Vision 2020

VISION 2020
PERSPECTIVE PLAN
G.B. PANT UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, PANTNAGAR
Published by Dr. S.P. Gupta, Director, Communication Centre, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, Uttaranchal. Printed at Venus Printers and Publishers, B-62/8, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase II, New Delhi 110 028, Tel. : 5704549,5764549.
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Foreword
Over the years, our National Agricultural Research System under the aegis of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research has served a very useful purpose. Nevertheless, in the fast changing global context, managing the change on a time scale, by converting weaknesses, if any, into opportunities to become internationally competitive is considered important. We need to be forward looking and visible with appropriate agricultural research and education policies in place supported by the cutting edge technologies in order to attain and sustain global advantages. It is in this background that the formulation of a perspective plan with a visionary approach is quite necessary. The clearly spelt out options and likely changes would enable the system to capitalize on our strength so that the threats, if any, are converted into opportunities. The establishment of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (GBPUA&T) as the first agricultural university in 1960 in U.P. with integrated mandate on higher education, research and extension was the first step towards imparting systematic agricultural education in the country. The University soon emerged as a pace setter in advancing agricultural research and education and became a role model to establish several SAUs subsequently in other states of the country. The emerging challenges in areas like management of natural resources, diversification of agriculture to enhance farm income, management of agribusiness, post-harvest value addition and food processing, biotechnology in agriculture, quality improvement and phytosanitary standardization of the farm produce in conformity with international market standards, sustainability in agricultural production and maintaining dynamic relationship between agriculture and environment will be gaining higher priority during the 21st century. This demands more capability and need for upgrading research competence in these areas. Following the creation of the state of Uttaranchal, the University has a challenging role ahead specially for bringing prosperity to the small farmers of the hill region through diversified agriculture, preserving and protecting the rich biodiversity and the delicate ecological balance of the region. I am happy to note that the GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, has developed its perspective plan with an in-depth assessment of the problems and prospects of Uttaranchal and integrating its on-going research activities to deliver the benefits not only to the farmers of Uttaranchal but also to the rest of the country. I hope the perspective plan developed by the University would provide a blue print for further strengthening of agricultural education, research and development in general and in the state of Uttaranchal in particular.
July17,2001
(R.S. Paroda) Secretary,DepartmentofAgriculturalResearch&Education andDirector-General,IndianCouncilofAgri ulturalResearch c
Preface
The year 1960 will be remembered as the year of revolution in agricultural education and research when the first State Agricultural University (SAU) was inaugurated at Pantnagar. This University has set its standard which has served as model for other SAUs in the country in terms of its objectives, programmes, courses and examination, evaluation norms, etc. The integrated teaching, research and extension system is the foundation of this university. Recently, with the formation of Uttaranchal state, the University has been assigned the exclusive responsibility of research and extension in agriculture and allied subjects for the entire State. In this Perspective Plan several new areas of research have been identified. With new emphasis and to meet the present challenges like globalization of economy; patenting of technologies, products, processes; etc., food and nutrition security; and many other pressures and demands of the State as well as of the nation, the University will recast, revamp and reorient the ongoing programmes. The Uttaranchal is poised to make advances in agriculture without adversely affecting the environment of the Himalayan region. The multidimensional development has to pass through green, white, blue and yellow revolutions to attain the goal of rainbow revolution and ensure balanced growth in agriculture, health, industry, tourism, forest, environment and education without disturbing the geographical, natural, aesthetics, traditional and socio-cultural heritage of Uttaranchal state. I thank all the Deans, Directors, Heads of Departments and other officers of this university for providing valuable information and contributing in the preparation of the Perspective Plan. Help rendered by Dr. Harpal Singh, Dean, Post-Graduate Studies in the collection of material at the initial stages is acknowledged. I place on record my appreciation to Dr. S.P. Gupta, Director, Communication Centre, for compilation and presentation of information in this document, Vision 2020. I also thank Sri Naresh Kumar, Senior Editor, Ms. B. Saini, Associate Professor and Dr. S.K. Kashyap, Editor for their editorial assistance and to the office staff for their needful support. I feel that this document will help in accelerating teaching, research and extension programmes of the University and meeting the challenges in the new state of Uttaranchal.
(J.B. Chowdhary) July 15, 2001

Vice-Chancellor
Executive Summary
The G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, initially founded as U.P. Agricultural University came into being by an act of legislation UP Act XI-V of 1958. It was dedicated to the nation on 17 November 1960 for education of the rural people in agriculture, rural industry and business, for pursuing research and undertaking extension programmes in agriculture and other allied subjects. The university was established on the land grant pattern of the USA and is unique in terms of its objectives, programmes and activities. Through a journey of 40 years the university has grown into a big campus and has been enriched with basic facilities and amenities for comfortable living of the students and employees. It has nine constituent colleges which vary in their strength in terms of number of departments, faculty members, courses, research projects etc. As such it has become essential to review the progress of these colleges and develop a perspective plan to meet the challenges of the newly created state of Uttaranchal. The geographical area of the state is 53,119 sq.km. with diverse agro-ecological and climatic conditions spread in 13 districts representing hills, tarai and plains. The scarce resources, small and fragmented holdings, difficult terrains, predominance of rainfed area under cultivation are the few salient reasons for slow and poor economic growth of the region. Nevertheless, potential for agricultural growth in Uttaranchal is tremendous considering the scope of diversification of agriculture through cultivation of fruits and vegetables, flowers and medicinal/ aromatic plants. The other agro-based activities like mushroom production, beekeeping, sericulture, livestock production, rabbit production, etc. also have a vast scope for their development if they have a suitable market infrastructure, transportation, storage and processing industries. Uniqueness of hill agriculture may also be demonstrated by promoting pollution free technology for enhancing soil fertility as well as insects pests and disease management through application of biotechnology and organic farming. The perspective plan of the university has been prepared concerning the feasibility of different activities under subtropical (upto 1000 mt. height), warm temperate (1000-1800 mt height), cool temperate (1800-2400 mt. height) and cold zones (2400-3000 mt. height). For want of objectives and a reliable data base regarding natural resources and a socio-economic profile, most of the activities proposed are based on the secondary sources of information available from the people and the old records. However, considering the need and priority for developing land use plan, it is essential that the total available lands in hills be mapped out showing macro and micro level, geoclimatic and biotic situations. Considering the needs, problems, potential and scope for agricultural development in the hill region, tarai and plains the nine colleges of the University have prepared HRD and research perspectives for the next 20 years as per details given below:
College of Agriculture
The HRD through undergraduate curricula will have a shift in priority on resource cum technology management coupled with managerial skills for sustainable production of crops, vegetables, fruits etc. with emphasis on quality improvement, high production, diversification, integrated pest management, integrated nutrient management and post harvest management technologies. The advance centres in different areas of agricultural sciences at postgraduate level will also be given priority for offering advance courses to the students to enrich their knowledge through basic and applied research to cater to the needs of the public and private organizations. Training and upgradation of teachers in all the colleges will get priority for their counter contribution in teaching and research. Among research priorities thrust will be on crop improvement through heterosis breeding, conventional breeding, genetic transformation, germplasm collection and evaluation for high production, quality improvement, biotic and abiotic stresses. Seed production and quality improvement will be another thrust area for production of low cost hybrid seeds of crops, vegetables and other horticultural crops. Research on horticultural crops will have priority on development of micro ropagation techniques for breeding of demand driven varieties of fruits, flowers, vegetables, aromatic plants etc. with high production potential, better quality, better self-life and other commodity specific quality standards. The emphasis on research for protected horticulture will also be given to ensure high production with desired quality and to regulate production as well as pest and disease management. Similarly, advance techniques like remote sensing and GIS will be used for generation of data base and assessment of soil, water, climate and crop resources. Among other futuristic research areas, integrated disease management modules, integrated pest management modules, integrated weed management, integrated nutrient management, crop residue management, post harvest management, crop modelling and simulation techniques for important cropping systems, disease and pest forecasting modules, organic farming and bio-fertilizer management and application of biotechnologies for breeding, pest and disease control will be given emphasis. Research on water resource management will be another priority area to suggest water and nutrient use efficiency in different crops. Rain water management under different agro ecosystems, on-farm water management and water requirement of horticultural crops under micro-irrigation system are the other research priorities of this college. Under agroforestry research priority will be given to management of different agro-forestry systems including pest and disease management, water management, commercial use and cost benefit analysis. Research backup will also be provided for mushroom species, sericulture, and beekeeping, medicinal and aromatic plants. Under food science and technology emphasis will be given to dehydration, packaging and storage of fruits and vegetables. The product development from soybean, cereals, fruits, vegetables and other food crops will be another priority area of research during the next 20 years.
The animal science department has identified researches on development of cattle breeds, ways and means of augmenting feed resources, low cost management systems and development of production systems for different categories of farmers.
College of Veterinary Sciences

The undergraduate programmes have recently been revamped and reoriented. Emphasis will be given to development of teaching materials, communication skills of teachers for effective teaching and periodical training of teachers and field professionals for upgradation of their knowledge as per the need of the hour. The postgraduate programme in epidemiology and preventive medicines, livestock production technology, livestock production and management poultry science and veterinary extension as well as special programme on wild life management will be some of the priority areas to be taken up in the next 20 years. The college will concentrate its efforts on all round improvement of livestock so that it may prove to be a backbone of the rural economy. It will work on the issues and areas which can be helpful to integrate livestock production with crops, horticulture, poultry, fisheries, etc. Among other priorities, strengthening of disease reporting system and diagnostic laboratories, development of quick and reliable diagnostic kits for important diseases, exploitation of local herbs and medicinal plants, crossbreeding for upgrading nondescript cattle, genetic evaluation of local breeds of cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat, embrio transfer technology, integrating approach for control of livestock and poultry diseases, identification of toxic chemicals and self metals in feed and fodder and exploration of nonconventional feeds, modernization of slaughter house, etc. are the priority areas of this college in the next 20 years.
College of Technology
The college is poised to expand its undergraduate and postgraduate programmes to meet the future demands of the country. It is fully prepared to start B.Tech. programmes in Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, Post Harvest Process, Information Technology and Computer Engineering, Electronics and Instrumentation, Communication and Networking, Bio-electronics and Agro-electronics. The college has also planned M.Tech. and Ph.D. programmes in 18 specialized areas viz., Farm Machinery, Farm Power and Energy Management, Water Resource Development and Management, Agricultural Environmental Engineering, Watershed Management, Micro-Wave and Radar Engineering, Optical Fibre, Digital Communication, Satellite Communication, Image Processing and Remote Sensing, Bio-electronics, Digital Electronics, Electronic System Marketing and Computing, Agro-electronics, Instrumentation, Information Technology Management, Environmental Engineering, Constructional Technology and Management. The College also plans researches relevant to all the four branches of Agricultural Engineering for the benefit of farmers.
College of Basic Sciences and Humanities

The college visualizes the need to develop two streams of man power in biological and physical sciences. First stream to discover new scientific base for technology development and second to plan and prepare policies which would ensure fruits of rapid scientific and economic progress. The basic science research will also be planned to help other disciplines/ colleges in conducting basic and applied researches as well as postgraduate studies.
College of Home Science

The college will reorganize and reorient its courses to provide equal opportunities for male and female students in its HRD programmes and to utilize their services as professionals in the society or through self-employment. It will also reorient its laboratories to ensure professional competence among students. Under its research programme priorities will be focused on women employment, development of support systems for working women and operational research on finding self-employment opportunities for them including technology development for low -cost food processing, child management, natural dyes and fabrics, etc.
College of Fishery Sciences

The HRD component of this discipline will concentrate on culture, seed production, resource management, processing and fishery engineering at undergraduate level. However, under its post graduate studies some new programmes like Fishery Hydrography, Fish Processing Technology, Fishery Biotechnology, Fish Pathology, Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology will be started. For these courses modernization and establishment of new laboratories will be taken up on priority. Under its research perspectives collaborative programmes with national institutes on coldwater fisheries, fish genetics research, freshwater, aquaculture, reservoir fisheries and also with international institutes like ICLARM and NACA will be implemented. It will have a Informatics Centre on inland fisheries to cater to the need of North Indian states. The college research will cover all the relevant areas under the umbrella of applied research for fisheries development.
College of Agribusiness Management

The four units of the college i.e., Placement and Counselling, Management Development Programme, Business Management Clinic and Information Technology Management will have a major thrust in expanding H.R.D. through PG and short courses of 3-6 months in addition to refresher courses for in-service professionals. Its consultancy and research units will undertake commodity based management aspects to promote investment in the private sector.
College of Horticulture and Forestry

The college has realized the need for reorganizing the ongoing academic activities to have two separate undergraduate programmes in Horticulture and Forestry. Under the Horticulture College it will have new postgraduate programmes in Floriculture and Landscaping, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Production, Processing and Utilization of Herbal Plants, Post-Harvest Technologies in Horticulture and Horticultural Extension. Similarly under the forestry wing it will have master and Ph.D. programmes in Forestry Management, Land Resource Management, Forestry Extension and Industrial Forestry. Both the hill campuses will have the basic facilities and amenities including well equipped laboratories and research infrastructure to ensure retention of talented staff for the envisaged activities. The college has proposed a wide range of research programmes relevant for the Himalayan hill region with a major thrust on collection and conservation of plant bio-diversity, medicinal and herbal plants, flowers, packaging, biotech research for quality improvement, organic farming, IPM, etc., commercial farming of low volume, high value products and high tech horticulture including processing of fruits, vegetables, food crops, medicinal, herbal and aromatic plants.
College of Postgraduate Studies

The quality improvement in postgraduate teaching, research and evaluation will be a major thrust of this college. It will play a catalytic role in the design and development of new post graduate programmes through departments to catering to the future needs and demands of the farmers, industries and other sections of society. Establishment/ strengthening of laboratories, classrooms, complete computerization of the data base in different disciplines, creating 2 to 4 advance centres in promising discipline in each college and establishment of Technology Park are the other priorities of this college.
Extension Education
Under its extension education programme establishment one KVK in each district of Uttaranchal, with bigger roles and responsibilities, will be the first priority of the University. It will also have a Trainers Training Centre, Agricultural Technology Information Centre and functional linkage with all the development departments, research organizations and NGOs working in Uttaranchal for technology transfer and socio-economic development.
Agricultural Communication and Information

The agricultural communication and information services will be reoriented to meet the specific needs of Uttaranchal. This will be done through preparation of communication material like leaflets, bulletins, newsletters, monthly magazines, audio and video cassettes, CDs and other software. The proposed Mass Media Research Centre will undertake basic and applied research and also education in different wings of mass communication leading to postgraduate diploma, masters and Ph.D. including 3-6 month short courses in specialized areas of communication. It will link all the mass media organizations in Uttaranchal for rural development in addition to having a radio and T.V. station at the headquarters. Connecting all the colleges and hostels through
cable T.V., service through information shops, Krishi Sanghralaya, Mobile Exhibition Unit are some other innovative programmes of this unit for the next 20 years.
Researches in Extension Education

The research in extension education and dissemination of farm information will emphasize on socio-economic and cultural dynamics in adoption and diffusion of new technologies. Extension, training, and communication support for DASP and feasibility of information dissemination through internet communication system, participatory training, research and technology management are the other salient research areas of this discipline for the next 20 years.
Researches in Socio-economic Development

