Implementing Industrialized Building System (IBS) in Indonesian Construction Industry

Abstract
Recently, construction industry development in Indonesia is running very slowly, it is not as expected. Construction sectors in Indonesia are facing lot of problems and constraints. Furthermore, there are several major constrainsts which effect construction sectors in Indonesia, the constraints are defined below: lack of appropiate material, waste of material on site, lack of skills and experiences of worker, inappropiate construction methods, lack of innovative building systems, project delay leads to high execution cost, and repair for finishing work.

Implementing an Industrialized Building System (IBS) in an Indonesian construction industry, especially for residential housing projects should improve performance and efficiencies of such projects due to an enormous advantages and benefit bring by said systems. Thus, there are 3 (three) proposed IBS technologies for residential houses which are: pre-cast concrete for foundation system, sandwich panel for structural system and light-weight steel for roof system.

Keywords : Indonesian Construction Industry, Construction Performance, Industrial Building System (IBS)

Introduction
Indonesia as a developing country needs a lot of improvement in an infrastructure sector, thus it needs strong support from a construction industry. Furthermore, the construction industry plays an important role in national economic growth. In 2011, the construction industry contribute to economic growth by about 6-7% (CBS, 2011) and employed 7-8 % of the countrys labour forces (CBS, 2011).

In recent years, development of the construction industry in Indonesia is running very slowly due to a lack of industrys efficiency such as poor performance, project delay, high execution cost, conflict among parties, and so on. These problems lead to poor quality of infrastructure which would effect beneficiaries. Various strategies and solutions have to be taken to improve the performance and quality of the construction industry. In the end, it will accelerate development of indonesian infrastructure and increase national economic growth.

However, construction projects in Indonesia often cannot accomodate the changes due to building innovation technology. Nowadays, there are lot of advancements of building material and technology which would help to improve the productivity of construction process and quality of construction finished product such as pre-cast technology, lightweight steel technology, composite structure technology, sandwich panel technology, and so on. One of the terms to define building innovation technology is Industrialized Building System (IBS) which is commonly used in Malaysian construction industry.

The objectives of this paper are to implement industrialized building system (IBS) in an Indonesian construction industry to improve performance. This paper contains a primary study on definitions and characteristics of industrialized building system (IBS), recent development overview of the Indonesian construction industry, and implementation of IBS to the Indonesian construction industry for future planning usage.

The method of research is literature study from various sources such as literature reviews of industrialized building system characteristics, construction projects in Indonesia, existing performance of construction projects in Indonesia, and key performance indicator analysis for implementing IBS. Furthermore, the results of a literature study are analyzed to obtain thoroughly figures of the improvement conditions needed in construction projects in Indonesia. Based on the analysis result, it is expected that key performance indicators of a housing Industry in Indonesia will be found. Finally, based on the identified issues, strategies

for implementing IBS are proposed to improve the performance of the housing industry in Indonesia.

The research question of this paper is how an Industrialized Building System (IBS) Impact construction industry in Indonesia? And the hypothesis of this paper is by implementing IBS in an Indonesian construction industry should improve the performance of construction industry in Indonesia.

Industrialized Building System (IBS)

Industrialized Building System (IBS) is the term to represent the prefabrication and construction industrialization concept in Malaysia.There are several other terms to describe industrialized construction and prefabrication such as Modern Method of Construction (MMC) and Offsite Manufacturing (OSM). MMC is very common inUnited Kingdom (UK) and OSM is widely used in Australia.

Unfortunately, terms used in a construction industrialization are poorly defined, and often confused with other terms and precise definitions depend on a users experience and understanding, which vary from country to country. However, some researchers defined IBS as following : an innovative process of building construction using concept of mass-production of industrialized systems, produced at the factory or onsite within controlled environments, it includes the logistic and assembly aspect of it, done in proper coordination with thorough planning and integration(kamar, Hamid, Azman & Ahmad, 2011).

In addition, groups of researchers revisit the issue on definitions and classifications of IBS, they suggest that the new definition of IBS should consist of six different characteristics, which are industrialized in transportation, production and assembly technique, massproduction, onsite fabrication, standardization and structured planning and process integration (kamar, Hamid, Azman & Ahmad, 2011). For further explorations of and discussion between researchers in this field, a generic classification for IBS can be derived as: frame system (pre-cast or steel), panelized system, onsite fabrication, sub-assembly and components, block work system, hybrid system and volumetric and modular systemintegration (kamar, Hamid, Azman & Ahmad, 2011).

