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' ;
{ }
1
900 1
6
1.5
Y
X
Y
U
MU X
Y
P 6
P 8
( )
X Y
P .X P .Y 500
6 2Y 8Y 500
20Y 500
Y 25
X 2Y 50
+
+
13. Answer : (b)
Reason : When the consumer is in equilibrium,
=
5 =
P
b
= Rs.19
ab
MRS
a
b
P
P
b
95
P
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14. Answer : (c)
Reason : If X and Y are products and MU and P represents marginal utility and price respectively,
consumer reaches an equilibrium where MUx/Px = MUy/Py
So 520/Px = 650/75
Px =
Px = Rs. 60.
75
520 60
650
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15. Answer : (e)
Reason : When P = 5; 25 0.5Q = 5, or Q = 40.
When the market price is Rs.5, the consumer surplus = 40 20 = Rs. 400.
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16. Answer : (c)
Reason : The opportunity cost is the benefit of using resources for the next best alternative uses.(a)
Is not the answer because opportunity costs are not spill-over cost.(b)Is not the answer
because opportunity costs are not money cost(c)Is the answer because opportunity costs
are alternative cost(d)Is not the answer because opportunity costs are not external cost.(e)
Is not the answer because sunk costs are those costs which are incurred in the future as
result of a contractual agreement.
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17. Answer : (a)
Reason : Cost functions are derived from production function which describes the available
efficient methods of production at any particular point of time.
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18. Answer : (a)
Reason : If the firms total revenue exceeds its economic costs, the residual accruing to the
entrepreneur is called as economic or pure profit.
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19. Answer : (e)
Reason : The cost that can be easily attributed to a product or a process is called as separate cost.
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20. Answer : (e)
Reason : Option (e) is not true. The reason for this is that the marginal cost curve cuts the average
cost curve and the average variable cost curve at their minimum points and as the marginal
cost curve is upward rising curve and the average cost curve being flatter than average
variable cost curve. Hence the minimum point of average cost will be to the right of the
minimum point of the average variable cost.
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21. Answer : (b)
Reason : Both marginal and average costs are equal to each other when average cost is minimum.
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22. Answer : (d)
Reason : TC = 500 2Q + 3Q
2
AC = 500/Q 2 + 3Q
= 500/5 2 + 15
= Rs.113.
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23. Answer : (d)
Reason : AVC = 300 9Q + 0.5 Q
2
VC = Q X AVC = 300 Q 9Q
2
+ 0.5Q
3
Fixed cost = 150
TC = FC + VC = 150 + 300Q 9Q
2
+ 0.5Q
3
MC = = 300 18Q + 1.5Q
2
Minimum possible MC is where
= 0
= -18 + 3Q = 0
3Q = 18
Q = 6
MC = 300 18 (6) + 1.5 (6)
2
= 300 108 + 54
= Rs.246.
dTC
dQ
dMC
dQ
dMC
dQ
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24. Answer : (e)
Reason : TC = 20Q 0.3 Q
2
+ 0.01Q
3
MC = = 20 0.6 Q + 0.03Q
2
MC is minimum when = 0
= -0.6 + 0.06 Q = 0
0.06 Q = 0.6
Q = 10 units
dTC
dQ
dMC
dQ
dMC
dQ
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25. Answer : (e)
Reason : when TC = 5000 + 800Q -9Q
2 +
0.25Q
3
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VC = 800Q -9Q
2
+
0.25Q
3
AVC = 800 9Q + 0.25Q
2
FC = 5000
MC = 800 18Q + 0.75Q
2
AC = 5000/Q + 800 - 9Q + 0.25Q
2
26. Answer : (e)
Reason : AC = 800/Q + 80 + 4Q
TC = 800 + 80Q + 4Q
2
TVC = 80Q + 4Q
2
At output 20,
TC = 800+80(20) + 4(20)
2
= 800+ 1600 + 1600 =Rs.4,000.
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27. Answer : (a)
Reason : Since the firm is operating in short run the equilibrium condition of the firm will be
MR = MC
Given
P =1000 50Q
So TR = P x Q
= 1000Q 50Q
2
MR = 1000 100Q
Given
AVC = 250 + 25Q
VC = 250Q +25Q
2
MC = 250 + 50Q
At equilibrium MR = MC
= 1000 100Q = 250 + 50Q
= 750 = 150Q
= Q = 5
At this level of output the AFC = Rs. 60. So FC = 60 x 5 = Rs.300
VC = 250(5) + 25(5)
2
= 1250 + 625 = Rs. 1875
TC = FC + VC
= 300 + 1875 = Rs.2,175
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28. Answer : (b)
Reason : A firm is considered a price taker in perfect competition because there are so many
buyers and sellers in the market that any individual firm cannot affect the market.
