Study Guide for Exam 1 Classification of Living Things Define the word taxonomy.

Taxonomy is the branch of biology concerning identifyi ng naming and classifying organisms. What is the Binomial System of naming organisms? What are some of the rules that we follow under the binomial system? A system derived from Linnaeus to name organisms , th e first work is genus name (Homo) second is more specific (sapiens) Define the following terms; systematics (Study of diversity of organisms using i nfo from cellular to population levels) Phylogeny (is the evolutionary history of a group of organisms) phylogenetic tree (representation of lines of decent with branching points from a common ancestor) , primitive character (things common to all members of group, such as mammals ha ving 4 legs) derived character (specific to one species , such as loss of a tail) homology (the same organ in different animals with a variety of function, such as eyes in people bats bugs etc) What is the difference between homologous and analogous structures? Homologous s tructures are found in many animals of same ancestor , analogous are found in many but hav e different evolutionary ancestors , for examplele wings in bats an bugs. What is convergent evolution? The acquisition of the same biological trait in un related lineages , for example bats and birds have wings but are unrelated species What are the different sources we use in systematics to construct a phylogenetic tree? Fossil record, rRna sequences, homology What can you say about the evolutionary relationships between baboons, chimpanze es and humans? They are from a common ancestor How many kingdoms are included under Whittaker s system of classification? 5 kingd oms , monera protista plante fungi animalia What kingdom includes prokaryotes under Whittaker s system of classification? MONE RA In the three domain system, what domains include prokaryotic organisms? Archaea , bacteria

How are the prokaryotic domains different in three domain classification system? Theyre split in two groups , bacteria and archea Why was it necessary to split the kingdom that included prokaryotes under Whitta ker s system into two different domains in 3 domain system of classification? Because of dif ferences in rRna genes from those two types of organisms How are bacteria and archeae different? How are they similar? Theyre both microo rganisms, they are autotrophs, theyare different cause arch live in harsher enviorments How are prokaryotes different from eukaryotes? What are the eukaryotic kingdoms in the most recent system of classification? p rotozoa chromista plantae fungi animalia Under kingdoms, what are the additional classification categories for eukaryotic organisms? Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and eukaryotic cells do. The main difference to remember is that everything in a eukaryotic cell is much larger and more complex than what would be found in a prokaryotic cell. Bacteria is made of prokaryotic cells. Plants and animals are made of eukaryotic cells. List all classification categories starting from the most inclusive to the least inclusive. LIFE DOMAIN-KINGDOM-PHYLUM-CLASS-ORDER-FAMILY-GENUS-SPECIES Anagram to remember : King phillip came over for good sex Viruses, Bacteria and Archeae Biologists have been arguing about whether viruses are living or non-living. Lis t some of the properties of viruses that support the argument that viruses are non-living. What are some of the properties of viruses that argue for viruses to be living? Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a virus that infects plants and was the first viru s to be identified. Is this statement true or false? TRUE Viruses can be crystallized, true or false? TRUE What is the structure of a virus? What kind of genetic material does virus contain? What is a naked virus? What a re the criteria used to classify viruses? Viruses are defined as obligate intracellular parasites. What does it mean? What is a bacteriophage? Virus that infect bacteria List all different stages of lytic life cycle of a bacteriophage? Explain the

following terms in the context of lytic life cycle of a virus; attachment, penet ration, biosynthesis, maturation, and lysis. How is lysogenic cycle different from lytic life cycle of a virus? What is the p hage called in its latent stage? OR What is a prophage? Lysogenic life cycle can revert back to lyt ic cycle under certain conditions, true or false? What is a retrovirus? What retrovirus causes AIDS in humans? What is the functio n of reverse transcriptase enzyme? What immune cells are the targets of HIV in humans? What are viroids? Viroids are plant pathogens that consist of a short stretch (a few hundred nucleobases) of highly complementary, circular, single-stranded RNA What are prions? Mismolded protein that is infectious Name the disease caused b y prions in humans and in cattle. Mad cow disease What is the difference between a capsule and a slime layer in bacterial cells? N ame the structure used by bacterial cells for movement. FLAGELLA How do bacterial cells attach to various surfaces? What is a nucleoid? What is binary fission? Is binary fission sexual or asexual means of reproductio n? What do you understand by the following terms; conjugation, transformation and transduction? What are plasmids? What are endospores? Define the following terms; obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, photoauto trophs, chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs. What is symbiosis? What the three different types of symbiotic relationships that bacteria have with other organisms? What are the tw o ways in which antibacterial compounds or antibiotics target bacterial cells? What is gram staining? List the main differences between gram negative and gram positive bacteria. After gram staining, what is the color of gram positive and gram negat ive cells respectively and why? What are three basic shapes of bacterial cells? What are cyanobacteria? What are the main differences between bacteria and archeae? What are methanogens , halophiles, and thermoacidophiles? Protista: Algae and Protozoans Why are plants considered to be closer to algae in evolution? Are all algae phot osynthetic? Are all algae unicellular? List one example of the following; unicellular green alga e, colonial form of green algae, multicellular green algae, and filamentous green algae. What are seaweeds? List some commercial uses of red algae. What are diatoms? What protozoans have pseudopods? How does amoeba obtain their food?

List the name of disease caused by the following protozoans; Trypanosoma brucie, Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica, Plasmodium vivax.