The social sciences including agricultural economics and extension education department will undertake need based research for micro planning in different farming systems, covering other allied areas like diversification, economic evaluation of prospective technology, institutional reforms and micro planning, export promotion, agricultural marketing, extension and management, etc.
Historical Perspective
After independence, development of the rural sector was considered the primary concern of the Government of India. In 1949, with the appointment of the Radhakrishnan University Education Commission, imparting of agricultural education through the setting up of rural universities became the focal point. Later, in 1954 an Indo-American team led by Dr. K.R. Damle, the Vice-President of ICAR, was constituted that arrived at the idea of establishing a Rural University on the land-grant pattern of USA. As a consequence a contract between the Government of India, the Technical Cooperation Mission and some land-grant universities of USA, was signed to promote agricultural education in the country. The US universities included the universities of Tennessee, the Ohio State University, the Kansas State University, The University of Illinois, the Pennsylvania State University and the University of Missouri. The task of assisting Uttar Pradesh in establishing an agricultural university was assigned to the University of Illinois which signed a contract in 1959 to establish an agricultural University in the State. Dean, H.W. Hannah, of the University of Illinois prepared a blueprint for a Rural University to be set up at the Tarai State Farm in the district Nainital, UP. In the initial stage the University of Illinois also offered the services of its scientists and teachers. Thus, in 1960, the first agricultural university of India, UP Agricultural University, came into being by an Act of legislation, UP Act XI-V of 1958. The Act was later amended under UP Universities Reenactment and Amendment Act 1972 and the University was rechristened as Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology keeping in view the contributions of Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant, the then Chief Minister of UP. The University was dedicated to the Nation by the first Prime Minister of India Pt Jawaharlal Nehru on 17 November 1960. The G.B. Pant University is a symbol of successful partnership between India and the United States. The establishment of this university brought about a revolution in agricultural education, research and extension. It paved the way for setting up of 31 other agricultural universities in the country. The credit for starting the functioning of the University without loosing any time goes to the warm and resourceful personality of the first Vice-Chancellor, the late Dr. Kenneth Anthony Parker Stevenson (1-12-58 to 2-1-64), who could keep people fruitfully engaged on the university farm, the labs and the classrooms despite the lurking fear of wild animals roaming the area. The other Vice-Chancellors to be remembered for their distinctive contributions in the development of the University are: Raja Bajrang Bhadur Singh (20-12-64 to 18-1-66) Dr. Dhyan Pal Singh (28-1-66 to 19-1-75) Shri Shiv Prasad Pandey (20-1-75 to 20-4-77) Dr. Dharma Pal Singh (22-10-77 to 22-6-78) 12-5-80) Shri Narendra Shankar Mathur (1-8-78 to Shri Anand Sarup (27-8-80 to 7-2-83) Shri Kripa Narayan (9-2-83 to 21-1-87) Dr. Kailash Nath Katiyar (27-1-87 to 26-7-87) Dr. Mahatim Singh (31-7-87 to 30-7-90) Dr. Hari Govind Singh (31-7-90 to 17-12-93) Dr. Suresh Chandra Mudgal (17-12-93 to 18-2-97) Dr. Surendra Bahadur Singh (18-2-97 to 17-2-2000) Dr. J. B. Chowdhary (Continuing since 17-2-2000) The Campus appears impressive today with its well-tended fields, a network of roads, housing colonies, street lighting, a telephone exchange, hospitals, marketing centres, a water supply section, 6 primary schools and 3 secondary schools.
The main campus lies in Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttaranchal at 29 N latitude and 79 E longitude at an elevation of 243.8 m above the mean sea level. This main campus has the area responsibility for the entire Uttaranchal representing plains, Tarai, Bhabar and hill areas. However, to provide service to the hill region its other stations are situated at Ranichauri (Tehri district), Majhera (Nainital district) and at Lohaghat-Sui (Champavat district). There are 763 teachers and officers 59 technical staff, 631 administrative and ministerial personnel and 1425 class III employees, amounting to a total strength of 2878. The number of students in the University ranges between 28003000. Thus, the teachertaught ratio is about 1:6 and student staff ratio is about 1:1.
Mandate
The University was established by an Act of Legislature of U.P. (Act XI-V, 1958) where under the section Uttar Pradesh Krishi avam Prodyogik Vishwavidyalaya Adhinium 1958, the objectives of the University were inscribed, among others, as under: making provision for the education of the rural people of Uttar Pradesh in different branches of study particularly agriculture, rural industry, business and other allied subjects; furthering the prosecution of research particularly agriculture and other allied sciences; and undertaking field and extension programmes.
The University was awarded with the Best Institution Award 1997 for its exemplary performance in the field of agricultural education, research and extension.
Organizational Setup
The University has a Board of Management as per Re-enactment and Amendment Act 1974 and the Vice-Chancellor is its ex-officio Chairman. The other ex-officio members are Secretaries of the State Government viz., Agriculture and Watershed Development, Finance, Education and Directors of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry of Uttaranchal. There are two members representing the Legislative Assembly and five members representing agricultural scientists, progressive farmers, livestock breeders, distinguished industrialist and outstanding women social workers, that are nominated by the State Government. Besides, one representative of the ICAR and one representative of the registered graduates of the university are also included. The Board has the power to approve the budget submitted by the ViceChancellor, to appoint members of the academic and administrative staff, to hold and control the property and funds of the University, to accept the transfer of any movable or immovable property on behalf of the University, to administer any fund placed at the disposal of the University for specific purposes, to invest money belonging to the University, to direct the form and use of the common seal of the University, to appoint such committees either standing or temporary as it deems necessary for its proper functioning, to borrow money for capital improvement, to meet at such time and in such places as it deems necessary and to regulate and determine all matters concerning the University in accordance with the Act and Statutes. The Governor of Uttaranchal State is the Chancellor of the University and by virtue of his office he is the head of the University and presides over functions of the University. The other powers as conferred on him by the University Act and Statutes are also exercised by him as and when required. The other authorities of the University are the Academic Council, the Board of Faculties and such other authorities as may be declared by the Statutes. As per the Act the Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor, Comptroller, Registrar, Dean Student Welfare, Deans of Faculties, Director of Experiment Station, Director Extension and such other persons in the service of the University as may be declared by Statutes are the officers of the University. The Vice-Chancellor is the Principal Executive and Academic Officer of the University. He is appointed by the Chancellor (Governor of the State) for a period of three years. He is the exofficio member and Chairman of the Board of Management and also of the Academic Council. He ensures faithful observance of the provisions of the University Act and Statutes without prejudice, the powers of the Chancellor and possesses all such powers as may be necessary on behalf of the Chancellor under section 23. He exercises general control over the affairs of the University and is responsible for maintenance of the discipline in the University. He is also responsible for presentation of the budget and statement of accounts to the Board of Management. He exercises the administrative orders of the Board regarding appointment, suspension and dismissal of the officers, academic staff and other employees of the University. He is also responsible for a close coordination and integration of teaching, research and extension in the University. He confers the degrees on persons entitled to receive them in the absence of the Chancellor. The University also has a whole time Comptroller appointed by the state government. He is the ex-officio secretary of the Board of Management and is responsible for the property and investment of the University. He prepares and presents the budget and statement of accounts to the Vice-Chancellor. The Registrar is also a whole time officer appointed by the Vice-Chancellor and approved by the Board of Management. He is responsible for the custody of records and common seal of the University. He is the ex-officio secretary of the Academic Council. He is also incharge of
the entrance examination, maintaining records of all courses, curricula and other information as deemed necessary. He is also responsible for conducting the examinations. The University also has a Dean of Student Welfare, for the arrangement of boarding and lodging facilities for the students, to provide programmes of students counselling, to supervise extra-curricular activities and to maintain contact with the alumni of the University. For placement of the University graduates in different private/public sector organizations and also their training in different organizations there is a post of the Director, Training and Placement . The University has the Academic Council which looks into the academic affairs of the University and is responsible for the maintenance of standards of instruction, education and examination and for the requirements for obtaining degrees. It exercises such other powers and perform such other duties as may be conferred or imposed upon it by the Statutes. The other sub-committees, of the Academic Council are the Educational Policy Committee, Students Discipline Committee and the University Library Committee. The University has nine faculties representing nine different colleges. Each faculty comprises of departments as prescribed by the Statutes. Each faculty has a Dean who is the Chairman of the Board of Faculty and is responsible for the due observation of the Statutes and regulations related to the faculty. He is also responsible for the organization and conduct of teaching, research and extension work of the departments comprising in the faculty. Each faculty has a number of departments as approved by the Board of Management on recommendation of the Academic Council. Each department has a Head who is responsible to the Dean for organization and operation of the department. The University also has an Agricultural Experiment Station for conducting research, both fundamental and applied, in all faculties. There is a Director of Experiment Station who keeps proper records of the projects and receives reports of the progress of research for publication. There is a Directorate of Extension that provides useful information to the farmers and housewives to help them in solving their problems and taking measures toward developing their interests. For planning and execution of extension programmes based on the results of the research, the University has a full time Director of Extension also. For providing information support and distant education through mass media there is another Directorate of Communication and Information Services with a provision of Director as head of the unit to plan and execute communication and information services related to different disciplines with the help of media specialists. There is also a full-fledged Directorate of Works and Plants for supervision of construction and maintenance of the buildings, roads and other municipal facilities in the campus. The University has a distinction of having a full time Chief General Manager of farm for planning and execution of agricultural production activities at the University Farm. The University has a well-equipped library to serve as an effective information and study support to the students and teachers for teaching and research in the university. The University also has a Director of Administration and Monitoring who is also the Chief Security Officer and is responsible for maintaining linkages with the district administration and ensures compliance of orders in the University for execution in different departments. The personnel management is looked after by a senior faculty member as Chief Personnel Officer for teachers and officers and the nonteaching staff is looked after by another senior faculty member as Establishment Officer. The other subsidiary offices include Transport Pool, Instrumentation Centre, University Press and University Garden.
Campus Growth
The G.B. Pant University has a perimeter of 28.52km covering a gross area of 16,000 acres. The campus is surrounded with a lush green plantation in the foothills of the Himalayas, in the district of Udham Singh Nagar, Uttaranchal State on the DelhiNainital and LucknowNainital routes. Less than 50 years ago it was a thick forest inhabited by wild beasts. Fear of mosquitoes and leeches, remoteness of the site, and high humidity were some of the hardships to be faced at the initial stage together with reclamation of the land and its rehabilitation. As a result of unabated cleaning and development work on this vast area it was converted into an impressive and pollution free campus with an elegant network of farm land, research stations, roads, residences, colleges, hostels and schools. Now, with the formation of the new state of Uttaranchal the area of responsibility of the University has been limited to the 11 districts of the hills and 2 districts of the plains comprising Tarai, Bhabhar and the adjacent area of the hills. The University is committed to the allround agricultural development of these areas through its concerted efforts and innovative education, research and extension programmes. The University has now grown up with a full range of activities, infrastructures and facilities along with supporting units to attain envisaged goals through the last 40 years. Its present form has been traced in this chapter.
Educational Network
After its establishment in 1960 the University started functioning with two colleges, viz., the College of Agriculture and the College of Veterinary Medicine which has now been renamed as the College of Veterinary Sciences. Two years later, a College of Agricultural Engineering was started which was renamed as the College of Technology in 1966 with the addition of 3 new B.Tech programmes in Civil, Mechanical and Electrical engineering. The need of a college which could impart the knowledge of basic scientific principles to the students, was also being felt strongly since the inception of the University. Hence a School of Basic Sciences and Humanities was established in 1963 which was upgraded as the College of Basic Sciences and Humanities. In the same year, with the initiation of masters programmes in different departments, the College of Post-Graduate Studies was started in the University. A big responsibility of the University was a hilly area which had agro climatic conditions and problems quite different from the plains. Hence, to take care of the needs of education, research and extension in the hills of UP, a full-fledged hill campus was established in 1976 by the University at Ranichauri in the district of Tehri Garhwal. At this campus only research and extension programmes were carried out till 1991. However, by 1992 a well-equipped College of Forestry and Hill Agriculture was started with a provision of laboratories, hostels and additional staff to carry out teaching programmes. Prior to this the undergraduate programme of B.F.Sc. was carried out at the main campus till 1996. In 1985, the University established another college i.e. the College of Fishery Science, to develop manpower in aquaculture and fishery in the inland waters of the State. In the last decade of the twentieth century, agriculture received greater importance and was covered under the umbrella of the GATT Agreement. Commercialization and globalization made agriculture a business-like venture. In order to meet the demand of trained graduates in agriculture and its allied sector with a management background, the university established a College of Agri-Business Management in 1996. The College became functional in 1998 and has been able to meet the expectations of running agribusiness at par with other areas of trade and industry. University Library The University Library was established in 1960. It was housed for the first four years (19601964) in a large hall in the College of Agriculture. This space soon proved to be inadequate and a new library building was erected on the Eastern end of the Administration
Block. The Library was shifted into its new premises in December 1964. It was formally inaugurated on 30 March 1965 by the Late Dr. Zakir Hussain, the then President of India. This building had a floor area of 16,000 sq.ft., providing a reading accommodation for 250 students. As the needs of the fast-expanding academic activity of the University increased the Library became overcrowded in a very short time. During that period the Library introduced many new facilities like Xeroxing, University book deport, students book lending cell and a cartographic lab. Hence, a new building was planned in 197071 with a future projection of 5 years. Construction was delayed, but finally in 1982 the University Library moved into its present premises. The Library building is a magnificent, multistoried, functional structure, built on modern principles to house 3,50,000 books, display 3,000 periodicals, and seat 1,000 readers. This building has several unique features which make it one of the best library buildings in the country. Firstly, it has clearly demarcated three functional areas : the staff work area, the central services, and the reading area. Secondly, it has an ample provision for natural light and ventilation. Thirdly, the ducts, fans, rooms, etc. have been thoughtfully provided in the structure itself, with a view to facilitate air conditioning in the future. Fourthly, the collection and the reading area is broken into several smaller subject-wise units to avoid stuffiness in the stacks and overcrowding in reading rooms. Fifthly, the inside environment of the Library is very cozy and relaxing which helps the readers to work with concentration and high efficiency for long hours. At present the University Library holds a document collection of over 0.3 million consisting of books, bound periodicals, standards, and other publications. Most of the books are related to the scientific and technical curriculum of the University. In addition to it, a large number of books of general interest are available testifying to the genuine efforts of the University to promote an all-round development among students. There are large collection of books on varied topics like fine arts, travel, history, current affairs, religions, political science as well as fiction. There is an excellent reference section comprising encyclopedias, dictionaries, handbooks, etc. To meet the need of the times, a separate Hindi section has been introduced. The Library maintains open access system, for readers to have direct access to all the books and periodicals on the shelves, except the rare books which are made available on demand. The University Library has also been compiling one Indian Agricultural Index, a monthly indexing service, covering all English and Hindi articles having a bearing on agriculture and published in Indian agricultural journals received in the Library. Student Welfare The Department of Student Welfare unit coordinates all activities of students and arranges their stay on the campus. It arranges programmes of orientation lectures for freshers and initiates welcome functions at the hostel and college levels to create friendly relations among the students. About 2,800 students are lodged in 16 hostels which are provided with a common room, a colour TV, a library, a music room, indoor games and courts for basketball, badminton and tennis. There is a wing counsellor in each wing of every hostel who guides the junior students besides acting as a link between the Warden and the Advisor. The Advisor acts as a local guardian to the students. The food service in each hostel is on no profitno loss basis and is run by a cooperative management through a students food committee. Medical and Health services are provided through four medical officers in the University Hospital and weekly visits of an eye surgeon and other specialists. There are 17 games and sports clubs with hostel-wise playground, gymnasium, stadium and swimming pool. The extracurricular activities are organized through 10 societies, 4 activity clubs and 10 hobby clubs/projects for professional development and personality building. For literary, cultural, music, drama, SPIC MACAY and film screening programmes and other activities two auditoriums, college-wise halls equipped with musical instruments, 35 mm double cine projector, costumes, etc. are available.
Financial assistance to the tune of 4.5 million is disbursed through 50 types of scholarships, fellowships and loans. The students participation in the University administration is ensured through executive committees. An alumni association, a publication of The Student to highlight the student activities, Counselling Cell for higher education, exhibitions, yoga camps, drive for social causes, etc. are also organized in a routine manner by the student welfare unit. Chancellors Gold Medal on the basis of composite index of academic and extra-curricular activities is awarded to the best graduates. Student discipline is administered through discipline committees, wardens and assistant wardens. In addition to extra curricular activities, cultural programmes at important occasions, annual sports meet, sports competitions and matches, celebration of Independence Day, Republic Day and birth day/ anniversaries in respective hostels are also carried out. Directorate of Training and Placement The University is annually producing on an average 400 undergraduate and 180 postgraduate students in various disciplines of Agriculture, Veterinary Sciences, Home Science, Basic Sciences and Humanities, Technology, Fisheries and Forestry. A good placement is synergically linked with quality education. Conscious of this linkage, a full-fledged Directorate of Training and Placement established in 1980 provides a purposeful link between the graduates and their prospective employers. This is done under the supervision of Director Training and Placement assisted by two Assistant Directors. The Directorate prepares a classified directory of prospective employers for University graduates to facilitate frequent contacts with them through correspondence and personal visits. Information is provided to the students regarding different coaching programmes for the state and national-level competitions. Besides this, the University arranges on-campus mock interviews and provides learning material and guides. Career guidance and lectures from guest speakers both from within and outside the University are also arranged. The Directorate also advises graduates seeking self-employment regarding practices and procedures for setting up their own enterprises. The information regarding opportunities for higher education to our graduates for enhancing their educational qualifications in India and abroad is provided on regular basis by the Directorate.
Research Infrastructure
The University has been engaged in agricultural research besides education and transfer of technology. The area of responsibility of this university before formation of Uttaranchal State for research and extension was in 28 districts comprising the Hill Zone, the Western-Plains Zone, and the Mid-Western Plains Zone of UP. The research activities of the University are coordinated and monitored by the Directorate of Experiment Station. The priority of the Research agenda is determined by the Research Advisory Committee under the Chairmanship of the Vice-Chancellor. The on-campus research is conducted at various research centres namely Crop Research Centre, Livestock Research Centre, Poultry Research Centre, Horticulture Research Centre, Vegetable Research Centre and Mushroom Research Centre. In addition there are wellequipped laboratories in all the colleges to conduct research in priority areas. A well developed and extended fisheries research center cum fish seed hatchery of 4 crore seedlings annual capacity is established at the College of Fishery Science. The training of farmers and fanctionaries associated with fisheries development is also orgainzed at this centre. To conduct the research based on the local needs of the farmers, the University has established out campus research centres/stations in various zones as indicated below: A. Hill Zone 1. Hill Campus, Ranichauri (203 ha) 2. Research Station, Majhera (8.2 ha) 3. Research Station, Sui (Lohaghat, 7 ha) 4. Agricultural Implements Research and Testing Station, Pauri B. Western Plains Zone
1. Western Campus Modipuram, Meerut (266.8 ha) 2. Research Station, Ujhani (10.1 ha) C. Mid-Western Plains Zone 1. Research Station Nagina (31 ha) 2. Research Station Ujhani (7.2 ha) After creation of the new state of Uttaranchal the area of responsibility is confined to 13 districts of Uttaranchal. This means the research and extension efforts will be intensified in these 13 districts of Uttaranchal to make agriculture more progressive in this state. A Pantnagar Centre for Plant Genetic Resources (PCPGR) is under construction at the University. This centre will help in conserving the rich depository of natural wealth of the Himalayan hills and other biodiversity-rich regions. Besides looking after the quarantine, entry, exchange, evaluation and recording of indigenous and imported germplasm, the centre will also help in their long-term storage, propagation and distribution to agricultural universities, research institutes and farmers.
Extension Network
The Directorate of Extension started functioning in 1962 with a team at the headquarters and three members in the field in Nainital district. Later on the services were extended to 16 districts of UP. In 1973, the State Government entrusted upon the University the responsibility of extension education in 19 districts of western plain and hill areas of UP. This increased to 20 with the formation of Ghaziabad district. Due to rise in number of district before formation of Uttaranchal State, the area jurisdiction of the University rose to 28 districts. In the new state of Uttaranchal the area of responsibility of the University extension education has been assigned to 13 districts of which 11 districts represent the hills and the other 2 districts viz., Udham Singh Nagar and Hardwar of Tarai Bhabhar and plains. The national demonstration programme, financially sponsored by the ICAR, was started in two districts in 1970 and one ORP on Resource Development on Watershed basis was launched during 198586 in Bareilly. The ICAR also sanctioned the Lab to Land programme as a part of its Silver Jubilee celebration. All these programmes were merged into KVK in 1992. First KVK was sanctioned in 1983 for Tehri Garhwal district. In 199294 seven more KVKs, one each for Rampur, Badaun, Bijnor, Saharanpur, Ghaziabad, Shahjahanpur and Champawat, were sanctioned. Two KVKs, one each located in Meerut and Muzaffarnagar districts, managed by NGOs, were transferred to the University in 1998. Thus a total of 10 KVKs and 14 KGKs were functioning in 22 districts. Now in Uttaranchal, out of 13 districts, extension units are working in 9 districts which include 2 KVKs at Ranichauri and Lohaghat and 7 KGKs at Dehradun, Pauri, Chamoli, Uttarkashi, Hardwar, Almora and Udham Singh Nagar. The State Government has also sanctioned establishment of KGK for the district of Rudraprayag. The ICAR under NATP has sanctioned a scheme for recommending the Zonal Research Centre, Majhera (Nainital), to perform the function of KVK for Nainital district. Thus 11 districts of Uttaranchal have one or the other unit of extension system of the University. The Directorate of Extension has recently developed Agricultural Technology Information Centre as a single window service unit for advisory, diagnostic services and supply of critical units like seed, saplings planting material, etc.
Communication Centre
The Communication Centre was established in 1970 for technology dissemination among farmers, extension workers and others through mass media. The Centre also provides mass media support to extension programmes of the University other than teaching, research and other activities/programmes. It is operating through the following units : Radio Production Unit: This unit is fully-equipped with staff and necessary equipment to attain the broadcast quality of the programmes produced in the radio studio. The programmes produced from this unit are sent for broadcast to AIR stations. Video Production Unit: This unit is also well-equipped with necessary facilities for video film production. The video programmes are produced for teaching, training and telecast from Doordarshan Kendra, Delhi, Lucknow and Bareilly.
News and Publication Unit: For the technology dissemination through press, a variety of print material like leaflets, folders and technical bulletins, and two monthly magazines, viz. Kisan Bharti in Hindi and Indian Farmers Digest in English are published from this unit. One quarterly newsletter, viz. Pantnagar News in English is also produced from this Centre. Photographic and Graphics Production Unit: This is a central facility of the University and caters to the needs related to teaching, training, extension and other activities of the University. This unit is also responsible for the production of exhibits and display materials required for the Information Centre of the college and the exhibitions arranged during Kisan Mela; state, national and international exhibitions. Audio-visual and Projection Services: The audio-visual and projection unit screens 35 mm films for students entertainment and video films for training and teaching purposes. Besides, public address services, slides and overhead projection facilities are also made available for teaching, training, seminars, symposia, conferences, workshops, etc. Printing Unit: The University has a well- equipped letterpress and a printing press. An offset printing machine has also been installed which is being used for printing of monthly magazines, prospectus and other quality works. Text-book Production: The University has also got textbook production facilities for Hindi medium instruction for the students of Agriculture, Home Science and other disciplines. So far, the University has produced over 160 textbooks in Hindi for undergraduate students and 20 of these books have been honoured with Dr. Rajendra Prasad National Award. Considering a great demand from the farmers and entrepreneurs the emphasis is being laid on the production of low-cost books in Hindi and English to provide vocational guidance to entrepreneurs and input agencies for promotion of agro-based industries.
University Farm
The Pantnagar University farm with a huge acreage (4,373.07 ha gross area) provides ample opportunities to research scientists, students, research administrations and managers to translate their innovative ideas into concrete actions. This is the place where laboratory technology, whether in the form of improved crop varieties or superior production technologies, is put to rigorous test on commercial scale for the benefit of the farming community of the country. The University Farm plays a pivotal role in the production of Breeder seed, Foundation and Certified seed of major cereals, oilseeds, pulses and vegetable crops and thus helps in making available the seed of superior varieties to every nook and corner of the country. The staff strength of the University Farm constitutes around 14 officers, 40 office staff, 85 field staff, 105 technical staff and 1,509 farm labourers. Presently, the net cultivable area of the farm is somewhat reduced to 3,622.93 ha due to utilization of certain area towards non-agricultural but absolutely essential uses required by Government of India/Uttar Pradesh. Besides, there has been allocation of some land of the farm towards strengthening of breeder seed production unit. The seed production units and orchards are being integrated for utilization of the Farm more judiciously. The break-up of area allocation to various sectors is as follows :Gross area 4,373.07 ha Buildings and roads 374.49 ha Land made available for other uses 375.65 ha (Seed Production Centre, Railways, District Centre, PAC, Huts) Plantation and orchards 374.00 ha Net cropped area 3,248.93 ha Of the net cultivated area about 1,200 ha is under sugarcane and the remaining about 2,048 ha is under various crops with double cropping.
Instrumentation Centre
The University has an Instrumentation centre in the College of Basic Sciences and Humanities as a central facility for the repair of scientific instruments. All the departments and units of the University can use the services of this centre.
University Workshop
The College of Technology has a well-established workshop which provides facility to all the departments and units of the University for undertaking various mechanical work. Services of the carpenter, painter, mechanic and machines, etc. are available for all sections.
Construction and Maintenance Facilities

The University has a well-developed unit of Works and Plants for undertaking various maintenance works at the University campus. It has three separate wings of electrical, water and construction to take up new work and also look after the repair and maintenance of the existing buildings and installations.
Guest Houses
The University has two guest houses viz. the International Guest House and the Lambert Square Guest House. A Farmers Hostel for housing farmers coming for training, visits, farmers fairs, etc. is also attached with the International Guest House.
Residential Colonies
Being a residential university, the University has a large number of quarters for the employees in the campus itself. These are spread over in Phool Bagh, Lal Bagh, Jha Colony, Ta Colony, Chakpheri Colony and Nagla Colony. There are also a number of labour colonies in different blocks of the University Farm.
Medical Facilities
The University hospital is located close to the main market and is easily accessible to all the people of the University. It remains open on all the days from 8.00 a.m. to 2.00 p.m. except for Sundays and gazetted holidays. The emergency ward remains open throughout. The University hospital has six doctors. The hospital is broadly divided into the male ward and the female ward. On normal days about 500 patients and on holidays about 100 patients visit the Hospital. The services of Ayurvedic and Homeopathic doctors are also available in the campus.
Schools
Being away from the city the campus required schooling facilities for the children of the employees. One Hindi-medium primary school was, therefore, started in the beginning. Later the need of an English-medium school was also felt and hence, the Campus School was started in the college of agriculture which was later shifted to a separate building. Now with the increase in the number of students in the campus the University has three Intermediate schools and seven primary schools to cater to the needs of different localities.
Shopping Centres
Being away from the city the Campus developed a good marketing centre at the central place and three small marketing centres in remote areas of the University.
Welfare Centres
To organize social and family celebrations of the campus residents five community centres are available at different locations in the University. These are maintained by charging nominal fees from the residents for the organization of their functions.
University Manpower
Position of teaching, research and extension officers at the University S.No. College Professor/ Director 20 26 20 10 5 3 3 1 Associate Assistant Professor/SRO Professor/JRO 44 44 32 23 8 5 7 83 59 30 49 18 9 11 18 8
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Agriculture Technology Veterinary Sciences Basic Sciences and Humanities Home Science Fisheries Forestry and Hill Agriculture University Library Physical Education
Research Station 10. General Budget 6 11. Research Station, Nagina 1 12. Research Station, Bulandshahr 1 13. Research Station, Majhera 1 14. Research Station, Ujhani 1 15. Research Station, Sui, Lohaghat 16. Research Station, Modipuram 2 17. All India Coordinated Research Project 6 18. Research Station, Ranichauri 14 Directorate of Extension 19. Headquarters 20. Krishi Vigyan Kendra
20 4 1 4 1 7 55 2
96 5 4 5 5 2 15 68 20
3 -
4 11
81 99
Cadre wise sanctioned position of staff in the University S.No. Cadre 1. Stenographic guest-house, hostel, Bal Nilium, security, etc.) Total 3557 Staff position at University Farm S.No. Cadre 1. Officers 2. Class III 3. Class IV 4. Master listed employee regularized from 198687 to 20002001 Sanctioned Posts 24 317 118 1542 Number of approved posts 95 2. 5.
Clerical Technical
Some Salient Features of Uttaranchal State and Priority Areas for Research and Development
After carving a new state of Uttaranchal from Uttar Pradesh on 9 November 2000 the University has been assigned a responsibility for agricultural research and extension activities in the state bestowed with a diversified agroclimatic and socio-cultural milieu. High mountains and small hills, snow peaks and tops, big and small rivers and rivulets, glaciers, valleys and lakes, large forested areas and terraced fields are the integral features of Uttaranchal. It has a geographical area of 51.126 sq. km with maximum length of the region from east to west 357 km and the maximum breadth from north to south 294 km. In the new state the priorities for research and extension programmes have been shifted in view of the fact that out of 13 districts 11 districts represent the hill region which has different agro-ecological and climatic conditions. This part of the state is bestowed with mixed farming systems on subsistence basis. The hill region has relatively poor infrastructure for research, extension and development work; scarce resources in terms of land, irrigation water, technology, implements and machines and transportation; small and regimental holding; no mass media for dissemination of agricultural information; and a low investment capacity of the farmers resulting in low productivity of crops. The responsibility for preparation of agricultural policy for the new state has also been assigned to this university. Land Utilization The economy and land use of Uttaranchal are determined largely by topography, soil, climate, demography, infrastructural facilities, available levels of technology, investment levels, economic base, level of entrepreneurship, needs of people and history. Like most other hill economy, the people of Uttaranchal practice integrated systems of farming, forestry, horticulture, livestock and off-farm activities. The recorded forest area constitutes 63.92 percent of the total reported area though the actual cover, based on remote sensing and satellite imagery information is only 44 percent. The net sown area for the region is a little over 13% of the total reported area, although there are wide variations in this percentage from district to district. About 1/3 of the total area in Uttaranchal is either rocky/snow covered/glaciated or otherwise unproductive, degraded land. About 12 percent of agricultural land has got irrigation and about 90% land is used for growing cereals, fodder (barseem) and some vegetables. Some other factual data to describe Uttaranchal is presented below: The total geographical area of the State is 53,485 square kilometer containing 84.79 lakh population. The forest and agriculture are the major land based activities. The state has 95 development blocks and 15,620 villages. Contribution of women in agriculture is more than 80 percent. The average size of holding in hill region is 0.8 ha which is scattered in small pieces. The total reporting area is 55,71,000 ha of which 34,73,000 ha is under forest cover. The crops are grown on 8,12,000 ha of which 5,04,000 ha has more than one crop in a year. The area under wastelands is 3,15,000 ha of which cultivable waste is 2,92,000 ha and land used under non-cultivation purpose is 1,66,000 ha. Area under trees and bushes is 2,15,000 ha and under grassland is 1,80,000 ha. Present area under fallow is 12,000 ha and 66,000 ha is as other fallow land. The area under ricewheat is 39.94 percent and under millets plus pseudo cereals is 28.19 percent. The area under maize, barley, food legumes and pulses is 3 to 4 percent.
The area under temperate and sub-tropical fruits is 1,89,000 ha each with total production of 48,400 metric tonnes. There is ample scope for seed production of temperate vegetables. The State has 67, 281 ha grass vegetable with 4,03,200 metric tonne production and 5.99 metric tonne productivity per ha. The State has ample scope for sericulture, apiculture, Angora rabbit farming, mushroom, flowers and medicinal plant production. The institutional infrastructure for agricultural development including credit availability is quite inadequate. On the high hills the wild animals are in plenty to harm the standing crops. There are 20,08,563 cattle, 10,64,122 buffaloes, 1,23,877 crossbred cows, 3,37,174 sheep, 10,97,558 goats and 8,45,402 chicken in the State. Agro-climatic Variations To make a distinction in terms of agroclimatic conditions the state has got plains of Hardwar, Tarai region represented by Udham Singh Nagar and some Bhabar areas of Nainital, Dehradun and Champawat districts. The remaining part represents the hill region and being based on a height from the sea level following agroclimatic variations are observed : Zone A : Subtropical (up to 1000 m height). It has crops and farming practices quite similar to Tarai and Plains, though soil structure, fertility, temperature regime and crop variety differ from both of them. Zone B : Warm temperate (1000 to 1800 m height). It has major irrigated land adopting two year crop rotation of rice, wheat followed by mandua mixed with other millets and food legumes. Zone C : Cool temperate (1800 to 2400 m height). This zone has generally rainfed crops like barley, potato, chua, marachha, ugal and fafar. Zone D : Cold Zone ( 2400 to 3000 m height). It is not used for cultivation and generally used as grassland. The annual rainfall of the State varies from 1,000 to 1,600 mm. There are wide temperature fluctuations during the year and also among various areas. In certain areas in the higher regions the minimum temperature during winters is below freezing point while the maximum day temperature in the plains and also in some valleys can range as high as 4045o C. The mountain peaks are snow covered during winters while the higher peaks in the cold zone are perpetually under snow. Uttaranchal has a relatively higher literacy rate i.e. above 75 percent, on an average, for males and about 43 percent for females (1991 census). Literacy in rural areas is about 55 percent. About 42 percent of the population can be classified as workers out of which 36.4 percent belongs to the category of main workers. Participation of women in labour force is high and above 35 percent women are classified as workers. The net area sown in Uttaranchal is only about one-eighth of the gross reported area. Of the main workers 58.1 percent are cultivators and 6.4 percent agricultural labourers. About 50 percent of land holdings are below half a hectare and another 21 percent between half and one hectare. Thus, about 71 percent of the agricultural holdings are marginal. Only about one-third of the cultivated area is irrigated.
Important Interventions
Taking into account the problems of the region as recounted above, let us very briefly attempt to list out some of the key interventions that would be required in order to improve planning and administrative arrangements in the new state of Uttaranchal and thereby bringing a distinct improvement in the lot of its people. Protection of Environment : Top Priority of Uttaranchal Uttaranchal on the whole, is ecologically a fragile region. Its natural resourcessoils, water regimes, forests, wild-life, bio-diversity, etc.have been severely affected, by rising demands on account of rapidly increasing human and animal populations. Many wild-life and plant
species have become extinct or are endangered. Agriculture on steep slopes has adversely depleted soil resources. Unscientific open grazing by large number of animals has depleted forest floors and pastures and endangered many shrub and grass species. Water springs have shrunk or even vanished altogether. This region is a difficult area in terms of geography, accessibility and sustainable growth needs. The importance of hill area also lies in the fact that not only it is important for protecting and sustaining its own fragile environment for the long-term advantage of the region but also much more important for the health of the plains down-stream namely the Indo-Gangetic valley which constitutes the food bowl of the country. After all it has to be remembered that the water and soil resources for the plains come largely from the hills. The typical problems of Uttaranchal include skewed land use, inadequate forest cover, marginal agriculture, low productivity, heavy human as well as animal population pressures, incidence of poverty and deficiencies in physical as well as social infrastructural facilities. It is, therefore, important to consider all these points while formulating an agricultural policy and a land use plan for Uttaranchal. The Need for Objective and Reliable Data Base In planning for hill region, one of the major constraints is lack of accurate and timeseriesbased data, relating to land, water, forestry, social and physical infrastructural facilities, employment, incomes, etc. which is mostly inaccurate and not available in time series forms so as to interpret the trends and understand the problems and work out solutions. It is, therefore, important to bridge the gaps. The data should be accurate, updated and available in time series forms so that changes can be monitored and evaluated so that corrective mechanisms are built into the processes of planning. Developing Land Use Plan (i) Land use is skewed and needs to be altered to a more optimal potential development. Serious data gaps exist in land uses and in changes that have been occurring. Reliable time series data is hardly available. These gaps need to be filled by developing data banks which should be networked so as to easily accessible. Data would have to be regularly updated. (ii) Total available land in hill areas should be mapped out accounting for macro and micro level geo-climatic and biotic situations to determine optimal land capability choices. On that basis land use must move in a phased manner to capability profiles through policy and action. This will need full community participation. (iii)Land capability profiles need to be generated watershed-wise. (iv)For developing reliable land-use data there is a need of integrating different technologies like remote sensing, GIS and GPS with aerial photography and field-based cadastral surveys. (v) In the management of village forests and other common property, land resources etc. the already available rights and concessions of the people should be respected as far as possible and their traditional knowledge and experience be utilized and built upon. (vi)Mining operations in hill regions have to be carefully regulated through appropriate conservation measures like full rehabilitation of mined areas, compensatory afforestation, systematic disposal of waste material, etc. Water Resource Management (i) Water flow and ground recharge data gaps are severe and need to be removed. Discharge measurements of small rivers, streams, rivulets and springs are essential for planning water resource uses for energy, irrigation, drinking and other purposes at macro, meso and micro levels. (ii) Watershed , to the extent possible should be the units of areal planning but watershed planning would have to be fitted with and nested in an ascending order.
(iii)Water harvesting is very important and this can be done both by in-situ retention of moisture in soils and small storage e.g. polythene lined tanks, dighis, RCC/Ferro-cement tanks, infiltration wells, nullahs, etc. Even roof run-off can be easily stored and utilized. (iv)Powerless pumps (hydrams), sprinkler and drip irrigation need to be adopted for economizing on the use of water. (v) Spring water resources need to be preserved. This will require the establishment of spring water sanctuaries. (vi)All possible moisture conserving agronomic techniques and crop rotations should be utilized to minimize water intensity of crop production. (vii)Water conveyance, wherever possible, should be channelized through closed conduits, pucca channels and grassland waterways to minimize seepage and evaporation losses. (viii)Water should be properly priced so that its waste is discouraged. (ix)Water users need to be trained in the management of local level water projects, water conservation and maintaining of good water quality. Their full participation in local level water management and use is very essential. Agriculture and Horticulture (i) Steep slope agriculture must be phased out. (ii) Terracing is very expensive but where terraces already exist these should be levelled and made slightly inward sloping to reduce soil erosion. (iii)The demand of land for non-agricultural uses like urbanization, infrastructure, industrialization, tourism, etc. is bound to increase over time. In view of the scarcity of good agricultural land in the mountain regions all possible care must be exercised to minimize diversion of such land for other purposes. (iv)Food self-sufficiency cannot and should not be the objective of agricultural development in hills; nor should agricultural area be expanded. In order to meet foodgrain requirements the Public Distribution System must be strengthened in the region. (v) High value low volume production approach should be adopted for agricultural, horticultural and similar other crops. Also, niche development of specified types of hill produce such as off-season vegetables, flowers, fruits, nuts, bulbs, seeds, spices and herbs should be encouraged for improving land productivity and income. This strategy will require many other steps towards improving post-harvest technologies, processing, packaging, branding, storage, marketing and distribution. Only then can the farmers/growers returns be reasonable and economic. (vi)The labland interface has to be made dynamic and interactive. Hill research is inadequate and needs a farmer-friendly approach. Research results must be proven in farm conditions before extension is attempted. Forest Management (i) Management of forests must be based on the principles of protection, regeneration and additions to forest area. (ii) Joint Forest Management (with local communities) as a principle of forest policy has been accepted by most states in the Himalayan region for government owned reserve forests in recent years. It has yet to be implemented effectively in Uttaranchal. A beginning has been made but much more remains to be done. (iii)Community forests should be squarely placed in the hands of users and for this purpose local empowered institutions would have to assume responsibilities. Full technical support must be provided to local communities for managing their forests. (iv)Forests must be accepted primarily as a source of soil, water and air. The next priority should be given to local needs of people and only then, we can think of commercial uses.
Livestock (i) Quality of livestock in hills is very poor and has to be upgraded through cross-breeding and other means. (ii) Fodder and feed shortages are acute. The requirements have to be met through varietal improvement, better management practices, discouragement of open grazing systems and increasing productivity of pastures and forest floors. Stall feeding should be adopted widely. (iii)In all the hill afforestation programmes, planting of fodder and fuel trees should be prioritized.
The Agricultural Policy of Uttaranchal

