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ni=?*,JI*CN< 79fJ >]¸d· µS²A]²m783M78<DJqN 79+16,*Y<D*C-q79JHO?7s<D*.ZU<L3wBA0802Bd:Jx</=P+1Æ< 79JLjHBAW?OPN *KNt783a+.OPN
B.OP08Q{7s3f<D=?*C-D*79Ju+.HO ð"¾ò+1OHN'+1O ì ð§½J/WPE]=c<D=P+d< ¹ 5ì ¿ ì a ô 3wB.-i+1020 ì <ð bZni=P*
²d°9³l®´dµy±D ¹ wì x¿ xiB.34+{GSB.72OA< ì ð§3w-/BA6 </=P*JI*CU< &72J;N *CPO?*KNjQ
¹ 5ì %¿ Luñ%78O (3 ¹ wì ¿Ií? íoIð 2,
ni=?*JI<D+1</*C6,*FOA< ¹ wì %¿ xañ}ïcN B*KJiO?B1<;726{GP08Qo</=P+1< ì Lð bZ
)*LJD+Q{</=P+1<i+b3wW?OPEY</72B.O º §×¼ :722J >]¸d· µy².]²c783`78<DJi-]+1O?@A* §X79JajHBAW?OPN *KNfZX?BA-
*Yr?+.6{GP08*AR_+q-D*F+.0sTUgd+102W?*FN3wW?OPEY</72B.O º §½¼¾v72JujHBAW?OPN *KNc783f</=?*F-/*79Ju+PO?78</*OW?6jH*Fj-
J/WPE]=o<D=P+d< wì ô 3wB.-+.080 ì ð§\Z|)*J/+Q,<D=P+d< º §×¼¾72NJ >]¸1· µS².]²¶]¯/¸d«½O´ >]¤¸ n
7834<D=?*C-D*q72J+1O ð"¾JIWHE]=<D=P+d< 5ì ô 3wB.-+.080 ì ð§zRP+1OP[ N >]¸d· µy².]²¶]¯D¸d« >]Yû8¤¸ ï783
</=P*C-D*L79J+.IO ð¾J/WPE]=o<D=P+d< i 5
ì î 3wBA-+1020 ðp§\Z ì
S ¦¤S¢yFª¢îe5
[ -D*F+.0f3wW?OPEY</72B.O º ¾ ¼ ¾72J{±D¸1µP®°µP·P¸1·³+1<x+,GSB.72OA< ì ðt¾7s33wBA-*CgA*C-DQ ´Æµ ï{</=P*C-D*
79J+ µ ï'J/WPE]=p<D=P+d< ìF
ì ' °,786,G?0272*FJ wì
wì ° ´ Z;ni=WPJFRHECB.O_</72OW?7s<^QB13
+d< ì 72Ja<D=?*G?-DB.GS*C-/<^Q,</=P+1<;</=?*gd+.08W?*qB.3t+d<+{GHBA78O_<EY02BAJ/*x6{*C</-D72E,J/GP+.EC*FJL79JL+.O
B.jg72B.WPJi@A*CO?*F-D+.0872ùF+1</72B.OB134</=?*bN?*YPO?78</72B.Op3wBA--D*F+103wW?OPEl<D78BAOPJFZa¦`*Y< §m¿ ¹,J +1OPN :M¿ ¹ =
jS*q<^:MB,6,*Y<D-/79EqJIGP+AEY*KJCZ
¨ A©¢4wFª¤H¢S /E [3wWPOPEl<D78BAO º §×¼ :¬79Jb±]¸dµH®ª°µH·P¸d·³q+d< ì ð§ 78343wBA-;*CgA*C-DQ ´_µ ï
</=P*C-D*L79J+ µ ï,JIWHE]=<D=P+d< ¹ J wì ¿ ì j °726{GP0872*FJ ¹ = wì Y¿ 5ì I ° ´ ZXni=P*q3wW?OPEl<D78BAO
"79Jb±]¸dµH®ª°µH·P¸d·³¸dµ§×78378<79J;EYB.O_<D78OW?BAWPJ;+d<;*CgA*C-DQcGHBA78O_<72Op§\Z
U3 "72JiO?B.<EYB.O_<D78OW?BAWPJi+d< ì R<D=?*COp:a*LJD+Q,</=P+1!< "79J²d°9³C±]¸dµP®°µP·P¸1·³q+1< ì Zuni=?*F-/*q+1-D*

