UPDATED GRAVITATION AND PHYSICS IN THE PROBABILITY MODEL OF THE DIGITAL UNIVERSE

Stan M. Zoledziowski

Edmonton 2010

Copyright Stanislaw M. Zoledziowski 2010 All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, presented to others in a written format, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means without the written permission of the author. The scanning, uploading and distribution of this book or its parts via the Internet without permission of the publisher is illegal and punishable by law. First made available by S. M. Zoledziowski Publisher, Alberta 2010 ISBN: 978-0-9811277-07 Library of Canada Control Number: 978-0-9811277-07 Printed by Pagemaster of Edmonton

Stanislaw (Stan) ZOLEDZIOWSKI is an Honorary Senior Lecturer of the University of Salford, U.K.; the above unsolicited research was done in the period 2002-2010 at the authors residence in Alberta, T7X-1H2, Canada.

Contents
1. Introduction 2. Macroscopic and microscopic forces of gravitation 3. Source, observer and signal 4. Integer values of physical constants of space in cubic geometry 5. Linear probability, gravity constant and electron mass in cubic geometry 6. Conversion of thermal flux into vector gravitation force by space quantization and probability 7. Proton identified as 2000 rotating electrons and SI body mass in kg as number of electrons 8. Local velocities in cubic geometry 9. Formation of gravitation and repulsion parameters, elementary current, graviton and Hartley energy 10. Radiation power of sun beam 11. Detailed energy between the sun and the earth and on earth 12. Singularity of the electron and velocity of light 13. Temperature in terms of space units 14. Apparent gravitation of Moon 15. Electrical parameters as derivative of gravitational pulse 16. Source of mismatch between cubic space and SI physical constants 17. Connection with high energy physics 18. Connection between the gravitation constant Gs and other physical constants 19. List of apparent sun-to-earth gravitation forces 20. Evaluation of apparent gravitation forces of planets 21. Radiation parameters 22. Overview 23. Gravitation force applied to hydrogen atom 24. Final considerations 25. References 26. Acknowledgements 27. Authors background 4 5 9 11 14 19 20 22 22 28 31 38 42 45 47 51 54 56 58 60 63 64 80 85 91 93 93

Copyright Stanislaw M. Zoledziowski 2010

UPDATED GRAVITATION AND PHYSICS IN THE PROBABILITY MODEL of the DIGITAL UNIVERSE S. M. Zoledziowski 1. Introduction
The author has recently completed analyses dealing with his life time experiments dealing with atomic forces [45]. The forces in geometries of atomic sizes are the same as the forces in astronomical sizes, so the rules displayed by ions forming Bohr atoms in salt (NaCl) crystal have direct application to astronomy and gravitation. His experimental observations lead to the proposed upgrades in gravitation and in physics. Kinetics has no units of time or of linear dimensions. So there are no missing unspecified dimensions in the Universe, as suggested by string theory, but two dimensions are absent on converting from atomic to classical SI units. Hence at the atomic kinetic level there is no distinction between energy, energy density, power or momentum. One of most distinct displays in authors experiments was the appearance of equipartition of energy in all degrees of freedom. Equipartition of energy may be almost instantaneous or take millions of years for galaxies. Initial studies involved spherical geometry requiring borrowing small virtual particles from other degrees of freedom using physical constants of the SI system together with the international gravity constant G. Cubic geometry was developed because it is based on linear probability, believed to be the true independent factor in the Universe expressing the true ratio of 1x10-10 between several dynamic atomic cubic space units converted to SI units (csuSI) and the static SI units. Extremely high gravity pressure on the surface of the sun compresses spherical atoms of hydrogen into almost cubes, coalesce forming transient cubes of crystals in plasma. Such cubes are believed take minimized energy positions and fit whole waves only in six orthogonal orientations. A set of csuSI units in Table 1 subscribed with s was derived and given values, which displayed several new features about the physics, about gravitation, while connecting these sciences with high energy physics. The main feature of the model is that most of the proposed parameters are integer values and numerical derivations are in many instances exact. The model proposed derives accurate gravitation forces, if either the sun radiates at much higher temperature than the planet, or the temperatures of both bodies are equal. Most equations and relations proposed incorporate numerical data indicating clearly the physical constants used. The forward pulse of thermal radiation with its reflection forms a short lived vector converting to gravitation force. Different values of energies quoted represent various stages of the conversion 4