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29. Answer : (c)
Reason : For a firm operating in a perfectly competitive industry, the part of MC curve which is
above the AVC curve is the supply curve of the firm.
MC = TC/Q = - 100 + 10Q = P( because at equilibrium MC = MR and in perfect
competition MR = AR = P = Demand)
Or, 10Q = P + 100
Or, Q = 0.10P + 10
There are 100 firms, hence Qs = 100x Q = 10P + 1000
Equilibrium price is where, Q
s
= Q
d
6000 490P = 10P + 1000
Or, 500P = 5000
Or, P = Rs.10
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30. Answer : (c)
Reason : To maximize profits, a perfectly competitive firm produces an output where P = MC
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MC = TC/Q = 600 100Q + 3Q
2
P = 600 100Q + 3Q
2
, where Q = 150 units (given)
Hence, P = 600 100(150) + 3(150)
2
= 53,100
Thus, total industrial production is equal to (200 + 4 x 53,100) = 2,12,600 Units.
31. Answer : (d)
Reason : In a perfectly competitive market in the long run no firm earns abnormal profit because of
existence of free entry and free exit into the industry. So when ever there is some extra
profit in the industry some new firms will enter into the market and compete away the
extra profit. Thus in the perfect competition the firms will earn only normal profits.
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32. Answer : (d)
Reason : The monopolist must decrease the price of every unit in order to sell additional units, that
is why the marginal revenue curve of the monopolists slopes downwards from left to right.
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33. Answer : (c)
Reason : Monopoly is a market structure in which there is one seller of the product implying that
the producer has complete control over market supply of the commodity. The monopolist
must decrease the price he receives for every unit in order to sell an additional unit.
Hence, the marginal revenue of the monopolist would be lesser than price. Hence, the
correct answer is (c).
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34. Answer : (d)
Reason : First degree price discrimination involves charging the maximum price possible for each
unit of output. It is also called perfect discrimination. The price of the first unit is greater
than the price of the subsequent units.
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35. Answer : (b)
Reason : Demand function of the firm is given as Q = 75 P
P = 75 Q
TR = P Q
= 75Q Q
2
MR = 75 2Q
TC = 25Q
MC = 25
Profit maximizing output is obtained when MR = MC
= 75 - 2Q = 25
2Q = 50
Q = 25
P = 75 Q
= 75- 25 = 50
Profit = TR TC
TR = P Q
= 50 25 = 1250
TC = 25Q
= 25 25 = 625
profit = 1250 625 =Rs.625.
x
1, 77, 000
1,19, 935
1, 36, 290
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56. Answer : (b)
Reason : The balance sheet of Reserve Bank of India contains particulars of Banks current assets
and liabilities.
(a) Is not the answer because Central governments borrowings from RBI constitutes
assets of RBI.It will affect the balance sheet.
(b) Is the answer because loan taken by one commercial bank from the other is a inter
bank loan. It will not affect the balance sheet of the Reserve Bank of India. It is
neither a liability nor an asset to the RBI.
(c) Is not the answer because refinancing of NABARD loans constitutes assets of RBI.
(d) Is not the answer because increase in reserves of commercial banks increases the
liabilities of RBI.
(e) Is not the answer because increase in net foreign exchange assets increases the assets
of RBI.
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57. Answer : (b)
Reason : The classical view of the labour market is basically consistent with the assumption of a
vertical aggregate supply curve
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58. Answer : (d)
Reason : In the Classical Theory, saving and investment determine interest rates. Interest rate is
determined at the equilibrium point of saving and investment. As the saving increases
interest rate decreases and vice versa. Similarly, there is direct relationship between
investment and interest rates.
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59. Answer : (a)
Reason : Keynesian economics focuses on the role government plays in stabilizing the economy by
managing aggregate demand.
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60. Answer : (b)
Reason : A continuous decline in prices is referred to as Deflation.
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61. Answer : (e)
Reason : In the long run, the Philips curve is vertical. Hence, there is no inverse relation between
inflation and unemployment. Any policy change effected at this juncture will have no
effect.