EYBAO_</72O_WPB.WPJa3wW?OHEl</72B.OHJB.O"+.O_Qo6{*C</-D72EbJIGP+AEY*AZu?BA-*Yr?+16,G?02*.RP*Cg.*F-/QEYB.OHJ^<]+1O_<i3wW?OPEl<D78BAO"72J
EYBAO_</72O_WPB.WPJFZ
¡? ¥ 5H /P ¦*C< !~ðz§zRe+1OHNN?*YPO?"* º § ¼ ¾j_#Q wì ñ ¹ 5ì %¿ ! YZni=?*F$ O \72J
EYBAO_</72O_WPB.WPJiBAO§\Z
)*EC+.O\+109JIBmN?*YPO?*EYBAOA<D78OW?78<^Q78O~<D*C-D6cJbB.3i02726{78<DJFZtU3 º § ¼ :oR:M*oJD+Q></=P+1<
wì u¼ í +AJ ì ¼ ì R B.-
08¹ 726 5ì uñ%í ¿
% %'&
7833wB.-'*Fg.*C-DQ ´Wµ ï<D=?*C-D*m79Jo( + µ ï\J/WPE]=ò</=H+d<5 ï ° ,¹ J 5ì ¿ ì °)786,G?0272*FJo</=P+1<
¹ = 5ì Y¿Ií N ° ´ VZ w"B.-D*@A*CO?*F-D+.0802Q.Ry783 +º * ò § ¼ : =P+.JqN BA6c+172O * Re+1OPN ì 79Jq+
02786,78<iB.3eGSB.72O_<DJa78O * R_</=P*CO:M*JD+,Q 5ì X¼ í +AJ ì ¼ ì 72O * 7s3e3wB.-i*CgA*C-DQ ´_µ ïb</=P*C-D*
79Ja-+ µ ï{JIWPE]='</=P+1<iVï ° ¹ J wì ¿ ì °+1OPN ì ð * 726{GP0872*FJM</=H+d< ¹ = wì l¿/í j ° ´ Z|[
3wW?OPEY</72B..O º § u ¼ :¬72J;ECB.O_</72OW?B.WPJ;+1< ì ð§783
08¹ 726 5ì X/ ñ wì Y¿
% % &
6,*F+.O?78OP@</=P+1<X</=P*02786,78<MB103 5ì X+AJ ì ¼ ì *Cr79JI<DJu+.OPN,79JX*Fø_WP+.0 </Bb</=?*g+.08WP*B103 +d< ì Z
¡? ¥ 5H ?] U3 º ïP%¿ ! Xu
¼ :3wBA-JIBA6{2* ! µ ïPRP+1OH1N 5ì u3 ¼ 2ò+.J ì ¼ ï?R <D=?*COp:a*
:;-D7s<D*
08¹4726 65 wì M7 ñ 2_
%
726,7809+1-D08QAR 7s83 º R
!S¿/ï_X¼ :cRP+.OP1N wì M9 ¼ 2ò+.J ì ¼ïPR</=?*FOp:M*:;-D7s<D*
08¹:726 ; wì u7 ñ 2U
%
U83 º §u ¼ : +.OP1N <¬72J+cJ/W?jPJ/*Y<B.34§zR </=?*FO":M*JD+Qc<D=P+d=< t79Jb±]¸dµP®°µP·P¸1·³b¸dµ <¬783
78<L79JxECB.O_</72OW?B.WHJ+d<L*CgA*C-DQGSB.72O_< ì > ð <cZLni=P72JxG?-DB.GS*C-/<^Q79JCRy72Ot@A*CO?*F-D+.0ªRHO?B1<L*Fø_W?72g+.08*FO_<
</B{<D=?*EYBAOA<D78OW?78<^QoB.3`<D=?*-/*KJ^<D-/79El<D78BA1O ? B183 "B.1O <cZ
¡? ¥ 5H ?t ¦*C< º ¾}¼¾~jS*a</=?*;E]=P+.-D+AEl<D*C-D72JI</79E|3wW?OHEl</72B.O{B13P</=?*i-]+d</72B.OH+109JCR:;=?79E]=
79J;N *YPOP*FNjQ
wì XA ñ @ ï 7s3 ì ð C ¿
7s3 ì ð ³ C
º lÌ ÉdÄ9ÆsÉgáKÆsÄ Àë
ni=?*a3wW?OPEY</72B.Oc79J|N 79J/ECB.O_</72OW?B.WHJ4+1<|*Cg.*F-/QGSB.72O_<|B13S¾aRHj?W <B C º C ¼¾\79J4</=P*EYB.OHJ^<]+1O_<
3wW?OPEY</72B.O. C 5ì uñ|.R?J/B C 72J;ECB.O_</72OW?B.WHJiB.O C Z
[&JIWPj </02*.R?jPW <726{GSB.-/<D+.O_<FR?JI</-D*CO?@.</=?*FO?78OP@{B.34ECB.O_</72OW?7s<^Qo72J· µH° ¶Y¸d¯l« ±]¸dµP®°µP· °®þdZ
¨ A©¢4wFª¤H¢S [ 3wW?OPEl<D78BAO º §×¸ ¼ :¬79J· µH° ¶Y¸d¯l«{ûýþ±]¸dµH®ª°µH·P¸d·³B.Op§7s33wBA-;*Cg.*F-/Q
´Hµ ï"</=?*F-/*72J+. µ ï>JIWHE]=</=P+1< ¹ J 5ì ¿Ií?6 °D726,G?0872*FJ ¹ = wì Y¿ í /f ° ´ 3wB.-+.080
ì ¿/íoðp§\Z
ni=?*EY-DWPEY79+10aN 7 3y*C-D*COHEY*ojS*Y<^:a*C*F O x*YPO?78</72B.X O .Z q.ïm+.OPW N x*YPO?78</72B.b
O .Z h¤Ûp79J<D=P+d<{</=P*
gd+102W?*B183 {N B*FJ;OPB1<N *FGH*FOPNpB.Op<D=?*GHBA78O_< ðp§\RPJ/B,</=P+1=< í?a@.*C<DJEC08B_JI*F-i</"B 5ì ;+1<