Therefore, IBS has alot of advantages for construction process compare to conventional method of construction, described as follows : 1. The repetitive use of system formwork made up steel, aluminium, etc and scaffolding provides considerable cost savings(Bing et al. 2001). 2. Construction operation is not affected by adverse weather condition because prefabricated componentis done in a factory controlled environment (Peng, 1986). 3. Prefabrication takes place at a centralised factory, thus reducing labour requirement at site. This is true especially when high degree of mechanisation involved (Warszawski, 1999). 4. An industrialized building system allows for faster construction time because casting of precast element at factory and foundation work at site can occur simultaneously. This provides earlier occupation of the building, thus reducing interest payment or capital outlays (Peng, 1986). 5. An industrialized building system allows flexibility in architectural design in order to minimise the monotony of repetitive facades (Warszawski, 1999). 6. An industrialized building system provides flexibility in the design of precast element as well as in construction so that different systems may produce their own unique prefabrication construction methods (Zaini, 2000). 7. An industrialized building system component produces higher quality of components attainable through careful selection of materials, use of advanced technology and strict quality assurance control (Din, 1984).

There are several types of IBS which are commonly used in developed countries to improve their construction performance, especially to expedite the development of residential houses. IBS systems for housing could be divided into 3 main systems as a major part of the building such as: foundation system, structural system and roof system. Each system will use different type of IBS due to the the unique part of the building. The proposed IBS for each part of the building are as following: pre-cast concrete for foundation system, sandwich panel for structural system, and light-weight steel for roof system. The above systems are often used in construction project to minimize work on site and ensure the quality of finish product. 4

First of all, Pre-cast concrete is prefabricated concrete which is produced in factory with dimension and quality controlled based on design drawing. Pre-cast concrete will replace conventional foundation work which usually use stone or concrete on site. Moreover, the useof pre-cast concrete will improve the speed of work, ensure the strength of the concrete and reduce wastage on site (see picture 1).

Picture 1.Pre-cast Concrete Foundation (offsite construction industry survey. 2006. Build offsite. United Kingdom, London.22)

The next system, sandwich panel which is mainly used in Europe and United States is a semi fabricated system in which the main part of the systems are produced in the factory whilethe rest of the system are installed on site. The main part of the system is the sandwich panel without concrete application in both sides of panel which will replace conventional structural system such as column and beam structure. Furthermore, the use of sandwich panel will lead to reduces labour force and construction time, flexibility in design, reduce wastage on site, and earthquake proof buildings (see picture 2).

Picture 2. 3D Construction System Sandwich Panel (Brief Introduction of 3D construction System. 2006. EVG. Australia, NSW) 5

Finally, light-weight steel for roof system in which all parts of the roof are produced in the factory. Roof structures or trusses are made from light-weight steel and the roof cover should be made from any kinds of material depends on the needs. Light-weight steel will replace conventional wood trusses which is very heavy. The use of light-weight steel will reduce construction time and improve the strength of roof structure as earthquake proof structure (see picture 3).

Picture 3. Light-Weight Steel Trusses (LysaghtSmartruss. 2011. Lysaght Point. Indonesia, Jakarta)

Indonesian Construction Industry

As mentioned previously, the construction industry in Indonesia play an important role in national economic growth. In 2011, the construction industry contribute to economic growth by about 6-7% (CBS, 2011) and employed 7-8 % of the countrys labour forces (CBS, 2011). Unfortunately, based on data released by the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) in 2009 there was a significant decrease on satisfaction level of construction productivity. It means that the Indonesian construction industry still has a poor performance record.

Currently, the construction industry in Indonesia are facing lot of problems, the lack of industrys efficiency due to poor performance, project delay, high execution cost, and a labour intensive. This problerm may occure mainly because several factors as following: misconduct of project management, insufficient finance capital, lack of professional engineers and lack of building innovation technologyknowledge. Moreover, the government of Indonesia should create a good environment for the construction industry by preparing proper regulation which would drive construction player into professional management.

Some research was conducted to evaluate the construction project and their constraints. One of the research conducted described inefficiency in the Indonesian construction industry as following: problem in project delivery such as lack of appropiate material and waste valuable resources for rework, lack of skills and experiences lead to adapted changes resistance, disintegration between parties involved, traditional patterns of communication leads to project delay, waste and dispute during communication, and that the Indonesian construction industry is at risk as a result of failure to anticipate change in a dynamic change environment (Larasati and Tsunemi, 2009).

Other research was conducted to define critical factors which effect construction productivity, the factors are described below: supervision, material, execution plan and design (Soekiman et al, 2007). Nevertheless, another research was conducted to describe issues contributed to reduces construction productivity and company performance, the factors are: repair on finishing works, material delays, project schedule delays, design changes, slow decision making and lack of workers skills (Alwi et al, 2002).

To summarize, the above discussions show major constraints which effect construction industry performance in Indonesia, the constraints are described as following: lack of appropiate material, waste of material on site, lack of skills and experiences of worker, inappropiate construction methods, lack of innovative building systems, project delay leads to high execution cost, and repair for finishing work.

Analysis and Discussion

Based on the literature review and discussion above, this paper will provide some analysis and further discussion regarding solutions to overcome constraints and problems in the Indonesian construction industry which would effect performance and efficiencies of construction project, especially for residential house projects. Several solutions are proposed to counter the constrains as following :

1. Lack of appropiate material can be solved by providing good quality of construction material which should contain prefabricated or semi-prefabricated materials.

