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WATERSHED MANAGEMENT OF WATERSHED FOR DRAINS CONNECTING BAD VILLAGE TO YAMUNA RIVER AT ALIPUR VILLAGE
Project Members:1. ANIL PATEL 2. ANKUR GUPTA 3. ANUJ AGARWAL 4. NIKITA JAIN 5. APARNA VERMA (0706400014) (0706400017) (0706400020) (0706400059) (0706400022)
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CERTIFICATE
This is certified to be the bonafide work of the students:1. Anil Patel 2. Ankur Gupta 3. Anuj Agarwal 4. Nikita Jain 5. Aparna Verma 6. Paramhans Singh
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Many may think it foolhardy for a group to attempt to practically. Howe ever, my group have made it possible to enlist the criticism and advice of a number of civil engineers, environmental engineers, and field experts for this project. To them, I owe a great deal, for kind encouragement and sometimes deservedly blunt criticism, but also for the insight and perspective that only the real expert can convey. It is perhaps inevitable that some errors of fact, interpretation, or emphasis will be found, but we trust no one will attribute these to anyone. I am also grateful to our colleagues and Department of Civil Engineering of our college. We also owe a great deal to MR. RAJVIR SINGH JUREL (project Guide) who taught us whatever I have learned about this project. I am particularly indebted for invaluable help with proof reading, indexing, checking of problem, and collection of data and reference. Finally, we want to express our deep appreciation to MR. M. Z. AHMAD (HOD, Civil Engg. department) who patiently endured the many weekends and evening that were to devoted to research and who gave encouragement when it was needed.
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CONTENT
1. Introduction
1.1 History 1.2 What is watershed? 1.2.1 Types of watershed 1.2.1.1Based on hydrology 1.2.1.2 Based on drainage divides 1.2.1.3 Based on size of catchment area 1.2.2 Significance of Watershed 1.2.3 Characteristics or parameters of watershed 1.3 What is Watershed management?
4. Necessity of the Project 5. Hydrology and Ground water Potential of project Area 6. Calculation of Runoff 7. References
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
1. Hydrological Cycle 2. Watershed 3. Rainfall Pattern in the state 4. Satellite view of Project Area 5. Figure Showing Runoff
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6 8 13 14 16
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1. Introduction
Watershed is defined as a geohydrological unit draining to a common point by a system of drains. All lands on earth are part of one watershed or other. Watershed is thus the land and water area, which contributes runoff to a common point. In other words watershed is a topographically delineated area draining into a single channel. Watershed is considered as a biological, physical, economic and social system too. Viewed in another angle watershed is a natural unit of land, which collects water and drains through a common point by a system of drains. Hence it comprise of a Catchment area (Recharge Zone), a Command area (Transition Zone) and a Delta area (Discharge Zone). Therefore watershed is the area encompassing the Catchment, command and delta area of a stream. The topmost portion of the watershed is known as the ridge and a line joining the ridge portions along the boundary of the watershed is called a ridgeline. A watershed is thus a logical unit for planning optimal development of its soil, water and biomass resources.
1.1 History
Quantity of water on earth is fixed; which is estimated as 1,38,550 Billion hectare meter, out of which only 3750 Billion hectare meter is fresh water, which is 2.70 % of the total amount of water. Even out of this 2.7% of fresh water about 2.03% is contained as polar ice and glaciers, and only 0.61% is ground water. Out of this 0.61% ground water the exploitable ground water up to 800m depth below ground is only 0.27%.
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The term watershed is used (especially in North America and Europe) to indicate an area of land from which all water falling as rain or snow would flow toward a single point. This includes both surface water flow, such as rivers, streams and creeks, and the underground movement of water. The boundaries and the area of such a watershed are determined by first specifying geographic point on land. A line is then drawn which connects all of the points of highest elevation immediately adjacent to that point. The watershed area would be the land area within those boundaries. The watershed of the Amazon River would include all of the tributaries that flow into it so it would actually contain several hundred smaller watersheds. The watershed is thus defined hydrologically, that is, by the specific river or stream. Watershed and drainage basin or catchment are used synonymously and all of them refer to the area of land drained by a river system.
Exorheic watershed, which empty to the sea and represent the major part of the drainage of all of the continents except Australia. Endorheic watershed, which discharge inland, into closed lake basins, and are mainly (but not exclusively) restricted to the arid and semi-arid regions. Arheic regions, which is the region within which no rivers arise (the lower part of the Nile, Oranje and Niger, all in Africa, are a good examples of this category of basin).
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These features are all important when studying watersheds because watersheds themselves are significant to areas worldwide as people depend on water. It is the watershed that provides drinking water, as well as water for recreation, irrigation and industrial activities. Watersheds are also significant for plants and animals as they provide food and water. By studying the key watershed features in addition to activities along waterways scientists, other researchers and city governments can work to keep them healthy because a small change in one portion of a watershed can drastically affect other parts.