ì
+{W?O?783wB.-D6ÿ-]+d<D*q+AJií'@.*C<DJ;EC08B_JI*F-M<DB ì Z
O{</=?*i3wBA0802Bd:;72O?@PR1:a*;:;72080PN?*CO?B.</*+1020 6,*Y<D-/79ECJ|jQ ¹ :;=?*CO,78<u79JXEY02*F+.-e3w-DB.6</=?*ECB.O_</*Cr<
:;=?79E]=p6{*C</-D72EL79J;6,*F+.OA<KZ
¡? ¥ 5H ni=?*x3wW?OPEY</72B.O E º ïP)¿ X¼¾}N *YHO?*FNcjQ E wì M| ñ c³ ì 72JaEYBAOA<D78OW?BAWPJXBAO &
ïP)¿ ij?W <OPB1<xWPO?7s3wBA-/6,02QECB.O_</72OW?B.WPJFZ;ni=?*3wW?OHEl</72B.O Í º ¾¼ ¾&N *YHO?*FN"jQ Í_wì iñ ì
79JEYBAO_</72O_WPB.WPJ;BAOm¾j?W <xOPB1<W?OP7s3wBA-/6,02QECB.O_</72OW?B.WPJFZiU3 ÿ !S6¿ F`79Jx+.O_QjHBAW?OPN *KN"72OA<D*C-Dgd+10R
</=P*CO Í' HG I JLK 79J;W?O?783wB.-D6,08QoECB.O_</72OW?B.WHJiB.O ÿ !S¿ F6Z
¡? ¥ 5H [3wW?OPEY</72B.O º ¾ . ¼¾ Ç 72JN´ M µS783
p ì ö
p í?Xñ p wì `ö
p O í? 3wB.-+1020 ì ¿Iíoðp¾ . +1OPN p ð ÿ ï?(¿ PÎ
VXgA*C-DQog+ ÌcO?*3wW?OPEl<D78BAO"72JW?O?783wB.-D6,08QEYB.O_<D78OW?BAWPJCZi[Om¤+ ÌcO?*3wW?OPEY</72B.O >EC+.O"jH*:;-D78<I</*FO
72Oo<D=?*3wBA-/Q 6 5ì u
ñ ì > ö FR :;=?*F-/«* 72Ji+{EYB.OHJ^<]+1O_j< È »'m6c+1</-D7sro+.OPN F72Ji+{EYB.OHJ^<]+1O_<
ÈTgA*FEl<DB.-KZ4_[ ÌcO?*q3wW?OPEY</72B.OPJ+.-/*q6,B.-D*q@.*FO?*C-]+10S</=H+1Op0872O?*K+1-a3wW?OPEY</72B.OPJFR 3wB.-;:;=P72E]. = F;ñ}ïPZ
ni=?*F-/*q79J;+,WPJI*C3wW?0*KøAWP78gd+102*CO_<;:i+Qc</BcE]=P+.-D+AEl</*F-/72ùC*qEYBAO_</72O_WPB.WPJa3wW?OHEl</72B.OHJ;B.O6,*Y</-D79E
J/GP+.EC*FJi72Oo<D*C-D6,JB134J/*Fø_W?*FOPEY*KJCZ
¨ A©¢4wFª¤H¢S [ 3wW?OPEl<D78BAO º §¼ : 72J³CDüC·PCµP®°5´dûûýþp±D¸1µP®°µP·P¸1·³+1< ì ðm§7s3|3wBA-
*CgA*C-DQmJI*Kø_W?*COPEC* wì . x</=P+1<bEYBAO_gA*C-D@.*KJ<DB ì 78O§\Rf<D=?*oJ/*Fø_W?*FOPEY* 5/ì . /qEYBAO_gA*C-D@.*KJ<DB
wì a78< O :oZ
R d? ¤ M¤H KwK5¤S¢ S / ¦`*Y<|§\¤R : jH*i6,*Y<D-/79EMJ/GP+AEY*FJFZe[z3wW?OPEY</72B.,O º § ¼ :79J4ECB.O_</72OW?B.WHJ
+d< ì 783|+1OPNB.O?02Q'783478<79JJI*Kø_W?*CO_</79+10202QoEYBAOA<D78OW?BAWPJi+d< ì Z
SUTWVVYXZe72-]J^<KR?:M*JI=?Bd: </=P+1<788 3 t79JEYBAO_</72O_WPB.WPJFR </=P*CO"78<72JJI*KøAWP*CO_</79+10208QEYBAOA<D78OW?BAWPJFZ
W?GPGHB_JI*p<D=P+d< 72JoEYB.O_<D78OW?BAWPJc+d< ì R+.OPN ì . ¼ ì Z¦*Y< ´Öµ ïjS*"@.72g.*FO Z ÚaQ\</=P*
EYBAO_</72O_WP7s<^QB.[3 4R.:M*EF+1O,E]=?BBAJ/\* µ ïLJ/BL</=P+1< ¹ 5ì ¿ /ì . j °]726,G?0278*KJ ¹ wì l¿ 5/ì . I ° ´ Z
ÚaQo<D=?*ECB.Og.*F-/@A*COPEC*qB13 wì . lRy:a*bEC+.OmE]=?BBAJ/N * ¶ JIB,<D=P+d<L\X î ¶726,G?0872*FJ ¹ wì ¿ ì . _ °^Z
ni=?*F-/*C3wB.-D*.R> w
ì w
ì
î ¶786,G?0278*KJ ¹ l6¿ Ij ° ´ R?+1OPN u_
/ . w
ì . ¼ 5ì lZ
neBbG?-DBdg.*;<D=?*qEYB.OgA*C-]JI*AR.:a*LJ/=?Bd:ò</=H+d<i7s`3 "72JaN 79J/ECB.O_</72OW?B.WPJFR_</=?*FOo78<a79JaO?B1<;J/*Fø_W?*CO?T