The agricultural policy of Uttaranchal has been framed for increasing agricultural production and food security of the State. The other considerations are to diversify agriculture with major emphasis on cash and horticultural crops for more employment and prosperity, to keep the environment pollution free and maintain an ecological balance, to make agricultural vocations and technologies women friendly and to manage/utilize agricultural and natural resources on watershed basis for integrated development through agriculture, veterinary sciences, animal husbandry, fishery, horticulture, food processing, forestry, sericulture, apiculture and associated activities. The research strategy of Uttaranchal, as said earlier, is based on agroclimatic conditions and needs of the farmers residing under different agroclimatic regions. All such factors viz., social, economic, technological which influence agricultural production will be identified and isolated for comprehensive research. In doing this exercise diversification of agriculture by incorporating fruits, vegetables, flowers, aromatic and medicinal plants, spices, mushroom, tea cultivation and processing would be given top priority. The State does not have commodity-based research infrastructure. Hence, priority will also be given on establishment of the centres for research on mango, litchi, stone fruits, nut-fruits, pome-fruits, citrus fruits, strawberry, tea production and processing, vegetable production, spices, potato, flower, herbal medicinal and aromatic plants. The animal aspect will also be studied thoroughly under different geographic conditions. The strategies of research in other areas like poultry, fisheries, engineering and technology, women development, nutrition and food, etc. will be developed based on the needs and problems of different agro-ecosystems.
Educational Achievement
To keep pace with the growth and development of the society and also considering the needs and priorities for the upliftment of agrarian population the colleges/educational units were established in a phased manner. The phasing of colleges was necessary in view of the shortage of funds and manpower. The horizontal and vertical growth of different colleges and the educational achievement of each college can be learnt from the following description. College of Agriculture The College of Agriculture registered its first batch of students on 9 July 1960. At that time the College consisted of only two departments, the Crop Sciences and the Animal Sciences. The total numbers of students were 144 and around half of them were from rural areas. The College has made an overwhelming progress through the last four decades. It is the largest academic unit of the University engaged in teaching, research and extension activities in an integrated manner. At present there are 12 departments, viz. Agricultural communication, Agricultural Economics, Agrometeorology , Agronomy, Animal Sciences, Entomology, Food Science and Technology, Genetics and Plant Breeding, Horticulture, Vegetable Science, Plant Pathology and Soil Science. The College is running one undergraduate [B.Sc. (Ag.)], 16 Masters and 13 Ph.D. programmes. The Practical Crop Production course was started by the College in 1962 for the first batch of the students. It provided a unique model for practical training in crop production and has
since been adopted by almost all the agricultural universities in the country. The course carries a load of four credits spread over two semesters and is offered in the third year of the degree programme. The students are grouped into teams, getting each 1.0 ha land with all the facilities. The students do all the operations themselves and are not permitted to employ any labourer. A good team is able to earn about Rs 15,00016,000/ha/year (about Rs. 2,000/ student) while learning through practical crop production. This is the first agricultural college in the country to start Earn While You Learn programme which envisages professional training and work experience. Another innovative feature of the agricultural education is the Rural Work Experience Programme of 16 credits which was started in 1992. Through this programme students are exposed to actual farming situations and application of technology where they experience constraints in management and application of these technologies. The physical facilities of the College comprise of classrooms, laboratories, a conference hall and a mini-auditorium. The laboratories are equipped with modern equipment required for basic and applied research in different departments. In recent years, the College developed some specialized laboratories to undertake research projects. These include a food processing laboratory which was remodelled and updated to serve as a pilot plant, residue analysis laboratory, irrigation laboratory, biocontrol laboratory, oilseeds pathology laboratory, plant clinic laboratory, tissue culture laboratory, video production laboratory. A well-equipped Plant Clinic was also established in the College of Agriculture to expose students to various plant and soil disorders and practice diagnosis and control of major plant diseases, insect pests, nutrient deficiency, and physiological disorders and soil problems. Experienced specialists from the departments of Agronomy, Entomology Horticulture, Plant Pathology and Soil Science guide and supervise the Clinic. The College has been the recipient of three Centres of Advanced Studies. Centre of Advanced Studies in Agricultural Communication Centre of Advanced Studies in Agronomy Centre of Advanced Studies in Plant Pathology The College has sophisticated instrumentation facilities such as NMR spectrometer, UV spectrophotometer, atomic absorption spectrophotometer, HPLC, Auto Nitrogen Analyzer, and PCRs. College of Veterinary Sciences Established in 1960 as the College of Veterinary Medicine, it had four departments viz., Anatomy and Histology, Physiology and Pharmacology, Pathology and Hygiene, and Medicine and Surgery. In 1976 the College was renamed as the College of Veterinary Sciences with 9 departments namely Anatomy and Histology, Physiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Parasitology, Pathology, Microbiology and Hygiene, Medicine, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Surgery and Radiology and an independent unit of Veterinary Clinic. Later a department of Public Health was added in 1994. The duration of B.V.Sc. and A.H. degree programme was increased from 4 years to 5 years in 1980 so as to impart internship training and also to improve the standard of education. The post-graduate degree programmes in these departments were started in 1964. In 1996, 7 new departments viz., Veterinary Biochemistry, Animal Nutrition, Animal Genetics and Breeding, Livestock Production and Management, Livestock Products Technology, Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, and Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension were added besides 2 independent units of Veterinary Clinic (veterinary teaching hospital) and Centre of Animal Biotechnology to comprehend the disciplines of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry under one umbrella for integrated education, research and extension programme as recommended by the Veterinary Council of India (VCI). Thus, presently the college has 17 departments, besides two independent units. These 17 departments and veterinary teaching hospital are engaged in teaching 84 courses offered to the undergraduate students of B.V.Sc. and A.H. degree programme. In all 195 credit hours are offered to the undergraduate students excluding the compulsory internship training of 180 days.
In addition to the undergraduate degree programme, the College offers Masters and the Ph.D. degree programme in all the departments. Generally 75% of the total students registered in the post-graduate programme get financial assistance from one or the other sources. The curriculum includes 22.16% basic, 24.23% production, 18.56% preventive, 3.10% technology, 4.12% public health and 27.83% therapeutic subjects. There have always been attempts to provide excellent education to the undergraduate and the post-graduate students. The notable features are : A well-established Veterinary Clinic with sophisticated equipment including that of the Department of Surgery and Radiology and facilities for diagnosis of disease. A comprehensive practical training imparted to the students in poultry keeping and forage production involving them in all aspects of production, care, marketing of products and sharing of the profits making it a successful programme of Earning while Learning. National Service Scheme makes students familiar with the rural conditions and helps them recognize problems of the livestock owners and find ways to solve them. An animal instructional farm comprising of the units of goat, sheep, horse, rabbit and pig is being established. The Central Directorate of NCC has agreed to start a section of Remount and Veterinary Corps at this College. A fully-equipped mini-auditorium is available for organizing seminars and symposia. Lecture halls in the College have been equipped with necessary teaching aids. The College has established the Blue Cross Society of Pantnagar to promote the cause of animal welfare and to educate and motivate the people about prevention of cruelty to animals. The membership of Equestrian Federation of India for a riding club has been accorded. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has been approached to establish the centres of coordinated and network research projects at this college in the area of animal health and production. Each department has undergraduate and post-graduate laboratories with one or two laboratory assistants in each. There is one laboratory animal section in the College. The laboratories have been equipped with sophisticated system, viz., ELISA plate reader, HP liquid chromatography, microprocessor-based high speed refrigerated centrifuge, close circuit TV, etc. Previously established 10 departments of the college have their own buildings but alterations/additions are required in them. A building has also been constructed for the 7 newly created departments. College of Technology The College of Technology, was established in 1962 as the College of Agricultural Engineering with undergraduate programme in Agricultural Engineering. In 1966, it was renamed as the College of Technology and B.Tech. degree programmes in Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering were added. The College has now 10 departments viz., Civil Engineering, Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Post-Harvest Process and Food Engineering, Production Engineering and Soil and Water Conservation Engineering. The activities of the college have considerably grown over the period. Whereas, in 1962, only bachelors programme in Agricultural Engineering was offered, currently 7 Bachelors, 10 Masters and 8 Ph.D. programmes are being offered. The College has two main buildings. The departments of Mechanical Engineering, Production Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering and Computer Engineering are housed in the new building besides the central facilities of the College. The departments of Civil Engineering, Post-Harvest Process and Food Engineering, Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, and Farm Machinery and Power Engineering are housed in the old college building. The college is richly endowed with laboratories. The Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering and the Department of Computer Engineering each have . laboratory
whereas the Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Department of Production Engineering and the Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering have 8 laboratories each. The Department of Post-Harvest Process and Food Engineering and the Department of Electrical Engineering have 11 each besides the Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering which has 3 and the Department of Mechanical Engineering has 5 laboratories. College of Basic Sciences and Humanities The School of Basic Sciences and Humanities was established in the University in 1963 which was upgraded to the status of a college in 1971. The College has the following responsibilities: To teach basic courses both at undergraduate and post-graduate levels to the students of different faculties and specializations. To provide lead in ushering state-of-art techniques and technologies which have direct relevance to agriculture and engineering sciences. To carry research in frontier areas of those facets of science which can enhance productivity and efficiency. The College has 10 departments. These are Departments of Biochemistry, Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Environmental Sciences, Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, Microbiology, Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Physics, Plant Physiology, Social Sciences and Humanities. Starting with 2 Masters programmes in 1963, the College has now 8 Ph.D. and 12 Masters programmes relevant to the need of human resource developed in the fields of agriculture and technology. At the undergraduate level the College is sharing a load of up to 1631% in different undergraduate programmes in the University. At the post-graduate level it offers basic supporting courses and minor courses to a large number of Masters and Ph.D. students in the University. The College runs strong programmes in basic disciplines of Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Biochemistry, Microbiology and Plant Physiology and applied and interdisciplinary modern programmes in Biotechnology and Computer Sciences. The programmes in agrochemicals (emphasis on biopesticides), environmental sciences and botany (biodiversity) and an M.Tech. programme in Cold Region Science and Engineering in association with Defence Research and Development Organization are offered with the specific needs of the region. The concept of central facility is in vogue right from the inception and permits uninhibited access to these facilities to all the workers. The College has a basic infrastructure for isolation and purification of micro and macro molecules, their spectral and molecular characterization, isolation and characterization of microbes and plants, gene isolation, genetic transformation, gene sequencing, immunotechnologies, phytohormone assays, photosynthetic studies, radiotracer work, biophysical characterization by fluorescence spectroscopy, photoacoustic spectroscopy, and massbaur. It has a basic facility for instrument repairs. The College provides computer assistance in data analysis and modelling. Tissue culture unit replete with growth chamber, polyhouse and green house facilities provide limited-scale micropropagation and plant regeneration from transformed tissue and cell culture. The environment impact analysis lab facilities have won recognition from the Ministry of Environment and Forests. College of Home Science Established in 1971, the College of Home Science comprises five departments: Clothing and Textiles, Family Resource Management, Foods and Nutrition, Human Development and Family Studies, and Home Science Extension. A four-year B.Sc. Home Science degree programme was started in 1971 both for science and arts stream for which students after passing class X were admitted. In 1986 a three-year B.Sc. Home Science degree programme was formulated after revising the courses. Another revision in the degree programme was made recently (1998) by incorporating emerging concepts and technologies and again making it a four year programme. The special features of
the curriculum are the incorporation of vocational electives in the four basic areas of Home Science and rural work experience and training in the final year of the programme. Entrants to this programme were allowed from both science and Home Science background. The undergraduate programme includes field practicals based on rural family and household situations and the courses have a built-in rural bias. The College also offers Masters level courses in four disciplines namely Foods and Nutrition, Clothing and Textiles, Family Resource Management and Human Development and Family Studies. The course programme of Post-graduate students consists of core courses, basic supporting courses and courses of related minor disciplines. The Post-Graduate programmes have an inter-disciplinary approach of education with a unique advisory committee system to guide students to take courses related to their area of interest. Six students of the college have been awarded the coveted and prestigious Chancellors Gold Medal. As many as 65 graduates have won the ICAR Junior Fellowship in the All-India competition. The departments of the College have well-equipped laboratories. The Department of Foods and Nutrition has Catering Laboratory, Nutrition Laboratory and Product Development Laboratory. The Department of Family Resource Management has Interior Decoration Laboratory, Household Equipment Laboratory and Household Production Laboratory. The Department of Clothing and Textiles has Clothing Laboratory, Laundry Laboratory, Textile Laboratory, Textile Testing Laboratory and Weaving Laboratory. The Department of Human Development and Family Studies has a Nursery School for children for 23 years in age and a Community Nursery School located in a rural area. The Home Science Extension Department has a welldeveloped Audio-Visual Aids Laboratory. College of Fishery Science The College of Fishery Sciences, established in the year 1985, executes UG and PG degree programmes in fishery sciences to develop professionally trained manpower for the development and management of aquaculture and fisheries sectors .The College also caters to the need of research and extension in the inland fisheries sector in the states of north India. The College was running with only two departments viz., Aquaculture and Fishery Biology till 1997, when three more departments viz., Fishery Hydrography, Fish Processing Technology and Fisheries Extension Education and Social Sciences, were added to fulfil the needs of the professional courses and for the success of the aquaculture programme. A four-year degree programme (B.F.Sc.) was started in 198586 with the establishment of the College of Fishery Sciences. The College initiated Masters programme (M.F.Sc.) in Aquaculture and Fishery Biology in 199495. The professional courses include those in aquaculture, fishery biology, limnology, fish breeding and genetics, fish nutrition, aquaculture engineering, fish processing technology and fisheries extension along with intensive practical training in fish production, seed production and marine and brackishwater fisheries. The B.F.Sc. indent programme which was prepared in 1984, has been completely overhauled and revised. The new programme gives emphasis to professional courses pertaining to fish processing technology, fishery engineering, fishery hydrography, fin-fish and shell-fish production, fish biodiversity and conservation, etc., to produce highly competent fishery graduates to meet the requirements of fish and the fishery sector . A practical fish production programme split over two semesters provides the students an opportunity to apply the principles of production dynamics of aquatic ecosystem into fish culture technology and make them fully competent to carry out fish production independently. In the compulsory field training in brackishwater and marine fish and fish processing in the eighth semester of the degree programme the students are given practical training in the lead research institutes and fishery colleges in the coastal states. The high-level education imparted to the students makes them highly efficient to carry professional work in culture, feed, seed and post-harvest industries in the private sector. The College has a good basic infrastructure including an instructional farm. The main building of the College has 4 lecture halls, 12 laboratories including 1 computer lab, 1
committee room, 1 aquarium room, 1 information centre and other accessory rooms. The College has specific laboratories catering to the important disciplines of fish nutrition, disease diagnostic and health management, soil and water analysis, integrated fish farming, fish reproductive biology, fish processing technology and fishery extension. The College also has an Instructional Fish Farm covering about 7.0 ha area in the form of nursery, rearing and stock ponds, with sufficient fish stock. There are 21 nursery ponds, 4 rearing/brood ponds and 6 stock ponds and some small pools for conducting short-term experiments. A fish seed hatchery spread in 8 ha area with a capacity of producing 4 crore fish seed per year has been added to the infrastructure of the college in 2001. Two tubewells are installed at the farm site for regular supply of water. Other facilities include duck-cum-fish culture pond, paddy-cum-fish culture pond and students fish production pond. There is a Mangur rearing unit having cemented tanks with temperature and photoperiod control systems. College of Forestry and Hill Agriculture The Hill Campus of the University was established in 1973 to cater to agricultural research, extension and educational needs of the region. The Campus was formally inaugurated in 1976 by the then Chief Minister Shri N.D. Tiwari. It is situated near Ranichauri village in Tehri Garhwal district about 70 Km away from Rishikesh. The campus is located between 300 15' N and 780 30' E and represents mid and high hill situations. The altitude of the campus varies from 1600 to 2200 m above msl. For about 10 years the campus functioned with rudimentary staff and infrastructure facilities. Subsequently, with the implementation of NARP Phase I during 198388 research and infrastructure capabilities were strengthened and expanded to newer areas. The College of Forestry and Hill Agriculture was established at the campus during 1986. The College initiated a four-year B.Sc. Forestry programme to generate trained professionals in forestry and environmental protection. Subsequently, post-graduate programmes in three disciplines viz., Horticulture, Vegetable Science, and Seed Science and Technology have been started from 1992. Presently 8 departments have been established to cater to the needs of education. These are: Departments of Horticulture, Seed Science and Technology, Vegetable Science, Basic Science, Forestry, Social Science, Watershed Management and Hill Agriculture. College of Agribusiness Management The College of Agribusiness Management (CABM) was established in 1996 to enhance the managerial competence in Agribusiness sector of the country. It is the youngest faculty of the University and the first of its kind in the entire SAU/ICAR system of India. The following academic units have been created in the college : Departments : Agricultural Finance Management Agricultural Marketing Management Agricultural Production Management Centres : Counselling and Placement Management Development Programme Business Management Clinic Information Technology Management The College became functional with the launching of MBA (Agribusiness) programme in July, 1998. Activities of other academic units have also started. The college has presently an air-conditioned committee room, named MDP Hall, one classroom, an Information Technology Management Laboratory and rooms for the members of the Faculty and the office staff. The College needs strengthening with infrastructure facilities like classrooms, laboratory rooms, space for different centres, staff rooms, transport, library, communication aids, etc. College of Post-Graduate Studies The College of Post-Graduate Studies started functioning in the year 1963 with Masters Programmes in 12 departments of Agriculture and Basic Sciences. The Ph.D. programmes
commenced in 1965. This is an important college of the University having students for Masters and Ph.D. degree programmes. The faculty of post-graduate studies consists of those departments of other faculties which offer post-graduate courses. Accordingly, the College is spread over in the departments of Colleges of Agriculture, Veterinary Sciences, Home Science, Technology, Fishery Sciences, Hill Agriculture and Forestry, Agri-Business Management and Basic Sciences and Humanities. All Masters and Ph.D. degree programmes offered by the University are coordinated by the Dean, College of Post-Graduate Studies, through the Deans of different faculties and the Heads of the Departments of the colleges. The College has grown both in size and stature over the last 36 years. In the sixties 30 Masters and 10 Ph.D. programmes were offered. Six Masters and 14 Ph.D. programmes were added in the seventies, 8 Masters and 4 Ph.D. programmes in the eighties and 27 Masters and 24 Ph.D. programmes in the nineties. Now the College offers Masters degree in 70 and Ph.D. degree in 51 subjects. For a post-graduate degree, every student has to study a package of courses and do research work and write a thesis. The ratio between the course work and thesis research is 2:1 with a minimum of 45 credit hours at Masters degree level and 1:1 with a minimum of 60 credit hours at the Ph.D. degree level. The courses are divided into core, basic supporting, optional and minor packages. The University follows a multi-disciplinary approach and students are allowed to choose courses considering their relevance and interest. The deficiency of a student is removed by offering him remedial courses. Nearly all post-graduate students avail one or the other form of financial assistance. The Colleges of the University offer 12 undergraduate and 121 post-graduate programmes through their 70 departments under various disciplines which are as follows:
S.No. College
Departments Undergraduate Masters Ph.D. programmes Programmes Programmes 12 17 10 05 05 08 10 03 70 1 1 7 1 1 1 12 17 19 12 04 02 03 12 01 70* 70 16 16 9 01 01 8 51* 51
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Agriculture Veterinary Sciences Technology Home Science Fishery Forestry and Hill Agriculture Basic Sciences and Humanities Agri-Business Management Post-graduate Studies Total
*Post-graduate programmes of all the colleges constitute the programmes of the College of PostGraduate Studies.

Academic Highlights
Fully residential university with 9 constituent colleges, viz., Agriculture, Home Science, Veterinary Sciences, Basic Sciences and Humanities, Technology, Fisheries, Forestry and Hill Agriculture, Post-Graduate Studies and Agribusiness Management. Admission through All-India competitive examination. Admissions available in 12 undergraduate and 121 post-graduate programmes managed by 72 departments. Emphasis on rural work experience. The first agricultural university to start Earn While You Learn programme through practical courses. Entire UG and PG syllabus upgraded to give latest information in different subjects. Academic session completely regularized with 200 teaching days.
Admission open for NRI and NRI-sponsored students. Well-equipped library having over 3 lakh books and 1,500 periodicals, CD-ROM, e-mail and internet connectivity. Liberal education as an integral part of professional degree programmes. On-campus interviews for placement of students. 15% seats reserved for rural girls to strengthen women development programmes.
Various post-graduate programmes offered by different colleges of the University. College Programme Masters/Ph.D.
Agriculture Ph.D. Ph.D.
Agricultural Economics Agronomy Agrometeorology Animal Breeding
Masters and Masters and Masters Masters and Masters and Masters Masters and Masters and Masters and Masters and Masters and Masters and Masters Masters Masters and Masters and Masters and Masters Masters Masters Masters Masters and Masters
Ph.D. Animal Nutrition Ph.D. Dairy Husbandry Development Communication Ph.D. Entomology Ph.D. Food Technology Ph.D. Genetics and Plant Breeding Ph.D. Horticulture Ph.D. Plant Pathology Ph.D. Poultry Husbandry Rural Banking and Agriculture Economics Ph.D. Soil Science Ph.D. Vegetable Science Ph.D. Agribusiness Hill Agriculture M.B.A. (Agribusiness) Horticulture Seed Science and Technology Vegetable Science Agricultural Chemicals Agriculture Statistics
Basic Science Ph.D.
Botany Computer Science Environmental Science Ph.D. Mathematics Ph.D. Microbiology Ph.D. Physics Ph.D. Plant Physiology Ph.D. Biochemistry Ph.D. Home Science Child Development Clothing and Textiles Family Resource Management Food and Nutrition Human Nutrition
Masters Masters Masters and Masters and Masters and Masters and Masters and Masters and Masters Masters Masters Masters Masters and
Ph.D. Fisheries Science Technology
Aquaculture Masters Fishery Biology Masters Electrical Energy System Masters Electrical Engineering Ph.D. Electronics and Communication Masters Farm Machinery and Power Engineering Masters and Food Biotechnology Engineering Masters Hydraulics Engineering
Ph.D.
Masters and (contd. on next page)
Ph.D.
Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Ph.D. Process and Food Engineering Ph.D.
Masters and Masters and
Design and Production Engineering Masters Production Engineering Ph.D. Mechanical Engineering Ph.D. Soil Mechanics and Farm Engineering Masters Soil and Water Conservation Engineering Masters and Ph.D. Structural Engineering Ph.D. Veterinary Science Ph.D. Ph.D. Thermal Science Anatomy Genetics and Animal Breed. Masters Masters and Masters and Masters and
Animal Nutrition Ph.D. Biochemistry Ph.D. Medicine Ph.D. Animal Husbandry Extension Public Health Ph.D.
Masters and Masters and Masters and Masters Masters and
Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Masters Gynaecology and Obstetrics Masters and Ph.D. Microbiology Ph.D. Parasitology Ph.D. Pathology Ph.D. Pharmacology and Toxicology Ph.D. Physiology Ph.D. Surgery and Radiology Ph.D. Livestock Production and Management Livestock Products Technology Poultry Science Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Cold Region Science and Engineering (In collaboration with SASE/DRDO) Seed Science and Technology Masters Masters Masters Masters and Masters Ph.D. Masters and Masters and Masters and Masters and Masters and Masters and
Multidisciplinary Ph.D. Programmes
Years in which different Masters and Ph.D. degree programmes were started in the University Year Masters Programme
1963 Agricultural Economics, Agronomy, Animal Breeding, Animal Nutrition, Biochemistry, Dairy Husbandry, Development Communication, Horticulture, Microbiology, Plant Pathology, Poultry Husbandry, Soil Science. 1964 Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary Pharmacology, Veterinary Physiology, Veterinary Surgery and Radiology. 1965 1965Veterinary Anatomy, Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Pathology. 1966 Genetics and Plant Breeding 1968 Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Process and Food Engineering, Soil and Water Conservation Engineering 1969 Structural Engineering
1970 1974 1975 1976 1983 1984 1986 1987 1988 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1998
1999 2000 Year 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1972 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1983 1984 1985 1993 1994 1995
Entomology, Hydraulic Engineering Mathematics, Physics Plant Physiology Food Technology Design and Production Engineering, Rural Banking and Agricultural economics Clothing and Textile, Foods and Nutrition Agricultural Chemicals, Agricultural Statistics, Thermal Science Environmental Sciences Electrical Energy Systems Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (a multidisciplinary programme) Horticulture, Seed Science and Technology, Vegetable Science (at Hill Campus, Ranichauri) Child Development, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Family Resource Management, Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering Agriculture Botany Agrometeorology, Cold Region Science and Engineering (a multidisciplinary programme), Computer Science, Vegetable Science Fish Biology, Food Biotechnology Engineering Agribusiness Management, Veterinary Animal Breeding, Veterinary Animal Nutrition, Veterinary Biochemistry, Veterinary Animal Husbandry Extension, Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Livestock Production and Management, Livestock Products Technology and Poultry Science Agroforestry, Floriculture-landscaping Animal Biotechnology, Veterinary Economics Ph.D. Programme Animal Breeding Genetics and Plant Breeding, Plant Pathology Soil Science, Veterinary Physiology Agronomy, Biochemistry, Microbiology Veterinary Anatomy Agricultural Economics Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Pathology Horticulture, Veterinary Parasitology Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Process and Food Engineering, Soil and Water Conservation Engineering Animal Nutrition, Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Pharmacology, Veterinary Surgery and Radiology Entomology, Farm Machinery and Power Engineering Electrical Engineering Food Technology, Plant Physiology Physics Mechanical Engineering Development Communication Hydraulic Engineering, Mathematics, Structural Engineering Agricultural Chemicals, Environmental Sciences, Human Nutrition, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (a multidisciplinary programme), Vegetable Science, Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics
1996 1990
Seed Science and Technology (a multidisciplinary programme) Veterinary Animal Breeding, Veterinary Animal Nutrition, Veterinary Biochemistry 1999 Floriculture-Landscaping, Fisheries Resource Management 2000 Agrometeorology, Poultry Husbandry, Dairy Husbandry, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Poultry Science, Livestock Production and Management
Salient Research Achievements