of incoherent radiation pulses into vectors. At certain position in space the earth attracts the sun with the same force as the sun attracts the earth. Although not all statements have been proven and the earth path eccentricity is neglected, the model is very consistent and explains most simple facts about Bohr atom and about the radiated pulses. An event has unity probability. It is a unity integral of density probability, not split into areas of uncertainties creating indeterminacy in physics. Specific times and different areas of density distribution express other events with probability of unity or of zero. The model does not extend to more complex structures. The initial research published in Reference [45] expressed the steps of authors search into the unknowns of physics creating text difficult to follow, because all the spurious alternatives had to be considered. It followed several paths, some of which were later found to be unnecessary or incorrect, but were left for the consideration of researchers. The present model clarifies very simply the forces of gravitation between the earth and the sun, but requires very significant additions to the current views of physics. The model asserts that radiations have much lower values of local velocities that the velocity of light, requiring relativity and quantum corrections. Proton is treated as a simple collection of electrons with mass of a body over electron mass representing the number of electrons in the body. Thus linear velocity of a celestial body represents its current in amperes, which generates forces according to the established electromagnetic rules. The model proposed is a simple outline of the Universe Reality uncovered simply by applying probability of a six sided dice to the orthogonal geometry of space; readers requiring further validation of the conclusions need to refer to original publications [1, 2, 3, 4, 47] or WEB pages. This book is written to be understood by anybody comprehending the meaning of the physical constants. Several results were derived by logical guesswork, expressing excellent numerical agreements. The book has to be read more than once. Human hands of ten fingers and feet of ten toes demonstrate the validity of the concept proposed including space quantization.

2. Macroscopic and microscopic forces of gravitation

The Newton gravitation force of sun attraction acting on earth, as function of their separation Xearth, treated here as a well established reference, derived using SI values of classical physical constants given in Table 2, is: FG=Gxmearthxmsun/Xearth2=3.5438(05) x1022 N (2.1)

Using Gs requires multiplying FG by (Krel/3) to obtain the correct value In couples, sun to earth, to Uranus, to Neptune, to Mercury, and to Jupiter, the Newton gravitation force of attraction appears essentially equal and opposite to the centrifugal force FC expressed by: FR = -FG= mearthxearth2/Xearth=3.5430 x1022 N (2.2) Some educational establishments repeat an incorrect solution attributing to the centrifugal force the direction towards the rotating centre. It is postulated now that