</79+10202QtEYBAOA<D78OW?BAWPJFZUa3 ~79JN 79J/ECB.O_</72OW?B.WPJq+1< ì R<D=?*CO</=P*C-D*{79J+1O ´Vµ ïpJIWHE]=t<D=P+d<3wBA-
*CgA*C-DQ'Ið ª </=P*C-D**Yr 72JI<DJ ì . ðp§:;78</= ¹ ªì ¿ /ì . ; °bg³>+.OPN ¹ wì Y¿ 5/ì . /iî ´ Zuni=P*
J/*Fø_W?*COHEY* wì . iEYBAO_gA*C-D@.*KJX<DB ì j?W < 5ì . /iN B*FJiO?B.<EYBAO_gA*C-D@.*</B wì lZ b
ÀZ ÂÃ/Ä9ÅÆ8ÇaÈlÉ1ÊiËXÌlÅÍiÃUÊ;ÎCÏKÈYÇUÃIÐ
f(x) c'cd
x
?Ñ ÒÔÓÕ À Õ }¸~ äß Ø àãçÝªÒÔælãUexÒÔáà êê ß^Þ`áß Ú ÒÔç^ælãCÝªÒÔãFàKælàá KàKÝ`ãæ]Ý`çIælãYÝªÒÔãFàælàKá Ù Ý`Ýäß ê ælÒÔãYÝ ¢ Õ
ni=?*F-/*c+1-D*{<^:MBph72OPN?JB.3{/=P+1083TUECB.O_</72OW?B.WHJ/-/*K+108Tgd+.08W?*KN"3wW?OHEl</72B.OHJCRN *YHO?*FN+.JL3wBA0sT
02Bd:JCZ
¨ A©¢4wFª¤H¢S ¨9 [3wW?OPEY</72B.f O º § ¼ ¾79J'·K÷A÷?C¯c³CY«{°5±]¸dµH®ª°µH·P¸d·³'B.O~§ 783;3wB.-b+.080
ì ð§ +.OPN*Cg.*F-/QJI*KøAWP*COPEC* ì . ¼ ì R?:a*q=P+g.*
0278.O6ò¹ JI WPG wì . ; ô wì
[ 3wWPOPEl<D78BA O v79Joû8¤¸ ïuY¯o³CY«{°5±]¸dµP®°µP·P¸1·³oB.Oz§ 7s33wBA-+.080 ì ð § +1OPN~*Fg.*F-/QJI*Kø_W?*COPEC*
ì/. ¼ ì R?:a*L=H+g.*
0272.O6 ¹ 72 O 3 5/ì . i]
î wì B
ni=?*bN?*YPO?78</72B.Ot72J780208WHJ^<D-D+1</*FNp72Om478@AW?-D6* .Z Ñ Z;[&3wW?OHEl</72B.#O º § ¼ ¾79JECB.O_</72OW?B.WHJ
783+.OPNB.O?02Q'783478<72JiWPG?GH*F-+1OHN02Bd:a*C-;JI*F6,72ECB.O_</72OW?B.WPJFZ
S9 gfu¢}¡?¢4£}O5¤S K_£ò K_F
h GS*COtJ/*Y<]JG?-DBdg72N *+.O?B1<D=?*C-x:a+Qo</Bc3wBA-/6W?09+d</*</=?*{EYB.OHEY*CG?<DJB.3XEYB.OgA*C-D@.*COHEY*+1OPNtEYB.O?T
</72OW?78<^Q.Z|O'<D=?79J;JI*KEl</72B.O`R_:a*N *YHO?*xBAGH*FOJ/*Y<]Ja78Op+b6,*C</-D72ELJIGH+.EY*AZ)>*L:;78020N 79J/ECWPJDJMBAGH*FO
J/*Y<DJi72O</=?*6,BA-/*q@.*FO?*C-]+10fECB.O_</*Cr_<;B.3e<DB.GSB.02B.@.79EC+.0fJIGP+AEY*KJi78O ·M=P+1G?</*CU- PZ
¦*C< §m¿ ¹ 4jS*+q6,*Y<D-/79E;J/GP+.EC*.Zeni=P*b¸D÷PYµ >]´dûû,R ki ! lR_:;7s<D=,-D+AN 78WHJ E µ ï+1OPN,EC*CO_</*F-
!'ð§ 72Ji<D=?*J/*Y<
ki ! u5
ñ ì ð§ ¹ wì %¿ ! °EK,
ni=?*o±Cû8¸³C]L² >D´1ûûR kji ! lRP72Ja<D=?*JI*C<
k i ! uÔ ñ ì ð§ ¹ 5ì %¿ ! f ô E,K
k KÏ ÃIÉbÈYÉ1ÊxÇ%Þ ÌYÐUÃUÊÐUÃ/Ä9Ð À}
¨ A©¢4wFª¤H¢SE [JIWPjPJI*C<lB13X+c6,*Y<D-/79EJ/GP+.EC*§ 72J{¸D÷PYµ78343wBA-*Fg.*C-DQ ì ðl</=P*C-D*
79Jb+1OfE µ ï>JIWPE]=<D=P+d<Vki wì b79JECB.O_<D+.78O?*KN78f O l,Z>[ÿJ/W?jPJ/*Y<nm B.3;§ 72J±Yû8¸d³CD²\7s378<DJ
EYBA6,G?08*F6,*CO_<!mUouñ%§qprm72JB.GS*COZ
?BA-;*Yr?+16,G?02*.RH+1OpB.GS*COpjP+.08079J+.OBAGH*FOmJI*C<FRP+.OPNp+{EC08B_JI*KNjP+102079J+,EY02BAJ/*FNpJI*C<FZuni=P*
3wB.0202Bd:;78O?@,G?-DB.GS*C-/</72*FJaB.34BAGH*FO+.OPNpEY02BAJ/*FNJI*C<DJ;+1-D*q*F+AJIQ,<DBcG?-/BdgA*3w-DB.6</=?*N *CPO?78</72B.OZ
¤ M¤H KwK5¤S¢ S ¨P ¦`*Y<§ jH*+{6,*Y<D-/79EJ/GP+.EC*.Z
R d?
+Ani=?*q*F6{G?<^QJ/*Y< ý{+1OPNo</=P*:;=?B.02*JI*C<§ +.-/*qB.GS*COp+1OHNEC08B_JI*KNfZ