The University is actively engaged in research covering all the disciplines of agriculture and allied subjects. The research priorities of the university during the last 40 years are given below: Development of new varieties of crops, vegetables, fruits, spices, fodder, etc., resistant to different diseases coupled with high yield through conventional breeding and biotechnological methods. Development of cropping systems so as to sustain the natural resources such as water, temperature, soil health and ecological balance. Integrated plant nutrient management with particular reference to micronutrient management and organic recycling. Judicious water management to counter the fast depleting groundwater resources. Integrated pest (insects, diseases and weeds) management with emphasis on biological control to maintain ecological balance. Evolving varieties of crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers, etc. to suit export requirements. Development of machines and tools for all categories of farmers. Improvement of farm animals through advanced breeding techniques for milk, meat and drought purposes. Improvement in milk production and productivity through adequate and balanced feeding, proper management and health care. Exploiting aquatic productivity through the latest scientific techniques. Appropriate post-harvest technologies to save farm produce from losses and to process them for better market acceptability/value addition. Socio-economic studies to help facilitate technology generation, transfer and adoption. Development of farm machines for substitution of labour-intensive operation. The off-campus research centres have priorities specific to their local conditions. For instance, Hill Campus, Ranichauri, emphasizes on the development of varieties and technologies for off-season vegetables, temperate fruits, herbs and ornamental plants and diversification of agriculture with special emphasis on Angora rabbit, poultry, dairy, sericulture, mushroom production and watershed management; and Western Campus, Modipuram, has a mandate on the improvement of Murrah buffalo in addition to the development of sugarcane-based cropping system. The most distinguished Breeder Seed Production Unit operating on the concept of single window system to ensure production, processing, storage and marketing from a single point has been operative in the University since last 15 years. The unit is fully mechanized and equipped with modern seed processing plant and equipment. The breeder seed produced at this centre is in great demand by the seed production agencies in the public and the private sectors all over the country. At present 37 All-India Coordinated Research Projects financed by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 232 competitive (Ad-hoc) Research Projects financed by the ICAR, UP Council of Agriculture Research, Diversified Agricultural Support Project and other
organizations including university-funded projects are in progress. Thus, a total of 269 research projects covering various disciplines are being implemented. Salient achievements in various fields are summarized below.
Crop Improvement
The University is engaged in the breeding and development of high-yielding, diseaseresistant superior varieties of crop plants since 1960. Till now, over 150 varieties have been released, of which 55 varieties in 23 crops were released in the last decade. Pantnagar falls under the sub-tropical humid hot conditions of the Tarai belt of Uttar Pradesh, now Uttaranchal and has also been recognized as a hot spot of major diseases and insect pests of crop plants. This has facilitated a large-scale screening of germplasm and segregation generation in different crop plants under field conditions. Thus, most of the varieties of Pant Varsity combine high-yield potential together with resistance to major diseases and insect pests, leading to their wider adaptability and acceptance by the farmers. Crop varieties released by Pant Varsity during the last 40 years are listed in the following table.
Crop Wheat Rice Maize Pulses Soybean Oilseeds Forage crops Sugarcane Small millets Cotton Vegetables Spices Fruits Sugarbeet Poplar Flower
No. of Varieties released 16 11 11 20 14 6 14 3 9 3 22 8 12 1 1 1
Wheat : Pantnagar has been in the forefront of a wheat revolution by developing 16 highyielding and disease-resistant varieties and making their quality seed available to a large number of farmers throughout the country. Kalyansona (Sona-227) and Sonalika (RR-21) played important roles in the initial phase of the green revolution. UP 301 and UP 215 were grown not only by farmers of UP but also of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. UP 2003 and UP 262 became predominant varieties and contributed greatly in enhancing the productivity of wheat in Uttar Pradesh. UP 262 is known for its excellent grain and chapatimaking qualities and has crossed the national boundaries and is cultivated in Nepal, Bangladesh and Thailand also. A medium duration wheat variety UP 1109 has a high degree of rust resistance along with a high yield. Another promising variety from Pantnagar, UP 2338, with a yield potential of 70 q/ha has multiple disease resistance and has replaced HD 2329 and HD 2285 varieties in the northwestern plains zone. In a short span of time, the variety has become very popular with the farmers of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab. UP 2425 has been released as the most suitable bold-seeded variety for late planting in the north-western plains zone. A high-yielding variety, UP 2382, has also been released for timely-sown conditions and is resistant to new yellow rust (Yr9).
Rice : Release of high-yielding, disease-resistant varieties of early to mid-early duration, suitable for an irrigated transplanted situation in the plains (Pant Dhan 10, Pant Dhan 12) and hills (Pant Dhan 6 and Pant Dhan 11) brought a significant change in improving the crop productivity and also the cropping pattern of north western Uttar Pradesh. By now 11 rice varieties have been released and six are in the pipeline. Release of short-duration variety, Govind, with multiple resistance against diseases and pests by the CVRC in 1989 ensured multiple cropping and a greater yield stability in the region, thereby increasing the total income of the farmers. Release of the first public sector bred hybrid rice variety, Pant Sankar Dhan 1, successfully overcame the problem of yield barrier in rice. Due to its early duration of 115 days the hybrid is most suitable in the ricewheat cropping system predominant in the entire Indo-Gangetic plains. Maize : Pantnagar has developed a nutritionally superior variety of maize, Protina, having an opaque2 gene. It has also developed one full-season white-grained hybrid Ganga 4. A series of composites, namely, Tarun, Navin, Shweta, Kanchan, D 765 and Surya have been developed with earliness in the range of 7585 days, the composite Surya, matures in 75 days and has an yield potential of 40 q/ha. The recently released two composites Amar and Gaurav have better disease resistance and higher yield. The total number of released varieties of maize is 11. In the hybrid breeding programme, Pantnagar has developed one of the first early-maturing single cross hybrid named Asha which matures in 85 days and has an yield potential of 50 q/ha. It has resistance to BSDM, BLSB and stalk rot. This centre is also pioneering in the work on developing-waterlogging tolerant maize cultivars for value-added maize products like Baby Corn and is also responsible for the production of breeder seed of inbreds CM 300, CM 400, CM 600 and early composites Tarun, Navin, Shweta, Kanchan, D 765 and Surya. Oilseeds : Kranti and Krishna varieties of mustard and PT 303, PT 30 and PT 507 varieties of toria developed at Pantnagar are outstanding among a total of 6 varieties released. Kranti and PT 303, the first national varieties of mustard and toria, respectively, released by the Central Variety Release Committee, are adopted throughout the country and are being used as national checks in All-India Coordinated Trials and State Varietal Trials of respective crops. Krishna, a bold-seeded and aphid-tolerant variety, is being cultivated in large areas in western India and is also being used as a donor parent in hybridization. PT 507 is the only national variety released for unirrigated conditions of the country and is popular in UP, West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, etc. including irrigated conditions. In Karan mustard a prominent variety, Kiran, has been released which has not only high yield potential even under low input management situations but also tolerance to Alternaria and aphids and resistance to white rust disease. Soybean : Pantnagar is a leading main centre of AICRP on soybean and stands first among all the centres/SAUs by breeding and releasing the highest number of 14 varieties. The number of Pantnagar soybean varieties especially those released in the recent year viz., PK 416, PK 564, PK 1024, PK 1042, PK 1092 and PK 1029, have resistance to bacterial pustules and to yellow mosaic virus which was a major threat to cultivation of soybean in the early seventies in the northern plains. This university was the first to recognize the value of wild soybean (Glycine forosana) as a source of resistance to yellow mosaic virus and to the Bihar hairy caterpillar (preferential mechanism). Pulses : This university has played a very significant role by developing 20 varieties of different pulse crops possessing high-yielding potential coupled with high degree of resistance to various diseases.
The pigeonpea cultivar, UPAS 120, is suitable for pigeonpeawheat rotation and is highly popular in the north-west-plains of India. Blackgram varieties, Pant U 19 and Pant U 30, are resistant to yellow mosaic disease and yield 1015% higher than Type 9. UPU 9-40-4 developed by this university was released as Manikya in Karnataka and is very popular in that State. Pant U-35, is widely cultivated in UP both in kharif and zaid and yields 1215 q/ha. Out of four varieties of mungbean Pant Moong 22 is widely cultivated in northern India both in kharif and zaid seasons. Pant Moong 4 has been released for north-eastern plains zones. It has an yield potential of 15 q/ha with uniform maturity of pods in 6065 days along with resistance to yellow mosaic and Cercospora leaf spot diseases. Among rabi pulses, 5 varieties of chickpea have been released. Pant G 114 is suitable for late-sown conditions yielding 2025 q/ha. Pant G 186 released in 1996 for UP is an improvement of Pant G 114. The powdery mildew resistant variety Pant Pea 5 is very popular in UP. Lentil varieties Pant L 234, Pant L 406, Pant L 639 and Pant L 4 are resistant to wilt and rust. Pant L 4 is also resistant to blight disease. Pant L 406 is suitable for the late-sown condition. Sugarcane : Three varieties have been released and some more lines are in the pipeline. Pantnagar sugarcane Co Pant 84211, an early-maturing variety, has high sugar content, high yield (750 q/ha) and red rot disease resistance. It is also suitable for growing even under lowlying conditions. It records a sugar recovery of above 9% in October which increases in the following months to a maximum of 12.5% in March. A mid-season maturing variety Co Pant 84212 with high cane yield (800850 q/ha), high sugar content and resistance to diseases has been adopted by the farmers in Punjab, Haryana and Bihar as it gives high yield up to 3 ratoon crops. It matures in 1011 months in December and records high sugar recovery of 9.5 to 13 percent. The latest released high-yielding variety Co Pant 90223 has a high sugar content and is resistant to red rot. Being non-lodging it is suitable for low -lying areas. Forage : The University has released a total of 14 varieties in forage crops including 6 in cowpea, 5 in sorghum, 2 in oats and 1 in berseem. All Pantnagar cowpea varieties are outstanding in respect to their green fodder yield (400 q/ha) and are resistant to stem and root rot, anthracnose, seedling blight and pod borer. The most recent cowpea variety UPC 8705 is of dual purpose and is resistant to seed shattering, besides giving 400 q/ha green fodder and 89 q/ha seed yield. Out of the 5 sorghum varieties, Pant Chari 3 and Pant Chari 4 are much better than other varieties of the country yielding 450 q/ha green fodder with 78% and 6070% digestibility along with resistance to shoot borer, anthracnose and leaf blight. The latest variety, Pant Chari 5, is also very promising. The two Pantnagar oat varieties are multicut in which UPO 212 has a dual- purpose producing 550 q/ha green fodder and 15 q/ha grain for animal feed. The UPO 94 oat is specially suitable for grazing as it has a quick regeneration capacity thereby yielding 450 q/ha green fodder. The berseem variety UPB 10 is resistant to stalk rot and produces high green fodder (750 q/ha) due to fast regeneration of multiple branches even after several cuttings (56). It is the only variety released for the southern zone of the country because of its resistance to stalk rot. Horticulture Following varieties of different fruits have been developed by the University.
Lemon :Pant Lemon 1 Papaya :Pant Papaya 1
and Pant Papaya 2
High-density planting of Dashehari yielded 300350 q/ha/yr as compared to 100 q/ha/yr in normal density in the 1520th year. Commercial yield of 100 q/ha in Dashehari and Amrapali were obtained in the fifth year of planting. Pruning, soon after crop harvest, followed by paclobutrazol application controlled alternate bearing and malformation. Paclobutrazol induces branching in pears, reduced excessive upright growth, enhanced productivity (360540 q/ha) and improved fruit quality. The technology to shift the rainy season crops to the winter season in guava by shoot pruning to one pair of leaves or by 800 ppm NAA spray twice in the first fortnight of May produced 180 q/ha quality fruits as compared to poor quality fruits in the rainy season without pruning. As a result of pruning the winter crop was of high quality, fetching about Rs 30,000 additional income per ha to growers. Pollinizers for mango, plum, pear and citrus were identified which gave tremendous boost to fruit production. Micropropagation technique for guava, citrus, pear, jackfruit, strawberry Daeffenbachia, Syngonium, etc. was developed. The production technology of recommended varieties of fruits was standardized together with their propagation, growth control, crop regulation and protection. The year round propagation in mango by veneer grafting under greenhouse conditions was standardized. New methods of aonla propagation viz., cutting, veneer grafting and chip budding were developed. Control of fruit cracking in litchi by spraying water in MayJune and fruit cracking in lemon by 8% potassium sulphate spray in AprilJune have been recommended. Propagation and cultural practices of commercial ornamentals and medicinal and aromatic crop plants have also been standardized. Vegetables A good number of varieties have been developed by the University in various vegetable crops. Cauliflower : Pant Shubra, Pant Gobhi 2, Pant Gobhi 3, Pant Gobhi 4 Tomato : Pant Bahar, Pant T 3 Chilli : Pant C1 Frenchbean : Pant Anupama, Pant Bean 2 Brinjal : Pant Samrat, Pant Rituraj, Pant Brinjal Hybrid 1, Pant Brinjal 4 Vegetable pea : Pant Uphar, Pant Matar 2, Pant Matar 3, Pant Sabji Matar 4 Coriander : Pant Haritima Bottlegourd : Pant Sankar Lauki 1, Pant Sankar Lauki2 Cucumber : Pant Sankar Khira 1, Pant Khira 1 Ridgegourd : Pant Torai 1 Bitter gourd : Pant Karela 1 Kakri : Pant Kakri 1 Ajwain : Pant Ruchika Garlic : Pant Lohit Fenugreek : Pant Ragani Black cumin : Pant Krishna
Bael : Pant Shivani, Pant andPantUrvashi Guava : Pant Prabhat Pear : Pant Pear 17 Karonda: PantSudarshan,Pant
Aparna, Pant Sujata
ManoharandPant
Suvarna
Fennel : Pant Madhurika Turmeric : Pant Peetabh The protected cultivation of cucumber (sown in October), capsicum (planted in SepOct) and tomato (planted in November) yielded 17 kg, 10 kg and 20 kg/m2 fruits, respectively in low-cost polyhouses and gave high profits due to off-season production. Polyhouse also proved very useful for raising seedlings in winter to early summer of zaid vegetables. Sowing of early-maturing vegetable pea varieties like Arkel from the end of October to the middle of November, mid-maturity varieties like Pant Uphar from fourth week of October to mid-November and late-maturing varieties like New Line Perfection from mid-October to mid-November was recommended. Arkel was found to be highly susceptible to pea stem fly at a higher temperature in early sowing resulting in poor yield. Emphasis has been given on development of cost-effective production technologies of newly released varieties of different crops. Some of the important ones are : Green manuring and FYM application has been found beneficial in ricewheat farming system. Wheat can be established on wet soil by surface seeding by Pant zero-till ferti-seed drill after the harvest of rice. Higher doses of nitrogen and phosphorus application in rice and wheat was found profitable which will serve as a safeguard to increase productivity to meet the future food demand. In standing crops, distillery affluents can be used conjunctively with freshwater in 1:5 ratio as it has a beneficial effect on crop productivity. Planting of pigeonpea on ridges produced higher yield than over flat bed planting. Application of 20 kg sulphur per ha produced higher yield of chickpea over no application. Under rainfed situations, Brassica carinata var. Kiran produced higher seed yield over Brassica juncea. Mustard + Lentil (1:5) intercropping combination produced higher seed yield equivalent to mustard alone. An increasing trend in seed yield of mustard was recorded with the addition of 40 kg sulphur per ha. Cowpea (fodder)toriawheat sequence was most remunerative. Soybeanwheat was a more remunerative system than soybeanlentil, soybeanmustard and soybeangram sequence. Increased nitrogen-use efficiency was recorded by spray of 2% urea on soybean. Application of sugarcane trash as mulch in ratoon crop registered nearly 30 q/ha improvement in the cane yield. Ratoon responded up to 150 kg nitrogen per ha. Multicut variety 855 F (Hara Sona of Sorghum) gave 29% more fodder yield. Forage cropping sequence, sorghum + cowpeaberseem + oatmaize + cowpea gave maximum forage yield. Hortipastoral system and growing of grasses on terrace riser have been found beneficial for hills. Oil yield of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.) increased significantly due to sucker treatment with GA 3 (40 mg/liter). Metsulfuronmethyl at 2 g a.i./ha with 0.2% surfactant as tank mixture effectively controlled grassy as well as non-grassy weeds in wheat. Metsulfuronmethyl at 4.0 g a.i./ha in combination with anilophos at 200 g a.i./ha gave high degree control of grasses, sedges and non-grasses in transplanted rice. Soil Management The long-term fertilizer experiments in Tarai soils, conclusively established that by crop management through NPK fertilizers and FYM, the productivity in ricewheat cropping system can be sustained and dependence on NPK fertilizers alone will lead to substantial decline in soil organic matter, micronutrient deficiency and crop yield. PMR 1 was recognized as most efficient rhizobial strain for various pulse crops under different agroclimatic conditions. Production technology for large-scale manufacture of
Rhizobium inoculants using locally available materials (FYM) and poultry manure has been developed. A Rhizobium strain for frenchbean has also been isolated. Detailed soil surveys and development of soil maps of Nainital, Badaun, Moradabad and Rampur districts were made for assessment of soil resources and planning agricultural activities. A comprehensive irrigation schedule based on soil moisture, climate and crop parameters for different groundwater-table situations was evolved for various crops. A conceptual model of soil nitrogen-dynamics for evaluating different nitrogen management strategies under diverse conditions for optimizing input-use efficiency and maximizing rice yield has been developed. About 45% saving in the fertilizer nutrients (over the general recommended doses) was demonstrated for various crops through soil testing in three adopted development blocks (Bhojipura, Chamrova and Bhimtal). Benefit/cost ratio for soil test-based fertilizer use ranged from 158 to 1289. In the plains of UP, 30% soil samples were found sulphur deficient. After careful screening of more than 350 maize germplasm, 80 were identified as tolerant to waterlogging. Planting of maize a fortnight before the onset of the monsoon has been found quite effective in avoiding the ill effects of waterlogging in maize.
Agroforestry A large amount of germplasm of more than 100 tree species such as poplar, sissoo, teak, Albigia and acacia has been collected and maintained for their evaluation as food, fuel, timber, fodder and other products. The agroforestry research work has created a consciousness of trees among the farmers. Poplar-based cropping system is widely adopted in the area of responsibility of the University due to high economic returns. The researches at Pantnagar have also proved that salix in comparison to other forest species is more conducive and beneficial to grow in ricewheat farming system specially in waterlogged areas. Mushroom ProductionA Low-cost Agro-industry A mushroom research centre established by the University has made a great impact on popularizing cultivation of button mushrooms in the UP hills as well as in the plains through its extensive research, training and support activities. Four high-yielding strains of Agaricus bisporus were identified and recommended for commercial cultivation. Improved technologies for commercial cultivation were developed and transferred to the growers. A regular training programme on mushroom cultivation is being organized for a batch of 2025 trainees each year. Quality spawn and mushroom cultures are being supplied to small mushroom growers and industrial units. Apiculture for Landless Honeybee research opened new opportunities for diversification of agriculture, increased income and higher on-farm yield in cross pollinated crops. For the first time Pantnagar scientists were able to train wild honeybees to forage on specific agricultural and horticultural crops. Economic foraging ranges of Indian and Italian honeybees were worked for effective pollination and increased crop productivity. Farmer awareness programmes for the adoption of Italian honeybees for higher honey yield and effective crop pollination, have been launched.
Crop Health
Disease management A solution to Khaira disease of rice converted the entire Tarai area from non-rice producing to one of the most important rice-producing areas of the country. Cost-effective management strategies were developed for scab and powdery mildew of apple; late blight, common scab and black scurf of potato; early and late blight of tomato; purple blotch of onion seed crop; botrytis gray mold of chickpea; multiple disease control in wheat; blast, sheath blight and sheath rot of rice; downy mildews, banded blight and Erwinia stalk rot of maize; red rot, smut and wilt of
sugarcane; and seed rot of Albizia lebbek. These strategies are offered to and are being used by farmers of Uttaranchal state and also of other states as part of the package and practices for various crops. Multiple disease management strategies in rapeseed-mustard consisted of integrating the use of early-maturing Alternaria-tolerant variety (such as Divya mustard), early sowing, appropriate N:K ratio and 12 spray of ipridione/mancozeb fungicide. This work has been recognized through the Hexamar Award and the Professor M.J. Narasimhan Medal Award. Pioneering work has been done on the etiology of complex diseases like mango malformation, white rust and downy mildew of crucifers and sterility mosaic of pigeonpea. Bunchy top and floral malformation of mango were demonstrated for the first time, to be the two stages of the same disease and that malformation is controlled by pruning. Uptake, translocation, and binding of carbendazim by plants chemical constituents in mango was investigated and correlated with its failure to eradicate Fusarium sp. from vascular system of the plant. Work was recognized by Pesticide India Award. White rust caused by Albugo candida was demonstrated to be solely responsible for the stag head development in rapeseed and mustard, which are subsequently colonized by downy mildew caused by Pernospora parasitica. A. candida was demonstrated not only to increase susceptibility of plants but also to erode the resistance of downy mildew resistant cultivars towards P. parasitica. This pioneer findings would have a lot of bearing on breeding for downy mildew resistance in rapeseedmustard. Ribonucleic acid containing an infectious agent was demonstrated for the first time to be associated with sterility mosaic of pigeonpea. This work was recognized by Professor M.J. Narasimhan Academic Merit Award. Epidemiology. Meteorological factors favouring the development of diseases like karnal bunt of wheat, apple scab, and Alternaria leaf spot, downy mildew and white rust of crucifers, were defined as they would be quite useful for forecasting the outbreak of these diseases. In an extensive study of variability and linkages in rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea, in the Himalayan hills, the concept of clonality of population was disapproved. Possibility of sexual crossing over and origin of M. grisea in the Himalayan hills was demonstrated using molecular probes. This information is going to have a great impact at the global level on breeding for blast resistance. Fungicidal residues. The University has done pioneering work on the mechanism of systemicity of xenobiotics in plants. Mechanism of uptake, translocation, inter-and intra-plant part distribution of metalaxyl in different plant species and pyroquilon in rice was demonstrated. Different components of the work were recognized once by Professor M.J. Narasimhan Academic Merit Award and twice by pesticide India Award. In addition to above several important and useful techniques were developed : Spikelet culture technique to produce karnal bunt under laboratory condition. Sodium hydroxide seed soak method for the detection of bunt of rice and karnal bunt of wheat in untreated as well as chemically treated seed sample. It is now approved as a standard technique by Central Seed Certification Agency of Government of India. TLC technique for the quantitative estimation of systemic fungicide, metalaxyl, recommended as a standard technique in Pesticide Data book published by Royal Society of Chemistry, U.K. Biochromatographic technique for the detection of organotin fungicides was recognized by Pesticide India Award. Method for nuclear staining in fungi using DNA-intercalating fluorochrome. Dual culture method for in vitro screening of germplasm of chickpea against Ascochyta rabiei. Biocontrol of diseases. Pantnagar has been a pioneer in the field of ecology of soil-borne plant pathogens and biological control and their integration with other management strategies. Use of
organic amendments for the management of root knot of vegetables was considered a trendsetter in the management of soil-borne plant diseases. Two antagonists, Trichoderma harzianum (TH) and Gliocladium virens (GV), with high biocontrol efficiency and wide host range, were isolated and technologies for their mass production, formulation and delivery were developed. Simple seed/bulb treatment with any one of these antagonist controlled diseases like wilt of chickpea and lentil, soybean root rot, gladiolus corm rot, etc. Efficient and cost-effective management of wilt complex of chickpea and lentil was developed by integrated seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum/ Gliocladium virens and carboxin. A few, efficient plant growth promoting and siderophore producing strains of Pseudomonas fluorescence have been isolated and their synergistic interaction with VAM with respect to plant growth was demonstrated. Effective control of seedling diseases of vegetables was achieved by soil solarization. Solarization also improved seedling health. Biological control work at Pantnagar was recognized by the professor M.J. Narasimhan Academic Merit Award. Insect Pest Management An Integrated Approach Safe and economic strategies, consistent with the new integrated pest management approach, were developed for major insect pests of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, soybean, sugarcane, vegetable and fruit crops. Intercropping maize, sorghum with green gram and black gram or chickpea with linseed or mustard, early planting of rapeseed-mustard and chickpea, and late planting of field pea reduced insect pest damage up to 40% both by escape and asynchrony between crop and insect pest peak populations. Manhar and Indrasan varieties of paddy did show field resistance to white-backed plant hopper. Brinjal varieties, Punjab Barsati, Pusa Purple Long and ARU2C have been identified as resistant to brinjal borer. Researches on economic thresholds and monitoring of insect pests paved the way for timely application of control measures in chickpea, mustard, paddy, groundnut and litchi crops. To minimize the use of chemical insecticides, efforts were made to suppress insect pest populations using biological control agents and effective, biodegradable plant-based insecticides. Use of entomophagous fungus, plant-based insecticides, Beauvaria bassiana, which is also compatible with neem was highly effective against insect pest of paddy. Mass multiplication techniques have been standardized for their commercial use. Viral NPV and bacterial Bt preparations, alone and in combination with neem and endosulfan were very effective against pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) in chickpea and other pulses. The most successful example where biological control proved highly effective was in the control of sugarcane Pyrilla. Egg parasitoid complex consisting of Tetrasticus pyrillae and nymphal and adult parasitoid Epicrania melanolenea control Pyrilla menace. Farmers were advised to monitor, conserve and disseminate these parasitoids when required. Conservation of natural biological control agents was important in rice, where more than 90% incidence of nematode parasites of leaf folder larvae and high incidence of egg parasitoids of stem borer, provided natural control. Now the farmers have stopped the use of chemical insecticides for their control. Use of Plant Products. Several eco-friendly, low persistent, biodegradable insecticides of plant origin have been identified for sustainable control of crop pests. Herbal insecticide preparations from Acorus, Rauwolfia, eucalyptus and neem for stored grain insects; extracts from neem, Ageratum, Cassia, Delonix, tobacco and Tropaeolum for pod borer in chickpea, and from Ageratum, Aglaia, neem, Cedrela and Melia for polyhagous defoliator, Spodopterer. Some new generation insecticides like BPMC for the control of white and brown plant hopper in paddy, insect hormones namely Dimilin, RH 2485 for chickpea pod borer and 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T for autocidal control of mango shoot gall have been advocated to the farmers. To minimize the use of insecticides, seed treatment in wheat, sunflower, groundnut and mungbean for the control of seedling pests was also recommended. The African snails can be controlled effectively by the treatment with 5% metaldehyde.
Several innovative researches have provided important clues to develop new pest management approaches. Weed plants, Chenopodium melilotus and vicia served as trap crops for chickpea pod borer eggs. An alternate host plant, Elemingia serrata was identified to help off-season carry over of pest populations in pigeonpea. Nutritionally superior semi-synthetic diets for mass rearing of the Bihar hairy caterpillar, tobacco caterpillar and chickpea pod borer were worked out to facilitate multiplication of biological control agents, etc. Food Science The department of Food Science has developed processes for osmoair drying of apricots and peaches, mango bar, dehydro-canning of potato and mushrooms, and steeping preservation of mushroom. The other processes developed are acidophilus yoghurt, instant porridge from byproduct of milling industry, extruded snacks from germinated whey, flavour development in acid coagulated mild slurry, soy-shrikhand and soy-yoghurt. Animal Production Development of crossbred cows. The outstanding contributions of Animal Science include development of crossbred cows averaging 2,726 kg milk yield/lactation with inter-calving period of 409 days for 1/2 Red Dane 1/2 Sahiwal and 3,349 kg and 421 days for 1/2 Friesian 1/2 Sahiwal. The profit analysis studies in crossbreds have shown that HolsteinFriesian and Red Dane crosses with Sahiwal are the most profitable crosses. Feed quality improved. The ammonia (urea) treatment technique improves the nutritive value of crop residues supporting a daily growth rate of 250 g and medium level of milk production (5 kg/head/day) in cattle and buffaloes without any concentrate supplement being fed. This process reduces the requirements of concentrate in dairy cattle and buffaloes by about 1.0 to 1.5 kg/head/day without any adverse effect on growth and on milk production. Still better response to ammonia (urea) treatment have been obtained when the treated straw is fed with bypass protein supplement like cottonseed cake, fishmeal, etc. Methods of ammonia (urea) treatment of baled crop residues have also been developed. Poultry production. Studies involving specialized sire and dam lines for the development of commercial broilers have resulted in the development of a broiler of 1,587 g weight at 8 weeks of age. The feed conversion efficiency in broilers has also improved considerably and is about 2.40 kg/kg live weight. Using combined selection in white leghorn for several generations, a strain with about 265 eggs in one cycle and averaging 56 g in egg weight has been developed which is well adapted to hot and humid conditions of the Tarai region. Besides, breed crosses are being developed using White Leghorn, Australorp and Desi breed, keeping in mind the needs of small farmers under village/semiurban harsh conditions.
Veterinary Sciences
The University has earned distinction in several areas of research in veterinary sciences. Some of the important ones include : Embryo Transfer Technology has been successfully applied for selective multiplication of elite animals. Seven calves from a single elite cow have been produced during a period of one year. In vitro fertilization of buffalo oocysts has been achieved. To induce lactation in non-productive and barren bovines, a technique of 7 day hormonal treatment was standardized. Presently, it is being practiced by many organized farms and individual farmers. Neurophysiology of a ruminant stomach was studied with a view to augment ruminoreticular movements for better digestibility and effects of various drugs on rumen mortality was found out. A combination of groundnut cake and urea in the ratio of 2:1 in terms of total nitrogen was found to yield optimal microbial population as well as TVFA and total nitrogen. An effective test has been developed to differentiate the meat of different species.
To detect the presence of urea in adulterated/synthetic milk a strip test has been developed. The test is sensitive enough to detect urea at a concentration of 0.1% in milk in only one minute. Immunodiagnostic test like ELISA, radio-immunoassay (RIA) Coagglutination (COAT), counter current immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), fluorescent antibody test (FAT) have been standardized and carried out for the diagnosis of infectious diseases, viz. infectious bursal disease, canine parvovirus infection, new castle, rota virus infection and salmonellosis. A live attenuated cell culture vaccine against sheep pox was developed using Karnal strain of sheep pox virus. A Mareks disease virus strain isolated locally from an apparently healthy bird was attenuated in chicken embryo fibroblast cell culture. The virus at its 20th passage level was used as a vaccine and the protection afforded was comparable to other available MD vaccines. Acupuncture technique has been found effective for relieving pain, including anaesthesia and resuscitation of dog following administration of anaesthesia/drugs. To repair long bone fractures, various techniques like horn plate, bone plate, other grafting materials and fixation devices have been evolved. Effective technology has been developed for the repair of osteomyelitis and infectious arthritis. Cartilage powder, pancreatic tissue extract and amnion extracts of fresh bovine placenta have been found beneficial in tissue repair. Diagnosis, prevention and control of mastitis was found. New, simple and quick diagnostic tests were developed for the treatment of filariasis. Indigenous plants (haldi, neem leaves and alcoholic extract of leaves of sitaphal, adalsa and shajnah) augmented wound healing and bone repair. Garlic Extract cured dermatophytosis (ringworm) in man and animals and candidasis in poultry. Essential oils of clove, Ocimum spp., and Eucaplyptus spp. inhibited fungi and bacteria. Enterotoxin and four novel cytotoxins of Salmonella purified and characterized. Salmonella Toxoid afford 100% protection in mice. Epidemiology of brucellosis and Q. fever studied. For the first time histoplasmosis reported in a heifer. Scanning electron microscopical features of experimental canine parvoviral enteritis done. Congo red binding test for detection of pathogenecity of Escherichia coli strains in poultry developed. Studies made on serotypes of E.coli and antibiotic sensitivity pattern in colibacillosis in poultry. Histoplasmosis in cattle in India reported for the first time. Sarcocystosis in lambs in India reported for the first time. Epineural nerve suturing along with application of semicarpus anacardium for repair of peripheral nerve injuries developed. Herbal preparations developed for growth and production of poultry. Toxicity studies on Agrochemicals made.
Home Science
The University is actively engaged in research including both experimental as well as field research involving rural families at the village level. Following achievements have been made in terms of technologies at hand, insights gained, and models experimented in the villages : After finding the nutritive value of specific cereals, millets, vegetables, pulses, leaves and fruits, the techniques of processing of food items and preparation of various recipes out of these have been evolved which include potato flour, millets, mulberry leaves, defatted soyflour, green leaf powder and carrot powder.
Various teaching aids, including visual and audio-visual, have been standardized and recommended for use for providing nutrition and health education to school children and rural communities. Natural dyes from Henna leaves and Madar roots developed through optimization technique. Hand printing technique developed and its standardization and printing on single bed covers done. Techniques of utilizing unconventional fibres (okra, bhang, banana, and murva) by extraction, processing and blending with cotton fibres was done. Handicrafts items were prepared. Improved designs of Chutki, Zari and block printing have been obtained. Designing of the item on market demand can be done and techniques can be sold to such units. Basic bodice blocks of children of 37 years have been prepared, standardized and are available for use by commercial units/tailoring units. Improved farm technologies were tried out and equipment/implements such as kuthla, kassi, scrapper, danala, weeding fork, hoe, hand cultivator, hoe seeder, paddy thresher and few others have been recommended for use to save time and energy of farm women and to reduce their work stress. For fuel efficiency a combination of fuels that can be efficiently used in kitchen has been suggested which includes sugarcane dry with surkanda sticks of cowdung, wheat/paddy straw + cowdung, sawdust + cowdung, dry leaves + sawdust + cowdung, charcoal powder + mud. Rural oven was developed using locally available materials and the designs for L and U shaped kitchen for both standing and sitting positions have been recommended. Detailed anthropometric data on infants, pre-schoolers, school age children, adolescents and women; nutritional assessment of the above groups; time and energy spending pattern of rural women; and detailed profile of rural families of different socio-economic status in different agroclimatic zones were collected. Research on village-based action programme models like community child care centre/farm creche/SHGs has proved their utility for the children and women of villages.
Agricultural Engineering
The significant achievements in the field of agricultural engineering are briefed here. Implements and Technologies Developed A number of implements viz., Pant Zero-Till Ferti-Seed Drill, Pant Rotary Puddler, Pant Spiked Clod Crusher as combination tillage tool with tractor drawn disc harrow and cultivar, Pant Multicrop Seed Drill, Hand Broadcaster, Sugarcane Planter (two rows), Sugarcane Stubble Shaver (two rows), Sugarcane Interculture-cum-Earthing Equipment, Pant Oscillatory Sieve Potato Digger, Wind Rower, Pant Axial Flow Multicrop Thresher, Two Row Mechanical Potato Digger, Soybean Thresher and the technologies for testing of I.C. engine on biogas, and utilization of draught animal power have been developed. Pant Double Neck Yoke with adjustable width for humpless animals and Pant Adjustable Collar Harness for single animal and Pant Animal Hoof Shoes for draught animals have been developed. All these tools are helpful in harnessing the efficiency of draught animals with less drudgery and fatigue. Harvesting, collection, densification, handling and storage of crop residues and further enhancement of their nutritive value by ammonia (urea) treatment for animal feeding have been developed. Pauri Nasura, Pauri Danela, Pauri Damala, Pauri Steel Plough, Improved Beam for Animal Drawn Implements, sowing attachment for country plough and Pauri Paddy Thresher-cumWinnowing Fan have been developed for the hill farmers. High Pressure Carbondioxide Scrubber and Tarai Biogas Plant for high water table areas have also been developed.
Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Following studies were conducted and solutions to the problems in related disciplines were found out : Performance evaluation of installed pumping units Optimum operating conditions for Archemedian screw. Performance evaluation and design improvements of Hydraulic Ram. Sub-surface drainage of high water table and salt affected agricultural lands including well hydraulics. Studies on saving of water and increase in yield with drip and sprinkler irrigation. Surface irrigation studies. Conjunctive use of surface and ground waters for optimal crop production for Bhabar studied and recommendations for optimal use of land and water resources suggested. Water pollution studies on sugar factory effluents conducted to know the adverse effects of pollution on the water quality. On-farm water management studies for the evolution of technology for increased sustained productivity in the command area of Bichpuri minor of Sharda Canal System. Studies on ground water flow to gravity and artisans wells, performance of screens and estimation of aquifer parameters. Water resources management planning and ground water modelling in Jamrani Dam Command. Agricultural Engineers have designed and developed the low-cost high-discharge propeller pumps and efficient foot valves. Post Harvest and Food Engineering The university has successfully evolved some biotechnological processes for oilseeds, pulses, fruits and vegetable processing; oil recovery; milling of pigeonpea, black gram and lentil; storage of cereals, pulses and oilseeds including urea treatment of wheat straw; drying technologies for various added extruded food products; and technologies for soybean processing. Dal mills for pigeonpea and soybean, manually operated dal mill, soybean dehuller, continuous grain drier, husk fired furnace, smokeless chulha, straw treater, soybean blancher and wet grinder have been developed. The agricultural engineers have also developed some processing equipment like Mango Guthali (stone) Decorticator, Differential Speed Expanding Pitch, Fruits and Vegetable Grader, Tomato Seed Extractor, Groundnut Decorticator, Okra Thresher, etc. A prototype potato peeler-cum-chip maker has also been developed which has been found useful for cottage industries. Soil and Water Conservation Engineering In the area of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering development of hydrological prediction models for small and large catchment; laboratory models to simulate rainfall, runoff and sediment yield relationship under controlled conditions; nomographic techniques to estimate soil loss; optimal land use models for effective watershed management; relationships for design of soil conservation practices on fields; methodologies for evaluation of effects of soil conservation measures on the hydrology and sedimentation patterns of the catchment; and the design and development of efficient water conveyance and energy dissipation structures have been done.
Basic Sciences
Some of the unique technologies, products and other significant achievements of basic sciences are as under : Hydroponics i.e. soil-less culture, for vegetable production in difficult terrain and hostile environment.
Tissue culture with dual objective of making elite planting material available to the farmers and generating employment in the rural sector. Production of bioinoculants of bacteria and mycorrhiza to enhance nutrient uptake efficiency of crops. Development of biopesticides and biocontrol agents from the available biodiversity of the region and diagnostic kits. Intensive efforts in creating genetically engineered crop plants with improved quality (nutrition in wheat, aroma in rice) and resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. Basic research on recalcitrant problems like mango malformation, pathogenic variability in Karnal bunt, blast, sheath blight, microbial degradation of lignins and pesticides has lead to important findings.
Fishery Sciences
In the Fishery Sciences increased emphasis is being given to the frontier areas of carp culture, seed production, water quality management, fish health management, conservation of fish diversity and fisheries resource management programmes. The significant achievements made so far in the above areas are as follows: A successful composite fish farming technology comprising Indian and exotic carps has been developed to utilize the vast low-lying marshy land in the sub-Himalayan region and plains of north-India. Locally available feed ingredients have been identified and the farm management practices for optimum production have also been evolved. Cheap methods of aeration in fish ponds have been developed. This has greatly helped in increasing the fish production. An annual fish production of 6 tonnes/ha/year has been achieved. The induced fish breeding technology using crude pituitary extract has been developed for the Tarai region. The technology for the multiple breeding of carps in Tarai conditions has also been evolved. This has greatly helped in providing fish seed to the culture sector round the year. The breeding of carps using ovaprim has also been done in the last 67 years. Recently a new breeding agent ovatide was also used for the successful breeding of Labeo rohita for the first time in the plains of north India. A low-cost circulatory hatchery has been developed in which 80% recovery of hatchlings is obtained, compared to 30% recovery rate obtained from the cloth hapa. This low-cost hatchery is portable and does not require the use of an overhead tank. Use of an organophosphate greatly helped in successfully controlling the cyclopids which predates up on fry in nursery pond thus, increasing the rate of recovery of fry from 20% to 60%. The technology for raising three crops of fry from the same nursery pond in one breeding season has also been developed. A supplementary feed having approximately 25% biogas slurry has been formulated, screened and tried for better growth and high survival of carps thus, reducing the cost of feeding under composite fish culture system. There are about 93 % small and marginal farmers having land holdings less than 1.69 ha. These resource-poor farmers can not afford the cost of feeding, which generally exceeds 60 % of the total operational expenditure of fish farmers. The integrated duckfish farming technology has been developed to cater to the small farmers. Both deshi and exotic varieties of duck have been integrated. Fish production of 4098.72 kg/ha/yr is obtained from duckfish pond without any supplementary feeding. The technology using local variety of ducks has been successfully transferred to fish farmers. The experiments using Khaki Campbell ducks are in progress. An effective package for the control of Epizootic ulcerative syndrome has been developed. The fishery of fast-growing carps was successfully established in the medium altitude lakes, increasing the existing fish production from 23 kg/ha/year to 70 kg/ha/year.
The basic limnological features and fishery of some of the reservoirs of North India have been studied which will be of great help in increasing the fish production of these reservoirs. A strategy has been developed for successful conservation of golden Mahseer, the world famous game fish which is found only in the Indian subcontinent, and is on the verge of extinction. To conserve the stock of this fish, rearing trials are being made in the ponds; it has been possible to successfully rear the fish in earthen ponds on supplementary feed. Priority has been given to improvement of less utilized crops and millets in the hill area. Foxtail millet variety, PRK 1 and grain amaranth variety, PRA 8801 have been released for UP hill region by SVRC. Ricebean varieties, PRR 1 and PRR 2, were released for the hill region of UP and the country by SVRC and CVRC in 1996 and 1997, respectively. Buckwheat variety, PRB 1, has been released for the hill region of the country by CVRC in 1997. Among the various varieties developed by the University for the plains Kanchan, Navin of maize, Pant Lentil 406 and 639 of lentil, Pant Pea 5 of field pea, PT 303 of rapeseed, Krishna and Kranti of mustard and PK 262 and PK 327 of soybean have been found promising for the hill region. Some promising lines in rice, soybean, grain amaranth, ricebean, barnyard millet, buckwheat and wheat have been identified for release. Besides, more than 5,000 germplasm lines of various crops have also been evaluated and screened. The optimum sowing period, dose of fertilizers and manure, seed rate, row spacing, etc have been standardized for various crops as sole crop and as inter crop. Herbicides like glyphosate, etc have been found effective and their doses and time have been recommended to control various weeds. Suitable inter/mixed cropping e.g. maize + soybean in 2:2 row ratio at 90/60 cm spacing, Amaranth + horsegram in 1:1 ratio at 30 cm spacing, barnyard millet + ricebean in 4:1 ratio at 30 cm spacing and fingermillet + soybean in 9:1 ratio have also been developed for cultivation in high hills. Following important findings have been made for management of soil fertility. Urea treatment (0.5%) of pine needles for enhancing decomposition and possible source of organic amendment. Use of Mussoorie rock phosphate and superphosphates in 2:1 ratio for increasing agronomic efficiency of phosphatic fertilizers. Ricebean cultivation substituted the nitrogen requirement of rabi crops (wheat) by about 20 kg/ha The nitrogen-use efficiency of prilled urea was increased by 33% with sulphur coating. Application of chemical fertilizers (NPK), liming (69 t/ha) and FYM @ 15 tonnes/ha was found useful for restoring soil fertility of terraces with exposed subsoil. Mixture of SSP : RP (1:1) @ 60 kg/ha has been found effective source of phosphate for frenchbean. Sulphuric acid (25%) acidulated rockphosphate has been found as effective source of phosphate for acid soil. Seed inoculation of fingermillet and barnyard millet with Aspergillus awamori along with SSP and MRP (50:50) was found effective in minimizing phosphate fixation in acid soil. Chulu oil cake-coated and lisa-coated urea has been found effective over prilled urea in minimizing nitrogen losses and increasing nitrogen-efficiency. The response of biofertilizers (Azospirillum braselence and Aspergillus awamori) was 24.2% and 10.1%, respectively, over the un-inoculated control. Strains of Rhizobium japonicum MB2P3, MB2P1 for soybean and SSF 73 and SSF 69 have been found to be promising in acid soils. Formulated an eight-stage spray schedule consisting of various fungicides and based on crop phonology, for the control of apple scab.
Forestry and Hill Agriculture
Established apple scab disease prediction and forecasting system that can avoid spray at first three stages of the crop. Cost-effective control schedule developed for various diseases e.g., blast of fingermillet, late blight of potato, tomato fruit rot, frenchbean anthracnose, peach leaf curl, etc. Application of chlorpyriphos in different doses as seed treatment or by mixing with soil in standing rainfed kharif crops was recommended for white grub control. Application of monocrotophos 36 EC (0.05% a.i.) or carbaryl 50 WP @ 0.1% a.i. during emergence period of white grub beetle in yellow raspberry, apple, walnut and chestnut. The preferred hosts, controlled the grub. An effective nematode parasite for biological control of white grub has also been identified and the results obtained from farmers fields are encouraging. Fruit Varietal Development and Management New fruit varieties namely PRS 1 of apple, PRKH 1 and PRKH 2 of apricot and PRA 1 of plum have been developed. Besides a number of fruit varieties were tested and the Tydemans Early Worcester of apple, Hybrid pears, Santarosa and Methley of plum, New Castle for fresh purpose of apricot and Charmaghz Safeda for sub-during uses, Starking Delicious and Early White Giant of peach and Ne-Plus-Ultra of almond were found promising for growing in the hills. Thin-shelled almond cultivars viz., Drake, Thin Shelled and Non Pareil have been found to be highly susceptible to fruit gummosis, whereas Sloh, though inferior in fruit quality, has been identified as highly resistant. Significant achievements have been made in improving the productivity and quality of apple and peach fruits, controlling fruit gummosis disease in almond and assessing resistance and resistibility of different cultivars of peaches to fungal leaf curl. Vegetable varieties tested and found promising for hill areas are : Arkel, VL 7 and PB Ageta of pea, Arka Komal of frenchbean, Q/A-9-120 of potato, Golden Acre and Green Express of cabbage, Pant Haritima of coriander, Pant Shubhra and Pusa Deepali of cauliflower, Nantes of carrot and California Wonder of capsicum. Standardized fertilizer doses for carrot variety Nantes (100 kg N/ha), cabbage variety Golden Acre (120 kg N/ha) and potato (120 kg N + 100 kg P + 100 kg K/ha) and recommended sowing time, for vegetable pea, planting geometry for cabbage and mulching with FYM and forest litter in off-season potato were recommended. The oil potential of wild rose (Rose brunoii) (0.53%) was found at par with the cultivated rose species such as Bulgarian rose (Rosa damascena). Belladonna (Atropa belladonna) seeds when treated with 75% sulphuric acid for 2 minutes gave more than 90% germination. Sowing period of different medicinal and aromatic plants for nursery has been standardized as under : Based on research achievements various techniques and recommendations have been made for better seed yield and germination in blue pine, and Quercus leucotrichophora. Multipurpose trees suitable for fuel, fodder and timber have also been identified. Among broiler rabbits, Soviet Chinchilla produced largest litter size (7.2) as compared to Grey Giant (6.3) and New Zealand White (5.5). Kid birth weight was higher in New Zealand White (63.5) and this species has been recommended to the farmers due to its better overall performance. German angora rabbit was recommended to hill farmers owing to its high wool producing capacity. Ivermectin and Fueox medicines were found effective against Canker and Coccidiosis diseases, respectively, in rabbit.
Extension and Communication

