CIVL3006 Engineering Hydraulics Problems on Open-Channel Flow Uniform flow 1.

A U-channel has two sides vertical and a semi-circular bottom of 0.3 m diameter. Calculate the discharge of water, assuming uniform flow, through the channel when the depth of flow is 0.4 m. The bed slope is 1 in 1000 and Mannings factor n = 0.012.

2. A 5-m-wide rectangular channel is laid on a slope 1 in 300. Assuming Mannings factor n = 0.04, find the normal depth if the channel is designed to carry water at the rate of 10 m3/s. 3. A trapezoidal aqueduct has base width b = 5 m and side slope = 40 and carries a normal flow of 60 m3/s of water when the flow depth y = 3.2 m. For clay tile (n = 0.014) surfaces, estimate the required bed slope.

4. In flood stage, a natural channel consists of a deeper main channel plus two shallower but rougher floodplains. For the channel shown below, find the discharge, where y1 = 6 m, y2 = 1.5 m, b1 = 12 m, b2 = 30 m, n1 = 0.020, n2 = 0.040, and the channel bed slope S0 = 0.0002 for all sections.

5. An asphalt (n = 0.016) circular channel, of diameter 75 cm, is flowing half-full at an average velocity of 3.4 m/s. Estimate (a) the volume flow rate, (b) the Froude number, and (c) the critical slope.

Flow over a bump 6. Water flowing at a velocity of 1.25 m/s in a very wide channel comes close to a 20 cm high bump when the flow depth is 1.8 m. Energy loss may be ignored in the vicinity of the bump. (a) Check if the flow is sub-critical or super-critical on approaching the bump, and hence confirm that the water surface will be depressed over the bump. (b) Find the specific energy. (c) Calculate the velocity, flow depth and Froude number over the bump. Hint: solve the equation for the flow depth by iteration. (e) What is the maximum height of a bump that can be installed without choking the flow?

Sluice gate flow; weir; hydraulic jump 7. Given is the flow of a channel of large width b under a sluice gate, as in the figure below. Assuming frictionless steady flow with negligible upstream kinetic energy, derive a formula for the flow ratio Q 2 / ( y13b 2 g ) as a function of the ratio y2/y1. Show by differentiation that the maximum flow rate occurs when y2 = 2y1/3. If the upstream kinetic energy is included, show that the upstream velocity may be related to the water levels by V1 = 2 g ( y1 y2 )
2

( y1 / y2 )

8. Water discharges under a sluice gate onto a very wide channel of bed slope 0.020 and Mannings factor 0.012. The water depth behind the gate is 4 m, and the gate opening is 0.75 m. (a) Calculate the flow-rate per unit width of the gate. (b) Determine the type of surface profile that will develop downstream of the gate. The coefficients of contraction and discharge are equal to 0.6 and 0.57, respectively. 9. The figure below shows a horizontal flow of water through a sluice gate, a hydraulic jump, and over a 1.8-m sharp-crested weir. The channel, gate, jump, and weir are all 2.4 m wide unfinished concrete (n = 0.014). Determine (a) the flow rate in m3/s, (b) the normal depth, (c) the water depths y2, y3 and y4, and the Froude number Fr2 and Fr3 before and after the hydraulic jump. The discharge coefficient for the sluice gate is 0.568, while that for the weir is given by Cd = 0.564 + 0.0846 H / Y , where H is the water level above the weir crest, and Y is the weir height.

10. Water in a horizontal channel accelerates smoothly over a bump and then undergoes a hydraulic jump, as in the figure below. If y1 = 1 m and y3 = 40 cm, estimate V1, V3, y4, and the bump height h.

Gradually varied flow 11. Find the normal depth for a discharge of 2 m3/s-m in a very wide channel of slope 0.0008 and Mannings factor n = 0.02. At the downstream end of the channel, a dam backs up the water such that the depth immediately behind the dam is 0.5 m higher than the normal depth. Find the location (distance upstream from the dam) where the depth is 0.2 m higher than the normal depth. (Use the integration method.)

12. A wide rectangular channel with Mannings factor n = 0.025 is laid with a change in slope from 0.01 to 0.002. The depth of uniform flow in the mild channel is 2 m. Show that a hydraulic jump is formed on the steeper slope, and determine its location.

13. A rectangular prismatic channel 1.5 m wide has a slope of 1 in 1600 and ends in a free outfall. If Mannings n is 0.015, how far from the outlet is the depth 750 mm when the flow rate is 1.25 m3/s? (Use the step method with six equal steps.) 14. Water runs down a 50 m wide spillway at 280 m3/s on to a long concrete apron (n = 0.015) having a uniform downward slope of 1 in 2500. At the foot of the spillway the depth of the flow is 600 mm. How far from the spillway will a hydraulic jump occur? (For this very wide channel taking Rh = y gives acceptable accuracy. Use the step method.) 15. Given a wide rectangular channel with n = 0.022, bed slope S0 = 0.0048 , and flow rate q = 5 m3 /(s m) . (a) What are the critical depth and normal depth? (b) What type of slope it is? (c) If y0 = 1.0 m at x = 0, how far along the channel x = L does it take the depth to rise to yL = 1.2 m? Is the depth rise to happen upstream or downstream?