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62. Answer : (b)
Reason : (a) Structural unemployment arises when the regional or occupational pattern of the job
vacancies does not match the pattern of workers availability and suitability. The
above situation does not represent structural unemployment.
(b) Unemployment that is caused by constant changes in the labor market is called
frictional (natural) unemployment. It occurs on account of two reasons: (a)
employers not fully aware of all available workers and their job qualifications;
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and (b) available workers are not fully aware of the jobs being offered by employers.
Even though the suitable job is available for Mr.Robert it took him 2 months to
find the job. Thus, the unemployment encountered by Robert is in the nature of
frictional (natural) unemployment.
(c) Unemployment that arises when there is general downturn in business activity
is called cyclical unemployment.
(d) Unemployment that arises because of seasonal variations is called seasonal
unemployment. For example, agricultural labors normally face unemployment
during summer.
(e) When marginal productivity becomes negative because of excess employment
we call it as disguised unemployment. In less developed countries like India
there is widespread disguised unemployment in agricultural sector.
63. Answer : (d)
Reason : Recession is, technically, defined as decline in output for two or more consecutive
quarters.
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64. Answer : (d)
Reason : If the central bank imposes a reserve ratio of 100%, the entire deposits are kept with the
central bank and the money multiplier is not affected. Hence (d) is the false statement.
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65. Answer : (d)
Reason : An expansionary fiscal policy shifts the IS curve to the right. And a liberal monetary plicy
shifts the LM curve to the right. It will result in a higher level of output, but the level of
interest rate is dependent on the relative magnitude of fiscal and monetary policies
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66. Answer : (a)
Reason : Economic growth refers to situation where increased productive capabilities of an
economy are made possible by either an increasing resource base or technological
advance. A country, thus, can achieve economic growth through:
Improvement in technology
Natural resources
Capital
Human resources
Change in tastes and preferences of consumers only affect the demand of an individual for
good or services, and it does not increase the production capabilities of an economy.
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67. Answer : (d)
Reason : Revenue deficit = Revenue expenditure Revenue receipt
Revenue Expenditure = Non plan revenue expenditure + Plan revenue expenditure
= 1157536+307372 = 1464908
Revenue receipts = Tax revenue + Non. Tax revenue
= 736676+279064 = 1015740
Revenue Deficit = 1464908 1015740 = Rs. 449168 cr.
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68. Answer : (d)
Reason : Balance of payments statement is described as a nations record of its goods, services and
assets transactions with the rest of the world. This is recorded in the form of double entry
bookkeeping.
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69. Answer : (d)
Reason : In the example, the opportunity cost of producing 10 gallons of wine for United States is
3 tons of strawberries while for Brazil, it is only 2 tons. This means less opportunity cost
for Brazil and a comparative advantage for brazil in strawberry production.
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70. Answer : (e)
Reason : Overall balance of payment
= Total Credit of the Bop Total debit of the Bop
= 732795647895
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= $ 84900million (surplus)
71. Answer : (b)
Reason : An expansionary monetary policy increases the money supply. This will decrease the
interest rates boosting planned investment and aggregate demanbd. This will further
increase aggregate output and hence money demand.
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72. Answer : (a)
Reason : In an economy, the high-powered money is the aggregate of monetary liabilities of the
central bank and government money. The foreign exchange reserves are the asset of the
central bank. When the foreign exchange reserves increases, the monetary liabilities also
increase. This in turn increases the high-powered money in the economy and thereby the
money supply. If the economy is already affected by inflation, the central bank must step
in to curb this expansion of money supply by either contracting its lending its lending to
the banking systems (by increasing the discount rate) or by open market operations (sale
of government securities) or by increasing the cash reserve ratios of the commercial bank.
(a) Is the answer because the Reserve Bank of India increase CRR to correct the
imbalances created by changes in foreign exchange reserve.
(b) Is not the answer because RBI wouldnt decrease CRR. It will not help in correcting
the imbalances created by changes in foreign exchange reserve.
(c) Is not the answer because due to increase in foreign exchange reserves, RBI
increases the discount rate.
(d) Is not the answer because RBI checks the expansion of money supply by open
market operations, i.e. sale of government securities.
(e) Is not the answer because RBI would not adopt qualitative restrictions.
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73. Answer : (d)
Reason : Slowing of economic activity accompanied by inflation is defined as stagflation.
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