All characteristics affect the disposal of water. SIZE: It helps in computing parameters like precipitation received, retained, drained off. SHAPE: Different shapes based on morphological parameters like geology and structure, e.g. pear, elongated etc. PHISIOGRAPHY: Lands altitude and physical disposition. SLOPE: It controls the rainfall distribution and movement: CLIMATE: It decides the quantitative approach. DRAINAGE: It determines the flow characteristics and so the erosion behavior. VEGETATION: Information of species gives a sure ground for selection plants and crops. GEOLOGY AND SOILS: Their nature determines size, shape, physiographic, drainage and groundwater conditions. Soils, derivative of rocks are the basic to greenery
HYDROLOGY: Basic to final goal of growing greenery in a watershed. It helps in quantification of water available. HYDROGEOLOGY: Availability of groundwater. SOCIOECONOMICS: Statistics on people and their health, hygiene, wants and wishes are important in managing water.
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Greening of the watershed through proper management of land water and energy resource.
2. Objective of Project:
To plan available surface and ground water in such a way so that maximum surface water is utilized in the watershed itself and exploitation of ground water is done in such a way so that there is no appreciable trend of rise and fall of ground water table.
3.1.2 Climatology:
Average annual rainfall Maximum Temperature Minimum Temperature : 620 mm : 45C : 1.5C
Total Forest area Net Sown Area Single Crop Area Total Irrigated Area Canal Irrigation Tube Wells (Pvt. & Govt.) Open wells Other Sources
: 1479 Ham. : 2677730 Ham. : 137601 Ham. : 103306 Ham. : 155469 Ham. : 21 Ham. : 911 Ham. : 99041.30 Ham. : 62258.80 Ham. : 76.81%
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Area Population
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: 620 mm
3.3.1
3.3.1
Average annual rainfall Maximum Temperature Minimum Temperature Total Forest Area Net Sown Area Single Crop Area
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Total Irrigated Area Canal Irrigation Tube wells (Pvt. & Govt.) Open wells Other Sources Ground Water Resources: Ground water Availability Present Utilization Level of Development : : : : :
: : :
3.3.1
**CON
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SOIL AN RAINWATER
W A T E R S H E D
OR
Runoff (RO) is the total amount of water flowing into a stream, or the sum of direct runoff and base flow. To determine the amount of annual runoff, subtract the amount of annual evapotranspiration from the annual amount of precipitation. Precipitation - Evapotranspiration= Runoff (RO) RO = DRO + BF or RO = OF + SOF + IF + BF From here, runoff can be divided into two successively smaller subcategories:
Direct Runoff (DRO) is the sum of surface runoff and interflow. DRO = SRO + IF SRO = OF + SOF or DRO = OF+ SOF + IF Surface Runoff (SRO) is the sum of overland flow and saturation excess overland flow.
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The rainfall is disposed off in following manner(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Basin recharge Direct run off (or run off) Percolation to ground water Evaporation
(i) Basin Recharge (a) (b) (c) Spaces of soil) (ii) Direct run off The water which reaches the stream just after rain fall. It consists of (a) (b)
Rain intercepted by trees & Plants Depression storage Hygroscopic water (moisture held by capillary water in pore
Surface flow Inter flow Surface flow is the portion of water that travels across the ground surface to meet nearest stream.
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Interflow is the part of rainfall which infilters the ground and moves laterally through upper crust and reaches the nearest stream.
(iii) Percolation of ground water (Base flow) The water which percolates deep down ward to meet ground water Table is called base flow. (iv) Evaporation The rain fall which is converted into vapour and go back to atmosphere is called evaporation. 2. Types of stream There are two types of stream. (a) Influent stream which recharges the ground water by means of infiltration. (b) Effluent stream which gets water from ground water. 3. Factors affecting Runoff The main factors affecting the flow from a catchment area are(a) Precipitation characteristics-intensity duration of rain fall. (b) Shape and size of the catchment-fan shaped more run off at a time, fern leaf reduced discharge long time. (c) Topography, slope, surface smooth or rugged. d) Geological characteristics soil, subsoil permeability. (e) Meteorological characteristics Temp, wind velocity (f) Characteristics of catchment surface drained/undrained, natural/cultivated. (g) Storage characteristics Ponds, lakes etc. 4. ESTIMATION OF RUNOFF : The runoff from a catchment can be computed daily, monthly or yearly. Following are the methods of estimation of runoff.
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By Runoff formulae and Table By Infiltration method By unit hydrograph By Rational method
Run off formulae and Tables:
Run off coefficient:The runoff and rain fall can be interrelated by runoff coefficient K by the expression. R = K.P. Where, R Run off in cm P Rain fall in cm K Coefficient or run off There value of k depends upon the factors which affect the run off. This method should not be used for major storms. The values of k are given below 1. Urban - residential Single house 0.3 Garden apartment 0.5 2. Commercial and industrial 0.9 3. Forest area- depending on soil 0.05-0.2 4. Parks, farm land, pasture 0.05-0.3 5. Asphalt or concrete pavement 0.85 Barlow has also given values of k (in percent) for various classified catchments. Stranges Tables and curves can be used for run off calculations.
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References:
Books:
1. Dr. B.C. Punmia, Dr. Pande B.B.Lal, Irrigation and Water Power Engineering, Laxmi
Publishers, Delhi
3. Bharat Singh, Fundamentals of Irrigation Engineering, Nem Chand & Bros, Roorki
Websites:
1. http://www.watershed.com 2. http://www.ximb.ac.in 3. http://www.irrigation.up.nic.in 4. http://www. wikipedia.org/wiki/Watershed_management
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