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Andrew Yang PERSIAN Chart AP World History Period 7

POLITICAL Leaders, Elites State Structure War Diplomacy, Treaties Courts, Laws

Chapter 18: The Rise of Russia Russias Expansionist Push (The First Few Czars) 1. Local princes in the 15th century finally begin to shake off Mongol rule, exerting autonomy by the mid 1450s 2. Under the new czar Ivan III (the Great), a large part of Russia was freed by 1462, based on strong military organization that gave the government a new expansionist policy. He also played on loyalties to the Orthodox Church to win support for his new campaigns. 3. 1480 Moscow is finally freed from payment to the Mongols; the military conquests expand Russian territory that extends from the borders of the PolishLithuanian kingdom to the Ural Mountains. 4. Local administrative issues still remain in the hands of regional princes however. 5. Meanwhile, Ivan the Great claimed an earlier tradition of centralized rule which went back to Byzantine and Rurik dynasty precedents and used that to back up his authority. Additionally, he insisted that Russia had succeeded Byzantium as the Third Rome, accordingly calling himself tsar (Caesar). 6. Ivan IV (the Terrible) continued the policy of military expansion, placing a great emphasis on keeping tsarist power for himself and changing Russia into an autocratic state. His nickname stems from the fact that he slaughtered many of the boyar nobles he thought were conspiring. 7. These two czars pushed Russian conquests towards the Caspian Sea and east into the Ural Mountains, filling them with eager peasant pioneer Cossacks. In the 16 th Century, the Cossacks moved into western Siberia and took over the plains which had long been inhabited by the Asian nomadic groups such as the Mongols. 8. Carefully managed contacts with the West occurred right after the death of Ivan the Terrible, who left no heir (the Time of Troubles) The Romanov Rulers and new Westernization 1. 1613 An assembly of boyars chose a member of the Romanov family to rule Russia; thus, the Romanov dynasty lasting until the Russian Revolution of 1917 was established. 2. The first ruler Michael reestablished centralized control of the government and drove out Swedish and Polish invaders. 3. Wars against Poland brought parts of Ukraine, including Kiev, back under Russian control, while southern expansion set Russia on a collision course with the Ottoman Empire for territory. 4. Michaels successor Alexis abolished the assembly of boyars and gained new powers, rooting out old religious customs that were not Russian in origin. 5. Russia remained fairly backwards compared to the rest of modern Western Europe until the reign of Peter the Great (1689-1724). Westernization Takes Hold: the 1700s for Russia 1. Under Peter the Great, who went on trips over to Europe to see how Western Europe worked politically and economically, Russia became an absolute monarchy modeled on the ones in place in France and Austria. Apparently enlightenment ideas didnt catch on, because Peter became a brutal ruler who suppressed revolts and also forced the boyars to cut their beards off. Additionally, the capital was moved over to St. Petersburg after the Russians had gained access to newly acquired Baltic Sea land and thus an ice free port. 2. Russia selectively modernized, and by the time of Peters death in 1724, Russia emerged as a power to be reckoned with. 3. After three decades of unrest, Catherine the Great ruled from 1762 to her death in 1796. Catherine, like Peter, was also a selective modernizer who also began to

ECONOMIC Type of System Technology, Industry Trade, Commerce Capital/Money Types of Businesses

place increasing limits on the growing serf classes. Like him, she also suppressed revolts such as the Pugachev revolt. 4. The Russians took new territory from the weak Polish state that disintegrated and from the Ottoman Empire that once controlled the Crimean Peninsula and Black Sea provinces. In terms of economics, western merchants established trading outposts around key Russian cities. Overall though, Russia was a largely agricultural serf/ coerced labor based economy until the reforms of Peter the Great, in which Western advisors geared Russia towards industrialization and helped to build up the Russian Navy. Still, coerced labor systems staffed such factories that were created by Peter and later by Catherine.

RELIGIOUS Holy Books Beliefs, Teaching Conversion Sin/Salvation Deities

In terms of religious changes, some practices of Eastern Orthodoxy that supposedly had Mongol customs slipped in were purged by the Romanov rulers. The followers of the old customs moved and settled in different areas of the empire, spreading the old customs elsewhere in Russia

SOCIAL Family Gender Relations Social Classes Inequalities Life Styles

Peasant revolts were common because the peasants became a huge serf population base, going backwards from free farmers to a class governed by harsh landlord and czar rules, as well as harsh punishments; the Russian Empire incorporated many people from many different cultural backgrounds, becoming a multicultural empire ruling even a Muslim minority. A large artisan and merchant class were never allowed to expand because the boyars held their powers in check so as to prevent them from challenging their social status and wealth. Russian advances in art, architecture, and intellectual developments were hindered by the fact that the Mongol occupation shielded Russia from the benefits of the Italian and Northern Renaissances; however, Russia compensated by inviting in certain artisans and philosophers, especially during the era of selective Westernization, to help move cultural developments along. Some of the most famous structures built, such as the characteristic onion domes in Moscow, were built with the information of such artisans. Russia took advantage of its mainly flat terrain to expand across Siberia, into Eastern Europe, and south towards the Crimean Peninsula.

INTELLECTUAL, ARTS Art, Music Writing, Literature Philosophy Math & Science Education

NEAR: GEOGRAPHY Location Physical Movement Human/Environment Region

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