the central force acting on the rotating body is supplied by the gravitation force of attraction. That attractive force is, as described by Kittel et als for satellites [46], balanced by the centrifugal force acting in the outward direction. Planets are suns satellites. Figure 1 shows the two forces as function of Xearth. The intersection of two functions establishes the semi-stable balance between these two forces. With the sun and the earth shown on the same figure, the attractive force of gravitation has opposite direction for each body. Since dFG/dX > dFR/dX changes of total energy produce minute displacement dX moving the circulating body to position, where FG is greater than FR. It is suggested now that this slight instability is the cause of celestial bodies moving very slowly towards the center of galaxy. The mass and the temperature gradient are the two main sources of gravitation. Both gradients decrease radially outwards in galaxies and are the contributing factors to the overall centrally directed movement of masses leading to the formation of the black hole. The temperature of the sun of 6000 K 6000 eV per pulse over a period of one of earth year of 31.557 x106 s produces with force of 1 N/K amount of energy and of force of gravitation close to the limits of the accuracy of the reference: (2.3) FGs 1N x 31.557 x106 x 60004/Krel = 3.5412 x 1022 N The number of seconds per year generates interesting results. During a quarter of the year the earth in one dimension (1D) is subjected to linear acceleration increasing its velocity from zero to 29786 m/s over the distance Xearth = 1.469x1011 m and the period 1/4x31.557x106 s. The resultant repulsive force, the product of acceleration and of earth mass in kilogram with relativity correction Krel3= 1.5396 and quantum corrector 1.041/2 is: FR = mearth x acceleration 5.9742x1024x29786/(1/4x31.557x106) x1.0202x1.5396 (2.4) . = 3.5470 x 1022 N The expression forms almost a perfect agreement with the references FG. This particular result is obtained using SI units. The average acceleration of earth measured toward sun due to rotational velocity 29786 m/s is minute 3.7755 and -3.7755 mm/s but the forces per kg = 0.0037755x3/Krel1/2=0.006086 N/kg balance the gravitation force of the sun FR/mearth = 3.5438 x1022 N/5.9742x1024 kg = 0.006012 N/kg. This is the centrifugal force recalculated in a linear manner. It justifies the validity of using the number of seconds in an earth year in the previous equations. Acceleration requires energy source to balance the force of attraction. Maxwell implies presence of radiation with acceleration and conditions required to produce reflective atomic force will be considered. A possible thermal option is considered in Section 11. Proton mass converted to energy, spread in two opposite directions due to conservation of momentum, expresses energy of: 1/2mps x cs2 10-27 x 9 x 1016 = 9 x 10-11 J per proton (2.5)

The value 10-27 expresses also mass 10 m3 of space, mass of 1000 electrons, mass of electron 10-30 or volume probability 10-30 per kg time quantization factor

1/103. Assuming that each kilogram of earth converts to energy the mass of one proton per year the power in watts delivered by earth is: dW/dt =mearth x10-27 x 9 x 1016 /(seconds in one year) = mearth x 10-30 (probability) x1/103 x 9 x 1016/(seconds in one year) = 5.9742 x1024x9x10-11 J/31.557x106= 17.038 x106 W
x10 -3

(2.6)

Above the power of earth repulsion is produced with acceleration of 3.7755 m/s and force of 1 N per kg, with cs being the converter from atomic to SI cubic space units. Fitting these values with relativity corrector derives essentially the same power: dW/dt (1 kg x 3.7755 x 10-3) x cs x 2 x 1.07547 = 17.217 x106 W (2.7) Converting to power, energy integrated over a period of one year expresses the value of energy of repulsion given on left side of Equation 2.8. The rights side adds atomic energy of the attraction involving its gradient dW/dx over the distance Xearth. The earth is attracted to the sun as the consequence of mass to energy conversion [Smoluchowski 18], attributed now to atomic quantum energy of 6000 eV inducing in space energy gradient dW/dx causing attraction. While earth is being rotated it is accelerated producing the force repulsing the sun. This is the atomic expression of the centrifugal force. Acceleration induced by ultraviolet electron radiation, called Bremsstrahlung, is a secondary effect. The above hypnoses is consistent with the gravitational waves received from a neutron star binary radiating the fundamental period with two masses equal to half the orbital period. Copyright Stanislaw M. Zoledziowski 2010 For atomic particles at cs = 1.00, dx=dt, dx/dt =1, dW=dW x dx/dt and dW/dt = dW/dx Force of repulsion, accelerating earth Force of attraction from converted mass dW/dt = dW/dx, energy gradient of space . with corrections Integrating total energy over one year and over the distance X sun to earth

dW/dt
5. 377 x 1014 J

year

Xearth

1.022/3 x

dW/dx
(2.8)

17.038 x106x 31.557 x 106 1.022/3 x 6000 J x 1.4960 x 1011 5.392 x 1014 J

Because the interaction is in one dimension the two balanced annual energies attributed to the earth and to the sun are derived as shown in above Equation 2.8:

