egent
Moderete weter seturet|on w|th de-|c|ng egent
l|gh weter seturet|on w|thout de-|c|ng egent
l|gh weter seturet|on w|th de-|c|ng egent
or see weter
d

|nformativo oxamp|o app|icab|o to tho Unitod kingdom

0nre|norced concrete sureces |ns|de structures 0nre|norced concrete comp|ete|y |ur|ed |n so||
c|essed es AC-! end w|th hydreu||c gred|ent not greeter then S 0nre|norced concrete permenent|y
su|merged |n non-eggress|ve weter 0nre|norced concrete |n cyc||c wet end dry cond|t|ons not
su||ect to e|res|on, ree.|ng or chem|ce| ettec|
NO1: /o e/|oceJ coce|e ae a| /ea| \C'
ke|norced end prestressed concrete sureces |ns|de enc|osed structures except erees o structures
w|th h|gh hum|d|ty ke|norced end prestressed concrete sureces permenent|y su|merged |n
non-eggress|ve weter
ke|norced end prestressed concrete comp|ete|y |ur|ed |n so|| c|essed es AC-! end w|th e hydreu||c
gred|ent not greeter then S lor other s|tuet|ons see 'chem|ce| ettec|' sect|on |e|ow
lxterne| re|norced end prestressed concrete sureces she|tered rom, or exposed to, d|rect re|n
ke|norced end prestressed concrete sureces |ns|de structures w|th h|gh hum|d|ty (eg poor|y
vent||eted, |ethrooms, ||tchens) ke|norced end prestressed concrete sureces exposed to e|ternete
wett|ng end dry|ng
Concrete sureces exposed to e|r|orne ch|or|des lerts o structures exposed to occes|one| or s||ght
ch|or|de cond|t|ons
ke|norced end prestressed concrete sureces tote||y |mmersed |n weter conte|n|ng ch|or|des
|

ke|norced end prestressed concrete sureces d|rect|y eected |y de-|c|ng se|ts or sprey conte|n|ng
de-|c|ng se|ts (eg we||s, e|utments end co|umns w|th|n !0 m o the cerr|egewey, perepet edge
|eems end |ur|ed structures |ess then ! m |e|ow cerr|egewey |eve|, pevements end cer per| s|e|s)
lxterne| re|norced end prestressed concrete sureces |n coeste| erees
ke|norced end prestressed concrete comp|ete|y su|merged end reme|n|ng setureted,
eg concrete |e|ow m|d-t|de |eve|
|

ke|norced end prestressed concrete sureces |n the upper t|de| .ones end the sp|esh end
sprey .ones
c

Vert|ce| concrete sureces such es ecedes end co|umns exposed to re|n end ree.|ng Non-vert|ce|
concrete sureces not h|gh|y setureted, |ut exposed to ree.|ng end to re|n or weter
l|ements such es perts o |r|dges, wh|ch wou|d otherw|se |e c|ess||ed es `l! |ut wh|ch ere
exposed to de-|c|ng se|ts e|ther d|rect|y or es sprey or run-o
lor|.onte| concrete sureces, such es perts o |u||d|ngs, where weter eccumu|etes end wh|ch ere
exposed to ree.|ng l|ements su||ected to requent sp|esh|ng w|th weter end exposed to ree.|ng
lor|.onte| concrete sureces, such es roeds end pevements, exposed to ree.|ng end to de-|c|ng
se|ts e|ther d|rect|y or es sprey or run-o l|ements su||ected to requent sp|esh|ng w|th weter
conte|n|ng de-|c|ng egents end exposed to ree.|ng
a he mo|sture cond|t|on re|etes to thet |n the concrete cover to re|norcement or other em|edded
mete| |ut, |n meny ceses, cond|t|ons |n the concrete cover cen |e te|en es |e|ng thet o the
surround|ng env|ronment h|s m|ght not |e the cese | there |s e |err|er |etween the concrete end
|ts env|ronment
b ke|norced end prestressed concrete e|ements, where one surece |s |mmersed |n weter conte|n|ng
ch|or|des end enother |s exposed to e|r, ere potent|e||y e more severe cond|t|on, espec|e||y where the
dry s|de |s et e h|gh em||ent tempereture Spec|e||st edv|ce shou|d |e sought where necessery, to
deve|op e spec||cet|on thet |s eppropr|ete to the ectue| cond|t|ons |||e|y to |e encountered
c lxposure `S3 covers e renge o cond|t|ons he most extreme cond|t|ons ere |n the sprey .one he
|eest extreme |s |n the t|de| .one where cond|t|ons cen |e s|m||er to those |n `S? he
recommendet|ons g|ven te|e |nto eccount the most extreme 0l cond|t|ons w|th|n th|s c|ess
d lt |s not norme||y necessery to c|ess|y |n the `l4 exposure c|ess those perts o structures |oceted |n
the 0n|ted l|ngdom wh|ch ere |n requent contect w|th the see
2
Corrosion inducod by carbonation {XC c|assos}
e
where concrete conta/n/nq re/nforcement or other embedded meta/ /s exposed to a/r and mo/sture.)
Corrosion inducod by ch|oridos othor than from soa wator {XD c|assos}
e
where concrete conta/n/nq re/nforcement or other embedded meta/ /s subject to contact w/th water conta/n/nq ch/or/des, /nc/ud/nq de-/c/nq sa/ts,
from sources other than from sea water.)
Corrosion inducod by ch|oridos from soa wator {XS c|assos}
e
where concrete conta/n/nq re/nforcement or other embedded meta/ /s subject to contact w/th ch/or/des from sea water or a/r carry/nq sa/t or/q/nat/nq from sea water.)
|roozoIthaw attack {X| c|assos}
where concrete /s exposed to s/qn/f/cant attack from freeze/thaw cyc/es wh//st wet.)
Chomica| attack {ACC c|assos}
where concrete /s exposed to chem/ca/ attack.) Note 85 8500-1 refers to 4CC c/asses rather than X4 c/asses used /n 85 N 206-1
No risk of corrosion or attack {XO c|ass}
koy
92
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
93 3
1ab|o 2
So|octod
a
rocommondations for norma|-woight roinforcod concroto qua|ity for combinod oxposuro c|assos and covor to roinforcomont for at |oast a
50-yoar intondod working |ifo and 20 mm maximum aggrogato sizo
xposuro conditions ComontI
combination
dosignations
b
Nomina| covor to roinforcomont
d
1ypica| oxamp|o rimary Socondary
15 +c
dov
20 +c
dov
25 +c
dov
30 +c
dov
35 +c
dov
40 +c
dov
45 +c
dov
50 +c
dov
Strongth c|ass
c
, maximum wIc ratio, minimum comont or combination
contont {kgIm
3
}, and oquiva|ont dosignatod concroto {whoro app|icab|o}
kecommended that th|s ex,osu|e |s not a,,||ed to |e|no|ced conc|ete
lnte|na| mass
conc|ete
lnte|na| e|ements
(exce,t hum|d
|ocat|ons)
bu||ed conc|ete
|n AC-! g|ound
cond|t|ons
e
Ve|t|ca| su|ace
,|otected |om
d||ect |a|na||
lx,osed ve|t|ca|
su|aces
lx,osed ho||.onta|
su|aces
l|ements su||ect
to a|||o|ne
ch|o||des
Ca| ,a|| dec|s and
a|eas su||ect to
de-|c|ng s,|ay
Ve|t|ca| e|ements
su||ect to de-|c|ng
s,|ay and |ee.|ng
Ca| ,a|| dec|s,
|am,s and exte|na|
a|eas su||ect to
|ee.|ng and
de-|c|ng sa|ts
lx,osed ve|t|ca|
su|aces nea| coast
lx,osed ho||.onta|
su|aces nea| coast
X0
___
XC1
XC2
XC3
8
XC4
XD1
f
XD3
f
XS1
f
___
AC-1
___
X|1
X|3
___
___
X|2
X|4
X|4 (a||
ent|a|ned)
X|3 or
X|4
X|1
X|3 (a||
ent|a|ned)
A||
A||
A||
A|| exce,t
lVb-V
A|| exce,t
lVb-V
A|| exce,t
lVb-V
A|| exce,t
lVb-V
A||
llb-V, lllA
ClM l, llA,
llb-S, SklC
lllb, lVb-V
llb-V, lllA
ClM l, llA,
llb-S, SklC
lllb, lVb-V
ClM l, llA,
llb-S, SklC
llb-V, lllA, lllb
ClM l, llA,
llb-S, SklC
llb-V, lllA
lllb
ClM l, llA,
llb-S, SklC
C20/2S,
0/0, 240 o|
kC20/2S
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
<<<
___
C40/S0,
04S, 340 o|
kC40/S0
C40/S0,
04S, 340 o|
kC40/S0
C40/S0,04S,
340
g
o|
kC40/S0`l
g
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
<<<
C2S/30,
06S, 260 o|
kC2S/30
C30/3/,
0SS, 300
o| kC30/3/
C30/3/,
0SS, 300
o| kC30/3/
<<<
C30/3/,
0SS, 300
,|us a||
g,h
C40/S0,
04S, 360
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
<<<
<<<
C2S/3S,
060, 2S0 o|
kC2S/3S
C2S/3S,
060, 2S0 o|
kC2S/3S
<<<
C2S/3S,
060, 2S0
,|us a||
g,h
o| lAV2
C32/40,
0SS, 320
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
See
bS SS00
See
bS SS00
C32/40,
040, 3S0
See
bS SS00
<<<
<<<
C2S/30,
06S, 260 o|
kC2S/30
<<<
<<<
C2S/30,
060, 2S0
,|us a||
g, h, |
o| lAV!
C2S/3S,
060, 300
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
C3S/4S,
04S, 360
C32/40,
04S, 360
C2S/30,
0S0, 340
C40/S0,
04S, 360
g
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
C3S/4S,
040, 3S0
See
bS SS00
C32/40,
040, 3S0
C3S/4S,
040, 3S0
See
bS SS00
C32/40,
040, 3S0
See
bS SS00
C2S/3S,
040, 3S0
g, h
C32/40,
0S0, 340
C2S/3S,
0S0, 340
C2S/30,
0S0, 340
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
C32/40,
04S, 360
C40/S0,
040, 3S0
C2S/3S,
04S, 360
C32/40,
04S, 360
C40/S0,
040, 3S0
C32/40
04S, 360
C40/S0,
040, 3S0
g
C2S/3S
04S, 360
g, h
<<<
C2S/3S,
0SS, 320
C2S/30,
0SS, 320
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
C2S/3S,
0S0, 340
C3S/4S,
04S, 360
C2S/30,
0S0, 340
C32/40,
0S0, 340
C3S/4S,
04S, 360
C32/40,
0S0, 340
<<<
C2S/3S,
0S0, 340
g, h
<<<
<<<
<<<
<<<
___
Not |ecommended
<<< lnd|cates that conc|ete
qua||ty |n ce|| to the |et
shou|d not |e |educed
koy
a h|s ta||e com,||ses a se|ect|on o common ex,osu|e c|ass com||nat|ons
kequ||ements o| othe| sets o ex,osu|e c|asses, eg `L2, `S2 and `S3 shou|d
|e de||ved |om bS SS00-! 2006, Annex A
b See bS SS00-2, a||e ! (ClM l |s lo|t|and cement, llA to lVb a|e cement com||nat|ons)
c lo| ,|est|essed conc|ete the m|n|mum st|ength c|ass shou|d |e C2S/3S
d c
dev
|s an a||owance o| dev|at|ons
o lo| sect|ons |ess than !40 mm th|c| |ee| to bS SS00
f A|so adequate o| ex,osu|e c|ass `C3/4
g l|ee.e/thaw |es|st|ng agg|egates shou|d |e s,ec||ed
h A|| ent|a|ned conc|ete |s |equ||ed
j h|s o,t|on may not |e su|ta||e o| a|eas su||ect to
seve|e a||as|on
___
93
**';L1.))_hk[nbe]bg`lmkn\mnk^l
94
8road
dosignation
b
ClM l
SklC
llA
llb-S
llb-V
llbSk
lllA
d, e
lllASk
e
lllb
e, g
lllbSk
e
lVb-V
Composition
lort|end cement
Su|ete-res|st|ng lort|end cement
lort|end cement w|th 6?0% o |y
esh, ground grenu|eted ||esturnece
s|eg, ||mestone, or 6!0% s|||ce
ume

lort|end cement w|th ?!3S%

ground grenu|eted ||esturnece s|eg
lort|end cement w|th ?!3S% |y esh
lort|end cement w|th ?!3S% |y esh
lort|end cement w|th 366S%
ground grenu|eted ||esturnece s|eg
lort|end cement w|th 366S%
ground grenu|eted ||esturnece s|eg
w|th edd|t|one| requ|rements thet
enhence su|ete res|stence
lort|end cement w|th 66S0%
ground grenu|eted ||esturnece s|eg
lort|end cement w|th 66S0%
ground grenu|eted ||esturnece s|eg
w|th edd|t|one| requ|rements thet
enhence su|ete res|stence
lort|end cement w|th 36SS% |y esh
ComontIcombination
typos {8S 8500}
ClM l
SklC
ClM ll/A-l, ClM ll/A-ll,
CllA-l, CllA-ll,
ClM ll/A-S, CllA-S
ClM ll/A-V, CllA-V
ClM ll/AL
ClM ll/b-S, Cllb-S
ClM ll/b-V, Cllb-V
ClM ll/b-VSk,
Cllb-VSk
ClM lll/A
,
, ClllA
ClM lll/ASk