jHp[POP7s<D*78O_</*F-DJ/*FEY</72B.OB13B.GS*CO"JI*C<DJi79JiB.GS*COZ
EF[Op+.-/jP7s<D-D+.-/Q,W?O?72B.OpB.3eB.GS*CO"J/*Y<]Ji72J;BAGH*FOZ
NPp[POP7s<D*W?O?72B.OB13|EY02BAJ/*FNJI*C<DJi79JEY02BAJ/*FNfZ
*K[Op+.-/jP7s<D-D+.-/Q,72OA<D*C-]JI*KEl<D78BAOB.3EC08B_JI*KNoJ/*Y<DJ72J;EC08B_JI*KNfZ
¡? ¥ 5H /] ni=?*72O_</*F-/gd+1t0 s . ñ R
g³|)¿ M72JB.GS*CO"72Op¾3wBA-*CgA*C-DQoð ªaRej?W?<</=P*
72OA<D*C-]JI*KEl<D78BAO

u s . ñ ïP)¿ K
.O¬ # ÿ
79JiO?B1<BAGH*FOZXni=WPJCR?+.Op78O HO?7s<D*78O_<D*C-]JI*KEl</72B.OB134B.GS*CO"J/*Y<DJiOP*C*FNO?B.<jH*BAGH*FOZ
¡? ¥ 5H /t ¦*C6< Wv . À ð ªQtjS*o+1O~*FOW?6,*C-]+d</72B.OB.3M<D=?*o-]+d<D78BAOP+10|OW?6jH*F-DJ C R
+1OHN Úµ ïPZ4)*N *CPO?*q</=P*B.GS*COp78O_<D*C-Dg+.w0 s . 78O"¾j_Q
s . yñ xWv .
h ´ . O¿ v . ö h ´ .z
ni=?*Ff O l½| ñ { .¤ ¬ # s . 79Jb+.O~B.GS*COzJ/*Y<b:;=P72E]=\ECB.O_<D+.78OPJ C Zvni=?*oJ/W?6B13i</=P*o02*CO?@.</=PJbB13
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·a+1-/</*KJI79+1OG?-DBN?WPEl= < Ô%ñ}§L» :79J+{6{*C</-D72EqJ/GP+.EC*q:;7s<D=6,*C</-D72E ¹ N?*YPO?*KNj_Q
¹ õ # ¿/õ & Xñ ¹ J wì # ¿ ì & ö ¹ = í # ¿/í & f¿
:;=?*F-/*õ # ñ 5ì # ¿Ií # i+1OPNpõ & ñ ªì & ¿Ií & YZ
AdA5 KH 9 W?G?GSBAJ/*c</=P+1< §t"¿ ^ @ ^Fq72J+pO?B.-D6,*FN0278OP*F+1-JIGP+AEY*AI Z Õu-/BdgA*{</=P+1< AZ hA
+1OHN .Z _iN *CPO?*6,*Y<D-/79ECJiBAO§\Z
AdA5 KH E <D+1-/</72O?@b3w-/BA6¬</=?*x35+.EY<M<D=P+d<¾}*KøAWP78G?GS*FNo:;7s<D=o78<DJiWPJ/WP+.0SN 79JI<D+1OHEY*x3wW?OPElT
</72B.O~79JbECB.6,G?02*Y<D*.R4G?-/BdgA*,</=P+1<¾ . *Fø_W?72G?GS*FN~:;78</=<D=?*oJ/W?6pR46c+1r726bWP6RBA-bVXWPEC0879N *K+1O
O?BA-/679J;EYBA6,G?08*C</*AZ
AdA5 KH P =?Bd:%<D=P+d<;<D=?*JI*F-/72*FJ
.
Ð
K
.¤¬ #
79JO?B.<x+1jHJIBA08W <D*C02QECB.Og.*F-/@A*CO_<FZ =?Bd:</=P+1<xjQpGH*F-/6W </72O?@c<D=?*<D*C-D6,JxB13|<D=?79JxJ/*C-D78*KJ;B.OP*
EC+.OBAj <D+.78OpJ/*C-D78*KJi:;7s<D=pN?7 3y*C-D*CO_<02786,78<DJFZ
Õ Ï CÃIÅ5Ç/ÆsÐÃ/Ð ëÀ
AdA5 KH] ¦`*Y< wì . xjH*,+J/*Fø_W?*FOPEY*{B13M-/*K+104O_WP6bjS*C-]JCZb[GSB.72OA<UÖ,ð~¾fÖ¤þ2{72J
EC+.0802*FNo+±Cûý·³l®UC¯|÷P¸d°µH®uB13 5ì/. u783</=?*F-/*x72Ja+bECB.Og.*F-/@A*CO_<MJ/W?jPJ/*Fø_W?*FOPEY*B.3 wì . |:;78</=08726,7s<
ÖdZX¦`*Y<mN *CO?B.</*L</=P*JI*C<B134EC08WHJ^<D*C-;GSB.72OA<]J;B13 wì . l Z Õu-/BdgA*<D=P+d< m72J;EC08B_JI*KN+.OPN
02786òJ/W?G ì/. ñ%6,+1 r m +.OPN 02786v78O?3 /ì . ñ%6{72UO m«
AdA5 KHt ¦`*Y< 5ì/. ajS*+{jHBAW?OPN *KNJ/*Fø_W?*FOPEY*qB.3e-D*F+10fOW?6jH*F-DJFZ
+ALÕu-/BdgA*u<D=P+d<|3wBA-X*CgA*C-DQ ´;µ ï+1OPN{*Fg.*C-DQ ¶ <ð ª\<D=?*C-D*+1-D*; #¿/` &qÊ î ¶\RAJ/WPE]={</=P+1<