Directorate of Extension The Directorate of Extension started functioning in 1962 with a team at headquarters and three members in the field in Nainital district. Later on, the services were extended in 16 districts of UP which was further extended to 19 districts of western plains and hills in 1973. This increased to 20 with the formation of Ghaziabad district. Fianlly, the area jurisdiction of the University consisted of 28 districts before the formation of Uttaranchal. After formation of the new state of Uttaranchal the area of responsibility of the University is limited to 11 districts of hills and 2 districts of Tarai Bhabhar and plains. The extension activities comprised organizing field demonstrations, trainings, meetings, site seeing, kisan mela and advisory services supported with print media and other mass communication means. The national demonstration programme, financially sponsored by the ICAR, was started in two districts in 1970 and one ORP on Resource Development on Watershed Basis was launched during 198586 in Bareilly. The ICAR also sanctioned the Lab to Land programme as a part of the Silver Jubilee celebration of the ICAR. All these programmes were merged into Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) in 1992. First KVK was sanctioned in 1983 for the district Tehri Garhwal. In 199294 seven more KVKs, one each for Rampur, Badaun, Bijnor, Saharanpur, Ghaziabad, Shahjahanpur and Champawat, were sanctioned. Two KVKs, one each located in Meerut and Muzaffarnagar districts, managed by NGOs, were transferred to the University in 1998. Thus a total of 10 KVKs and 14 KGKs were functioning in 24 districts. Now in Uttaranchal, out of 13 districts, extension units are working in 9 districts which include 2 KVKs at Ranichauri and Lohaghat and 7 KGKs at Dehradun, Pauri, Chamoli, Uttarkashi, Hardwar, Almora and Udham Singh Nagar. The State Government has also sanctioned establishment of KGK for Rudraprayag district and the ICAR under NATP has sanctioned a scheme for remandating the Zonal Research Centre at Majhera (Nainital), to perform the function of KVK for Nainital district. Thus, 11 districts of Uttaranchal have one or the other unit of extension system of the University. The Directorate of Extension was started initially in the College of Agriculture. At present, it is functioning in a building shared by the Directorate of Experiment Station. The KGKs have not been provided with any facilities for office and mobility. Salient Achievements Till March 2001, the area of responsibility of the University was spread over 28 districts of Uttar Pradesh representing 12 districts of hills and 16 of plain for Extension Education. Various extension programmes were under taken in these districts for dissemination of scientific information to the farmers and others related with agriculture. Salient achievements are given here under: Under National Model Watershed Project, a watershed in Aonla tehsil of Bareilly district was successfully developed during 19861992. This work was adjudged as best work of its kind and given national award by KRIBHCO in 1988 and by the National Productivity Council of India (1990). Various demonstrations, namely, varietal, maximum production, weed control, vegetable crops, fruit crops, agricultural implements and front line demonstrations (FLDs) have been very successful in training grassroot personnel as well as farmers. The Directorate of Extension is conducting a correspondence course-based distance education programme in 17 subject matter areas in Hindi for the farmers, rural school dropouts and unemployed rural youth. Viewing the change in the scenario of agriculture, contents of these courses have been revised. During 199697, visits of 38 teams involving 669 persons were conducted by the Directorate through Kisan Sewa Kendra. In 199798, 55 teams consisting of a total of 1,504 farmers, students, officers and foreigners and during 199899, 60 teams consisting of about 2,200 persons visited the campus. For large-scale dissemination of technology, two All-India Farmers Fair, one each in kharif (October) and rabi (March) season, are organized for 4 days at the Universitys main
campus, Pantnagar. These fairs have been a trend setter and most of the Universities now organise similar fairs. Outside stations, namely, Modipuram, Bulandshahr and Majhera also organizes one-day Kisan Diwas twice in a year. The farmers are provided seeds of different crops, saplings of fruit trees and extension literature (folders) on different aspects of agriculture. University scientists have adopted 109 villages for agricultural development. The technical programmes to solve the problems of the villages have been prepared. The Directorate of Extension has published 55 folders or leaflets after thorough revision on different aspects of agriculture including package of practices of important crops, plant protection measures, agriculture implements, fruits and vegetables, veterinary sciences and other related aspects. Four new folders on agroforestry, sericulture, zero tillage and food requirements for diabetic patients have also been added and more than 4 lakh copies of these folders were distributed to the farmers, extension personnel and other visitors. Diversification and intensification of agriculture has been initiated in the 2 districts of Uttaranchal viz., Nainital and Dehradun under UPDASP. Crop production and related technologies like animal husbandry, fisheries, sericulture, beekeeping, mushroom production, vegetable and fruit production, etc. are being demonstrated, analysed and evaluated at farmers fields. Strengthening and intensification of Veterinary Extension has been done by organizing clinical camps, kisan gosthies, etc. in which vaccination, deworming and parasiticidal sprays to control internal and external parasites and infectious diseases are arranged. The expert teams also visit for disease investigation and control of an outbreak of diseases like FMD, HS, BQ, Anthrax, RD, MD, etc in livestock. The training unit of the Directorate of Extension organized short and medium-term institutional training courses at Pantnagar for the benefit of different categories of Government officers, bank personnel, SMS, farmers, retiring defence personnel, farmers for Doon Valley Water-shed Management Project, tribals etc. The trainings have also been organized to generate self-employment opportunities for rural youth on beekeeping, mushroom production, livestock management, poultry keeping, piggery etc. One international training programme for the officers of Nepal Government on Seed Production Technology was also organized. KVKs established by the University have taken up extension activities as per mandate of these institutions.
Communication Centre Established in 1972, the centre is providing media support to various activities of the University and helping in dissemination of useful scientific information to the farmers. Various activities are being performed through its units of Radio Production, Video Production, News and Publicity, Photographic and Graphic Production and Audio-Visual and Projection Services. Salient Achievements Some of the important achievements of the Communication are listed below: The University has well-equipped radio studio in which about 200 radio programmes are produced in a year for the benefit of the farmers and also for teaching. In video unit about 810 educational programmes and 4050 news capsules are produced every year. Two monthly magazines i.e. Indian Farmers Digest in English and Kisan Bharti in Hindi and one quarterly newsletter, Pantnagar News, is printed regularly. The Centre played significant role in maintaining information centres, organizing exhibitions/farmers fairs and participating in national and international expositions. About 500600 charts, posters, etc. and 25003000 photographs and slides are prepared every year for teaching, training, seminars, exhibitions, information centres, printing, etc. However, due to retirement of all the artists of the centre the work of preparation of charts, posters, etc. is not being undertaken now.
Every year 810 text-books are produced in Hindi for undergraduate students. The Centre also provides audio-visual facilities for teaching, training, seminar, students programmes and other University programmes held in the campus. Dissemination of technologies and useful information including University news through newspapers, newsletters, TV and radio is also undertaken throughout the year.
Socio-Economic and Technological Impact