,
Clll/ASk

ClM lll/b, Clllb

ClM lll/bSk

, ClllbSk

ClM lV/b(V), ClVb

1ab|o 4
Comont and combination typo
e
4
Air contont
vhere e|r entre|nment |s requ|red or exposure c|esses `l3 end `l4
the m|n|mum e|r content |y vo|ume o 30%, 3S% or SS% shou|d
|e spec||ed or 40 mm, ?0 mm end !0 mm mex|mum eggregete s|.e
respect|ve|y
|roozoIthaw aggrogatos
lor exposure cond|t|ons `l3 end `l4 ree.e/thew res|st|ng
eggregetes shou|d |e spec||ed he producer |s then o|||ged to
conorm to the requ|rements g|ven |n bS SS00? ?006, C|43
Aggrossivo ground
vhere p|e|n or re|norced concrete |s |n contect w|th the ground
urther chec|s ere requ|red to ensure dure||||ty An eggress|ve
chem|ce| env|ronment or concrete c|ess (AClC c|ess) shou|d |e
essessed or the s|te bkl oec/a/ //qe| !

g|ves gu|dence on the

essessment o the AClC c|ess end th|s |s norme||y cerr|ed out es pert
o the |nterpret|ve report|ng or e ground |nvest|get|on lnow|ng the
AClC c|ess, e des|gn chem|ce| c|ess (LC c|ess) cen |e o|te|ned rom
e||e S
lor des|gneted concretes, en eppropr|ete oundet|on concrete (lNL
des|gnet|on) cen |e se|ected us|ng e||e 6, the cover shou|d |e
determ|ned rom e||e ? or the epp||ce||e exposure c|esses A lNL
concrete hes the strength c|ess o C?S/30, thereore, where e h|gher
strength |s requ|red e des|gned concrete shou|d |e spec||ed lor
des|gned concretes, the concrete producer shou|d |e edv|sed o the
LC-c|ess (see sect|on on spec||cet|on)
C?0/?S kC?0/?S C?S
C?S/30 kC?S/30 C30
C?S/3S kC?S/3S C3S
C30/3/ kC30/3/
C3?/40 kC3?/40 C40
C3S/4S kC3S/4S C4S
C40/S0 kC40/S0 CS0
C4S/SS
CS0/60 C60
NO1: keer to bS SS00-! ?006, e||e A?0 or u|| ||st o Compress|ve strength c|esses
1ab|o 3
Comprossivo strongth c|ass for norma| and hoavywoight concroto
koy
a here ere e num|er o cements end com||net|ons not ||sted |n th|s te||e thet mey |e spec||ed or
certe|n spec|e||st epp||cet|ons See bkl Spec|e| L|gest !
?
or the su|ete-res|st|ng cherecter|st|cs o other
cements end com||net|ons
b he use o these |roed des|gnet|ons |s su|c|ent or most epp||cet|ons vhere e more ||m|ted renge o
cement or com||net|ons types |s requ|red, se|ect rom the notet|ons g|ven |n bS SS00-??006, e||e !
c vhen llA or llA-L |s spec||ed, ClM l end s|||ce ume mey |e com||ned |n the concrete m|xer us|ng the
/-ve|ue concept, see bS lN ?06-!?00, S?S?3
d vhere lllA |s spec||ed, lllASk mey |e used
o lnc|us|ve o |ow eer|y strength opt|on (see bS lN !9/-4 end the "l' c|esses |n bS SS00-??006, e||e A!)
f "Sk' |nd|cetes edd|t|one| restr|ct|ons re|eted to su|ete res|stence See bS SS00-??006, e||e !,
ootnote L
g vhere lllb |s spec||ed, lllbSk mey |e used
xp|anation of tho comprossivo strongth c|ass notation
A lnc|udes heevywe|ght concrete
8 M|n|mum cherecter|st|c !S0 mm
d|emeter |y 300 mm cy||nder
strength, N/mm
C M|n|mum cherecter|st|c cu|e
strength, N/mm
xamp|o Comprossivo Dosignatod rovious Crado
strongth c|assos concroto of concroto
{8S 8500} {8S 8500} {8S 5328
3
& 8S 8110
5
}
C 40/S0
'C' or norme|
we|ght
concrete
A
'lC' or
||ghtwe|ght
concrete
Cy||nder
strength
b
Cu|e
strength
C
lurocode ?

recommends thet c
dev
|s te|en es !0 mm, un|ess the
e|r|cet|on |s su||ected to e que||ty essurence system where |t |s
perm|tted to reduce c
dev
to S mm, or 0 mm | the e|ement cen |e
re|ected | |t |s out o to|erence (eg precest e|ements)
Comont typos and minimum comont contont
e||e 4 mey |e used to understend the cement/com||net|on
des|gnet|ons lt shou|d |e noted rom e||e ? thet the strength,
weter/cement ret|o end m|n|mum cement content mey very depend|ng
on the cement type used ln the 0l, e|| cement/com||net|ons ere
eve||e||e (except SklC), e|though |n most concrete product|on p|ents
e|ther ground grenu|eted ||esturnece s|eg or |yesh (pe) |s eve||e||e, not
|oth vhen us|ng e des|gneted concrete (see sect|on |e|ow), |t |s not
necessery to spec|y the types o cement/com||net|ons
94
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
95 5
|iro dosign
lav|ng se|ected conc|ete cove| and st|ength to meet the du|a||||ty
|ecommendat|ons o bS SS00, the nom|na| cove| shou|d |e chec|ed
|n acco|dance w|th lu|ocode 2

, o| ||e cove|
Concroto cast against unovon surfacos
he nom|na| cove| (|e m|n|mum cove| ,|us |x|ng to|e|ance) shou|d
|e a m|n|mum o /S mm o| conc|ete cast d||ect|y aga|nst the ea|th
and S0 mm o| conc|ete cast aga|nst |||nd|ng
Abrasion
bS SS00 does not conta|n a||as|on c|asses, |nstead |ee|ence shou|d |e
made to bS S204-2

o| Conc|ete Soc|ety echn|ca| ke,o|t 34

'
a||e /
summa||ses the acto|s that aect the a||as|on |es|stance o |oo|s
SpeclIlcuLlon
Mothod of spocifying
he|e a|e va||ous methods o s,ec|y|ng conc|ete to bS SS00
(see a||e S) he most ,o,u|a| a|e des|gnated and des|gned
bS SS00 a|so |nt|oduces a new method ',|o,||eta|y conc|ete'
1ho spocifior
l|gu|es ! and 2 show standa|d s,ec||cat|on o|ms ,|oduced |y the
Qua||y l|oducts Assoc|at|on o| des|gnated and des|gned conc|etes

S|m||a| ta||es a|e |nc|uded |n the Nat|ona| St|uctu|a| Conc|ete

S,ec||cat|on

(NSCS) ln bS SS00 the 's,ec||e|' |s the ,e|son o| |ody

|es,ons|||e o| the |na| com,||at|on o the techn|ca| |equ||ements,
ca||ed the s,ec||cat|on, wh|ch |s ,assed to the conc|ete ,|oduce|
h|s w||| gene|a||y |e the cont|acto|, howeve|, the des|gne| w||| want
to ensu|e the|| |equ||ements a|e |nco|,o|ated and th|s w||| no|ma||y
|e th|ough the|| own s,ec||cat|on o| the wo||s (eg w|th the
NSCS) l|gu|es ! and 2 have |een annotated to |nd|cate wh|ch
|no|mat|on |s ty,|ca||y ,|ov|ded |y the des|gne| and cont|acto| he
des|gne| shou|d |equ||e that any |e,o|ted non-cono|m|t|es a|e
,assed to them o| assessment
Consistonco
he te|m 'wo||a||||ty' has |een |e,|aced |y the te|m 'cons|stence' and a
se||es o cons|stence c|asses has |een |nt|oduced a||e 9 g|ves the
s|um, and |ow c|asses and the |||e|y ta|get s|um,/|ow
Ch|orido C|ass
Conc|ete that |s to |e ,|est|essed, ,|e-tens|oned o| heat cu|ed
shou|d no|ma||y |e s,ec||ed as ch|o||de c|ass C|0,!0 ke|no|ced
conc|ete shou|d |e s,ec||ed as c|ass C|0,40 exce,t o| conc|ete
made w|th cement cono|m|ng to bS 402/

(SklC), wh|ch shou|d |e

s,ec||ed as c|ass C|0,20 lost-tens|oned e|ements |n an |nte|na|
|u||d|ng env||onment may a|so |e s,ec|ed as c|ass C|0,!0
Co|/ae oaqe 9S
AC-!s, AC-! LC-! LC-!
AC-2s, AC-? LC-2 LC-2
AC-2. LC-2. LC-2.
AC-3s LC-3 LC-3
AC-3. LC-3. LC-3.
AC-3 LC-3 kee| to bS SS00
AC-4s LC-4 LC-4
AC-4. LC-4. LC-4.
AC-4 LC-4 kee| to bS SS00
AC-4ms LC-4m LC4m
AC-4m LC-4m kee| to bS SS00
AC-S LC-4

LC-4

AC-S. LC-4.

LC-4./!

AC-Sm LC-4m

LC-4m

koy
a vhe|e the hyd|ostat|c head o g|oundwate| |s g|eate| than |ve t|mes the sect|on w|dth, |ee| to bS SS00
b lo| gu|dance on ,|ecast ,|oducts see S,ec|a| L|gest !
2

c lo| st|uctu|a| ,e|o|mance outs|de these va|ues |ee| to bS SS00

d lo| sect|on w|dths < !40 mm |ee| to bS SS00
o vhe|e any su|ace attac| |s not acce,ta||e eg w|th ||ct|on ,||es, |ee| to bS SS00
f h|s shou|d |nc|ude AlM3 (su|ace ,|otect|on), whe|e ,|act|ca||e, as one o the AlMs, |ee| to bS SS00
1ab|o 5
So|oction of tho DC-c|ass and tho numbor of Addition rotoction
Moasuros {AMs} whoro tho hydrostatic hoad of groundwator is not moro
than fivo timos tho soction width
a, b, c, d, o
ACC-c|ass
(Aggresslve
Chemlcul
LnvlronmenL Ior
ConcreLe cluss)
DC-c|ass
lnLended worklng llIe
AL leusL 100 yeurs AL leusL S0 yeurs
LC-! kC 2S/30
LC-2 lNL2
LC-2. lNL2.
LC-3 lNL3
LC-3. lNL3.
LC-4 lNL4
LC-4. lNL4.
LC-4m lNL4m
NO1
St|ength c|ass o| a|| lNL conc|ete |s C2S/30
1ab|o 6
Cuidanco on so|octing dosignatod concroto for roinforcod concroto
foundations
DC-C|ass Appropriato Dosignatod Concroto
95
**';L1.))_hk[nbe]bg`lmkn\mnk^l
96 6
|actor ffoct
lowe| |oat|ng lowe| |n|sh|ng and, |n ,a|t|cu|a|, |e,eated ,owe| t|owe|||ng |s a s|gn||cant acto| |n c|eat|ng a||as|on
|es|stance, howeve|, excess|ve |e,et|t|ons o the ,|ocess do not necessa|||y u|the| enhance ,e|o|mance
Cu||ng l|om,t and e|c|ent cu||ng |s essent|a| |n o|de| to |eta|n su|c|ent wate| |n the su|ace .one to com,|ete
hyd|at|on and the deve|o,ment o conc|ete st|ength at and c|ose to the su|ace
Cement content Cement content shou|d not |e |ess than 32S |g/m