2. Waste of material on site can be reduced by using prefabricated or semi-prefabricated materials which will manage the waste in the factory.

3. Lack of skills and experiences of workers and inappropiate construction methods can be solve by providing innovative construction methods which wouldnt need a lot of skilled workers such as Industrialized Building System (IBS). 4. Lack of innovative building technology can be solved by implementing IBS which contain of prefabricated and semi-prefabricated materials. 5. Project delay lead to high execution cost can be solved by using IBS because it should reduce construction time due to simplicity of installation of IBS process. 6. Repair for finishing works can be solved by using IBS because it should maintain the quality of finish product by factory assessment.

Furthermore, the analysis above shows the importance and necessity of implementing Industrialized Building System (IBS) as an innovative building technology inthe Indonesian construction industry, especially residential house project. Therefore, there are 3 (three) proposed systems conducted with IBS to replace conventional method to construct residential houses. This system will apply to 3 (three) major parts of the house construction such as foundation, structural and roof parts. The 3 (three) proposed system are : pre-cast concrete for foundation system, sandwich panel for structural system, and light-weight steel for roof system.

Based on various explanation above, problems and constraints of the Indonesian construction industry are identified. Possible solutions to overcome those problems are being proposed. Furthermore, this papersuggests various strategies to implement industrialized Building System (IBS) in Indonesia Construction Industry for future planning. The strategies are described below:

1. Promote and develop IBS technology to all construction players.

2. Conduct training for construction workers regarding IBS technology.

3. Prepare a formal regulation for implementing IBS in Indonesian construction industry.

4. Insist all constructions players to use IBS technology.

5. Invite investors for set up factory for IBS technology. 8

6. Prepare the society for alternative technology.

To summarize, above analysis and discussions are providing a strategy development process for implementing IBS, which is described below (see figure 1). Furthermore, the strategy is planned to be implemented for the next 5 years in Indonesian construction industry (see figure 2).

Figure1. Strategy Development for Implementing IBS

Figure2. Time Projection Plan for Strategy Development

Conclusions

To conclude, the construction industry in Indonesia has an important role to improve national economic growth. Therefore, construction sectors have to be improved to achieve positive national economic growth. Recently, the construction industry in Indonesia is facing lot of problems and constraints which would cause poor performance and lack of efficiencies in construction project. Moreover, implementing Industrialised Building Systems (IBS) in residential housing project in Indonesia should improve performance and efficiencies of such project due to enormous advantages and benefit bring by said systems.

In fact, there are lot of challanges and obstacles to implement IBS in construction industries. Thus, this paper hassuggested several strategies to implement IBS in Indonesia.However, 9

this paper analysis and discussion still needs further research to make it more visible and reliable due to lack of experience of having projects with IBS technology in Indonesia.

Hopefully, the result of this paper could bring better knowledge regarding IBS technology and should encourage the Indonesian government to take action for improving construction sectors by implementing IBS technology. In future studies, there should be more research conducted regarding the IBS system which could be more specific in finding more suitable IBS technology for construction environment in sustainable building systems. Indonesia, especially for green and

References
Alwi, S., Hampson, K., and Mohamed, S. 2002, Indonesia : a study of non value-adding activities, Proceedings of the international conference on advancement in design, construction, construction management and maintenance of building structure, Bali, 27-28 March, Vol.II, pp. 20-34. Bing, L., Kwong, Y.W., and Hao, K.J. 2001,Seismic behaviour of connection between precast concrete beams,CSE Research Bulletin, No.14. Central Berau of Statistic 2007, Economic Indicators 2007, Jakarta, Indonesia. Central Berau of Statistic 2009, Saisfactory Level of Construction Productivity, Jakarta, Indonesia. Din, H. 1984, Industrialised building and its application in Malaysia. Seminar on Prefabrication of Building Construction, Kuala Lumpur. Kamar, K.A.M., Hamid, Z.A., Azman, M.N.A. and Ahmad M.S.S. 2011, Industrialized building system (IBS): revisiting issues of definition and classification, International Journal of Emerging Sciences, Vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 120-132. Larasati, D., and Tsunemi, W. 2009, Evaluation study on existing condition of indonesian construction industry : how to improve performance and the competitiveness,Kochi University of Technology, Japan.

10

Peng, C.S. 1986,The scenario of industrialised building systems in Malaysia,Proceedings of a UNESCO/FEISEAP Regional workshop, UPM Serdang. Soekiman, A., Pribadi, K.S., Soemardi, B.W., and Wirahadikusumah, R.D. 2007, Factors relating to labor productivity affecting the project schedule performance in Indonesia, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia. Warszawski, A. 1999,Industrialised and automated building systems, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, E & FN Spon. Zaini, O. 2000,Malaysian Construction Industry Challenges and demand. Malaysian Structural Steel Association Convention, Kuala Lumpur.

11