The socio-economic and technological impact needs qualitative and quantitative changes in the grading and quality of farm produce. Human Resource Development The University, under its mandate of generating the human resource in agriculture and allied sciences, has given top priority towards quality of students in various undergraduate and postgraduate programmes. Quality education has been helpful to enhance the employment opportunities of the students and to use their constructive and creative attributes in the socioeconomic development of the nation. The University students are uniformly employed in private and public sector organizations of national and international repute. Their performance as entrepreneurs in various agribusinesses has also been of the highest order. On account of their exemplary performance the students of this university are in great demand in the private sector and in national as well as international jobs. About 20% of the graduate students get employment in reputed private sector each year through campus interview. Another landmark in social improvement has been through special emphasis on women resource development in agriculture for which provision has been made for reservation of 15% seats for rural girls in various undergraduate programmes. As a result of this gesture 30% girls are admitted in various degree programmes of the University against a very negligible percentage up to 1980. Special emphasis on practical programmes, Earn While You Learn and dignity of labour through paid voluntary work programme has helped students to perform in a manner different from those of scholarly education. During last 40 years a total number of 13,242 students at undergraduate, 4,768 students at Masters level and 1,068 students at Ph.D. level have been awarded degrees. The contribution of this human resource is immense in making socioeconomic impact through various endeavours like education, research, extension, production and other role played by them in development of agrarian community in India and abroad. Technological Impact The University has played a major role in transforming the traditional and subsistence agriculture into a diversified growth-oriented and employment-generating commercial venture. Development of more than 150 short-duration, high-yielding and disease-resistant varieties, evolving eco-friendly, economically sound, location-specific farm technologies and their efficient transfer has promoted the process of this transformation. The overall impact of the University technologies has been witnessed in increased productivity with high profitability. To increase the productivity of crops the availability of high-quality seed in adequate quantity is of vital significance. The role of Pantnagar University in large-scale seed production programme on 3200 ha area of the University farm has earned a world-wide reputation. It was the University which played an important role in launching the Tarai Development Corporation (TDC) on 29 June, 1969 which led to the transformation of Tarai into a major seed production area of the country. It was also taken as a mother project for establishing similar seed projects in 5 other states of the country under National Seed Project Phase-1. Pantnagar Seeds have assumed the national status in HYV programme of the country The Impact of Pantnagar Seeds has been strongly felt in the country on the whole and more specifically in the area adjoining the University.
The University has a Breeder Seed Production Centre on 200 ha for production, processing and other functions on the model of a Single Window System which produces about 4,000 quintal seed every year. Further on about 2,000 ha area around half of the seed is distributed as Foundation Seed and half as certified seed contributing about Rs 8,000 crore economic benefit to the farmers from paddy, wheat, maize, soybean, pulses, etc. of which about Rs. 3,000 crore has been obtained from paddy and wheat during the last 10 years. The University is also producing about 80-90 quintal of breeder seed of various vegetable crops viz., pea, frenchbean, cauliflower, coriander, brinjal, raddish, carrot, tomato, okra, chillies and cucurbits. Briefly, it is the impact of research and seed production programme of the University which adorned it with the title of Harbinger of Green Revolution. This is very well substantiated by the following statement of Dr. Norman E. Borlaug during his visit in 1972: It is the Tarai area under the influence and direction of Pantnagar University that the green revolution, which has since spread over vast areas of India, was born. Impact on Production and Productivity In the early sixties the country was confronted with an acute shortage of food. Hence, the University concentrated on getting rid of this problem by focussing its attention on increasing food production by developing more than 150 varieties of various crops along with their production technologies and transferring these technologies to the farmers. As a result, the increase in food production has been about 172 % in the plains and about 105% in the plains and hills against an over-all increase of about 142 % in the erstwhile state of UP during first three decades of the Universitys efforts. The increase in foodgrain production was primarily through productivity of wheat and rice. Further, there has been manifold increase in profitability of cereals. During the last decade the University also concentrated its efforts on minimizing temporal fluctuations. An appreciable increase in the oilseeds, pulses as also the sugarcane production, to the tune of 20%, has also been achieved during the last 3 decades. Introduction of soybean in the farming system of the area of responsibility of the University as well as in the country is a notable achievement of this university. Impact on Diversification for more Sustainability and Profitability in Agriculture After having attained a reasonable level of food production, a need for sustainability and diversification was realized. Hence, the thrust was shifted to the horticultural crops during the late eighties. The production of fruits and vegetables during the last decade has been doubled owing to the release of several varieties and production technologies. For an overall sustainability in agricultural production, the University has made efforts in technology development on Integrated Nutrient Management, Integrated Pest Management, Integrated Plant Disease Management, biocontrol of diseases and pests and use of biotechnology, diversification of farming and optimization of resource use. Owing to the sustained and dedicated efforts of the veterinary and animal scientists to provide proper health cover, better management practices, and improved feeding and breeding programmes, a tremendous increase in quantity and quality of livestock products has been witnessed in the area of responsibility of the University over the last three decades. Nearly 25 30% increase in population of cattle, 2530% increase in buffalo, 15% in sheep, 25% in goat and about four fold increase in poultry population has resulted in an increase of about 60% meat and milk production, over two hundred percent in egg production and about 30% in hide production. This has not only improved the socio-economic condition of the people but also, converted the north-west region of UP into a milk cistern and egg basin. Thus, the University has strived to fulfil the national goal of ensuring nutritional security through increase in availability of quality livestock and its products. The University has started freshwater fish production in a big way. It has promoted the production of Rohu, Katla and Nain in natural lakes and ponds as well as in artificial fish ponds. Following the technology developed by the University, farmers are harvesting 67 tonnes of fish per ha every year. The major success in this respect has been due to a highly imaginative scheme of induced breeding developed by the University for the production of fingerlings.
Issues and Strategies

The University during last 40 years has made allround progress in the spheres of human resource development, research and transfer of technology. The human resource development through undergraduate and post-graduate programmes has been the prime focus as a result of which it has now nine colleges starting from two in 1960. Similarly the growth in terms of number of departments and post-graduate programmes has also been tremendous considering the manpower demand for academic institutions, government departments, agro-input agencies and self-employment. The research and extension programmes were also implemented based on the demand and problems of the farming society. With changes in socio-economic and agro-ecological conditions, management preceptions as well as international trade relations and policies, the suitable modifications/revision in curriculum, research and extension would be inevitable. Linkage among research scientists, extension education personnel, line departments of the State and the farmers is poor. It has resulted into an inefficient technology generation and technology transfer. Thus inter departmental and inter-organizational linkage is also essential to understand their problems and to improve quality of education and research so that students could be valued better. Main issues and strategies related to education, research and extension programmes based on the present scenario and future demand are given below:
Human Resource Development and Educational Management