Cement contents a|ove 360 |g/m

a|e un|||e|y to
enhance a||as|on |es|stance and excess|ve cement content can |m,a|| the ,owe| |n|sh|ng ,|ocess
vate|/cement |at|o vate|/cement |at|o |s o g|eat |m,o|tance lt shou|d not exceed 0SS keduc|ng to 0S0 |s |||e|y to |nc|ease
a||as|on |es|stance |ut |owe||ng u|the| |s un|||e|y to g|ve u|the| enhancement
Agg|egates Coa|se agg|egate usua||y has no d||ect eect on a||as|on |es|stance, exce,t |n |oo|s |n ve|y agg|ess|ve
env||onments whe|e the su|ace |s ex,ected to |e wo|n away Coa|se and |ne agg|egates shou|d not conta|n
sot o| ||a||e mate||a|s
L|y sha|e |n|shes L|y sha|e |n|shes can |e used to enhance the su|ace ,|o,e|t|es |n h|gh a||as|on |ocat|ons
1ab|o 7
|actors affocting tho abrasion rosistanco of concroto f|oors
8S 8500-1 roforonco
422a)
422|)
422c)
422d)
423
Lxchunge oI lnIormuLlon
bS lN 206-!, /!
S!a)
S!|)
S! 8 bS lN 206-!, /!
S2 8 bS lN 206-!, /2
koquiromont
Conc|ete des|gnat|on
Max|mum agg|egate s|.e when othe|
than 20 mm
Cons|stence
(k|ng the c|ass |equ||ed when othe| than
the deau|t c|asses o S3 o| the ClN, lNL
and kC se||es and S2 o| the lAV se||es 0se
a se,a|ate co|umn o| d|e|ent cons|stence
w|th the same des|gnated conc|ete)
Othe| (s,ec|y)
Add|t|ona| |equ||ements
ota| vo|ume |equ||ed
Ant|c|,ated ,ea| de||ve|y |ate
Any access ||m|tat|ons
lntended method o ,|ac|ng,
eg ,um,|ng, and |n|sh|ng, eg ,owe|
|oat|ng, the conc|ete
vhe|e |dent|ty test|ng |s |out|ne
y,e o test
Vo|ume o conc|ete |n assessment
Num|e| o tests on th|s vo|ume
vhethe| a non-acc|ed|ted |a|o|ato|y
w||| |e used
Othe| |no|mat|on |om the s,ec||e|
to the ,|oduce|
lno|mat|on |equ||ed |om
the ,|oduce|
Schodu|o
|N|2z
--
S!, S2, S3, S4
l2, l3, l4, lS
--
-c c

C c

!coy
||
:occc
N!^
--
--
|2'!
--
S!, S2, S3, S4
l2, l3, l4, lS
--
'2 c

'c c

!|c
|uc|cj
|co:
N!^
--
--
|2!-
'
S!, S2, S3, S4
l2, l3, l4, lS
--
72 c

C c

!coy
||
:occc
N!^
--
--
S!, S2, S3, S4
l2, l3, l4, lS
Schodu|o for tho spocification roquiromonts of dosignatod concrotos for uso on contract
Contract 1it|o: Nc. |cc
Contract poriod: ucc - |cc '-
|iguro 1
xamp|o spocification of Dosignatod Concroto
A he|e |s no need to c|te bS lN 206-! as bS SS00-2 has a c|ause that |equ||es cono|m|ty to bS lN 206-!
D
D
D C
C
C
C
C
C
C
D
D
D C
C
C
C
C
C
C

he conc|etes |e|ow sha|| |e su,,||ed as Les|gnated Conc|etes |n acco|dance w|th

th|s s,ec||cat|on and the |e|evant c|auses o bS SS00-2
A
Les|gne| s,ec||es
conc|ete des|gnat|on,
max|mum agg|egate
s|.e and any
add|t|ona|
|equ||ements
Cont|acto| s,ec||es
cons|stence, any
add|t|ona|
|equ||ements and
com,|etes exchange
o |no|mat|on
sect|on
|cc :c:
lxam,|e
s,ec||cat|on
kY
D
C
96
Ahpmh]^lb`g\hg\k^m^lmkn\mnk^lnlbg`>nkh\h]^+
97 7
|iguro 2
xamp|o spocification of Dosignod Concroto
1ab|o 8
Mothods of spocifying concroto
8S 8500-1
roforonco
432a)
432|)
432c)
432d) 8
433a)
432e)
432)
432g) 8 h)
432|)
432
Note 2
433|)
to n)
bS lN
206-!, /!
S!a)
S!|)
S! 8 bS lN
206-!, /!
S2 8 bS lN
206-
!, /2
koquiromont
Conc|ete |ee|ence, | any
Com,|ess|ve st|ength c|ass
lo| su|ate |es|st|ng conc|ete, des|gn chem|ca| c|ass
lo| othe| conc|etes, ||m|t|ng va|ues o com,os|t|on
Max|mum w/c |at|o
M|n|mum cement/com||nat|on content, |g/m
3
Cement o| com||nat|on ty,es
(de|ete those not ,e|m|tted)
Othe| s,ec|a| ,|o,e|ty, eg wh|te, |ow heat, Sk
(s,ec|y)
Max|mum agg|egate s|.e, mm
Ch|o||de c|ass (||ng the one |equ||ed)
l|est|essed o| heat cu|ed |e|no|ced conc|ete
ke|no|ced
b
0n|e|no|ced w|th no em|edded meta|
lo| ||ghtwe|ght and heavywe|ght conc|ete,
ta|get dens|ty
Cons|stence (k|ng the c|ass |equ||ed
0se se,a|ate co|umns o| the same |as|c
conc|etes w|th d|e|ent cons|stence)
Othe| (s,ec|y)
0lAS o| equ|va|ent acc|ed|ted th||d ,a|ty ,|oduct
cono|m|ty ce|t||cat|on (de|ete | not |equ||ed)
Add|t|ona| |equ||ements
Vo|ume |equ||ed
Ant|c|,ated ,ea| de||ve|y |ate
Any access ||m|tat|ons
lntended method o ,|ac|ng, eg ,um,|ng, and
|n|sh|ng, eg ,owe| |oat|ng, the conc|ete
vhe|e |dent|ty test|ng |s |out|ne
y,e o test
Vo|ume o conc|ete |n assessment
Num|e| o tests on th|s vo|ume
vhethe| a non-acc|ed|ted |a|o|ato|y w||| |e used
Othe| |no|mat|on |om the s,ec||e| to the
,|oduce|
lno|mat|on |equ||ed |om the ,|oduce|
Schodu|o
|oc-
2c!'
LC-
2z
ClM !, SklC,
llA, llb
lllA, lllb, lVb
2
C| 0,!0
kC
C| !,0
S!, S2, S3, S4
l2, l3, l4, lS
es
-c c

C c

!coy
||
:occc
N!^
--
--
|o|
2'!
LC-
.7
2-
ClM !, SklC,
llA, llb
lllA, lllb, lVb
2
C| 0,!0
kC
C| !,0
S!, S2, S3, S4
l2, l3, l4, lS
es
'2 c

'c c

!|c
|uc|cj
|co:
N!^
--
--
c|-
2!-
LC-
.''

ClM !, SklC,
llA, llb
lllA, lllb, lVb
'
C| 0,!0
kC
C| !,0
S!, S2, S3, S4
l2, l3, l4, lS
es
72 c

C c

!coy
||
:occc
N!^
--
--
LC-
ClM !, SklC,
llA, llb
lllA, lllb, lVb
C| 0,!0
kC
C| !,0
S!, S2, S3, S4
l2, l3, l4, lS
es
Schodu|o for tho spocification roquiromonts of dosignod concrotos for uso on contract
Contract 1it|o: Nc. |cc
Contract poriod: ucc - |cc '-
he conc|etes |e|ow sha|| |e su,,||ed as des|gned conc|etes |n acco|dance w|th th|s s,ec||cat|on
and the |e|evant c|auses o bS SS00-2
A
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
C
D C
C
C
C
C
C
A he|e |s no need to c|te bS lN 206-! as bS SS00-2 has a c|ause that |equ||es cono|m|ty to bS lN 206-!
8 vhe|e kC |s ||nged, the ch|o||de c|ass sha|| |e C| 040 exce,t whe|e SklC |s used ln th|s case the ch|o||de c|ass sha|| |e C| 0,20
Lxchunge oI lnIormuLlon

8S 8500 8S 5328 {suporsodod by 8S 8500 1 Doc 2003}

Les|gnated conc|ete Les|gnated m|x
Les|gned conc|ete Les|gned m|x
l|esc|||ed conc|ete l|esc|||ed m|x
Standa|d|.ed ,|esc|||ed conc|ete Standa|d m|x
l|o,||eta|y conc|ete No equ|va|ent
Les|gne| s,ec||es
com,|ess|ve st|ength
c|ass, des|gn chem|ca|
c|ass, max|mum
wate|/cement |at|o,
m|n|mum cement
content, cement o|
com||nat|on ty,es
(un|ess des|gn
chem|ca| c|ass |s
s,ec||ed), max|mum
agg|egate s|.e,
ch|o||de c|ass, ta|get
dens|ty (exc|ud|ng
no|ma| we|ght
conc|ete),
|equ||ement o|
th||d ,a|ty ,|oduct
cono|m|ty
ce|t||cat|on
(|ecommended)
and any add|t|ona|
|equ||ements
Cont|acto| s,ec||es
cons|stence,
any add|t|ona|
|equ||ements and
com,|etes exchange
o |no|mat|on
sect|on
|cc :c:
lxam,|e
S,ec||cat|on
kY
D
C
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
C
D C
C
C
C
C
C
97
**';L1.))_hk[nbe]bg`lmkn\mnk^l
98
Conformity
0nde| bS SS00, the conc|ete ,|oduce| |s now |equ||ed to o||ow a
o|ma| ,|ocedu|e ca||ed 'cono|m|ty' to ve||y that the conc|ete |s |n
acco|dance w|th the s,ec||cat|on lt |s, the|eo|e, |ecommended
that the conc|ete su,,||e| shou|d have th||d ,a|ty ce|t||cat|on
vhe|e th|s |s not ado,ted, the s,ec||e| |s adv|sed to ado,t
adequate |dent|ty test|ng to ensu|e the conc|ete |s as s,ec||ed
|dontity tosting
he s,ec||e| |s |es,ons|||e o| o|gan|s|ng any |dent|ty test|ng, wh|ch
|s |n a|| |ut |n name acce,tance test|ng ldent|ty test|ng can |nc|ude
st|ength, cons|stence and a|| content he|e a|e a num|e| o
s|tuat|ons whe|e |t |s |ecommended
whe|e the ,|oduce| does not ho|d th||d ,a|ty ce|t||cat|on
|n cases o dou|t
o| c||t|ca| e|ements, eg h|gh st|ength co|umns
o| s,ot chec|s on the ,|oduce|
xchango of information
o ena||e the conc|ete ,|oduce| to des|gn and ,|oduce a su|ta||e
conc|ete, ce|ta|n |no|mat|on must |e ,|ov|ded |n add|t|on to the
s,ec||cat|on, eg whe|e the conc|ete needs to |e ,um,ed o| a h|gh
qua||ty |n|sh |s |equ||ed
koforoncos
1 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS SS00 Conc|ete Como/eme|a, S/|// |aJaJ |o S // ?06-' bS!, 2006
2 b0llLlNC klSlAkCl lSAbllSlMlN S// oec/a/ //qe| ' - Coce|e / aqqe/.e qoaJ (3|d ed|t|on) bkl, 200S
3 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS S32S Coce|e, bSl (v|thd|awn |y bSl on ! Lecem|e| 2003)
4 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !992, lu|ocode 2 /e/q o| coce|e |ac|ae bSl (4 ,a|ts)
5 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS S!!0-! I/e |ac|aa/ ae o| coce|e - /a| ' CoJe o| oac|/ce |o Je/q aJ co|ac|/o bSl, !99/
6 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS S204-2 ceeJ /ae aJ /-/|a |/oo/q /a| ? Coce|e uea/q a|ace - CoJe o| oac|/ce bSl, !999
7 ll CONCkll SOCll echn|ca| |e,o|t 34 Coce|e /Ja|/a/ qoaJ |/oo he Conc|ete Soc|ety, 2003
8 Q0Akk lkOL0CS ASSOClAlON V|s|t the ve|,age wwwq,ao|g/,|o_|ea
9 CONSk0C /a|/oa/ |ac|aa/ coce|e oec/|/ca|/o |o /a//J/q co|ac|/o Const|uct, 2004
10 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS 402/ oec/|/ca|/o |o a/|a|e-e/|/q /o|/aJ ceme| bSl, !996
||ow c|ass 1argot f|ow {mm}
l2 3S0
l3 4S0
l4 S20
lS S90
1ab|o 9b
Consistonco f|ow c|assos and |iko|y targot va|uos
S|ump c|ass 1argot s|ump {mm}
S! 20
S2 /0
S3 !30
S4 !90
1ab|o 9a
Consistonco s|ump c|assos and |iko|y targot va|uos
98
!! bS SS00 or |u||d|ng structures
99
Introduction
h|s chepter covers the structure| |re des|gn o concrete structures to
lurocode ?, lert !? |ac|aa/ |/e Je/q
!
, wh|ch w||| |e reerred to es lert
!? throughout lt sets out three des|gn methods to e||ow the eng|neer to
set|sy the perormence requ|rements o e structure |n |re
e|u|er methods N
S|mp|||ed ce|cu|et|on methods N
Advenced ce|cu|et|on methods N
h|s chepter g|ves gu|dence on the te|u|er end s|mp|||ed methods he
edvenced methods, wh|ch requ|re spec|e||st |now|edge end too|s, ere outs|de
the scope o th|s pu|||cet|on lurther |normet|on cen |e ound |n Oa/Je |o
|/e aJ.aceJ |/e a|e|, eq/ee/q o| |ac|ae
?
A gu|de to se|ect|ng the
eppropr|ete method or the des|gn o e|ements |n the |re cond|t|on |s g|ven |n
l|gure ! |e|ow
lt shou|d |e noted thet the 0l Net|one| Annex
3
(NA) ve|ues heve |een
used throughout, |nc|ud|ng w|th|n the ormu|ee end te||es ln edd|t|on, th|s
pu|||cet|on does not cover the use o concrete c|esses greeter then CS0/60,
or wh|ch there |s edd|t|one| gu|dence |n lert !?
low to des|gn concrete structures us|ng lurocode ?
!? Structure| |re des|gn
A S Fraser blng lhL Clng MlCl MlStructl A E K Jones blng lhL Clng llCl
This chapter is an addendum to The Concrete Centre's
publication, How to design concrete structures using
Eurocode 2 (Ref. CCIP006), which includes chapters on:
|ntroduction to
Eurocodes
Cotting startod
S|abs
8oams
Co|umns
|oundations
||at s|abs
Dof|octions
kotaining wa||s
Dotai|ing
8S 8500
|iguro 1
||ow chart showing which firo rosistanco dosign mothod to adopt
Start
Finish
Can the
tabular method conditions
be met?
Is the element a
braced column?
Is the element a
slab or beam?
Is there an
acceptable solution?
Is there an
acceptable solution?
Use simplified methods
Use tabular method
Use 500
o
c isotherm method
or zone method
Use Annex C of Part 12:
Buckling of columns under fire
Use Annex E of Part 12:
Simplified calculation method
for beams and slabs
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
100
Basic concepts
here ere some |es|c concepts w|th|n lert !? thet ere |ntroduced
here to e|d understend|ng, pert|cu|er|y or the s|mp|||ed ce|cu|et|on
methods here |s cons|dere||y more dete|| |n he Concrete Centre
pu|||cet|on Oa/Je |o |/e |/e e/|ace o| coce|e |ac|ae
4