0872.O6ò¹ JI W?G ì . ô ì . ³|ö ´ ¿ ì . ·
´ ô 0272.O6 ¹ 72 O 3 ì .
jHI Õu-/BdgA*</=H+d<;3wB.-;*Fg.*F-/Q Úµ ï</=P*C-D*L79J+.LO ¶ Ið ªJ/WPE]=</=P+1<
/ì Ç ô 0272.K6v¹ J/ W?G /ì . ö ´ ¿ ì Ç î 0872.K6 ¹ 72 O 3 ì .V
´
3wBA-+1020 È½Ê î ¶\Z
EFL Õu-/BdgA*</=H+d< wì . iEYBAOg.*C-D@.*KJu783|+1OPNB.O?02Q'783
0278.O6v¹ 78 O?3 ì . ñ}0272.K6v¹ J/ W?G ì .
AdA5 KHª' ·MB.OHJI79N *C-+p35+16,7208Y Q ì . õ oB.3;-/*K+10XOW?6jH*F-DJb78OPN?*Yr *FN~jQ> ð ª¬+.OPN
ö < ð ZlÕu-/BdgA*<D=?*q3wB.0208Bd:;72O?@,-D*C09+d</72B.OHJ º
0278.O6ò¹ JI WPG xF78O õ 3 ì . õ z ô 78O õ 3 Â 0872.O6ò¹ JI W?G ì . õ Ã ó
J/W?õ G x 0872.K6v¹ 78 O 3 /ì . õ z ô 0872.K6 ¹ 72 O 3 ÂHJIWPõ G ì . õ Ã
AdA5 KHªH U3 wì . a72J;+,J/*Fø_W?*COHEY*qB13-/*K+10fOW?6jH*F-DJ;J/WPE]=</=P+1<
.O08¹ 726 ì . ñ ì ¿
+1OHHN ! . ô ì . 7 ô F . R?G?-DBdg.*x</=H+d<
0872.O6v¹ J/ W?G ! . ô ì ôv0872.K6v¹ 78 O 3 F .
AdA5 KHª+ ¦*C< §m¿ ,¹ J l¿ :u¿ ¹ = lR?+.OPN Ô;¿ ¾¹ × ujH*q6,*Y<D-/79ELJIGP+AEY*KJM+.OPN'02*Y!< º § ¼
:'R?+.OP N § º :3 ¼ ÔjS*EYBAO_</72O_WPB.WPJM3wW?OPEY</72B.OPJFZu=?Bd:</=H+d<i</=?*ECB.6,GSBAJ/7s<D78BAO
Ø ] ñ §:\ º §×3 ¼ Ô¿
N *CPO?*FNjQ Ø wì u] ñ § 5ì /lR?79J+109J/B{ECB.O_</72OW?B.WPJFZ
AdA5 KHª' [~3wWPOPEl<D78BAn O º ¾ò¼ ¾72JJD+179NL</BLjH*q²d° ÙC¯/CµP®°5O´ >Cû8+1< ì 7s3 <D=?*u3wBA0802Bd:;72O?@
02786,78<*Yr 72JI<DJ+1OPN72JaHO?7s<D* º
wì ö Ø
wì
ñ 5ì uñÿ02786
¹
Ú : Ø
ëÁ Â Ã/Ä9ÅÆ8ÇaÈlÉ1ÊiËXÌlÅÍiÃUÊ;ÎCÏKÈYÇUÃIÐ
+ALÕu-/BdgA*</=H+d<783m72JN?73y*C-D*CO_</79+1jP08*+d< ì R?</=P*CO."79J;EYBAOA<D78OW?BAWPJ;+d< ì Z
jH"=PBd:%</=H+d<;</=P*q3wW?OPEl<D78BAO
& &WÜ
5ì XA ñ @ ìï J/78O Û%c³ ì 7s7s33 [ ì ñ 8 ï?¿
ì ñ ï$
79J;N 73S*F-/*FOA<D72+.j?02*q+1< ì ñ%ï{j?W?<;</=?*N *F-/72gd+d<D78gA*L79J;O?B.<EYB.O_<D78OW?BAWPJ;+d< ì ñ%ï?Z
EFLÕu-/BdgA*i</=P+1<a783 79JiN 7 3y*C-D*CO_<D72+.j?08*q+d< ì +1OPNo=P+.Ja+02B EC+10y6c+dr 726bW?6¬BA-M6,72O?786W?6
+1< ì R </=P*C.O ¨ñ 5ì uñ ï?Z
AdA5 KHª, U\3 º !S6¿ FX¼ ¾79JEYBAOA<D78OW?BAWPJxB.O !S¿ F6|+.OPNN 7 3y*C-D*CO_<D72+.j?08*{72O !H6¿ FYlR
</=P*COpG?-DBdg.*x</=P+1<;</=?*F-/*q79ÿ JV+ !6°Ý°]FxJ/WPE]=</=P+1< ÿ
FY
! X/ ñ ñ Ý. F
! ¨
ni=?79J'-D*FJ/W?08<o72JEC+.0802*FNv<D=?*\«cD´1b µ nd´dûs·Pm® Å?]¸d¯DY«{| Z *KN WPEC*m</=H+d<o78-3 ¨ñ 5ì mñ ï3wB.-o+.080
!6° ì °7F;<D=?*C. O "79J+,EYBAOPJI<D+1O_<i3wW?OPEY</72B.OZ
AdA5 KHª+ 9 ÕX-DBdg.*,<D=P+d<{*CgA*C-DQECB.6,GP+.EY<{J/W?jPJ/*Y<{B13+m6,*C</-D72EJIGP+AEY*72J{EY02BAJ/*FN~+.OPN