The above energy represents otherwise 5.37x1033 eV, which time 1.111 x hs =1.111 x1x10-33 derives 6 eV, or 1 eV per orientation of space. Using relativity and quantum corrections 5.38x1014x1.041/3x1.07457 x1.0328 = 6 x1014 within 1%, the figure closely related to the minimum pulse energy of 1x10-14 J. Converting to atomic level by multiplying by 10-30 derives Bpulse1=1 x10-44 J. The above equalities apply to vectorized thermal flux representing 1/1000 of the incoherent thermal flux reaching earth and of 1.11x10-7 total sun flux in one direction. That incoherent flux heats earth, and earth radiates it into the Universe. The velocity of earth mass m expressing energy of the earth rotating momentum M is located at ~2/3 earth radius = 2/3 x6.371x106 m from the earth center. Its value is m =2 x 2/3 x 6.372 x 106/(12 x 3600) = 196.6 m/s. The distance along the sun-earth axes to the m position is xc=2x2/3x6.371x106=8.4947x106 m and so the centrifugal force component acting along this direction is within % of the reference value:
Copyright Stanislaw M. Zoledziowski 2010

Fig. 1 Balancing the gravitational force with the centrifugal force

FR=mearth m2/xc x1.333/1.02=5.9742 x1024x196.62/8.4997 x106=3.5650x1022 N (2.9) The relativity correction 1.15472 applies to earth protons moving at velocity 1/2 xcs adding to the mass of earth and producing two vectors of total velocitry cs. The resultant repulsive gravity force is FR =mearthm2/xc=Mm/Xc=M xc/(xct)= M/t per K per kg or per proton along the earth sun axes. The impulse: Force (or field) x time = mass x acceleration x time = Momentum M. In authors experiments this simple relation was used to expand the dipole of Bohr atomic structure to dissociation length deriving several physical constants [2, 3, 4].

3. Source, observer and signal

The reality of the world is presented always in the front of our eyes for example as shown in Figure 2. At 300 K the gravity model considers only the mean frequency of the proton oscillations at 5x1012 Hz. From the observers view point the world is represented by straight lines of rays entering the eye from all the directions generated by protons and electrons oscillations at different temperatures producing a range of frequencies. Most animals have developed technique to improve the vision by having two eyes. Any movement involves two orientations, so that two observers (two eyes) are needed to record accurate data, unless time is taken from a series of measurements. This has been used by the author in his relaxation and in high field conduction experiments. Most accurate single measurements miss energy or momentum components at right angle to the propagation axes and may lead to misjudgments of radiation data. In electrical engineering the invisible component is described in imaginary j = -1 algebra, expressing virtual numbers and completed by a sinusoid. Radiation in one plane and direction has equal probability of being discharged in semicircle in all orientations the average position of the source force vector (or momentum) moving along the pathway source-receiver being 450. Vector sum of two such pulse forces (momentum and energy) moving along a straight line is 2 larger than the mean of the semicircle. Corrected for relativity velocity discussed later the resultant becomes 3/22x1.07456. The imaginary j components of energy and of momentum are real values, which are not carried in radiation rays and so they may cause an underassessment of radiation energy and momentum. The hidden 0.5 eV value is displayed in Planck constant per energy of one degree of freedom at earth temperature of 300 K time proton frequency vLms over 1.111 relativity corrector derived in Section 23. In the converted to SI cubic space units of Table 1: hs/(1/2ksT300 ) x vLms/1.111 1 x10-33/(1/2 x 2 x10-23 x300) x5 x1012/1.111=1.5 eV (3.1) Both thermal and gravity rays move along straight paths and are one dimensional (1D). The basic ID interaction is common to all string theories; this means that the only variable is along well defined propagation axis; the interacting thermal flux is restricted to the beam covering the earth area, while gravity flux being

vectors are collected from a wide area around the earth as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 2. Our eyes see millions of pixels (points) in space all generating space particles of all tempearatures and frequencies
Copyright Stanislaw M. Zoledziowski 2010