Fire types
lurocode !, lert !?
S
prov|des e cho|ce |etween nom|ne| end neture|
|re exposure cond|t|ons Nom|ne| |res ere represented |y genere||sed
|re curves or the purposes o c|ess||cet|on end comper|son |ut
they |eer no re|et|onsh|p to the pert|cu|er cherecter|st|cs o the
|u||d|ng under cons|deret|on Neture| (peremetr|c) |res ere dee|t w|th
|y ce|cu|et|on techn|ques |esed on e cons|deret|on o the phys|ce|
peremeters spec||c to e pert|cu|er |u||d|ng or |re compertment he
most common nom|ne| |re exposure used |n des|gn |s the stenderd
|re curve, th|s |s the essumed |re exposure |n th|s chepter
Level of protection
here ere three stenderd |re exposure cond|t|ons thet mey need to |e
set|s|ed (or |nstence to comp|y w|th |u||d|ng regu|et|ons)
R Mechen|ce| res|stence or |oed|eer|ng
E lntegr|ty o seperet|on
I lnsu|et|on
he requ|red perormence cr|ter|e w||| depend on the unct|on o
the e|ement, w|th s|e|s genere||y requ|r|ng |oed res|stence end |re
seperet|on cepe||||ty wherees co|umns mey on|y need |oed res|stence
Material factors
vhere |t |s requ|red, the res|stence o e sect|on shou|d |e ce|cu|eted,
te||ng the meter|e| ector g
M,|
es !0 w|th respect to |oth the
therme| end mechen|ce| propert|es o the concrete, re|norcement or
prestress|ng stee|
Strongth roduction
he strength o concrete, re|norcement end prestress|ng stee| reduces
w|th |ncrees|ng tempereture lor |re des|gn th|s |s eccounted or |y
the use o strength reduct|on ectors
ln the cese o concrete, the reduct|on ector, /
c
(y), |s e unct|on o
the eggregete type es shown on l|gure ? S|||ceous eggregetes such
es sendstones ere composed me|n|y o s|||con d|ox|de end quert.|tes,
wh||e ce|cereous eggregetes such es ||mestones ere composed me|n|y
o ce|c|um cer|onete he reduct|on ectors or re|norc|ng end
prestress|ng stee|s, /
s
(y) end /
p
(y), ere shown |n l|gures 3 end 4
Combinations of actions
vhere |t |s requ|red or mem|er ene|ys|s, the eect o |re on ect|ons
|s eccounted or |y epp|y|ng e reduct|on ector, n
|
, to the em||ent
des|gn ve|ue vhere lxpress|on (6!0) o lurocode hes |een used, n
|

|s de|ned es
n
|
(O
|
c
|

|,!
)/(!3SO
|
!SQ
|,!
) |lert !? lxp (?S)|
|iguro 2
Coefficient k
c
(y} a||owing for docroaso of charactoristic strongth
(f
ck
) of concrete
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperature, ( C)
o
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,
(
)
k
c
y
Calcareous
aggregates
Siliceous
aggregates
y
|iguro 3
Coefficient k
s
(y} a||owing for docroaso of charactoristic strongth {f
ck
)
of tension and compression reinforcement (class N)
1. 0
0.8
0.6
0. 4
0.2
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Hot-rolled tension
reinforcement, 2% s,fi
Cold-worked tension
reinforcement,
Compression
reinforcement and
tension reinforcement,
where < 2%
Temperature, ( C)
o
y
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,
(
)
k
s
y
e
2% s,fi e
s,fi e
|iguro 4
Coefficient k
p
(y} a||owing for docroaso of charactoristic strongth
(b f
pk
} of prostrossing stoo|
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Quenched and tempered
prestressing steel (bars)
Cold-worked prestressing
steel (wires and strands)
Class A
Cold-worked
prestressing
steel (wires and
strands) Class B
Temperature, ( C)
o
y
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,
(
)
k
p
y
low to des|gn concrete structures us|ng lurocode ?
101
Assum|ng the 0l Net|one| Annex ve|ues eppropr|ete to lxpress|on
(6!0) |n lurocode heve |een used, then c
|
c
!,!
l|gure S cen used
to |oo| up the ve|ue o n
|
l lxpress|ons 6!0(e) end 6!0(|) heve |een used, then the sme||er
ve|ue determ|ned rom the o||ow|ng shou|d |e used or n
|

n
|
(O
|
c
|

|,!
) / (!3SO
|
!S c
0,!

|,!
) |lert !? lxp (?Se)|
n
|
(O
|
c
|

|,!
) / (!?SO
|
!S
|,!
) |lert !? lxp (?S|)|
where c
0,!
|s e unct|on o use determ|ned rom bS lN !990 ?00?
6
,
see Chepter ! or|g|ne||y pu|||shed es /|oJac|/o |o /aocoJe
/
or
urther dete||s c
|
e|so ver|es |n eech o the e|ove express|ons end |s
cherted |n l|gure 6 or ver|ous ve|ues o c
0,!

Spa||ing
wo types o spe|||ng ere cons|dered |n lert !? exp|os|ve spe|||ng end
concrete e|||ng o the sect|on
Explosive spalling
h|s |s un|||e|y to occur when the mo|sture content o the concrete
|s |ess then 3% |y we|ght vhere th|s ve|ue |s exceeded, exp||c|t chec|s
(lert !? C| 4S!(S)) ere requ|red lt |s essumed thet where e mem|er
hes |een des|gned to heve en exposure c|ess o `0 or `C! |n eccordence
w|th lurocode ?, lert !!
S
, exp|os|ve spe|||ng |s un|||e|y to occur, end
th|s w||| typ|ce||y |e the cese or |nterne| concrete ln the te|u|er method,
when the ex|s d|stence to the me|n re|norcement |s |ess then /0 mm
then no urther chec|s ere requ|red or norme| we|ght concrete
Concrete falling off the section
yp|ce||y exper|enced |n the |etter steges o |re exposure, th|s mey |e
prevented |y good dete|||ng ln ceses where the ex|s d|stence to the
me|n re|norcement |s eque| to or greeter then /0 mm, end |n the
e|sence o test|ng, surece re|norcement w|th e d|emeter o et |eest
4 mm shou|d |e used, speced et !00 mm centres or |ess
Tabular method
h|s deemed-to-set|sy dete|||ng method |n Sect|on S o lert !? most
resem||es the em|||er bS S!!0
9
, lert ! epproech, except thet lert !?
uses the nom|ne| d|stence rom the ece o the sect|on to the ex|s o
the re|norcement (see l|gure /) end not the cover d|stence he te||es
o ex|s d|stence end m|n|mum sect|on s|.e ere prov|ded or e num|er o
mem|er types up to e |re exposure per|od o ?40 m|nutes
he m|n|mum requ|red ex|s d|stence, a, determ|ned rom the te||es |s e
nom|ne| ve|ue, |e en e||owence or to|erences does not need to |e edded
to th|s ve|ue vh||st cr|ter|e l end l protect|on |eve|s mey |e ech|eved |y
set|sy|ng the m|n|mum sect|on requ|rements, cr|ter|on k requ|res thet the
m|n|mum ex|s d|stence requ|rements shou|d e|so |e set|s|ed
he |n|uence o eggregete type on sect|on |ehev|our |n |re cond|t|ons
|s eccounted or |y the re|exet|on thet, where ce|cereous eggregetes ere
used, the m|n|mum th|c|ness mey |e reduced |y !0%
he te|u|eted dete hes |een |esed on e cr|t|ce| tempereture o S00C
end e ve|ue o n
|
0/ he except|on to th|s |s or co|umns end |oed-
|eer|ng we||s where th|s |etter peremeter |s rep|eced |y e ut|||set|on
ector |n the |re s|tuet|on, m
|
lowever, n
|
mey |e used |nsteed o m
|