jSB.W?OPN?*FNflZ Õu-/BdgA*<D=P+d<+cEY02BAJ/*FNJ/W?jPJ/*Y<;B13|+,EYB.6,GP+AEl<J/GP+.EC*L79J;EYBA6,GP+.EY<FZ
AdA5 KHª' E W?GPGHB_JI*<D=P+d4 < m¬+1OPN l +.-/*bEC08B_JI*KNp+1OPN"BAGH*FOmJIWPjPJI*C<DJB13u. ¾ . RS-/*KJIGS*FEYT
</72g.*F08QAR JIWPE]=o</=P+1\< meò]l,Zu=?Bd:ò</=H+d<a</=?*F-/*L72Ji+{EYBAOA<D78OW?BAWPJu3wW?OPEl<D78BAO º ¾ ¼¾%J/WPE]=
</=H+d< º
+Aï{7 ô wì a5 ô .ó
jH 5ì X| ñ x3wBA- ì 1ð m,ó
EF1 5ì Xñ ïb3wBA- ì 1ð l o Z
Þnß¤à[á4Q Z ·MB.OPJ/72N?*C-a</=?*q3wWPOPEl<D78BAO
5ì uñ
¹ 5ì ¿ lUol
¹ wì ¿l o ö ¹ wì ¿Om
ni=?79J;-D*FJ/W?0s<;79J;EC+.0802*F/ N âe¯lþ³C"¸ Å[µ ã ³û8Y«{«c´dZ
AdA5 KHª+ P ¦*C< §m¿ ¹ jS*p+tEYBA6,G?08*C</*6{*C</-D72EJ/GP+.EC*.R|+1OPY N :¸ò§zÖZ Õu-/BdgA*,</=P+1<
:M¿ ¹ a79JEYBA6{GP08*C</*q7s3|+1OHNBAO?02Q'7s3 :72J+{EC08B_JI*KNJ/W?jPJ/*Y<B.3e§\Z
AdA5 KHª' ] ¦*C< §m¿ ¹ cjH*t+6,*C</-D72EmJ/GP+AEY*.R;+.OPNv08*C< wì . ,jS*t+~JI*Kø_W?*COPEC*"78O}§zZ
ÕX-DBdg.*x</=H+d<783 5/ì . ;=P+.J6 + ·a+.WPE]=QJ/W?jPJ/*Fø_W?*COHEY*.R?</=?*FOR?3wBA-+1OQN *KEY-D*F+AJI72O?@,JI*KøAWP*COPEC*B13
GSBAJ/7s<D78gA* ´ * ¼ïPR</=?*F-/*79J;+,JIW?jHJI*KøAWP*COPEC* 5ì . ® aB13 wì . iJIWPE]=</=H+d<
¹ wì .K® ¿ ì .ä aô ´ * 3wBA-+102i0 ô £
AdA5 KHª' t ?BA0802Bd:;72O?@'<D=?*cEYB.OHJ^<D-/WPEY</72B.O>B13u<D=?F * ·a+1O_</BA-LJ/*Y< mj_Qm</=?*,-D*C6,Bdgd+104B13
6,72NPN 08*</=?72-]N?JCRA:M*xN *YPOP*+q3wW?OPEY</72B."O mBAO,</=?*ECB.6,G?02*C6,*CO_<uB.3y</=?2* ·a+1O_</BA-XJI*C< ÿ ïP)¿ pm
+.Jx3wBA0802Bd:JCZ472-DJI<FRf:a*,N *YPOP* m 5ì L¿ ñ g³¤hc3wB.V- c³¤qI° ì °|hK³gqPZni=?*C#O m wì Lô ñ c³g'3wBA-
ì
c³¤\° °hK³g\+.OP, N m uX w
ì ì
ñ q,³cL3wBA\- O³¤\° ° ³g\PRA+.OPNcJIBBAOZ ÕX-DBdg.*a</=H+dB< m*Yr<D*COPN?J
Õ ÏCÃIÅ5Ç/ÆsÐÃ/Ð ëlë
</Bm+pWPO?72ø_W?*'ECB.O_</72OW?B.WHJL3wW?OPEl<D78BAO$m º ÿ ï?¿(PM¼ ¾aZÕX-DBdg.*</=H+d<jm 72JN?73y*C-D*CO_</79+1jP08*'+1<
*CgA*C-DQ ì ð ¾pm +1OPN#m2ñ wì ñ¬ïPZ'ni=?79JL3wW?OPEl<D78BAO72JEF+10208*KNm<D=?*GX´dµH®U¸1¯¶]· µS±C®ª°5¸1µPZcU<DJ
@.-]+1GP=o79JJIBA6,*Y</726,*FJ;EF+10208*KN'<D=?*o².)nF°ûOã ³³l®U´1°¯/±]´³CYZ
AdA5 KH? ¦*C<§ jS*b+cO?BA-/6,*FNp0272O?*F+.-JIGH+.EY*AZ;[JI*F-/72*FJ Ï ì . 72O"§ 79JO´ >Y³Çdûý· ®Cûýþ
±]¸dµ/nC¯ªú_YµH®x783 Ï ^ ì/. ^{ECB.Og.*F-/@A*FJ</B"+PO?78</*,gd+102W?*,78O~¾aZ ÕX-DBdg.*<D=P+d<§ 72JbH+ Úi+1OH+.E]=
J/GP+.EC*L783|+1OPNB.O?02Qo783*Cg.*F-/Q'+.jPJ/B.02W </*F08QoECB.Og.*F-/@A*CO_<aJ/*C-D72*FJ;EYBAOg.*C-D@.*KJCZ
AdA5 KHf W?GPGHB_JI*L</=H+d<§×79J;V + Úi+1OP+AE]=J/GP+.EC*.R?+1OHN 5/ì Ç . a79J;+{N?B.W?j?02Q'72OPN *Cr*KN
J/*Fø_W?*COHEY*q78Op§JIWHE]=o<D=P+d<