At atomic level an elementary energy Universe pulse will be called now Bohr pulse, Bpulse. It has three values which are derived from atoms of H, H2 or He, but its formation remains unclear. Elementary input Bpulse1 = os x vol.probability x space quantization of 1/103: (3.2) Bpulse1 = 1x10-11 x1x10-30 x1/10 x1/10 x1/10 =1x10-44 J The universal atomic Bpulse is derived in expressions as a product of sequencial probability of many vectors. In SI space units Bpulse1, derived by square of the proton mass time velocity of light multiplied by the quantum corrections 1.04 and 8 corners of the cubic geometry of Figure 7, is: Bpulse1 (mpds xcs1/2)x(mpds xcs1/2) x1.04 x8 =(2 x10-27)2x3 x108 x1.04 x8=1 x10-44 kg-m/s (3.3) -23 With ks=1x10 J space pulse is per Kelvin and its formation involves ks product:
.
.

Bpulse1 energy (ksx10)X(ksx10) =1 x10-44 J/K

(3.4)

Above energies per Kelvin express energies produced by repulsive forces generated by earth acting in the plane of earth rotation generating with reflected pulse and

10

another pulse light velocity: 2 x [2 x 1/4 cs + 2 x 1/4 cs ] = cs. Planck constant hs is per Kelvin; at 6000K it is 6 ks10-27 W. While 1 x10-44 cs2 x 1.111= 1 x 10-27 J, the popular, but unexplained, multiplier cs4 derives correct energy of six ionization energies of Bohr atom representing six directions: 1 x10-44cs4 1/(6 x 13.62 x 1010 ) eV (3.5) With energy radiation mass mps = 1x10-27 kg, relativity corrections Krel = 1.15457 and Krelcs= 1.0328, velocity of light cs = 3 x 108 m/s , 1/103 vector creator, each momentum of 3 x 1.1111 x 1/103 x 1.0328 x mps x cs x Krel2 x 1.03281= 0.02977 J 0.03 eV = 1/2 xksT300/es. Squared value (1/2ksT300/es.)2x1.111=0.001 eV, while the smallest energy decrement measured by the author [2, 3, 45] has nearly 10 times larger value 10 [0.001/(1.1547 x 1.0328)]= 0.00833 eV. Energy of 0.01 eV has been derived in Equation 23.14 using Planck Radiation Law.

4. Integer values of physical constants of space in cubic geometry

A new set physical constants suitable for csuSI radiation parameters expressed in SI units has been uncovered and it is listed in Table 1. They are characterized by having round, integer values expressed by ~2/3 of the standard SI values. These parameters are subscribed with letter s to differentiate them from classical physical constants in SI units given in Table 2. The model uses extensively the concept of equalization of energy between all degrees of freedom requiring a stable Bohr atom to share its energy equally between electron, proton and (electron+proton) pair. This concept was developed from the experiments in NaCl crystals [3, 4] in which double valence impurity created energy of Bohr atom structure with charged crystal vacancy. Although several developed expressions for the force of sun to earth gravitation in Table 3 use the electron frequency 5x1015 Hz, this value can be replaced by 103x5 x1012 Hz and most logically developed forces are derived from vectorized infrared flux. The muon particle responsible for inner atomic force has been now found to derive the international gravity constant G. Muon is a short lived pulse, most probably because its energy is quickly diverted to other degrees of freedom. The pulse of G is also short lived, and it expresses its force at its maximum value. While radiation pulse of muon or G is activated, the electron requires some 1000 steps to transfer its energy to proton. Consequently the energy of G and of muon is initially divided between frequencies of proton and (proton+electron) pair. This is the likely reason while such energy (and momentum) is different in the both systems. They proposed cubic constants often generate round values of radiation parameters and derive a large number of numerically correct data. Equal probability of independent radiations in six orthogonal directions is expressed by the cubic geometry. Relaxation and high field conduction studies were first to show that the energy of single hydrogen structure has three equal energies. However earth at its relatively low temperature of 300 K generates two base infrared frequencies,

11