es e conservet|ve s|mp|||cet|on
|iguro 5
Dotormination of n
fi
using xprossion 2.5 of art 1-2
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r
,
f
i
1, 1
= 0.2
1, 1
= 0.9
1, 1
= 0.5
1, 1
= 0.7
Ratio,
c
n
c
c
c
|iguro 6
Dotormination of n
fi
using xprossions {2.5a and b} of art 1-2
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0, 1
= 0. 5 ;
1, 1
= 0. 2
0, 1
= 0.7 ;
1, 1
= 0.5
0, 1
= 0.7 ; 1, 1
= 0.7
0, 1
= 1.0 ;
1, 1
= 0.9 c c
c c
c c
c c
Ratio,
R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r
,
f
i
n
|iguro 7
Soction through mombor showing nomina| axis distanco, a
a a
b
b
a
sd
h b
!? Structure| |re des|gn
102
vhere the cr|t|ce| tempereture |s not S00C, e method |s prov|ded
to mod|y the ex|s d|stence g|ven |y the te|u|er method or tens|on
mem|ers end s|mp|y supported mem|ers |n |end|ng he mod||cet|on
|s e unct|on o the eree o re|norcement prov|ded end the |oed
reduct|on ector or |re |oed|ng he reduct|on |s cherted |n l|gure S or
re|norc|ng |ers w|th|n the renge 3S0C < y
cr
< /00C lt shou|d e|so |e
noted thet th|s prov|s|on does not e||ow the m|n|mum cover requ|rements
o lurocode ?, lert !! to |e reduced
lor prestressed mem|ers, the cr|t|ce| tempereture |s essumed to
|e 400C or |ers end 3S0C or tendons hereore, |n prestressed
mem|ers, the requ|red ex|s d|stence rom the te||es shou|d |e |ncreesed
|y !0 mm or prestress|ng |ers end !S mm or prestress|ng w|res end
strends l |t cen |e demonstreted (usue||y through |re eng|neer|ng) thet
the prestress|ng stee| does not reech the cr|t|ce| tempereture then the
edd|t|one| ex|s d|stence |s not requ|red
vhere re|norcement or prestress|ng tendons ere |eyered, e urther
chec| |s requ|red to show thet the te|u|eted ex|s d|stence |s not |ess
then the everege ex|s d|stence, a
m
, determ|ned rom the o||ow|ng
a
m
S/
s|
a
|
/S/
s|
where
/
s|
the eree o |er or tendon, '|'
a
|
the ex|s d|stence to |er or tendon '|' rom the neerest
exposed surece
Columns
lert !? presents two methods, A end b, wh|ch ere |oth eccepte||e or
use |n the 0l hey epp|y to |reced structures, un|reced s|tuet|ons ere
eddressed |eter |n th|s Chepter Method A |s the s|mp|est to use, |ut |s
e|so more restr|ct|ve
ln |oth methods, use o the te||es |s restr|cted |y the e||owe||e
eccentr|c|ty end eect|ve |engths o the co|umns ln some |nstences,
or exemp|e the co|umns support|ng the uppermost |oor, |t mey |e
the cese thet ne|ther method w||| |e ve||d, thus requ|r|ng the eng|neer
to use e s|mp|||ed ce|cu|et|on method to demonstrete eccepte||||ty
lowever, es en e|ternet|ve, |n such |nstences where the des|gn ex|e|
orce |s not greeter then 0!|
c|
t|mes the gross cross-sect|one| eree, the
mem|er mey |e des|gned es e |eem
Method A
e||e ! g|ves m|n|mum sect|on s|.es end ex|s d|stence ve|ues or
ver|ous res|stence t|mes end ut|||set|on ret|os (m
|
) he restr|ct|ons on
the use o Method A ere
he eect|ve |ength o the |reced co|umn |n the |re cond|t|on, N /
0,|
shou|d |e < 3 m
he |rst order eccentr|c|ty under |re cond|t|ons shou|d set|sy the N
||m|t
e /
0ld,|
/ /
ld,|
< e
mex
where
/
0ld,|
|rst order des|gn moment
/
ld,|
ex|e| orce under |re cond|t|ons
e
mex
0!S/ (or 0!S/ or c|rcu|er sect|ons)
he re|norcement outs|de o |eps shou|d set|sy As < 004Ac N
he degree o ut|||set|on |n the |re s|tuet|on |s de|ned |y
m
|
/
ld,|
//
kd
end |s used to determ|ne the correct te|u|eted ve|ue
lor s|mp||c|ty, end conservet|ve|y, |t cen |e te|en thet m
|
n
|
0/,
|e |t |s essumed thet the co|umn res|stence |s eque| to |ts cepec|ty et
em||ent u|t|mete |oeds
he ve|ues |n the te||e ere ce|cu|eted te||ng a
cc
!0 he 0l Net|one|
Annex te|es a
cc
0SS end th|s mey |e eccounted or |y ector|ng the
ce|cu|eted ve|ue o m
|
|y 0SS
!
, or |y us|ng lxpress|on (S/) lowever, |t
w||| |e conservet|ve to use the te|u|eted ve|ues w|thout such mod||cet|on
|iguro 8
koduction in axis distanco, a, doponding on aroa of stoo| providod
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
fi
= 0.2
fi
= 0.5
fi
= 0.7
Ratio, /
s,req
R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

i
n

a
x
i
s

d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
(
m
m
)
a
D
n
n
n
A A
1ab|o 1
Minimum co|umn dimonsions and axis distanco for co|umns with
roctangu|ar or circu|ar soctions - Mothod A
Standard
fire
resistance
Minimum dimensions (mm)
Column width b
min
Iaxis distanco, a, of the
main bars
Co|umn oxposod on moro than ono sido xposod
on one side
m
fi
= 0.2 m
fi
= 0.5 m
fi
= 0.7 m
fi
= 0.7
k 30 ?00/?S ?00/?S ?00/3?
300/?/
!SS/?S
k 60 ?00/?S ?00/36
300/3!
?S0/46
3S0/40
!SS/?S
k 90
?00/3! 300/4S 3S0/S3 !SS/?S
300/?S 400/3S 4S0/40
a
k !?0
?S0/40 3S0/4S
a
3S0/S/
a
!/S/3S
3S0/3S 4S0/40 4S0/S!
a
k !S0
3S0/4S
a
3S0/63
a
4S0//0
a
?30/SS
k ?40 3S0/6!
a
4S0//S
a
- ?9S//0
Key
a M|n|mum S |ers
Note
lor prestressed co|umns ex|s d|stence shou|d |e |ncreesed see text
low to des|gn concrete structures us|ng lurocode ?
103
Method B
e||e ? g|ves m|n|mum sect|on s|.es end ex|s d|stence ve|ues or
ver|ous res|stence t|mes end ut|||set|on end res|stence ret|os he
restr|ct|ons on the use o Method b ere
he s|enderness o the co|umn under |re cond|t|ons shou|d |e N
l
|
/
0,|
/ / < 30 where / |s the m|n|mum red|us o |nert|e
he |rst order eccentr|c|ty under |re cond|t|ons shou|d set|sy N
the ||m|t
e /
0ld,|
/ /
0ld|
< e
mex
where
e
mex
!00 mm
e// < 0?S
/ m|n|mum co|umn d|mens|on
he |oed |eve| et norme| tempereture cond|t|ons, , |s used |n the
determ|net|on o the m|n|mum ve|ues Conservet|ve|y, |t mey |e
essumed thet 0/ vh||st th|s essumpt|on mey |e o use |n |n|t|e|
concept des|gn, s|gn||cent reduct|ons |n the m|n|mum sect|on s|.e
end ex|s d|stence or e g|ven |re res|stence per|od mey |e ech|eved |y
ce|cu|et|ng exp||c|t|y rom
/
0ld,|
/ |0/(/
c
|
cd
/
s
|
yd
)|
Note thet |n the te||e the mechen|ce| re|norcement ret|o, w, |s one
o the requ|red peremeters ln lurocode ?, lert !!
S
, e conservet|ve
ve|ue |n the determ|net|on o ||m|t|ng s|enderness or the co|umn |s
0! lor e c|ess C30/3/ concrete th|s represents 04% re|norcement,
wherees when w !0, the co|umn wou|d requ|re 4% re|norcement
Walls
ve||s ere cetegor|sed |nto non-|oed|eer|ng, |oed|eer|ng, end |re
we||s l|re we||s heve to comp|y w|th |mpect res|stence cr|ter|e As
th|s cetegor|set|on |s typ|ce||y not used |n the 0l, |re we||s ere not
cons|dered eny urther here
lor e|| types, e ||m|tet|on |s p|eced on the ret|o o c|eer he|ght to
th|c|ness, /
0
/ | < 40, to evo|d excess|ve therme| deormet|on |eed|ng to
e||ure o |ntegr|ty |etween we|| end s|e| lowever, or e|| |ut the th|nnest
o we||s, th|s ||m|t |s un|||e|y to |e reeched |n typ|ce| epp||cet|ons
lor non-|oed|eer|ng we||s on|y therme| end/or |ntegr|ty cr|ter|e
(l end l) need to |e met end m|n|mum th|c|ness e|one governs the
edequecy |n the |re ||m|t stete, |e no chec| |s requ|red on the ex|s
d|stence lor |oed|eer|ng we||s e m|n|mum we|| th|c|ness, end ex|s
d|stence to the re|norcement, must |e prov|ded he m|n|mum ve|ues
or |oth types ere g|ven |n e||e 3 Note thet th|s te||e mey e|so |e
used or p|e|n concrete we||s
8oams
M|n|mum sect|on s|.es end ex|s d|stences to re|norcement or |eems
ere shown |n e||e 4 ln us|ng the te|u|er method, the o||ow|ng
essumpt|ons/restr|ct|ons ere mede
he sect|on |s exposed on three s|des w|th the upper surece N
essumed to |e |nsu|eted lowever, where e|| sureces ere exposed
to |re, the te||es mey st||| |e used |ut w|th edd|t|one| restr|ct|ons
p|eced on the m|n|mum sect|on s|.e
Table 2
Minimum co|umn dimonsions and axis distanco for co|umns with roctangu|ar or circu|ar soctions - Mothod 8
Standard fire resistance Mechanical
reinforcement ratio, w
Minimum dimensions (mm). Column width b
min
Iaxis distanco, a
n = 0.15 n = 0.3 n = 0.5 n = 0.7
k 30
0!00 !S0/?S
a
!S0/?S
a
?00/30 ?S0/?S
a
300/30 3S0/?S
a
0S00 !S0/?S
a
!S0/?S
a
!S0/?S
a
?00/30 ?S0/?S
a
!000 !S0/?S
a
!S0/?S
a
!S0/?S
a
?00/30 300/?S
a
k 60
0!00 !S0/30 ?00/?S
a
?00/40 300/?S
a
300/40 S00/?S
a
S00/?S
a
0S00 !S0/?S
a
!S0/3S ?00/?S
a
?S0/3S 3S0/?S
a
3S0/40 SS0/?S
a
!000 !S0/?S
a
!S0/30 ?00/?S
a
?00/40 400/?S
a
300/S0 600/30
k 90
0!00 ?00/40 ?S0/?S
a
300/40 400/?S
a
S00/S0 SS0/?S
a
SS0/40 600/?S
a
0S00 !S0/3S ?00/?S
a
?00/4S 300/?S
a
300/4S SS0/?S
a
S00/S0 600/40
!000 ?00/?S
a
?00/40 300/?S
a
?S0/40 SS0/?S
a
S00/S0 600/4S
k !?0
0!00 ?S0/S0 3S0/?S
a
400/S0 SS0/?S
a
SS0/?S
a
SS0/60 600/4S
0S00 ?00/4S 300/?S
a
300/4S SS0/?S
a
4S0/S0 600/?S
a
S00/60 600/S0
!000 ?00/40 ?S0/?S
a
?S0/S0 400/?S
a
4S0/4S 600/30 600/60
k !S0
0!00 400/S0 S00/?S
a
S00/60 SS0/?S
a
SS0/60 600/30 b
0S00 300/4S 4S0/?S
a
4S0/S0 600/?S
a
S00/60 600/S0 600//S
!000 300/3S 400/?S
a
4S0/S0 SS0/?S
a
S00/60 600/4S b
k ?40
0!00 S00/60 SS0/?S
a
SS0/40 600/?S
a
600//S b
0S00 4S0/4S S00/?S
a
SS0/SS 600/?S
a
600//0 b
!000 400/4S S00/?S
a
S00/40 600/30 600/60 b
Key
a Norme||y the cover requ|red |y bS lN !99?!! w||| contro|
b kequ|res w|dth greeter then 600 mm lert|cu|er essessment or |uc|||ng |s requ|red
!? Structure| |re des|gn
104
he pro||es |n l|gure 9 ere reerenced |n lert !? or the te|u|er N
method ln other |nstences such es l-|eems or or non-stenderd
sect|on shepes, eng|neer|ng |udgement shou|d |e used |n
determ|n|ng the epp||ce||||ty o the te||es
Add|t|one| ||m|ts ere epp||ed to the m|n|mum ex|s d|stence or N
corner |ers
lor cont|nuous |eems, | red|str||ut|on exceeds !S% |n the N
em||ent cond|t|on, the te||es or s|mp|y supported sect|ons shou|d
|e used un|ess the moment cepec|ty |s exp||c|t|y chec|ed A second
|mp||cet|on o th|s ||m|t |s thet stenderd te||es o |end|ng moment
end sheer coe|c|ents, such es those |n the /aaa/ |o |/e Je/q o|
coce|e /a//J/q |ac|ae |o /aocoJe ?
!0
, ere typ|ce||y |esed on
1ab|o 3
Minimum wall thicknesses for walls
Standard
fire
resistance
Non-
|oadboaring
wall
thickness
(mm)
Loadboaring roinforcod concroto wa||s
Minimum dimensions (mm)
wa|| thicknossIaxis distanco, a
m
fi
= 0.35 m
fi
= 0.7
Number of sides of
wa|| oxposod
Number of sides of
wa|| oxposod
One Two One Two
kll 30 60
b
!00/!0
b
!?0/!0
b
!?0/!0
b
!?0/!0
b
kll 60 S0
b
!!0/!0
b
!?0/!0
b
!30/!0
b
!40/!0
b
kll 90 !00
b
!?0/?0
b
!40/!0
b
!40/?S !/0/?S
kll !?0 !?0
b
!S0/?S !60/?S !60/3S ??0/3S
kll !S0 !S0
b
!S0/40 ?00/4S ?!0/S0 ?/0/SS
kll ?40 !/S
b
?30/SS ?S0/SS ?/0/60 3S0/60
Key
a 'k' exposure cond|t|on not epp||ce||e to non-|oed|eer|ng we||s
b Norme||y the cover requ|red |y bS lN !99?!! w||| contro|
1ab|o 4
Minimum dimonsion and axis distancos for continuous boams mado with roinforcod and prostrossod concroto
Standard fire
resistance
Minimum dimensions (mm)
Simply supported beams Continuous beams
Possible combinations of a and b
min
where a is the
avorago axis distanco and b
min
is the width of beam
Web
thickness b
w
Possible combinations of a and b
min
where a is the
avorago axis distanco and b
min
is the width of beam
Web
thickness b
w
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
k 30
/
m|n S0 !?0 !60 ?00 S0 S0 !60 S0
a
?S ?0 !S
a
!S
a
!S
a
!?
a
k 60
/
m|n !?0 !60 ?00 300 !00 !?0 ?00 !00
a
40 3S 30 ?S ?S !?
a
k 90
/
m|n !S0 ?00 300 400 !!0 !S0 ?S0 110
a
SS 4S 40 3S 3S ?S
k !?0
/
m|n ?00 ?40 300 S00 !30 ?00 300 4S0 S00 130
a
6S 60 SS S0 4S 3S 3S 30
k !S0
/
m|n ?40 300 400 600 !S0 ?40 400 SS0 600 150
a
S0 /0 6S 60 60 S0 S0 40
k ?40
/
m|n ?S0 3S0 S00 /00 !/0 ?S0 S00 6S0 /00 170
a
90 S0 /S /0 /S 60 60 S0
Key
a Norme||y the cover requ|red |y bS lN !99?!! w||| contro|
Notes
1 lor prestressed co|umns ex|s d|stence shou|d |e |ncreesed see text
2 a
sd
|s the ex|s d|stence to the s|de o |eem or the corner |ers (or tendon or w|re) o |eems w|th on|y one |eyer o re|norcement a
sd
a !0 mm, un|ess the ve|ues o /
m|n
ere greeter
then thet g|ven |n co|umn 3 or s|mp|y supported |eems or co|umn S or cont|nuous |eems, when no |ncreese |s requ|red
?0% red|str||ut|on end, | used, wou|d requ|re the s|mp|y supported
essumpt|on to |e edopted
Add|t|one| chec|s ere requ|red or the |rst |nterne| supports o N
cont|nuous l-|eems re|et|ng to poss|||e e||ure mechen|sms et |re
res|stence per|ods o !?0 m|nutes end e|ove
vhere the sect|on |s prestressed, pert|cu|er ettent|on shou|d |e pe|d
to the mod||cet|on requ|red to the ex|s d|stence o the prestressed
e|ements, es d|scussed |n the |ntroduct|on to the te|u|er method
lor cont|nuous |eems, curte||ment ru|es ere g|ven or the top re|norcement
o sect|ons |n |re he top re|norcement shou|d extend 03/
e
rom the
centre||ne o the support w|th the requ|red eree |e|ng e||owed to very |n
eccordence w|th the express|on, end es |||ustreted |n l|gure !0
/
s,req
(\) /
s,req
(0) (! ?S\//
e
)
where
\ d|stence rom the centre||ne o the support
/
s,req
(\) m|n|mum eree o top re|norcement requ|red et
d|stence \ rom the support |ut not |ess then the
m|n|mum e||owed rom lurocode ?, lert !!
/
s,req
(0) the eree o top re|norcement requ|red over the
support |n em||ent des|gn
/
e
eect|ve |ength o the spen
l 03/
e
|s su|st|tuted |nto the e|ove, the eree o re|norcement where
requ|red drops to ?S% o thet requ|red et the support ln some ceses,
th|s curte||ment |ength mey |e more onerous then thet determ|ned rom
some s|mp|e dete|||ng ru|es wh||st the s|mp|||ed dete|||ng ru|es presented
|n Chepter !0, /e|a///q
!!
w||| resu|t |n e see dete|| or stenderd ceses
low to des|gn concrete structures us|ng lurocode ?
105
Tensile members
he te|u|eted dete or |eems mey |e used or tens||e mem|ers w|th
the o||ow|ng restr|ct|ons
he gross cross-sect|one| eree shou|d not |e |ess then ? N /
m|n
?