Ð Ð ^ /ì Ç . ^«°
Ç ¬ # .¤¬ #
ÕX-DBdg.*</=P+1<

Ð Ð ì/Ç .æ ñ Ð Ð ì/Ç .æ
Ç ¬ #å .¤¬ # O. ¬ #!å Ç ¬ #
AdA5 KH / ¦*C< ç¬jS*>+\J/*Y<KZ[½-D*C09+d<D78BA/ O ×jH*C<^:M*F*CO%GSB.72O_<DJ'B.3-ç¬79JoEC+.0802*FN}+.O
]üY· °nd´dû2Yµy±D¯/Cû8´1®ª°5¸1µm7s3^RP3wB.-+.080`!S¿Fd¿OÖxðç;R :M*q=P+gA* º
+AL ! À!Só
jHI ! F786,G?0278*K!J F !Só
EFL ! Fx+1OPN F 7ÖL726{GP0872*F_J ! 7ÖdZ
x*YPO?*q<D=?**Fø_W?72gd+102*COPEC*EY09+.JD_J m I +.JDJ/BEC72+1</*KN':;78</< = !'.ð çzj_Q
m I Ôñ YF.ð ç !- ^Fcl
ÕX-DBdg.*X</=P+1<4<^:aBL*Fø_W?72g+.08*FOPEY*iEY09+.JDJ/*FJ4+1-D*u*C78</=P*C-XN 79Jwk^BA78O_<B.-*Fø_WP+.0ªR1J/U
B vGP+1-/</78</72B.OHJ çm78O_<DB
+'WPO?78BAOtB.3MN 79Jwk^BA78O_<q*Fø_W?72g+.08*FOPEY*,EY09+.JDJ/*FJFZq=PBd:&</=P+1<L<D=?*{-/*F02+1</72B.#O jS*Y<^:a*C*F[ O ·a+1WHE]=_Q
J/*Fø_W?*COHEY*FJ;N?*YPO?*KN78O</=P*G?-/BB.3eB13ni=?*CBA-/*F6 .Z ÑOhb79J+1O*Fø_W?72gd+102*COPEC*L-D*C09+d<D78BAOZ
AdA5 KH ? W?GPGHB_JI*b</=P+1: < º § ¼ ¾&79Jx02Bd:a*C-xJ/*C6,79EYBAOA<D78OW?BAWPJ+.OPN 79Jq+'-D*F+.0
OW?6bjS*C-KlZ x*YPO?j* è º §×¼¾%jQ
è wì uñ%6{72O 5ì Yx¿ ¨
ÕX-DBdg.*</=P+1< è 79J;02Bd:M*F-iJ/*C6,79EYBAOA<D78OW?BAWPJFZ
AdA5 KH $ ¦*C!< º §½¼¾jH*+{-D*F+.0sTUgd+102W?*FN'3wW?OPEl<D78BAOpB.Op+{J/*Y<§zZni=P*oU÷y°sú1¯/´]$÷ Å
*CGPW7 "B.3 m72Ja<D=?*JIW?jHJI*C<B13e§ »¾EYBAOPJI79JI</72O?@,B13eGSB.72O_<DJa<D=P+d<;0278*+.jHBdgA*<D=?*q@.-]+1G?=B13 º
*FG?W7 añ 5ì ¿ p iðp§»"¾ p ] î wì l
ÕX-DBdg.*</=P+1<+3wW?OHEl</72B.Op79Ji08Bd:a*C-iJ/*C6,72ECB.O_</72OW?B.WHJM783|+1OPNoB.O?02Q'783e78<DJi*CGP78@A-D+.G?=o79J;+,EY02BAJ/*FN
J/*Y<FZ
ëAZ ÂÃ/Ä9ÅÆ8ÇaÈlÉ1ÊiËXÌlÅÍiÃUÊ;ÎCÏKÈYÇUÃIÐ
AdA5 KH/9 [3wW?OPEY</72B.O. º ¾ . ¼ ¾%79Jb±]¸FC¯/±C° nb7s3
02786 5ì X5
é% é ¹
ñ À .ZY.
V|r G?0279EY78</02Q.R<D=?79JEYB.OHN 7s<D78BAO6{*K+1OPJL<D=P+d<q3wBA-+1OQ . µ ï</=P*C-D*c72J+.O#ê µ ïpJ/WPE]=></=P+1<
^ ì ^qî7ê726,G?0872*FJ= wì ;îQZ Õu-/BdgA*<D=P+d<783 º ¾ ¼ ¾79J;02Bd:M*F-JI*F6{79EYBAO_</72O_WPB.WPJ;+.OPN
EYB*F-DEC78gA*.R_</=?*FO.m79JijHBAW?OPN *KN3w-/BA6jH*F08Bd:&+1OHN+1<I<D+.78OHJi7s<]J;78O?P6bW?6pZ
AdA5 KH?E ¦*C: < ë º ¾ & ¼ ¾jS*p+GSB.02QO?B.6,79+10a3wW?OPEY</72B.OòB13x<^:MB-/*K+10igd+1-D72+.j?02*FJFZ
W?GPGHB_JI*"<D=P+d-< ë wì ¿Ií?>î×ï3wB.-+1020 ì ¿/íð¾aZ xB_*KJ'*Fg.*C-DQ J/WPE]=v3wW?OPEY</72B.O%+1<I<D+.78O}78<DJ
72O P6bWP6,ìzÕX-DBdg.*xB.-N 79JIGP-/BdgA*.Z
AdA5 KH /P W?GPGHB_JI*o</=P+1< wì . b72J{+tJ/*Fø_W?*FOPEY*'72O +tEYB.6,GP+AEl<{6{*C</-D72EJIGH+.EY*:;7s<D=
</=P*G?-DB.GS*C-/<^Q</=P+1<x*Fg.*C-DQ"EYBAO_gA*C-D@.*FOA<J/W?jPJ/*Fø_W?*FOPEY*=P+.J</=P*{JD+16,*{08726,7s< ì 2Z ÕX-DBdg.*</=P+1<
ì . ¼ ì +AJi"¼ }Z

Metric and Normed Spaces

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Diane Ellen Fiona Grace

?Ñ ÒÔÓÕ À Õ ë Ö áßR¡Càß^ãç^ß ¢¤£ ç^ælãB¥YßIÞªÓlÒÔãÓiÝªæ ¢ Õ

U3 "72JiO?B.<EYB.O_<D78OW?BAWPJi+d< ì R<D=?COp:aLJD+Q,</=P+1!< "79J²d°9³C±]¸dµP®°µP·P¸1·³q+1< ì Zuni=?F-/q+1-D*

+Ani=?qF6{G?<^QJ/Y< ý{+1OPNo</=P:;=?B.02JIC<§ +.-/qB.GSCOp+1OHNEC08B_JI*KNfZ

¹ ì ¿ í? Xñ .O02¹ 786 ¹ 5ì . ¿/í . l¿ AZ \_

) :;78020eJ/C09+d<DC-BAO<D=P+d<</=?KJIj2 & JIGH+.EYKJ;+1-Dq3wW?OPN?+.6,CO_<D+.0Yr?+16,G?02FJB13|78O?PO?78</YT

[OPB1</=PC-":i+Qò</B}N YHO?~EYB.6,GP+AEl<DO?FJDJ72J"72O</C-D6cJpB13{B.GSCO JIC<DJFZ )\JD+Qò</=P+1<

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W?GPGHB_JI;<D=P+d< Wl õ gö Lð ÷f72Ja+1O'+.-/jP7s<D-D+.-/QBAGHFOoEYBdgAC-|B.3`+JIKø_W?*CO_</79+10202Q{ECB.6,GP+.EY<

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Metric and Normed Spaces

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Metric and Normed Spaces

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

Diane Ellen Fiona Grace

?Ñ ÒÔÓÕ À Õ ë Ö áßR¡Càß^ãç^ß ¢¤£ ç^ælãB¥YßIÞªÓlÒÔãÓiÝªæ ¢ Õ

U3 "72JiO?B.<EYB.O_<D78OW?BAWPJi+d< ì R<D=?*COp:a*LJD+Q,</=P+1!< "79J²d°9³C±]¸dµP®°µP·P¸1·³q+1< ì Zuni=?*F-/*q+1-D*

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