The pace of human resource development in terms of undergraduate and post-graduate programmes for all the colleges varies due to the reason that these colleges were started in phases. The quality and the training of the personnel for the job of teaching, research, and extension education and the staff managing the affairs of line departments need to be upgraded. The manpower and faculties have generally grown old in several departments. The situation may be alarming if steps are not taken to recruit competent faculty particularly at the middle level. There is a need to establish an advanced centre of educational technology to strengthen the communication skills and capabilities of teachers. There is also the need to establish a wellequipped lab with multimedia facilities to which all the KVKs, KGKs and Krishi Mandies under the area responsibility of the University could be linked. The need for establishment of Trainers Training Centre for KVKs, KGKs and officials of State Govt., training institutions and Agri-business organisations would also be on the priority in 21st Century. The issues and strategies related to H.R.D. in different colleges are presented below : Agricultural Sciences In the twentieth century the emphasis was on the development of technologies for more production. However, in the twenty-first century the thrust will be on higher production through efficient management of technology and agri-business in addition to our concern on biotechnology, IPM, INM, organic farming, sustainable production and growth in agriculture, environmental security, food security and nutritional security. Considering these and many more factors, necessary modification in curriculum will be made. The University has now got sole responsibility for the development of agriculture in Uttaranchal which has completely a different agro-eco system and farm practices. Some new courses would also be needed to understand these aspects. In view of many radical changes likely to take place during next 20 years some major changes/overhaul in the programme is necessary. This is essential also in view of the fact that productivity is reaching towards the stagnation, the population is still rising unabated and the Indian farmer is bound to compete in the world market due to globalization of agriculture, creation of World Trade Organization and Indias enrollment in this organization. The agroinput organizations in the private sector are rising every day, process industries are coming in a big way and several other new avenues are likely to emerge in the next two decades. To enable farmers stand better in the world trade market and with the above foresightedness it is
necessary for the University to modify and upgrade the undergraduate and post-graduate programmes. Many more areas of specialization are likely to be created through research dynamics and new academic programmes. The necessity of making needful modifications for undergraduate courses and starting specialized courses which may be helpful for students in post education settlement through self-employment, will be realized more during next two decades. Changes in undergraduate education in agriculture will also be necessary so that the graduates must be prepared to take up new challenges of the twenty-first century in the agricultural production, post-harvest technologies, processing, marketing, exportimport balances. The infrastructure in terms of lecture rooms, laboratories, teaching equipment, etc., which was created 40 years ago, cannot meet the aspirations of the new generations nor it can match the new curricula in agriculture and allied subjects. Hence, substitution of new equipment and renovation of laboratories will be another priority area of the new century. Veterinary Sciences It has been realized that veterinary education is an important component for overall development of livestock industry. For its sustained growth it is essential to upgrade the courses and also to substitute redundant courses with new concepts and knowledge for development of academics/professionals to meet the manpower requirement for different jobs in this sector. Effective human resource development is vital for ensuring productivity from veterinary education. Considering this need, it is necessary to create opportunity for the scientists and teachers to periodically update their knowledge and skills in their own areas of specialization and teaching methodologies. To keep pace with the vast exploring scientific information, satellite-based computerized information network will have to be developed and flow of information between institutions engaged in teaching and research will have to be ensured. Technical Education The most important issue in the next 2025 years is to ensure sustainability of higher education and quality of applied research in the interest of the development of the nation. The quality of education must match international standards in view of globalization and related parameters. The rapid growth of high technology, information technology and computers will have to be appropriately incorporated in the curriculum of various degree programmes. The demand for trained manpower in India and abroad in the field of engineering and technology will have to be created by updating curriculum and making necessary improvement in the quality of instruction through trained and qualified teachers. For sustain growth in higher technical education and research, it would also be necessary to ensure support and active participation of the agricultural and industrial sectors in the field of education besides government funding. The institution will have to attain international standards to compete with the leading engineering institutions in the world. This would require overall improvement in infrastructure including faculty, laboratories, library, working environment, etc. Home Science The Home Science Education/Human Ecology programme would address the following issues in next two decades through additional/revised courses for the students. Reallocation of family and work roles for contribution of both men and women. Coping up with the changing power position and role allocation. Subsidizing high risk groups, the elderly, infants and young children, the poor unemployed, handicapped and young adolescent parents. Supporting education of the population, both the young in schools and adults outside the formal education. Tapping resources without destroying future supplies or disturbing the environment.
Changing the concept of coarse grains to nutritious grains. Encouraging women participation in the income generating activities and also in family decision making. With the change in aspirations and level of education among women there should be shift in their role and responsibility. Training and orientation of undergraduate and post-graduate students to understand the socio-cultural environment of women and the family in hill region. Fishery Sciences The area and potential for increasing fish production is vast in India. This potential is yet to be exploited through proper manpower development in fisheries. Traditionally this profession has been tied up with economically weaker section. Due to this reason the entry of trained professionals is minimal. The number has to be raised both vertically and horizontally. There is little or no knowledge about pisciculture in cold water. A special manpower development strategy would be required to saturate the entire Himalayan region in the northern India. The process industries and quality control of processed products is another major area which has to be developed. The specialized role of trained manpower in fishery biology and disease management are the other potential areas of manpower development. Development of instructional fish farm, laboratories and fisheries work-experience are also the potential areas for strengthening undergraduate fishery education. The next 20 years of the new century will take account of these issues while planning and formulating undergraduate fishery education at this university. Forestry and Hill Agriculture In order to have professionally trained personnel to manage the agriculture and forestry, scientifically there is urgent need to establish educational centres of excellence. Presently the College of Forestry and Hill Agriculture has 8 departments viz., Forestry, Hill Agriculture, Horticulture, Vegetable Science, Seed Science and Technology, Watershed Management, Social Sciences, and Basic Sciences. Keeping in view the changing scenario in agricultural education worldwide there is need to create more departments in the College of Hill Agriculture. With this development forestry component will be planted in the College of Horticulture and after merger it would be known as the College of Horticulture and Forestry. The new college of Hill Agriculture will have the following departments. (i) Genetic Resources, (ii) Crop Improvement, (iii) Crop Management, (iv) Soil and Water Management, (v) Mycology and Plant Pathology, (vi) Entomology and Nematology, (vii) Agrometeorology, (viii) Agricultural Economics, (ix) Agricultural Engineering and Farm machinery, (x) Basic Sciences and Humanities, (xi) Animal Sciences (xii) Seed Science and Technology, (xiii) Agricultural Extension and Social Sciences. College of Horticulture The Government of Uttaranchal has already granted Rs 14 crore for the establishment of a College of Commercial Horticulture and its foundation has also been laid in June 2001. In the forthcoming plans the campus would be known as the College of Horticulture and Forestry with the departments of (i) Horticulture, (ii) Vegetable Science, (iii) Tree Improvement, (iv) Forest Management and Utilization, (v) Natural Resource Management, (vi) Biotechnology, (vii) Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, (viii) Ornamentals and Landscaping, (ix) Watershed Management, (x) Social Sciences and Extension Education. The curriculum development, recruitment and orientation of staff to prepare for the new courses will be the agenda on top in addition to creation of facilities like building, laboratories, residences, library and other physical facilities.
Agribusiness Management The education in Agribusiness Management is a new programme in the University. This is the most dynamic subject for which frequent change/upgradation of knowledge through refresher courses is essential. Considering the business trends the concepts have also been revised frequently. The Agribusiness Management has entered as a new and applied branch relevant for all the professional students at this university for providing industry specific thrust in farm engineering, food industry, hi-tech agriculture, horticulture industry, input supply industry, livestock industry, seed industry etc with proper mix of skills in marketing finance, production, personnel, operations research. The intake of students will be limited to undergraduates of these branches only. The students will be given exposure through case study, information technology, discussions, presentations, seminars and audio-visual aids based instructions to make them professional during their studies. The College has four operational units viz., Placement and Counselling, Management Development Programmes, Business Management Clinic and Information Technology Management Units. The training, consultancy research will be the main focus in addition to teaching at post-graduate level. The College has been moving by adopting innovative approach of financial management. However, it would have the core staff to ensure sustainability in quality of education and accountability. Post-Graduate Studies The post-graduate studies are decentralized in respective colleges which have the Masters and Ph.D. programmes in related subject. There is need to coordinate the teaching programme to improve its quality and develop competence of the students to undertake teaching, research and managerial responsibilities. There is still the need for a greater thrust to create some central facilities for seminar rooms, analytical laboratories, production of instructional material, training of teachers to upgrade their knowledge in the subject and to improve the teaching skills. The post-graduate education needs overhauling of the curriculum to meet the present specialized knowledge in different subjects. The curriculum development in new areas in each college is the need of the day in view of the fact that bio-diversity conservation, Himalayan agro-eco conservation, biotechnology in agriculture, medicinal and aromatic plants, postharvest management and technology and many more areas of specialization can be strengthened through Masters and Ph.D. level programmes in respective subjects. Research Issues and Strategies At the inception stage the scientists of the University planned and executed researches in agriculture and allied subjects visualizing the then immediate problems faced by the farmers. These researches were generally of applied nature to meet the immediate goals of increasing production. Similar approach was adopted in veterinary sciences and other disciplines of the University. The basic science component was limited to very few researchers associated with different disciplines. It is generally conceded that neglect of basic research will prove detrimental for the growth of Agriculture and Technology. The extent and quality of basic research is inadequate in the main college streams and has led to slow growth in the field of the frontier areas such as biotechnology, microbiology, biochemistry, socio-cultural heritage, agricultural heritage, etc. Hence, basic research would be strengthened in every college in general and in the College of Basic Sciences in particular. Participatory research on farmers field would be conceived as a focus in planning future research proposals and elaborate mechanism for testing and verification of new technology would be developed involving researchers, extension agents and farmers. Suitable linkages will also be established with the private sector and NGOs to promote complementarily. Collaborative research between government, private and public sector research organisations will also be strengthened. Subjectwise research specific issues and strategies are given below :
Agricultural Sciences Food security will continue to be the first and foremost priority for agricultural research to produce enough for indigenous use as well as for exports particularly the products in which the country has a comparative advantage. Attaining nutritional security will remain the integral goal with the higher production to save the population from malnutrition problem. Decline in crop productivity is our concern. Acceleration of the growth rate of agricultural production is the major challenge we are facing today. Average yield of our major foodgrain crops is much lower than those of many East and South Asian countries. The productivity through composite technologies has to be improved. Checking low and unstable yield in rainfed areas which is about 63% of the total cultivated area but accounts for only 32% of the total agricultural production will be of prime importance. Arresting the degradation of natural resources and the environment should receive priority so that we could achieve the goal of sustainability of agriculture. Keeping in view the availability of large area as cultivable wasteland in Uttaranchal, bringing it under crop cultivation will be the major issue to be dealt in the coming years to increase the production. Identification of some economically profitable and environmentally sustainable crops and cropping systems for each agro-ecosystem of the State is one of the foremost issue needing immediate attention of agricultural scientist. Major part of agriculture being rainfed, conservation of water to increase the area under irrigation will be another issue which could change the subsistence nature of hill agriculture to a profit-generating one. Increasing forest cover in the next few years with peoples participation is also an area of concern and will have to be given immediate thought to meet the basic needs of fodder and fuel in the hill region. Opening of avenues like silk worm rearing, Angora rabbit farming, mushroom cultivation, beekeeping and other agro-based income generating activities which will in turn help in poverty alleviation and employment generation. Ways and means will have to be found out to make the hill womens contribution of about 80 percent in agriculture more productive. At present their output is very low due to avoidable excessive drudgery which could otherwise be utilized in other productive occupations. The possibilities of making hill agriculture more advanced by integrating it with the latest technologies like biotechnology, agribusiness management, information technology, etc. will have to be explored. In the light of the issues raised above some action strategies have been planned for implementation to solve the relevant problems of research and technological development in agricultural sciences. Increasing yield potential and quality of crops through development of crop genotype resistant to major diseases and pests as well as to abiotic stresses would be given increasing attention. Yield potential of generally low-yielding crops such as pulses and oilseeds would have to be enhanced. Major focus shall be on heterosis breeding. So far, breeding efforts were directed towards increase in crop yield but unless high yields are reinforced with quality, the targeted benefits in the context of human nutrition and export market may not be obtained. Greater attention will be paid to facilitate agricultural diversification by developing technologies for intensive production of fruits, vegetables, flowers, medicinal and aromatic plants and other high-valued crops. The focus shall be on developing critical understanding of biotechnology, physiological basis of yield, post-harvest physiology, disease and insect-pest resistance, quality of crops,
hostpathogen and pests interaction, symbionts and pests, dynamics of soilwaterplant interaction, waste recycling and bio-remediation. Intensive research on crop modelling involving the effects of variables such as climate, variety, planting dates, edhapic and management factors on crop growth and yield shall be helpful in forecasting the potential of different crops and cropping systems. Management of biotic and abiotic stresses through development of varieties resistant to multiple diseases and pests, biocontrol agents, biopesticides and development of appropriate farming systems shall be the approach to manage the diseases and pests. Research work would be intensified to develop technology to alleviate the damages caused by drought, salinity, waterlogging and low and high temperature stresses. The development of cultivars resistant/tolerant to the abiotic stress through conventional plant breeding methods has met with limited success. It has, therefore, become necessary to identify the genes or molecular markers associated with abiotic stress tolerance. Efficient technology for optimum management of land and water resources and other inputs based on the features of agro-ecological zones in the area responsibility of the University, land capability classes, the varying cropping systems and resource constraints will have to be developed. Effective mechanism of diagnostic surveys for project formulation, research priority setting, monitoring and impact measurement would have to be established. Sustained research shall be continued to improve the productivity of the ricewheat cropping system by judicious use of crop varieties, balanced nutrition including organic manuring and crop residue management, tillage management, integrated weed management and efficient management of irrigation and drainage. Development of post-harvest management technologies to minimize the post-harvest losses particularly in case of fruits and vegetables and to improve post-harvest quality through appropriate packaging, storage, handling and transport.
Veterinary Sciences The field of veterinary science till recently was limited to the treatment of animals and healthcare issues. The husbandry aspect was taken up through the College of Agriculture. Now, with the addition of seven more departments representing animal reproduction, as per VCI guidelines, the College of Veterinary Sciences has a comprehensive role by way of imparting education and also by conducting research and extension activities. With this holistic approach the College will assume a greater responsibility in generating more income and employment for the rural masses of the hill region. Some prospects and strategies relevant for research in the field are mentioned below : Animal rearing and rural economy are complimentary to each other. Hence it is essential to identify major potential areas in this discipline which is relevant to the farmers of different agro-ecosystem. Integration of animal with crops, vegetable, forestry, horticulture, poultry, fish, etc. is feasible which will in turn ensure sustenance to agriculture and environment. Hence, the research thrust in this field will hold a great importance. There is continuous scope for reinforcement in animal health services through research, development and veterinary health services. Disease surveillance, reporting and control is a continuous and integral part of veterinary profession. There is renewed thrust on production and reproduction efficiency for which research in reproduction, obstetrics, artificial insemination and Embryo transfer technologies continue to get the prime attention of veterinary scientists. Research and development on alternative feed resources and improved metabolism is another potent thrust area for animal nutrition experts. New market avenues for animal products itself is likely to grow as biggest food industry in India for internal consumption and also for export. Global opportunities and future needs in livestock and animal sector will continue to grow in future.
The colleges and institutes for veterinary education and research are the source to create more pressure for enhancement in financial allocation. Development of sound marketing infrastructure for growth of animal population is essential looking to future manpower and technological need to cater the growing international market. Data base generation is the major need for objective and correct planning for livestock industry. There is a major gap in this direction due to which quality of research, development, marketing strategy and other programmes suffer which could be overcomed through the prospective work. Technology The College of Technology has two sets of departments i.e. for improvement of the farming sector and for the disciplines related to non-farming sectors. The agricultural engineering departments have taken interest in developing technologies, improved machines and implements for land development, field preparation, efficient irrigation and for different postharvest processes. These technologies, however, have not benefited the majority of farmers specially small and marginal farmers. The local popularity of these machines and technologies has also not gathered much momentum. Therefore, the scientists in the College of Technology will have a major concern to enquire the important reasons affecting large-scale application of the technologies. The research in the College of Technology would focus to solve multi-dimensional problems specific to each production system involving minimum investment so that the average farmer may have the access to these technologies. The energy management for agricultural production, agro-based industries and domestic consumption needs special attention of the scientists to ensure regular availability of electricity, proper utilization and recycling of agricultural waste/byproduct and also to minimize the cost on energy consumption. The conservation of natural resources through efficient use of soil and water in agriculture and allied sectors is another priority area of agricultural engineers which has to be taken up in cooperation with the professionals in the specialized vocations. The canal water management, underground water management and flood management are the three major problems of the country which are area specific. Hence, the research and development work cannot be generalized for all the agro-ecological regions. The engineering aspects in all these branches must be dove-tailed with the production aspects in each branch of food production sector. The farmers for last 20 years are facing a major problem in storage, processing, marketing and value addition. All these problems can be solved through appropriate technologies for post-harvest and process management. Hence, the problem areas need to be identified for each production system for development of relevant technologies with respect to each production system. The emphasis has been given in the past for research-industry collaboration. Some spadework has been done in this direction which has not been helpful to large number of entrepreneurs despite the fact that the University and its scientists both could be financially benefited. This area of sectoral cooperation must be strengthened through intervention of sociological studies. The third dimension of the sectoral collaboration i.e. the farmer and consumer must also be identified while formulating research. The linkages between research, industry and government is another necessity to make the research output more productive and usable by the target groups. This way the problems related to policies and promotion of relevant products, industries and financial management could be understood better. It has generally been observed that the technologies developed from different branches of agricultural engineering have relatively a greater sophistication. Hence, to take up these technologies for converting into production system an integrated programme for training of entrepreneurs must be taken up at the college level in collaboration with the industries and the government. Only then the future of technologies and the entrepreneur could be secured. This aspect should be incorporated in various research projects as in built component for their sustenance.
Basic Sciences The growth in agriculture on account of applied research in different colleges has, no doubt, been rapid and productive. However, considering sustainability and quality of growth the research backup of basic sciences will always be recognized as prime force. The College of Basic Sciences has been involved in providing research support to different colleges of the University through its various departments in teaching programmes. However, for coordination in basic science research non-availability of the scientific manpower has been the major constraint. The outcome of basic science, is realized after a much longer duration, therefore, the applied sciences get the priority for major allocation of the funds and resources. These points will have to be taken into consideration to improve the quality and strength of basic research in the agricultural universities. The knowledge gained from basic research has to be used in development of modern technologies so as to intensify the utilization of ever declining natural resources. Perfecting gene transfer, biological approaches to gene mapping, multiplication of elite species and varieties through biotechnological means, production of transgenic plants, biochemical and physiological basis for disease resistance and quality of foodgrain, dynamics of soilwater plant interaction and crop modelling are some of the issues to be taken in the near future. The role of biotechnology, post-harvest management to increase shelf-life of perishable and nonperishable foods, recycling of waste, role of enzymes in food industry, tissue culture and pollen culture are some other important areas which need continuous attention of the basic science research. Some other important research strategies in basic sciences are presented below: More stress will be laid on physiology of abiotic stresses for identifying physiological biochemical and molecular traits in crops plants which could be selected and cultivated under stress conditions. The work on nodulation and nitrogen fixation will be carried out in order to evolve biological means of providing nitrogen to crop plants by enhancing the active span of nodules. Physiological traits dealing with increased crop production, better nutrient, carbon and nitrogen use efficiency and post-harvest physiology, natural plant resources are the other area which will be emphasized. Molecular mechanism of stress induced male sterility in cereals, pollen biotechnology and propagation of various plants of medicinal use will be another important area receiving priority. Studies on application of molecular biological approaches for genome maping for marker assisted selection of various crops, in vitro DNA manipulation for specific purposes of expression and transfer of genes in diverse biological systems will be taken up. Modified gene constructs will be introduced into microbial and plant cell by transformation. Emphasis will be laid on commercial utilization of bio-technological techniques especially in mass multiplication of elite species. Application of regulators to legumes rhizosphere, growth biochemical aspects of host-pathogen relationship, screening of nutritive quality in agricultural crops, pesticidal hazard on pollinators, application of new compounds and their metal complexes for antibacterial, antifungal, nematicidal and insecticidal characterisation of germplasm, molecular cytogenetics and genetic engineering are the other areas of basic research. Dependence on biophysical, radioisotopes and nuclear techniques will increase to ensure major breakthrough in agriculture and allied sectors. Development of better strains of nitrogen fixing organisms including asymbiotic, symbiotic and associative symbiotic micro organisms, development of diazotrophic strains able to perform well under adverse environmental conditions. Microbial production of industrially useful products from agricultural raw materials. Potential of micro organisms for production of industrial enzymes, microbial polysacharides and organic acids will be harnessed. Microbial processes for treatment of various types of industrial wastes will be attempted for pollution abatement and energy recovery. Research will be taken up to develop fish and fisheries including processing. Work on pollination and selection of effective pollinators, which will help both for pollination of crops and for production of honey, will be strengthened.
Research on technology development on post harvest handling of raw as well as processed food products, utilization of under-utilized cereals for developing processed food products and development of technologies for minimally processed fruits and vegetables will be intensified. Emphasis will be laid on application of tools and techniques developed in agriculture, biological and environmental science and also in fisheries and livestock. Main research emphasis will be on the areas related to unemployment, poverty, illiteracy, environmental factors, health problems, rural migration, old age and changes in socio-economic conditions, industrialization and changes in cropping pattern. The main strategy in social science research would be towards, generation of information on impact of technologies, socio-economic implication of the new technologies, cost-benefit ratio of the farming systems and component technologies, market projections, employment scenario and other aspect related to modernizing farming. Home Science The existence of Home Science colleges in agricultural universities is justified mainly with their visible role in socio-economic upliftment of the rural women which is possible through bringing relevant changes in managing the house affairs, the development of family resources including children and by raising their income in on-farm as well as off-farm activities. In both the spheres it is also essential to ensure their participation not merely as a worker but also as decision maker and also to share the family income for improving the quality of life and towards their sustained development. The specific ways and means for women empowerment have to come through research in foresighted areas in Home Science. With specific responsibilities for women development in the hill region of Uttaranchal some important research strategies for 2020 are listed below: Most of the problems of the rural women have been listed for the solution on generalized basis. However, based on the socio-economic strata, demography and anthropological background the factual data of the rural women living in different parts of the state can be generated. This is essential for planning any development programme related to upliftment of rural women. The orientation of Home Science education, as it has been in the past is far from the scenario existing in the hill region. Hence, the child development, family nutrition, child education and rearing, and women and child health care are some important issues which need to be studied with specific reference to hill region. The family resources, natural resources, physical resources and other relevant conditions in the hill region are completely different from the plains. While formulating any development programme, it is necessary to have the information specific to this region. The major thrust of the society is entrusted upon empowerment of women to overcome all the gender related problems. This requires a massive information and media campaigning in addition to making provisions by amendment in the constitution and legislative acts. The Home Science scholars may identify the potential areas and means in this direction. The Home Science discipline has always shown its keen interest in creating incomegenerating activities through self-employment of rural women. In context of hill region, the job is still more challenging and requires essential research for starting new incomegenerating activities for them. The mother and child care issues require special attention of the development functionaries for success of which the research input will have major role. The nutrition through under-utilized crops and locally grown pulses, millets and coarse grain is getting a lower priority in the food sector despite their higher nutritive value for human consumption. The research and development work in this direction is a basic necessity of the Home Science discipline. The women in agricultural operation participate to the extent of 7080 percent. However, there is no provision for training and empowerment of women involved in this sector. The special strategy is required by way of research and human resource development for the benefit of women in agriculture.
Fisheries Science In the fishery science the basic issues in the coming years will be to undertake research in basic and emerging areas of fisheries and develop reliable location-specific technological packages. Constant depletion of riverine fish resources is a cause of concern for which suitable strategies need to be planned. Development of coldwater fisheries in Central Himalayan waters and the processing technology for freshwater fishes will also be the major issues before the University. To address these issues the strategies have been planned as under: Preparation of reliable database on culture and capture fisheries resources. Hydrography of major aquatic systems to find out their carrying capacity and develop suitable fish yield models. Diversification of aquaculture species, developing commercial level technology of catfish and prawn farming and production of pearl from freshwater mussels. Improving quality of carp seeds through selection and broodstock improvement Formulation of suitable aqua feed by making use of the locally available feed ingredients Development of technology for augmenting fish production from lakes and reservoirs. This will require the identification and mapping of water bodies and development of cage culture and pen culture technologies for the same. Developing suitable immunodiagnostic kits. Developing user-friendly technologies for the control of pollution in natural waters. Study of fish immunology with the objective of making fish resistant to certain common diseases leading to mortality. River ranching with good quality seed of gangetic carps. Development of aquaculture technology for economically viable cold water fish species. Hatchery production of fish seed. Stocking of selected rivers with healthy seed of indigenous fishes. The following technologies need to be evolved for processing of fresh water fishes : Chilling technology and cold storage studies on commercial species of freshwater fishes. Freezing of whole fish, fish fillets, minced fish meat, etc derived from the freshwater fishery. Development of packaging technology for the various forms of processed freshwater fishes Development of low input processing technology such as salting, smoke curing etc, for lowvalued species and for easy adoption at village levels. Geographical information system (GIS) has not yet been used in the inland fresh-water bodies for resource estimation, water quality evaluation, assessment of capture fisheries and for the estimation of productivity including the fish production. Therefore, GIS would be a new tool in fishery investigations. Forestry and Hill Agriculture There are many areas specific to the mountain regions, as given below, for which adequate emphasis has not been given so far in the ongoing research programmes. These need to be properly addressed in future research agenda for the hill zone. A comprehensive approach for utilization of land, water and other resources in a balanced and holistic manner is the need of the hour for which watershed management with proper land use planning should be the future research agenda. Recharging of perennial natural streams should be the priority. Use of biofertilizers, organic waste recycling, organic farming, efficient water management techniques, etc. are the major areas of research for the decades to come. Conservation and utilization of biodiversity of Himalayan region of Uttaranchal is very important. The Himalaya is one of the eight sub-centres of crop origin identified within the Indian gene centres. A judicious balance has to be maintained between conservation of biodiversity both at in-situ and ex-situ levels and their sustained utilization through use of
innovative means. No amount of conservation effort will succeed if attempt is not made for their economic utilization. Active participation of user communities in the conservation of bio-diversity still remains a distant goal. Participatory plant breeding should be the future research agenda. Characterization of genetic resources and its documentation and forming a data base for proper utilization will be our future thrust. The mountain region represents extremely varied climatic regimes ranging from sub-tropical to the alpine temperate. This variation in agroclimate in the mountain region has not been adequately delineated into representative agro-ecological situations. A broad agroclimatic and reliable data-base is the need of the hour. Agroclimatology will play a greater role in future particularly in crop planning and management including pest and disease incidence forecasts. Development of low cost eco-friendly agro-techniques involving indigenous material should be given top priority particularly in view of the fragile geomorphology and resource poor farmer of Himalyan region. Production technologies incorporating indigenous knowledge system should be developed for sustainable production. Integrated nutrient management and biocontrol measures should be given emphasis.
Issues and Strategies related to Extension Education and Information Dissemination With increasing advancements in research, management and information communication technologies, extension programme of the University needs to be modernized and fresh approaches initiated which would be farmers-friendly, ecologically sustainable and may encourage participatory approaches. In order to harness the full capability of electronic connectivity, high-tech agriculture and entrepreneurial potential of farmers, the extension system needs modernization both in philosophy, content and approach of work. Some of the salient features of the issues and strategies related to the University extension and information dissemination for 2020 are given below: KVKs to Serve as Nerve Centre of Extension It is hoped that by 2020 each district under area jurisdiction of the University will be covered by one or two KVKs. The KVKs will have need-based staffing pattern, especially in respect of the scientific staff on the basis of periodic review of situation and agro-ecological based vocations. Each KVK will have infrastructure facilities for production of audio-visual materials for on-campus and off-campus training. KVKs will be electronically linked with the University on one hand and the development as well as farmers organizations on the other. This will be helpful for maximum utilization of scientific inputs duly blended with local experience and expertize. With several innovative programmes, activities and roles KVKs will emerge as nerve centre of extension in the hills linking technology assessment and refinement and its dissemination through mass media. Emphasis on Internet-aided Extension Work Use of computer in the Directorate of Extension and its outreach branches will enhance organizational efficiency through management of information systems and decision support system. Paperless offices will be in operation and lengthy bureaucratic delays in filing reports will be done away with. Further, immense potential of computers in providing ready to use extension services for the progressive farmers for adopting high-tech agriculture cannot be over emphasized. Computer aided extension will be a valuable component of farm advisory services for agriculture and related subjects. Tele-text and video-text would also be available to provide information on market price, management, technologies, and decision making issues. Farmers-Friendly Participatory Extension Approach The socio-political changes in the country would demand farmer-first extension system. Farmers participation in technology development and extension would be the main feature of the new extension approach. This will require mobilization of self-help groups in rural
community to nurture farmers initiative in their own development. Farmer to farmer communication and training will be encouraged. Farmers will need training in managing local groups efficiently. Thus, University extension will become facilitator in the process. Similarly farmers experimentation will be facilitated by advice and infrastructure support from the University and other refined systems. In order to make technology more relevant for farmers of different categories, close interaction between scientists, extension functionaries and farmers will be needed. Self-help group of farmers will be appropriate forum for implementing technology assessment and refinement and communication. The farmers dependence on the State will be minimized by strengthening University extension system and farmers organization with Government department rendering only regulatory, supply and service functions. A lot of efforts will be needed to infuse self-management capabilities in farmers groups. Such organization will be linked together for exchange. Commodity-based Extension Commodity-based group formation would be facilitated for those engaged in flower cultivation, fisheries, horticulture, processing and such other enterprises. Such specialized farmers group will have capability for growing products for export and specialized market. Thus, in order to get high technology and supporting information on marketing, processing, etc., they will be connected with the University for assessing latest information and getting necessary advice. Identification, Documentation and validation of Indigenous Technological Knowledge Keeping in view the need for maintaining bio-diversity and preservation and utilization of indigenous technological knowledge of local population, identification, documentation and verification of indigenous and farmers generated knowledge and technologies will be done. Scientists and extension workers will need training to use sociological methods of working closely with the farmers in this venture. Such efforts will help in generating a mix of traditional technology and scientific recommendations for easy acceptance among farming community and maintenance of sustainability of natural resources. Distance Education for Farmers Human resource development through training and education will be the major thrust of future extension. Training and education efforts will be needed not only in the emerging areas of technologies, entrepreneurial skills and their management but also in conflict resolution, personal growth and effectiveness, leadership networking, etc. Thus, more and more farmers can be benefited through distance education course via television, radio broadcasting, interactive audio and video system besides print and programmed learning materials which would be the distinguishing feature of extension teaching and learning process. On the line of IGNOU, the University would launch and conduct in collaboration with the Doordarshan and private TV channels, distance education programmes that would have suitable direct linkage with the Pant Farmers Club network as the base and KVKs as the middle-level for imparting skills. Provision of the Single Window Service/Advice System At the University headquarters and KVKs, the Kisan Sewa Kendra/ Agriculture Technology Information Centre (ATIC), single window system of providing service, high-tech advice and inputs shall be introduced on the lines as being done by the Medical College to outpatients. These centres will be suitably linked with the specialized labs of different colleges of the University. For advice to visiting farmers suitable interactive video system would be developed and put to use. This could be suitably linked with the outreach stations. The KVKs will also have similar ATICs for multiple role through the same unit. Total uplift of Farm Family Most of the farmers in the Uttaranchal belong to the category of marginal and small farmer having less than one hectare of land. To improve their quality of life, on-farm production
technology has to be supplemented with non-farm technologies, for which suitable extension strategy need to be developed. Interdependence of Communication and Information Services with Extension Education To keep pace with the advancement in the information and communication technology the University has established communication centre. Pantagar is the only university to have such a centre in the country. Since neither extension education nor communication centre will be effective in isolation hence, their symbiotic role will be encouraged based on complementary role of both in the effective diffusion of information. Establishing Mass Media Research Centre The information and communication technology has changed the scene of educational system in the country where distance education has got the prime importance particularly for those who could otherwise not pursue their higher education in the universities/colleges. This again requires a multi-media approach and vocational education in agriculture and allied fields, like other fields of technical education, will have to be given priority for self-employment. In view of the above facts it will be desirable to start the Mass Media Research Centre for the university education and non-formal education to the farmers, farm women and rural youth in the rural areas. Adoption of Computer-aided Information Technology The technological development in agriculture has given birth to several complications due to single effort on maximizing production. The soil fertility, availability of water and other natural resources, health hazards, residual effect of pesticides on human life, animals and soils, and ecological, social and economic situations have undergone drastic change during last 3035 years of intensive cropping. In view of the changing scenario the technologies have been made specific to the agroclimatic and farming situations of individual farmer. As such, the selectivity of information and technologies in agriculture and making specific recommendation has come up as a major challenge before the farm scientists. To overcome this situation computer-aided information technology will get the prime importance. Some efforts and success have been made in this direction. However, considering vast demand of information for need-based research we are still at the infancy stage. This information demand has to be further tailored with satellite information system, so that the instant benefit of the scientific information could be available to the scientists and extension officials. Since adoption of a new technology is essentially a decision making process, which requires analysis of the situation and resources, consultations and frequent interaction with the farm scientists, the tele-conferencing technique between the farmers and related agencies can be helpful in solving emerging problems in agriculture. Effective linkage between Electronic Media and Agriculture Universities The agriculture since the time immemorial has been subjected to the local environment, culture, social and other prevailing situations. The modern agriculture during last 30 years has further demanded for technology development specific to the agroclimate, soils, food habits and several other factors. Due to this reason only as many as 30 state agricultural universities and 28 National Research Centres have been established. The benefit of these vocationspecific technologies should reach the farmers and extension workers as quickly as possible. This is also important in view of the fact that the village-level extension workers have also no easy access to mass media/agricultural research stations/agricultural universities. Therefore, considering the importance of the transfer of technologies with relevance and consequence, it is desirable that each agricultural university should have some fixed hours for broadcasting/telecasting technical programmes for the benefit of the farmers. Pantnagar University being the harbinger of Green Revolution in India and its outcampuses in the hill region are ideally suited for these innovative experiences. Moreover, it has already well-equipped studio and other facilities including staff for programme production from radio/TV stations. The University has been placing its prime importance for last several