where /
m|n
|s the m|n|mum e||owe||e sect|on w|dth te|en rom the
te|u|eted dete
vhere the |oed|eer|ng cepec|ty |s reduced |y excess|ve e|onget|on, N
lert !? g|ves gu|dence to eddress th|s
Slabs
Ver|ous orms o s|e| ere cons|dered s|mp|y supported, cont|nuous,
two-wey, |et, end r|||ed, end te||es ere prov|ded or eech As w|th
other mem|er types, e num|er o restr|ct|ons ere epp||ed |n eech cese,
these ere descr||ed |e|ow
Simply supported slabs
e||e S |s prov|ded or s|mp|y supported mem|ers w|th no spec|e|
prov|s|ons/restr|ct|ons
Continuous slabs
Cont|nuous s|e|s mey |e treeted es two-wey spenn|ng s|e|s where
/
y
//
x
< !S es g|ven |n e||e S he o||ow|ng cond|t|ons shou|d |e met
lor cont|nuous s|e|s, | red|str||ut|on exceeds !S% |n the em||ent N
cond|t|on, the te||es or s|mp|y supported sect|ons shou|d |e used
un|ess moment cepec|ty |s exp||c|t|y chec|ed
|iguro 10
nvo|opo of rosisting bonding momonts ovor supports for firo conditions
0.3 l
eff
0.3 l
eff
0.4 l
eff
BM from Exp. (5.11)
BM in fire location
Design BM
according to
BS EN 199211
BM when
= 0 t
M|n|mum neget|ve re|norcement eque| to 0S% o the gross N
sect|on eree shou|d |e prov|ded un|ess hot-ro||ed re|norcement
hes |een used, restre|nt |s prov|ded et the end supports o two-
spen s|e|s, end trensverse d|str||ut|on o |oed |s eccounted or
ln the 0l the procurement o re|norcement does not norme||y
e||ow the product|on method to |e spec||ed Cenere||y, C|ess A
re|norcement |s co|d wor|ed end C|ess b re|norcement |s hot ro||ed,
|ut |t |s poss|||e to orm C|ess b re|norcement |y co|d wor||ng
At present C|ess C re|norcement supp||ed |n the 0l |s hot ro||ed
end thereore cen |e spec||ed so thet the m|n|mum re|norcement
requ|red e|ove need not |e prov|ded
he dete|||ng |ssues re|et|ng to hogg|ng re|norcement |n cont|nuous
s|e|s ere the seme es those descr||ed prev|ous|y or cont|nuous |eems
Two-way slabs
he two-wey concept epp||es to |oth s|mp|y supported end
cont|nuous s|e| types ln edd|t|on to the comments or cont|nuous
s|e|s mede e|ove, ex|s d|stence to the re|norcement, a, |s te|en es
the d|stence rom the surece to the ex|s o the outermost |eyer o
re|norcement
he eng|neer shou|d note thet the convent|on |n e||e S, where the
re|et|onsh|p or spens /
y
~ /
x
|s the oppos|te o thet |n lurocode ?,
lert !! or |et s|e|s where /
x
~ /
y

1ab|o 5
Minimum dimonsions and axis distancos for roinforcod and
prestressed solid slabs
Standard fire
resistance
Minimum dimensions (mm)
One-way
spanning
slab
1wo-way spanning s|ab
a
Flat slab
l
y
/l
x
1.5 1.5 < l
y
/l
x
2 d 15
c
d > 15
c
kll 30 /
s
60 60 60 !S0 !S0
a !0
b
!0
b
!0
b
!0
b
!0
b
kll 60 /
s
S0 S0 S0 !S0 !S0
a ?0 !0
b
!S
b
!S
b
?0
kll 90 /
s
!00 !00 !00 ?00 ?00
a 30 !S
b
?0 ?S 30
kll !?0 /
s
!?0 !?0 !?0 ?00 ?00
a 40 ?0 ?S 3S 40
kll !S0 /
s
!S0 !S0 !S0 ?00 ?00
a SS 30 40 4S SS
kll ?40 /
s
!/S !/S !/S ?00 ?00
a 6S 40 S0 S0 6S
Key
a he term two wey s|e|s re|etes to s|e|s supported et e|| our edges l th|s |s not the cese
they shou|d |e treeted es one-wey spenn|ng s|e|s
b Norme||y the cover requ|red |y bS lN !99?!! w||| contro|
c d |s the red|str||ut|on ret|o
Notes
1 /
x
end /
y
ere the spens o e two-wey s|e| (two d|rect|ons et r|ght eng|es) where /
y
|s the
|onger spen
2 lor prestressed co|umns ex|s d|stence shou|d |e |ncreesed see text
|iguro 9
Dofinition of dimonsions for difforont typos of boam soction
b b b
b
w
(a) Constant width (b) Variable width (c) -Section I
!? Structure| |re des|gn
106
Table 6
Minimum dimonsions and axis distanco for two-way spanning, simp|y
supported ribbed slabs in reinforced or prestressed concrete
Standard fire
resistance
Minimum dimensions (mm)
Possible combinations of width of
ribs b
min
and axis distanco a
Slab thickness
h
s
and axis
distance a in
f|ango Simply supported At |oast ono odgo
restrained
kll 30
/
m|n
S0 S0 /
s
S0
a
!S
a
!0
a
a !0
a
kll 60
/
m|n
!00 !?0 ~ ?00 !00 !?0 ~ ?00 /
s
S0
a
3S ?S !S
a
?S !S
a
!0
a
a !0
a
kll 90
/
m|n
!?0 !60 ~ ?S0 !?0 !60 ~ ?S0 /
s
!00
a
4S 40 30 3S ?S !S
a
a !S
a
kll !?0
/
m|n
!60 !90 ~ 300 !60 !90 ~ 300 /
s
!?0
a
60 SS 40 4S 40 30 a ?0
kll !S0
/
m|n
??0 ?60 ~ 4!0 3!0 600 /
s
!S0
a
/S /0 60 60 S0 a 30
kll ?40
/
m|n
?S0 3S0 ~ S00 4S0 /00 /
s
!/S
a
90 /S /0 /0 60 a 40
Key
a Norme||y the cover requ|red |y bS lN !99?!! w||| contro|
Notes
1 lor prestressed co|umns ex|s d|stence shou|d |e |ncreesed see text
2 a
sd
|s the ex|s d|stence to the s|de o |eem or the corner |ers (or tendon or w|re)
o |eems w|th on|y one |eyer o re|norcement a
sd
a !0 mm
he cod||ed ce|cu|et|on methods end the|r essoc|eted ennexes |n
lert !? ere
S|mp|||ed ce|cu|et|on method or |eems end s|e|s Annex l N
S00C |sotherm method (stenderd or peremetr|c |res) Annex b! N
?one method (stenderd |res on|y) lert !? recommends th|s N
|s preerred where sme|| sect|ons or s|ender co|umns ere |e|ng
cons|dered Annex b? (h|s method |s not |nc|uded |n th|s chepter)
Method or the ene|ys|s o co|umns w|th s|gn||cent second order N
eects Annex b3
lowever, |eore se|ect|ng eny o the e|ove methods, |t |s |mportent
to note thet they eddress |exure on|y w|th sheer end tors|on |e|ng
covered seperete|y |eter |n th|s Chepter
Simplified calculation method for beams
and slabs
h|s method, g|ven |n Annex l o lert !?, |s en extens|on to the
te|u|er method end mey |e used |n the des|gn o |eems end s|e|s
where the |oed |s predom|nent|y un|orm|y d|str||uted end, or
cont|nuous mem|ers, the |eve| o red|str||ut|on does not exceed
!S% lor h|gher |eve|s o red|str||ut|on, the moment cepec|ty et the
supports must |e chec|ed |eore th|s epproech mey |e epp||ed
h|s method prov|des e meens o chec||ng whether e reduced ex|s
d|stence rom thet determ|ned |n the te|u|er method cen |e |ust||ed
|y e more dete||ed exem|net|on o the |exure| cepec|ty o the sect|on
lowever, no reduct|on mey |e mede to the sect|on s|.e determ|ned
rom the te|u|er method
he epproech |s to chec| thet the des|gn moment |n |re |s eque| to or
|ess then the des|gn res|stence |n |re, |e /
ld,|
< /
kd,|
he term /
ld,|

