PSYCHOLOGY FINAL STUDYGUIDE: Psychological approaches: Psychoanalytical/psychodynamic- Unconscious drives and urges motive your behavior.

. Everything that happens in your childhood matters and affects you as an adult. (Freud) Behavioral- you behave the way you do because you learned to behave that way and you were rewarded for behaving that way. (Skinner and Watson) Humanistic- you have the way you do because you choose to. You are the captain of your own shop. All people have the ability to reach their full potential. Cognitive- your behavior is motivated by your memories and experiences and how you think. Social cultural- ethnicity, gender, and culture affect your behavior. Research Techniques: Naturalistic observation- observing behavior in a natural environment Case study- following a single case, typically over an extended period of time. Involves naturalistic observations and include psychological testing. Survey- questionnaires often used to gather opinions. Correlation studies- relationships and purpose of correlation study to determine if a relationship exists. *Does not mean causation*. Father of Psychology: Freud, discovered psychoanalysis and discovered how the mind works. Watsons contributions to the field of psychology: Explained behaviors ie. Reward and punishment, behaviorally shaping human beings. Milgram Experiment: Torturing okay when instructed by an adult, assumed it was okay because an authority figure told them to do so. Behavior, nature and nurture, we are brought up to trust and obey authority. Correlation v. Causation: Correlation- extent of two factors vary together, thus how well either factor predicts the other. To measure relationship. Causation- the sole provider for the effect. Key component of liability. Measures of Central Tendency: Mode- the most frequently occurring score. Mean- arithmetic average Median- the middle score Range-difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. Perception: Grouping: Proximity- group nearby figures together. Similarity- group figures that are similar. Continuity- perceives continuous patterns. Closure- fill in gaps Connectedness-spots, lines, and areas are seen as unit when connected. Functions of the limbic system: Associated with emotions such as fear and aggression. Hippocampus- in charge of memory and the correlation with the emotion experienced at that time. Amygdala- linked with emotion, fear and aggression. Hypothalamus- lies below the thalamus, linked to emotion, directs maintenance activities ie. Eating, drinking, and body temp. and helps govern endocrine system via

pituitary gland. Central Nervous System: Spinal Cord and Brain. Neural pathways governing our reflexes. Its the automatic response to stimulus. Simple spinal relax pathway is composed of a single sensory neuron and a single motor neuron. Peripheral Nervous System: Two components- Somatic and Autonomic. Somatic Nervous System- controls movements of our muscles. Autonomic Nervous System- controls the glands and muscles of our internal organs. Is broken down into two additional parts. o Sympathetic Nervous System- arouses us for defensive action, accelerating our heartbeat, arousing body (fight-or-flight) o Parasympathetic Nervous System- conserves energy and decreases hearbeat and calms the body. Functions of the Lobes: Frontal lobes- involves speaking and muscle movement and planning and judgment. (behind forehead) Parietal lobes- involves the sensory cortex. (at the top of the head/middle) Occipital lobes- includes visual areas receiving visual info from opposite visual field. (back of the head) Temporal lobes- includes auditory areas receiving auditory info primarily from the opposite ear. (above the ears) Sleep Disorders: Insomnia- difficulty in getting to sleep. Sleep apnea- person stops breathing and is awakened when blood levels rise. Causes lack of REM sleep, so feels like not a good nights rest. Narcolepsy- sleep appears at odd times Nightmares- anxiety-arousing dreams generally occur in REM sleep. Night Terrors- abrupt awakenings from deep sleep stages, accompanied by intense psychological arousal and panic. Stages of Sleep: Awake and Relaxed- Alpha waves and relaxation Stage 1 Sleep- hallucinations Stage 2 Sleep- bursts of activities, (spindles) Stage 3 Sleep- deep sleep Stage 4 Sleep- Delta waves and deep sleep REM Sleep- eye movement phase Bobo doll experiment: Experiment run by Albert Bandura, showed that children changed their actions without reward or punishment. Children modeled after what they saw. Introduced insight learningthe first moment you know how to do something.Mirror Neurons enable us perform certain actions when observing others doing so. Parapsychology: The study of paranormal phenomena such as ESP and Psychokinesis. Types of ESP: Telepathy- move things with mind Clairvoyance- the power to see objects or events that cannot be perceived by the senses. Precognition- predicting future

Behaviorism: Classical conditioningPavlov, automatic stimulus response Operant conditioningSkinner and Watson, reward and enforcement. VOCAB: Standard Deviation- A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean. Hindsight bias- tendency to believe, after learning the outcome that one would have foreseen. (I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon) Placebo effect-a change in a participants behavior that results from a belief that the treatment will have an effect, rather than the actual treatment. Empiricism- knowledge comes from experience via the senses, science flourishes through observation and experiment. Structuralism- Wilhelm Wundt, introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind. HOW the mind WORKED. IntrospectionStructuralismFocus on mind. Functionalism-Focused on behavioral function, how they enable organisms to adapt, survive and learn. William James. Absolute threshold- fifty percent minimum stimulus to notice/detect change. Learning- a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience. Intrinsic Motivation- a desire to do something for your own sake and to be effective. (doing things when people are not looking) Extrinsic Motivation- a desire to do something for a reward or threat of punishment. (only doing something for a reward) Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine (Ach)- enables muscle action, learning and memory. Dopamine- Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. Serotonin- affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal Norepinephrine- helps control alertness and arousal. GABA- a major inhibitory neurotransmitter Glutamate- excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory. Drugs: Psychoactive Drugs- 3 categories o Depressants- downers, calm neural activity and slow body functions. Alcohol, Opiates (heroin and morphine), and Barbiturates (tranquilizers) o Stimulants- temporarily excite neural activity and arouse body functions. Cocaine, Ecstasy (MDMA), Caffeine, Nicotine, and Meth. Ecstasy is an amphetamine that triggers the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Its major affect is to release stored serotonin and block its reabsorption. o Hallucinogens-distort perceptions and evoke sensory images LSD and Marijuana Main ingredient in marijuana is THC