|s de|ned es
/
ld,|
u
ld,|
/
e
?
/S
where
w
ld,|
un|orm|y d|str||uted |oed (|N/m) under |re cond|t|ons
n
|
w
ld
n
|
reduct|on ector (see 'com||net|ons o ect|ons' sect|on
on pege ?)
w
ld
un|orm|y d|str||uted |oed (|N/m) under em||ent
cond|t|ons
/
e
eect|ve |ength o |eem or s|e|
Leterm|net|on o the des|gn res|stence end other chec|s depend on
whether the mem|er |s s|mp|y supported or cont|nuous A |ow chert
o the des|gn process |s presented |n l|gure !!
Simply supported members
he des|gn res|stence under |re |oed|ng |s determ|ned rom the
o||ow|ng express|on
/
kd,|
(g
s
/ g
s,|
) /
s
(y) /
ld
(/
s,prov
//
s,req
)
Flat slabs
lor |et s|e|s, e||e S mey |e used At |eest ?0% o the tote| top
re|norcement |n eech d|rect|on (/
t
) shou|d |e p|eced over the
supports |n the co|umn str|p end |e cont|nuous over the u|| spen
Ribbed slabs
he ru|es or |eems end cont|nuous s|e|s shou|d |e used |n the
eve|uet|on o one-wey r|||ed s|e|s lor two-wey spenn|ng r|||ed s|e|s,
the |normet|on |n e||e 6 |s prov|ded w|th the ||m|tet|on to the|r use
|e|ng thet the |oed|ng |s predom|nent|y un|orm|y d|str||uted
As w|th |eems, |n e|| ceses where the sect|on |s prestressed, pert|cu|er
ettent|on shou|d |e pe|d to the mod||cet|on requ|red to the ex|s
d|stence o the prestressed e|ements, es e|reedy d|scussed |n the
|ntroduct|on to the te|u|er method
Simplified calculation
methods
lour s|mp|||ed ce|cu|et|on methods ere presented |n lert !-? he |rst
o these |s e s|mp|||ed ce|cu|et|on method spec||ce||y or |eems end
s|e|s ln the other methods, e s|mp|||ed cross-sect|on ce|cu|et|on |s used
to determ|ne the |exure| res|stence o the sect|on |n the |re cond|t|on,
end th|s |s compered w|th the eect o ect|ons |n the |re s|tuet|on
low to des|gn concrete structures us|ng lurocode ?
107
where
g
s
pert|e| meter|e| ector or stee| et em||ent temperetures
g
s,|
pert|e| meter|e| ector or stee| under |re cond|t|ons
/
s
(y) strength reduct|on epp||ed to stee| or e g|ven
tempereture (y) under the requ|red |re res|stence
/
ld
des|gn moment or em||ent des|gn
/
s,prov
cross-sect|one| eree o tens|on re|norcement prov|ded
/
s,req
cross-sect|one| eree o tens|on re|norcement requ|red
he ret|o /
s,prov
//
s,req
shou|d not |e te|en greeter then !3 he
coe|c|ent /
s
(y) mey |e determ|ned rom l|gure !? Note th|s |s e
s|mp|||cet|on o l|gure 3, or use w|th the te|u|er method end Annex l
Continuous members
ln the |re cond|t|on, lert !? e||ows moment red|str||ut|on rom
the spen |ec| to the supports | su|c|ent re|norcement |s prov|ded
over the support end thet th|s re|norcement |s su|te||y curte||ed to
eccommodete the |end|ng moment enve|ope
he m|d-spen moment res|stence cen |e ce|cu|eted rom the
express|on or /
kd,|
e|ove he 'ree' |end|ng moment or the |re
s|tuet|on |s then determ|ned end '|tted' to the moment o res|stence
o the spen he moment o res|stence et the support or the |re cese
mey then |e ce|cu|eted es o||ows
/
kd,|,Support
(g
s
/g
s,|
)/
ld
(/
s,prov
//
s,req
)(J a)/J
where
J eect|ve depth o the sect|on
a requ|red everege |ottom ex|s d|stence te|en rom e||e 4,
co|umn 4, or |eems, end rom e||e S or one-wey s|e|s
/
s,prov
//
s,req
shou|d not |e te|en greeter then !3
1ab|o 7
Minimum width of cross-section as function of fire resistance
Fire resistance k 60 k 90 k !?0 k !S0 k ?40
Minimum width of
cross-section (mm)
90 !?0 !60 ?00 ?S0
|iguro 11
Flow chart for simplified calculation method for beams and slabs
Finish
Is the element a
simply supported?
Is M
Ed, fi
. M
Rd, fi
?
Are the support
moments exceeded?
Calculate the support design
moment of resistance,
M
Rd, fi, support
Fit the free bending
moment so that M
Ed,fi
= M
Rd,fi
Redesign section or use
alternative methods
Start
Calculate M
Rd, fi
Calculate M
Ed, fi
.
Determine k
s
(y) from Figure 12
Determine y, using temperature profiles in Annex A of Part 1-2.
Yes
No No
Yes
Yes
No
As |eore, |n e|| ceses where the sect|on |s prestressed, pert|cu|er
ettent|on shou|d |e pe|d to the mod||cet|on requ|red to the ex|s
d|stence o the prestressed e|ements, es e|reedy d|scussed |n the
|ntroduct|on to the te|u|er method
he curte||ment |ength requ|red under |re cond|t|ons mey |e greeter
then the |ength determ|ned |n lurocode ?, lert !! end shou|d |e chec|ed

500C isothorm mothod
ln the |sotherm method, concrete et e tempereture e|ove S00C |s
neg|ected |n the ce|cu|et|on o sect|on res|stence, wh||st concrete et or |e|ow
S00C |s essumed to rete|n |ts u||, em||ent tempereture strength ln
lert !? the method |s |||ustreted w|th reerence to rectengu|er sect|ons
hus, the ce|cu|et|on process |s to |rst chec| thet the sect|on meets
the m|n|mum cross-sect|one| w|dth requ|rements |n e||e /
l the m|n|mum requ|rements ere met, the eree not demeged |y
heet, |e w|th|n the S00C |sotherm, |s determ|ned to g|ve e reduced
sect|on s|.e (/
|,
J
|
) where the concrete rete|ns |ts or|g|ne| propert|es
vh||st the tempereture gred|ent through e sect|on denoted |y
|sotherms mey |e determ|ned rom test|ng, lert !? prov|des
tempereture pro||es or e num|er o typ|ce| mem|er types end
cross-sect|ons (See exemp|e |n l|gure !3)
he rounded corners o the res|due| sect|on re|ect the ree| pro||e o
the |sotherm end mey |e epprox|meted to e recteng|e es shown |n
l|gure !4, some |nterpretet|on mey |e requ|red
|iguro 12
koforonco curvos for critica| tomporaturo of roinforcing and prostrossing
stoo| for uso with tabu|ar mothod and Annox
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 12
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,

k
s

(
y
c
r
)

o
r

k
p

(
y
c
r
)
Reinforcing steel
Prestressing steel (bars)
Prestressing steel
(wires and strands)
Temperature, ( C)
o
y
!? Structure| |re des|gn
108
Once the reduced cross-sect|on |s determ|ned, the tempereture o
eech re|norc|ng |er |s ound us|ng tempereture pro||es end rom
th|s, the reduced strength o the re|norcement due to tempereture
mey |e determ|ned |n eccordence w|th l|gures 3 end 4 Note thet,
|n some |nstences, the re|norcement mey e|| outs|de o the res|due|
cross-sect|on ln such ceses, these |ers mey st||| |e counted when
determ|n|ng the sect|on cepec|ty
he sect|on res|stence mey then |e determ|ned us|ng convent|one|
ce|cu|et|on methods, es |nd|ceted |n l|gure !S end compered ege|nst
the des|gn |oed |n the |re s|tuet|on |n th|s |gure where
/
|
w|dth o reduced cross-sect|on
J
|
eect|ve depth o the reduced cross-sect|on
|ever erm |etween the tens|on re|norcement
end concrete
' |ever erm |etween the tens|on end compress|on
re|norcement
/
s
eree o tens|on re|norcement
/
s!
pert o tens|on re|norcement |n equ||||r|um
w|th the concrete compress|on ||oc|
|iguro 13
Reduced cross-section of reinforced concrete beam and column
c) Fire exposure on four sides (beam or column)
500 C
o
500 C
o
500 C
o
h h
fi
b
fi
b
fi fi
b
b b
b
a) Fire exposure on three sides
with tension zone exposed
d d
fi
=
d
fi
b) Fire exposure on three sides with
the compression zone exposed
Compression
Tension
Tension
Compression
|iguro 14
xamp|o tomporaturo profi|o
900
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Distance from bottom left corner of element (mm)
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

f
r
o
m
b
o
t
t
o
m
l
e
f
t

c
o
r
n
e
r

o
f

e
l
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
m
)
|iguro 15
Stross distribution at u|timato |imit stato for a roctangu|ar concroto
cross-section with compression reinforcement.
A
s1
A
s
z d
1
b
1
x
M
u1 z
z
F A f
s
)
s1 scd,fi m
M
u2
A f
s1 sd,fi
( )
m
f
cd, 1
(20)
xb f
n cd, 1
(20)
x l
l
n
y
y = (
/
s?
pert o tens|on re|norcement |n equ||||r|um
w|th the compress|on re|norcement
/
s'
eree o compress|on re|norcement
|
cd,|
(?0) des|gn ve|ue o compress|on strength concrete |n
the |re s|tuet|on et norme| tempereture
|
c|
/g
c,|
|
cd
|
sd,|
(y
m
) des|gn ve|ue o the tens|on re|norcement strength |n
the |re s|tuet|on et meen tempereture y
m
|n thet |eyer
|
scd,|
(y
m
) des|gn ve|ue o the compress|on re|norcement strength
|n the |re s|tuet|on et meen tempereture y
m
|n thet |eyer
Note: |
sd,|
(y
m
) end |
scd,|
(y
m
) mey heve d|erent ve|ues (see lert !?,
C| 4?43)
/
s
tote| orce |n compress|on re|norcement |n the
|re s|tuet|on, end |s eque| to pert o the tote| orce |n
the tens|on re|norcement
l, n end \ ere de|ned |n lurocode ?, lert !!
vhen the re|norcement |s d|str||uted |n more then one |eyer, lert !?
oers s|mp||y|ng methods to determ|ne the ex|s d|stence to the centre
o the re|norcement |eyers end the tempereture reduct|on et th|s |eve|
he |end|ng moment ce|cu|et|on o the cross-sect|on |s
/
u!
/
s!
|
sd,|
(y
m
).
/
u?
/
s?
|
scd,|
(y
m
).'
/
s
/
s!
/
s?
where
/
s
tote| tens|on re|norcement eree
|
sd,|
des|gn tens||e strength o re|norcement
|
scd,|
des|gn strength or compress|ve re|norcement
/
|
w|dth o the |re exposed cross-sect|on
J
|
eect|ve he|ght o the |re exposed cross-sect|on
low to des|gn concrete structures us|ng lurocode ?
109
vhen the moment contr||ut|ons ere essessed es shown e|ove, the
tote| moment cepec|ty |s o|te|ned rom
/
u
/
u!
/
u?
he des|gn process |s summer|sed |n l|gure !6
Cross-soctions oxposod to bonding and axia| |oad
Annex b3 prov|des e ce|cu|et|on method or mem|ers (pr|mer||y
co|umns) where the structure| |ehev|our |s s|gn||cent|y |n|uenced
|y second order eects under |re cond|t|ons lowever, es w|th the
te|u|er method, the epproech |s ||m|ted to mem|ers thet cen |e
cons|dered es |e|ng |reced
|iguro 16
||ow chart for 500C isothorm mothod
Finish
Is M
Ed,fi
M
Rd,fi
?
Redesign section or use
alternative methods
Start
Calculate M
Ed, fi
(see simplified calculation method for beams and slabs)
Check the minimum dimensions exceed the values in Table 7
Determine reduced section size (b
fi
d
fi
) using Figure 13 and
temperature profiles in Annex A of Part 12
No
Yes
Determine y, using temperature profiles in Annex A of Part 12
Determine k
s
(y), from Figure 3 or Figure 4
Calculate M
u
, using stress distribution shown in Figure 15. M
u
= M
u1
+ M
u2
|iguro 18
Dosign f|ow chart for shoar and torsion dosign
Finish
Does the section
also resist torsion?
Calculate the reference
temperature at points P along
the line AA see Figure 20
Calculate the torsion resistance
and interaction with shear using
section 6.3 of Eurocode 2, Part 11
Start
Determine the reduced cross-section using either 500C
isotherm or zone methods
Calculate the compressive and tensile concrete strengths:
For isotherm method, f
cd,fi
= f
cd,fi
(20) = f
ck
and f
ctd,fi
= f
ctd,fi
(20) = f
ctk
For zone method, f
cd,fi
= k
c
(y
m
) f
cd,fi
(20) and f
ctd,fi
= k
ct
(ym) f
ctd,fi
(20),
where k
c
(y
m
) and k
ct
(y
m
) may be taken as k
c
(y) and can be determined
from Figure 2
Determine position P, the point at which the reference temperature,
y
p
is calculated. P is located along section AA, which is
determined from h
c,ef
(see Figure 19)
Yes
No
Determine y
p
using temperature profiles in Annex A of Part 12
Calculate the reduced design strength of the shear reinforcement, f
sd,fi
,
from: f
sd,fi
= k
s
(y) f
sd
(20) = k
s
(y) f
ywd
where k
s
(y) can be determined from Figure 3 or Figure 4
Calculate the shear resistance using the methods given for ambient
temperature design, see Chapter 4 Beams
11
|iguro 17
Coefficient k
c,t
(y} a||owing for docroaso of tonsi|o strongth {f
ck,t
) of
concrete at elevated temperatures
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature, ( C)
o
C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,
(
)
k
c
,
t
y
y
C|ven the comp|ex|ty o the epproech, the te||es |n Annex C o
lert !? heve |een der|ved rom th|s method end mey |e used to
chec| thet the sect|on s|.e end ex|s d|stences ere edequete or e
g|ven cese
Calculation methods for shear and torsion
vhen us|ng the te|u|er method, | the m|n|mum sect|on d|mens|ons
ere prov|ded, no chec|s |eyond those cerr|ed out or em||ent
tempereture des|gn ere requ|red ln other ceses, mem|er res|stence
shou|d |e determ|ned |y ce|cu|et|on end gu|dence |s g|ven |n Annex L
o lert !?
lor typ|ce| sect|ons, sheer e||ure due to |re |oed|ng |s uncommon end
wh||st not |e|ng u||y ve||deted, when us|ng the ce|cu|et|on method
presented, the pr|nc|p|es |n lurocode ?, lert !! mey |e epp||ed to e
reduced cross-sect|on es determ|ned rom eny o the ce|cu|et|on methods
||sted e|ove lowever, or etyp|ce| sect|ons, such es those w|th th|n we|s
where we| e||ure mey govern, these methods shou|d |e used w|th cere
ln ceses where sheer re|norcement |s not prov|ded, the sect|on
res|stence to sheer |s prov|ded |y the concrete ln such ceses th|s
res|stence must |e reduced to eccount or tempereture eects |y e
ector o /
ct
(y), wh|ch mey |e te|en rom l|gure !/ ln ceses where
||n|s ere prov|ded, whether or sheer e|one or e|so or tors|on, the
strength o the ||n|s |s reduced due to the tempereture eects end the
sect|on res|stence then determ|ned, |esed on the reduced sect|on he
ce|cu|et|on process |s shown |n l|gure !S
!? Structure| |re des|gn
110
Unbraced structures
lt hes |een noted thet or co|umns end we||s, when us|ng the te|u|er
method, |reced structures on|y ere cons|dered |n lert !? h|s |s e|so
true or the s|mp|||ed ce|cu|et|on method presented |n Annex b3,
wh|ch |s descr||ed es e .one method or the ene|ys|s o co|umns w|th
s|gn||cent second order eects
ln ceses where the structure |s un|reced, or thet port|on o the
structure |e|ng cons|dered cennot |e cons|dered es |reced |y thet
pert o the structure remote rom the |re then the o||ow|ng opt|on |s
eve||e||e to the eng|neer
References
1 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !99?!?, /e/q o| coce|e |ac|ae Oeea/ a/e - |ac|aa/ |/e Je/q bSl, ?004
2 lNSl0lON Ol Sk0C0kAl lNClNllkS Oa/Je |o |/e aJ.aceJ |/e a|e|, eq/ee/q o| |ac|ae lStructl, ?00/
3 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON NA to bS lN !99?!?, c/ /a|/oa/ /e\ |o /aocoJe ? /e/q o| coce|e |ac|ae Oeea/ a/e - |ac|aa/ |/e
Je/q bSl, ?00S
4 bAlll, C 8 llO0k, C Oa/Je |o |/e oe|omace o| coce|e |ac|ae / |/e he Concrete Centre, due ?009
5 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !99!!?, /aocoJe ' /c|/o o |ac|ae Oeea/ ac|/o /c|/o o |ac|ae e\ooeJ |o |/e
bSl, ?00?
6 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !990, /aocoJe Sa/ o| |ac|aa/ Je/q S/ ?00?
7 NAkAANAN, k S 8 bkOOllk, O /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae |o /aocoJe ? /|oJac|/o |o /aocoJe he Concrete Centre, ?00S
8 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !99?!!, /aocoJe ? /e/q o| coce|e |ac|ae Oeea/ a/e aJ a/e |o /a//J/q bSl, ?004
9 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS S!!0, I/e |ac|aa/ ae o| coce|e bSl, !99/
10 ll lNSl0lON Ol Sk0C0kAl lNClNllkS /aaa/ |o |/e Je/q o| coce|e /a//J/q |ac|ae |o /aocoJe ? lStructl, ?006
11 bkOOllk, O /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae |o /aocoJe ? /e|a///q he Concrete Centre, ?006
12 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON lL 66S/, Sac/qoaJ oaoe |o |/e c/ /a|/oa/ /e\ |o S // '99?'' bSl, ?006
13 bkOOllk, O 8 MOSS, k /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae |o /aocoJe ? Seam he Concrete Centre, ?006
|iguro 19
Dotormination of |ino A-A to onab|o ova|uation of roforonco
temperature y
p
at point P
A
A A
c,eff

c,ef
= MIN {2.5 ( ); (
h
d
x
h
c,ef
2
= 0
1
e
e
|iguro 20
The reference temperature y
p
shou|d bo ova|uatod a|ong tho |ino A-A for
the calculation of torsion resistance
A
A A
A
A
A
A
A
p
in links y
lor |n|t|e| des|gn, the |ec|ground peper to the 0l Net|one| Annexes
to bS lN !99?! stetes thet, et the d|scret|on o the des|gner, the
te|u|er method mey |e used or genere| des|gn end cr|t|ce| co|umns
chec|ed |n eccordence w|th e|ther the S00C |sotherm method or the
.one method
Such en epproech wou|d |e unsee where the mem|ers |n the |re
.one prov|de the predom|nent meens o structure| ste||||ty end |n
such ceses edvenced ce|cu|et|on methods end spec|e||st edv|ce mey |e
requ|red
!? Structure| |re des|gn
Members of the Steering Group
ohn Meson A|en bexter 8 Assoc|etes (Che|rmen)
Stuert A|exender vSl Croup p|c
le| Chene br|t|sh Cement Assoc|et|on
Cher|es Coodch||d he Concrete Centre
ony ones Arup
Andy ly|e NkM Consu|tents
k|cherd Moss lormer|y o lowe|| o|ner Assoc|etes
Nery Nereyenen C|er| Sm|th lertnersh|p
k|cherd Sh|pmen LClC
ko|ert Vo||um lmper|e| Co||ege, 0n|vers|ty o london
kuss vo|stenho|me vS At||ns 8 Ll lro|ect Oucer
kod ve|ster Concrete lnnovet|on end Les|gn
Members of the Concrete Industry Eurocode 2 Group (CIEG)
ohn Moore Consu|tent (Che|rmen)
C||ve budge br|t|sh lrecest Concrete lederet|on
le| Chene br|t|sh Cement Assoc|et|on
ohn C|er|e he Concrete Soc|ety
Co||n C|ever|y Construct
Cher|es Coodch||d he Concrete Centre
le|g Cu|veness|en bkl
Ceo lerd|ng LClC
om lerr|son Querry lroducts Assoc|et|on
ony ones Arup
ohn Meson A|en bexter 8 Assoc|etes
k|cherd Moss lormer|y o lowe|| o|ner Assoc|etes
Nery Nereyenen C|er| Sm|th lertnersh|p
k|cherd Sh|pmen LClC
Mert|n Southcott Consu|tent
kuss vo|stenho|me v S At||ns
kod ve|ster Concrete lnnovet|on end Les|gn
CCll-006
lu|||shed Lecem|er ?006, rev|sed Septem|er ?009
lSbN !-9S4S!S-4/-!
lr|ce Croup l
MlA - he Concrete Centre
k|vers|de louse, 4 Meedows bus|ness ler|,
Stet|on Approech, b|ec|weter, Cem|er|ey, Surrey, C0!/ 9Ab
Tel: 44 (0)!?/6 606S00 Fax: 44 (0)!?/6 606S0!
wwwconcretecentrecom
Cl/S|
0LC
6?40!?400!63
How to Design Concrete Structures using Eurocode 2
Dr Andrew Bond |s e 0l de|egete on the ClN/C ?S0/SC/
comm|ttee respons|||e or lurocode /, the geotechn|ce| lurocode,
end |s the lCl's representet|ve on the Net|one| Stretegy Comm|ttee
or |mp|ementet|on o lurocodes
Owen Brooker |s Sen|or Structure| lng|neer or he Concrete Centre
where he promotes euc|ent concrete des|gn through gu|dence
documents, presentet|ons end the net|one| he|p||ne
Dr Andrew Fraser |s e Sen|or lng|neer w|th Arup Advenced
echno|ogy end keseerch where he prov|des spec|e||st edv|ce on the
ene|ys|s, des|gn end dete|||ng o concrete structures
Andrew Harris |s e ormer Assoc|ete Leen o l|ngston 0n|vers|ty
end hes prepered pu|||cet|ons end g|ves presentet|ons on lurocode /,
the geotechn|ce| lurocode
Prof Tom Harrison |s che|rmen o the bSl concrete comm|ttee le
|s techn|ce| consu|tent to the QlAbkMCA end e v|s|t|ng |ndustr|e|
proessor et the 0n|vers|ty o Lundee
Dr Tony Jones |s Assoc|ete L|rector o Advenced echno|ogy end
keseerch et Arup le s|ts on the bSl Comm|ttee respons|||e or the
me|ntenence o ex|st|ng br|t|sh Stenderds end the ClN comm|ttee
respons|||e or the deve|opment o luropeen Codes
Dr Richard Moss |s ormer|y o bu||d|ng keseerch lste|||shment end
|s euthor o e num|er o the|r techn|ce| pu|||cet|ons
Prof R S Narayanan |s pest Che|rmen o ClN/C ?S0/SC?, the
comm|ttee respons|||e or structure| lurocodes on concrete le |s
consu|tent to C|er| Sm|th lertnersh|p
Rod Webster o Concrete lnnovet|on end Les|gn |s en expert |n the
des|gn o te|| concrete |u||d|ngs end |n edvenced ene|yt|ce| methods
This publication brings together in one place How to...
guidance for the design, specication and detailing of a broad
range of concrete elements.
h|s pu|||cet|on te|e the prect|s|ng eng|neer through the process o
des|gn|ng to lurocode ? end |nc|udes commentery, ow cherts, dete
te||es end des|gn e|ds to ene||e des|gners to epp|y lurocode ? qu|c||y
end conudent|y to the des|gn o concrete structures