decades and with localization of electronic media, it would be a high time for the University to have one TV Station at Pantnagar and one F.M. Broadcasting Station at all the districts of Uttaranchal so that KVKs may be made more effective and dynamic in their role in modernization of agriculture. Modernizing Printing Unit Print media is the prime necessity for technology transfer and school education. In view of the high credibility, repeated use and reference value the print media still dominates in education and technology transfer. The students as well as farmers need to be provided with problem-oriented small literature, which may be of immediate utility for the peasants and the students. This can be possible better through application of modern printing technologies. Realising this need, the existing letterpress printing system will be modernized through offset printing technology. Documentation of Traditional Agriculture and Indigenous Technologies through Establishment of Krishi-Sangrahalaya There is hardly any need to emphasize the importance of indigenous technologies and traditional agricultural systems with reference to attaining sustainability in agricultural production. The sustainability does not mean limiting or raising agricultural production but also cope-up efficient utilization of available resources including manpower thereby ensuring more employment/self-employment for the people through combination of modern agriculture with traditional agricultural system. To evolve suitable strategies based on this foundation a comprehensive documentation of indigenous technologies/agriculture over the centuries is required. This in fact is a very big task. However, considering the threats of new agriculture it would be desirable to put our priorities on pooling the past information, experiences, technologies, practices, systems, etc. in a systematic manner so that different fields of agriculture and allied subjects may be benefited for evolving research strategies in the endeavour of search for new technologies for new generation and new agriculture. Most appropriately, it should be done by establishing a Krishi Sangrahalaya in which the agricultural heritage will be presented in a comprehensive way for information, education and documentation of the technologies, systems, practices, information, etc. Service through Information Shops Creating awareness of the information storage and retrieval system and making need-based information/technologies available to the farmers at their doorsteps is the need of the day. Realizing this need the University plans to reach thousands of villages at low cost using multimedia approach at each centre in the village so that millions of farmers could be benefited in their village itself without wasting time and money. Construction of a Separate Building For providing specialized media facilities it is essential that these should be centrally located for effective service to all the units of the colleges and also to develop an appropriate infrastructure with specialized facilities and equipment for catering variety of services to these units/colleges. The services of Press, Publication and Communication Directorate will be integrated and pooled together as all these units are inter-dependent on each other. The same building may have the appropriate space for establishment of Kisan Sangrahalaya-cum-documentation centre on indigenous technologies/practices. Extension education requires coordinated and integrated effort The University extension system due to limited staff and funds at its disposal cant have impact on technological development for the entire state of Uttaranchal. The coordinated efforts of the line departments together with service agencies and NGOs and similar other agencies or departments will ensure integrated role in development of the clientele and adoption of new technologies.
Development of small and marginal holdings of Uttaranchal is feasible largely through cooperative efforts of farmers in arranging input, marketing, storage, transportation, etc. Motivation of farmers, self- help groups and special interest groups for promoting on-farm and off-farm activities is the key to success under these situations. Farm womens role as female agricultural extension worker will be supreme. Hence identifying and training women will be essential to equip them with technology, social, managerial and communication skills.
SWOT Analysis
Through sustained efforts during the last 40 years this university has been applauded for a significant and a far-reaching impact on agricultural education, research and extension. The University has several distinctive features in all the three programmes. The notable achievements in education have been substantiated by students placement in private and public sector organizations of national and international repute. No doubt, life at Pantnagar during the early days was full of problems and difficulties but as the work culture and discipline has put the University on the top, not only by its birth but also by its contributions and rewards. The University, no doubt, has grown as a township of about 40,000 residents and has all the amenities and facilities which are rare in other campuses. A comparison of the present with the early sixties gives us great satisfaction in terms of its all-round development and in the dynamic world we are well equipped to venture to take on the new responsibility of agricultural development in Uttaranchal. At this juncture it is essential to review and analyze our strengths, weaknesses and opportunities so that we may herald a faster growth in the next 20 years and fulfill the aspirations and expectations of the people of Uttaranchal. Strength The setting of this University in a pollution-free environment representing the green belt of the Tarai region, where receptivity of farmers is very high, is itself an asset for the Uttaranchal state and the Government of India. The University has established a good reputation among national and international centres of agricultural education and research, as evidenced by various international collaborative research programmes and posting of its alumni in various responsible positions in national/international organizations. Their strength, cooperation and support can be secured for further development of this university. With new research and extension responsibility the University has greater scope to initiate and coordinate research projects with other SAUs/institutions of ICAR and secure greater integration for effective technology generation and dissemination. Each college has got some highly specialized, well-developed and equipped departments and also has experience of serving as Centre of Advanced Studies. These departments may further be upgraded as College/institute/school depending upon the need and scope of their development. Our major strength comes through highly qualified and experienced scientists, well equipped research centres and laboratory facilities for basic and applied research and higher education in agriculture, technology, veterinary sciences, fishery, forestry, home science and other allied subjects. The courses and curricula of the undergraduate and post-graduate programmes in different faculties and dynamic approach for needful revision as and when required provides a solid background for all-round development of the students. The University in addition to pollution free environment and well extended research centres, has above 10 acre land for seed production which is a great asset to earn a name in the service of farmers.
Weaknesses Our graduates are inclined towards job searching in spite of opportunities to earn equal or more through self-employment. It is felt that we have not made a desired progress in basic and strategic research which is essential for advancement of science. There is also a lack of appropriate priority setting at the University level which leads to duplicity of research and infrastructure development. The University is poised for development of agriculture and related industry in conformity with the norms and standards set by WTO which is only possible if we have a requisite number of scientists. Unfortunately, their number is going down day by day. Research on socio-economic and policy aspects has also not received due attention. The institutional linkage to strengthen human resource development, collaborative research, staff training and management issues is not sufficient to meet new challenges of the next 20 years. Linkage among research scientists, extension personnel and farmers has also been poor. This has resulted in slow pace of technology transfer. Lack of resources for diagnostic surveys has been one of the shortcomings in our research efforts. Lack of strong linkage with the line departments of the state and other universities has also resulted in the multiplicity of isolated research efforts and the lack of synergy. Despite development of production technologies, greater receptivity for modernization of agriculture among farmers and high investment, the profit from agriculture and allied sectors is not secured due to frequent and uncontrollable natural disasters. We do not have priority and programmes on disaster management. There is a lack of sufficient funds for renovation and modernization of the laboratories which were established nearly four decades ago. Repair, maintenance and renovation of buildings is also a major problem. Water leakage during rainy season may spoil sophisticated air-conditioned labs. The University has procured several costly equipments in the past most of which have gone out of order. For want of their substitution or repair the research programmes suffer. The University scientists have succeeded in evolving technologies for higher production but in respect of quality improvement they are lagging behind. Similarly to ensure nutrition security and sustainability in agricultural production very little has been done. During the last three decades in the race to earn more there has been an unbalanced production of crops, vegetables and poultry products causing their glut or scarcity in the market. The Uttaranchal State has predominance of subsistence agriculture and much has not been achieved/done on the research front for small and marginal farmers as also for rainfed agriculture. Opportunities With the globalization of markets, there are ample opportunities for high demand of new products. Similarly there are a growing demands for highly trained manpower in specialized subjects. There is already a growing awareness about the hazards the Indian agriculture is likely to face in the next century on account of stagnation in yield, unabated growing pollution, continuous use of chemicals and pesticides with harmful residues, depleting resources and many other adversities. The scientists have to prepare themselves to overcome these problems and new challenges need to be faced in the twenty-first century through new research strategies and action plans. The main campus being located in the Tarai region, is considered as a hot spot to test crop varieties against the pests and diseases. Due to this exceptional situation it is likely to provide disease/pest resistant varieties of different crops/vegetables.
The Pantnagar Centre For Plant Genetic Resources is likely to start functioning in the next few months which will be helpful in screening, collection and testing of maximum germplasms available in this region specially the Himalayan region which is supposed to be richer in biodiversity having many species of plants and animals not found elsewhere. Thus we have got the greatest opportunity for bio-diversity conservation with the help of this centre. The agricultural technology information is another potential area which can be catered/disseminated effectively through computer and internet services. As said earlier, with the membership of India in the World Trade Organization and globalization of agriculture, the University scientists will now have many new challenging areas for new research projects. About 17 million ha land in this country is lying waste and can be utilized for agriculture after its reclamation. This provides an opportunity to the scientists to work in an integrated manner and raise production and employment opportunities. The cropping intensity in irrigated as well as rainfed areas is very low which can be doubled using irrigation and other infrastructure in agriculture. Due to globalization of agriculture new areas have emerged for production, processing and services sector. The progress and growth demands for future research in these areas. The diversification of agriculture will provide plenty of opportunities to the scientists, farmers and industries to move towards prosperity and self-employment in the agricultural sector. New areas in every field, be it agriculture, home science, veterinary science, technology and other disciplines will be emerging to be tackled through long-term research in soil and water management, biotechnology, energy management, marketing, processing related to crops, fruits, milk, egg, meat, fish, etc. which require continuous research.
Threats Due to ever increasing population, growing urbanization, pollution of air and water and excessive industrial effluents the Indian Agriculture is likely to be adversely affected in the 21st century. Hence, it would be necessary to create new disciplines and assign many new research projects to solve the aforesaid problems for which the University scientists will face many challenges and constraints. The University does not have well equipped laboratories and infrastructures at its outreach research stations in the hill and Tarai region which are essential for conducting locationspecific research. Hence, new research centres will have to be created which requires sufficient funds and hardwork. In the absence of the requisite facilities the scientists will have to work in cooperation with farmers for testing and verification of technologies developed by them. With the dominance of the industrial sector and a handful of influentials there is a continuous threat to agriculture being affected with effluents and pollutants which will prove hazardous to crops, trees, animals and human health. The development of difficult areas like the hills requires dedication and missionary spirit contrary to the existing environment and life style of the scientists and staff where every one wants to move towards urban/city areas in the plains. As a result, the work suffers in different ways. Uttaranchal will be no exception to this problem. For commercialization of agriculture in the hills huge investment and capital is required which is beyond the reach of the farmers residing in these areas.
Perspective Plan
The perspective plan for the next 20 years has been propounded considering issues and strategies for the sustained growth and development of each discipline/faculty of the University. While formulating the perspective plan thrust was laid on upgradation of the existing units, their programmes and activities so as to meet the requirements of the future. New departments and units will be started with additional resources and funds from the State Government and the ICAR. Greater emphasis is being placed on bridging the existing gap through need-based budget allocation for new activities and programmes in each college and unit of the University. The newly created State has to arrange its priorities of development which will also affect the programmes of the University. Hence, enough room has been provided to maintain its national character and also to meet the expectations of the newly created State. College of Agriculture The College of Agriculture has a glorious record of outstanding research and technology development during the last 40 years. It has also been a pioneer in undergraduate and postgraduate education as well as in transfer of technology. Research Perspective in Agriculture Keeping in mind the priorities of the nation/state the following programmes and subprogrammes have been identified: Crop Improvement and Genetic Engineering Heterosis Breeding Apomixis in hybrid seed production to enhance the availability of inexpensive hybrid seed to the farmers. Exploitation of molecular basis for male sterility and fertility restoration to hasten the pace of development of hybrids. Development of hybrids for high productivity and grain quality to accelerate the export of scented/Basmati rice. Development of hybrids for high productivity. Development of short-duration single-cross hybrids. Development of high yielding hybrids of rapeseed mustard with resistance to aphids, Alternaria and white rust in Brassica juncea. Development of short duration hybrids of pigeonpea for north Indian conditions. Evolving superior quality hybrids with high yield and pest/disease resistance in vegetable crops. Conventional Breeding Breeding for improved pure lines, open pollinated varieties, composites, etc. of major crops for different agro-ecosystems in cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, sugarcane, flowers and fruits to continue. Genetic transformation Isolation, cloning and characterization of important plant genes leading to improvement of major crops for different agro-ecosystems in cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, sugarcane, flowers and fruits to continue. Breeding for Quality Breeding for quality in selected crops such as grain quality of bread and durum wheat and identification of superior genotypes for improvement of baking and cooking quality in cereals particularly wheat and rice.
Quality improvement in pulses. Breeding for canola (O and OO) types rapeseed-mustard. To enrich Anthocyanin content in vegetables. Identification of genes and development of transgenics for improvement of nutritional quality in cereals, pulses and banana.
Breeding for biotic stresses Genetic engineering for disease and insect pest resistance. Basic research on hostpathogen interaction to improve understanding of the mechanism of pathogenicity. Development of pathogen resistant transgenics and identification of biocontrol agents. Breeding for resistance to rusts, foliar blights and karnal bunt in wheat, bacterial leaf blight in rice, alternaria, white rust and aphids in Brassica, pod borer in pigeonpea and fusarium wilt in chickpea. Identification of genotypes tolerant to insect/pest damage during post harvest. Breeding for abiotic stresses Breeding for abiotic stresses like drought, salinity, temperature and waterlogging. Identification and development of promising genotypes for higher water-use efficiency. Genetic engineering for stress tolerance. Germplasm collection, conservation and evaluation in mandate crops Identification of traits governing yield, quality, adaptability and resistance to major biotic and abiotic stresses. Cataloguing of promising genetic stalks Inventory of temperate fruit germplasm of Himalayas. Seed production and quality management Improvement of hybrid seed technology in field crops particularly in rice and single cross maize. Increased availability of seeds of hybrids. Improvement of seed production/ propagation technology of horticultural/ vegetable crops. Seed quality evaluation, maintenance and enhancement for improved germination, vigour and genetic purity. Seed treatment including coating and plating for enhanced field emergence and crop vigour. Revolutionizing the concept of seed village. Advanced studies on plant growth regulation in relation to crop productivity. Horticultural crops Standardization and development of appropriate root stalks of mango/citrus/guava/pome and stone fruits for better adopted root system and high density orcharding. Plant growth hormones and their use in horticultural crops. Crop improvement and rapid propagation techniques. Preservation of fruits and vegetables by food additives and fermentation. Physiological changes during handling, packing and storage of fresh horticultural produce. Protected horticulture Screening and development of appropriate protected environment and structures. Disease control including IPM under protected environment. Development of package of practices for protected horticulture. Development of suitable environmental control systems for polyhouses.
Floriculture Development of export-quality roses/bulbous plants and other flowers. Quality retention and increased shelf-life of flowers. Resource Management and Farming Systems Soil Health Care and Management Development of diagnostic tools for monitoring organic matter turnover. Generation of data base and assessment of soil, water, climate and crop resources using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Crop production forecasting for policy planning. Studies on nutrient dynamics in soil and plant for efficient utilization of plant nutrients and development of nutrient uptake models. Identification and characterization of genotypes for efficient nutrient uptake, utilization and enhanced soil nutrient availability. Development of efficient crop residue recycling technique. Development of low-cost technology for small and marginal farmers. Development of soil health indices for sustainable crop production and cropping systems management. Management of degraded lands. Eco-friendly integrated plant nutrient management systems for sustainable crop yield in different crops and cropping systems. Processing and fortification of agricultural residues and their utilization. Identification of efficient strains/biological nitrogen fixers, phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and nutrient mobilizing mycorrhizae. Production of bio-fertilizers to reduce the use of chemical fertilizer. Assessment and utilization of municipal, agricultural and industrial wastes in relation to crop production and development of scientific compost technology. Development of appropriate cropping system under resource constraints. Management of ricewheat cropping system. Impact of global climatic change on agro-ecosystem. Crop modelling simulation techniques for important crops for improved crop productivity. Water Resource Management Studies on soil, water and nutrient dynamics for improved water and nutrient use efficiency and water balance studies. On-farm water management. Development of improved technology for rain water management. Crop management technology under limited water supply. Determination of water requirements of horticultural crops under micro-irrigation system. Developing appropriate technology for watersheds in the hilly areas. Agroforestry Tree improvement in Poplar, Salix, Sheesham, Kadamb and Mundani. Management of agroforestry systems. Mushroom Identification of new high-yielding strains. Development of improved management techniques. Apiculture Role assessment of honey bees in hybrid seed production. Utilization of honey production potential.
Sericulture Enhancing production potential of Mulberry silk worm. Introduction of silk worm in newer areas. Plant protection Hostpathogen interaction studies. Studies on weatherdiseasepest dynamics and forecasting. Development of diagnostic technique for efficient disease management. Development of integrated disease management modules and strategy involving genetic resistance, cultural and chemical practices and use of biocontrol. Development of forecasting modules for major diseases. Integrated pest management. Refinement and adoption of bio-intensive IPM for rice. Development of residue free IPM in vegetable production. Integrated weed management. Management of Phalaris minor in wheat. Studies on residue management of agro-chemicals. Establishment of mobile plant disease clinic. Food and Nutrition Preservation of fruits and vegetable slices and juices by adding food additives and fermentation. Dehydration, packaging and storage of food products and horticultural produce. Development of fruit products having medicinal value. Fruits and vegetable product development to suit the requirement of domestic and export markets. To develop low-cost technologies for value addition. Animal Sciences Development of cattle breeds which could make effective use of available feed resources. Developing ways and means of augmenting feed resources and improving their utilization. Developing low-cost animal management systems. Developing livestock production systems for different size of farms in the mixed farming system. Human Resource Development The college will continue to perform the important role in the development of trained manpower in various fields of agricultural sciences. New courses and advanced training programmes will be launched in order to develop the required manpower to meet the fast expanding private industry and also for promotion of entrepreneurship. Updating and strengthening undergraduate and post-graduate educational programme will cover. Advanced genetics, advanced cytology and cytogenetics, chromosomal manipulation techniques, molecular techniques in plant breeding, crop modelling and simulation techniques and biometrical techniques in Plant Breeding. Integrated plant disease management and introductory nematology (UG), advanced virology, advanced techniques in plant pathology and molecular basis of host pathogen interaction in plant pathology Soil and water conservation, crop residue management, watershed management in Agronomy Training in frontier areas e.g. diagnosis of plant diseases, IPM, plant nutrient deficiency, apiculture, mushroom, bio-fertilizers, agricultural communication, seed production technology.
Establishment of the Centres of advanced studies. Collaboration with advanced educational and research centres at national and international level. Post doctoral training. Production of teaching aids including video technology. Facilitation study tour for faculty members. Training in latest methodologies of teaching communication skills and production of text books, lab-manuals and A.V. aids including video tapes, slides and computer programmes College of Veterinary Sciences With implementation of directives and guidelines of the Veterinary Council of India the College of Veterinary Sciences has already introduced substantial changes in terms of syllabus, infrastructure, departments, course duration, examination etc. These changes will be made effective to ensure balanced growth of this discipline through teaching, research and extension programmes. Research Priorities In the next 20 years the college will concentrate its efforts on an allround improvement of livestock so that it may prove to be a backbone of the rural economy. It will work on issues and areas which can be helpful to integrate livestock production with crops, horticulture, poultry, fishery, etc. While formulating the strategy for the next 20 years, the college has also visualized its role to identify weaknesses and priority areas in improvement of the veterinary sector and to overcome the problems through timely advice to the State Government and also to offer periodical and inservice training to the veterinary professionals. Considering the above basic framework the priority areas of the college are presented below: Strengthening of disease reporting system and diagnostic laboratories for establishing a reliable disease data bank. Development of quick and reliable diagnostic kits using new technologies for important diseases and their upgradation to cost-effective industrial processes for mass production. Exploitation of local herbs and medicinal plants for cheaper and safe indigenous drugs, determination of appropriate doses, side effects, field efficiency and their commercial value. Crossbreeding for upgrading non-descript cattle with improved Indian breeds and introducing exotic germplasm in milk shed areas with abundant feed and fodder resources. Genetic evaluation of local breeds of cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat and their growth, production and disease resistance. Embryo transfer technology, induced lactation and deep frozen semen technologies for genetic improvement. Appropriate management practice for sound animal health and intensive farmer awareness programme, animal shelter engineering studies. Research on integrated approach for the control of livestock and poultry diseases. Research on integrated crophusbandry farming and recycling of animal wastes. Identification of toxic chemicals and heavy metals contaminating feed, fodder and soil treatments and suggesting remedial measures. Exploration of non-conventional feeds, detoxification and removal of anti-nutritional factors for new feed development. Quality improvement through supplementation and complementation of minerals and vitamins. Male buffalo calf-rearing, culling of low productive or unproductive animals, alternative meat sources from non-conventional meat animals. Modernization of slaughter house and technology optimization for quality improvement.
Process optimization and diversification, by-products utilization, use of non-conventional low-cost ingredients, biotechnological innovation for novel product development. Human Resource Development
Improvement in quality of instruction through qualified faculty, need-based curriculum, well-equipped laboratories and strong infrastructural facilities shall continue to be the thrust area of the college which will be reinforced through. - Expansion of building/space for undergraduate and post-graduate studies - Associating 34 nearby veterinary hospitals as veterinary teaching hospitals - Upgrading college Animal Clinic as veterinary polyclinic - Developing instructional farms for pigs, goats, sheep, rabbits, equines for practical training of students and farmers. - Strengthening of laboratories. - Strengthening of college library with need based facilities, books, periodicals etc. Other spheres of human resource development in veterinary sciences will include. Faculty Upgradation. To keep pace with the latest developments, it is essential to upgrade the faculty through 36 month training in developed countries/specialized laboratories. Provision of sending 34 faculty members every year will be made. The veterinary graduates with good academic record will have lucrative fellowships for post-graduate studies. Creation of New Departments : The College will soon add a new department of Dairy Technology. Besides, new postgraduate programmes in the following disciplines will also be started : Development of M.V.Sc. and Ph.D. degree programmes in Veterinary Economics and Dairy Technology, Development of Ph.D. degree programmes in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Livestock Products Technology, Livestock Production and Management, Poultry Science and Veterinary Extension. New PG Diploma Programme 1. Development of PG Diploma Programme in Wild Life Management 2. Development of National Diploma Programmes in all those areas which will be identified and agreed upon by the VCI. New Training Programme for teachers 1. Development of Veterinary Instructional Technology for training of teachers and veterinarians. New Educational Facilities 1. Starting of Remount and Veterinary Corps (RVC) N.C.C. and development of equestrian facilities. 2. Establishment of Centre of history of Veterinary Science. 3. Incorporation of Yogic philosophy in veterinary education. 4. Declaration of Veterinary Hospitals of Rudrapur, Kichha and Haldwani as teaching hospitals to improve facilities of disease diagnosis and treatment. 5. Installation of a walky-talky system in ambulatory van of the college. 6. Modernization of laboratories for upstream research. College of Technology The College is poised to expand its activities of teaching, research and technology transfer in the next 20 years. New educational programmes at undergraduate and postgraduate levels will be given emphasis for which certain specialized training centres will be established. The research directions will be appropriately reset as per the requirements of the future. Proper attention will be paid to emerging areas. The participation of the industries in research activities will be expedited. The technology transfer and consultancy activities will be further strengthened. A summary of the vision 2020 of the College of Technology is given below.
Starting new B.Tech. Programmes Depending on the needs, undergraduate programmes leading to the degree of B.Tech. in different disciplines of agricultural engineering shall be started. In addition to these, B.Tech. programmes in other branches of engineering, viz. Information Technology and Computer Science, Electronics and Instrumentation, Communication and Networking, Bio-electronics, Agro-electronics shall be started. Starting new M. Tech. Programmes The College strives to introduce new programmes leading to M.Tech. degrees in the areas, viz. Farm Machinery, Farm Power and Energy Management, Water Resources Development and Management Engineering, Agricultural Environmental Engineering, Watershed Management Engineering, Microwave and Radar Engineering, Optical Fibre Communication, Digital Communication Engineering, Satellite Communication Engineering Image Processing and Remote Sensing, Bio-Electronics, Fuzzy Logic, Digital Electronics, Electronic System Modelling and Computing, Agro-electronics and Instrumentation, Information Technology Management, Environmental Engineering, Constructional Technology and Management. Starting new Ph.D. Programmes The College will introduce new programmes leading to Ph.D. degrees in areas, viz. different Electronics, Communication and Control Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering/Soil Mechanics, Foundation Engineering, Food Biotech Engineering. Establishment of Centre of Advanced Studies The College envisages to establish the following Centres of Advanced Studies : 1. Centre of Advanced Studies in Irrigation Water Management Engineering. 2. Centre of Advanced Studies in Food Biotech Engineering. Diversification of Elective Package for B.Tech. Programmes The elective courses at undergraduate level shall be expanded to impart the latest knowledge to students regarding developments in various specializations. The number of elective courses will also be increased appropriately. Computer Orientation of Teaching With the explosion of knowledge in information technology and computer applications, it is envisioned that no engineer would be able to perform his task without adequate knowledge and use of computers. Therefore, the entire education at UG and PG level will be computer oriented and efforts would be made to maximize the use of the computers in each course. Promoting Use of AV Aids in Classrooms In view of faster developments in knowledge in different subjects, it has become necessary to enhance the speed of coverage of courses in the class-room and to make the communication more effective. Audio visuals like overhead projector, slide projector, film projector and multi media systems would be introduced to modernize the teaching programmes in the class-rooms. Research Focus for 2020 Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering Reduced and precision tillage Rice cultivation machinery Root crop cultivation machinery Sugarcane cultivation machinery Development of cultivation machinery for subsoil cultivation and management Development of biogas technology for low temperature conditions
Mechanization of horticultural and vegetable crops Mechanization of floriculture Development of high crop, orchard and tall trees sprayer especially for application of biopesticides Development of alternate sources of energy Mechanization of hill agriculture Development of equipment for injection of slurry and deep placements of fertilizers Agricultural residue and waste management Ergonomics and safety in hill agriculture especially for women farmers Development and use of alternate fuels for use in engines
Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Emphasis will be on the application of engineering principles in the following : Collection, analysis and interpretation of hydrometeorological data Design of surface and subsurface drainage system for reclaiming waterlogged and saline soils Design of water lifting devices and various types of pumps Conjuctive use and pollution studies of surface and ground waters Water resource planning and development Application of physical, mathematical and computer stipulated techniques in irrigation drainage and ground water Micro-irrigation and sprinkler irrigation studies Application of remote sensing and GIS in water resources planning Performance studies of canal irrigation distribution and equity Surface and underground water conveyance systems for irrigation water On-farm water management studies in canal commands Design and development of aquacultural farms
Department of Post Harvest Process and Food Engineering Developments of process, technology and equipments for fruits and vegetables products. Application of biotech engineering to food processing Food packaging Newer approaches to milling technology By-product and waste management Energy management in food industry Seed processing Strengthening basic research in food process Fish processing Controlled atmosphere storage (CAS) and modified atmosphere storage (MAS) Honey processing Chemical-free food preservation system Newer approaches to milling technology By-product management in food industry Energy management in food industry Environmental and pollution control Tea processing Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering Watershed management through remote sensing techniques
Techniques for evaluation of effects of soil conservation measures on watersheds Pollution problems of water resources of a watershed Reclamation of waste lands Inexpensive, people-friendly soil and water conservation measures and structures. Infrastructure Development
The infrastructure will have to be considerably strengthened by establishing new laboratories in different departments, constructions/modernization of seminar rooms and classrooms and additional manpower recruitment. In the Department of Farm Machinery and Drainage Engineering new laboratories of Remote Sensing Application, Environmental Engineering, Water Resources Engineering, Aquaculture Engineering, Drainage Engineering, Computer Simulation and Micro-Irrigation Systems will be established. The Department of Post-Harvest Process and Food Engineering will have laboratories of Drying Technology, Oilseed Processing, Down Stream Processing, Packaging, Fruits and Vegetables Processing and Food Equipment Testing. Field research / Demonstration Laboratory and Computer Aided Soil and Water Conservation Laboratory will be established in the Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering. The existing seminar rooms/classrooms shall be modernized and new seminar rooms/classrooms shall be developed to meet the growing requirements of the College. The faculty of the College will have to be strengthened for meeting the challenges of education, research and technology transfer activities in future. The College would require a good number of teaching, technical and administrative staff in addition to the existing manpower. College of Basic Sciences and Humanities In its perspective vision, College visualizes the need to develop two types of manpower One, that would be able to discover new scientific base for technology development and the other that would plan and prepare policies which would ensure that fruits of rapid scientific and economic progress foreseen in the 21st century reach common people in an equitable way and the social upheavals witnessed in the 20th century are avoided. HRD and Research Perspectives The College envisages reorganizing and reorienting the teaching and research efforts in biological and physical sciences. The Departments would be reorganized as thematic schools of (1) Modern Biology and Biotechnology (2) Bioresource and Environment, (3) Computational Science and Information Technology, (4) Community Planning and Resource Management and (5) Energy and Material Sciences. This would permit programme mode research in identified critical gap areas. Well-planned post-graduate programmes in Development Sociology, Business Communication, Information Technology and Community Resource Management would need to be put in place to develop science, technology, management and society in a synergistic way. College of Home Science The vision 2020 of home science education at this university is focussed on equal opportunities for male and female students, emphasis on vocational education, priority for private sector jobs and more emphasis on allied activities so as to train them as professionals in this discipline. Under human resource development programme of the college in next 20 years special attention will be on : Providing skills to the students at undergraduate and postgraduate levels so as to work with rural women for women empowerment.
providing grassroot, middle-level and higher-level training courses in the areas of food processing, garment making, textile, household management, etc. for the functionaries of the development departments. Establishing within a five year, a Nutrition Counselling Cell, Child Development and Care Laboratory, Rural Technology Dissemination Centre, Child Guidance and Counselling, Family Life Education/Counselling. Mobilizing resources to influence public policy. Designing course curriculum and strategies for starting distance education in various specific subjects for school drop outs. To prepare graduates and post-graduates through Home Science Education to be reflective, actively thoughtful and explicit in their values, beliefs and multifaceted framework of teaching, research and extension. Establishing linkage of Home Science College with NGOs, private sector undertakings, governmental institutions involved in development and welfare of families. Establishing a placement cell at the College of Home Science. Renovating, equipping and establishing infrastructure facilities in commensurate with the goals set for the next 20 years. Restructuring Home Science Curriculum by incorporating a course on women based income generating activities and entrepreneurship development with adequate provision for practical training selected areas of students and womens interest in various units like faction technology, apparel designing, small scale food processing units, ceramics pottery units and agro-based units like mushroom production, sericulture, apiculture, poultry, angora rabbit will also be added to it. Food quality evaluation and certification laboratories. Counselling centres giving support system to special child, family relations, diet related diseases, fitness and sports, interior designing, furnishing and tapestry.
Strengthening and Development of Infrastructure Facilities Modernization of classrooms with better equipment, various audio visual aids in current use and provision for continuous water and electricity supply will improve curriculum delivery. Provision of visiting professor and guest lectures by eminent personalities in all areas would also be added. More laboratories, equipment, facilities and supporting staff will be required to make classroom teaching more effective. Well equipped laboratories are the need of the times. Provision of gallery space to display the skills learnt and to develop interaction with commercial setups would be essential to commercialize the skills and products. Facilities for improvement in transportation will facilitate out of reach programmes especially in research and community work. Use of computers and information technologies will improve networking and interaction with national and international scientists. On line counselling for people and students is envisaged in the next 15-20 years. Research Perspective in Home Science Home Science being a service-oriented profession aims to improve the quality of home and family life. To contribute to the development of family life, home science research programme for the century will be made innovative and relevant, taking into account the rapidly changing structure and function of the rural households. Some salient areas of research are listed below: Emphasis on rural women and women empowerment devices. Problems and difficulties faced by rural women. Problems and difficulties of working women. Leadership role among women for facilitating women participation in development. Role of women in production and community management. Creche development management of children centres. Indigenous food production systems.
Food processing and nutrition management Food and nutrition for children, youth and adults in the family. Women development and training for greater participation in production, consumption and decision making. Drudgery of women in rural areas. Potential areas for participation in the income generating activities. Social and political role of women in contemporary society. Technological empowerment of women. Operational research related to social policy and demography.
College of Fishery Sciences Human Resource Development The development of fishery sector requires a strong force of professionally trained manpower. Its requirement for teaching, research and development as well as for industry in private and public sectors in fisheries will be assessed, thereby gearing fishery education programmes to produce the required manpower. The following H.R.D. programmes will be taken up during the next 20 years. The technological developments in various disciplines of fisheries viz., culture, seed production, resource management, processing, fishery engineering etc. will be incorporated periodically. The introduction of specialized programmes in Fishery Hydrography, Fish Processing Technology, Fishery Biotechnology, Fish Pathology, Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology, etc. at the MFSc and PhD levels are envisaged to meet the growing professional manpower needs in fisheries sector. Capsule courses for teachers/trainers/ farmers/entrepreneurs will be developed and organized to upgrade their knowledge and professional skill. To execute the existing as well as proposed programmes in future, modernization of laboratories and field facilities and creation of new units like fish seed production unit, microbiology and fish disease laboratory, fishery biotechnology laboratory, fish feed formulation and processing unit and fishery engineering laboratories will be taken up. Research Perspectives The research agenda of the College for the coming years will include a major component of collaborative research endeavours to avoid duplication of research efforts, encourage partnership roles and sharing of efforts and benefits of researches. The college has identified the following priority areas under vision 2020. The collaborative programmes will be carried out with Institutes like NRCCWF ( Cold water fisheries), NBFGR (Fish Genetics Research), CIFA (Freshwater Aquaculture), CIFRI (Reservoir fisheries) and States Fisheries Departments ( for supply of quality fish seed to fish farmers and stocking of reservoirs and lakes with fish seed). International collaboration with ICLARM and NACA will also be required . The programme aims to set up an Informatics Centre on inland fisheries to cater to the requirements of North Indian states. The centre will collect, compile, process and formulate comprehensive data on all aspects of inland fisheries and maintain the same in the form of data bank. The information will be of use for all the concerned Institutes/Agencies/Departments. The College proposes to lay more emphasis on applied research leading to generation of technology in frontier areas of fishery science. The research areas identified for the purpose are given below: - Development of sustainable aquaculture systems - Designing of efficient hatcheries and improving farm engineering - Development of cheap and efficient fish feed - Captive broodstock development and production of quality fish seed - Development of innovative aquaculture
- Development of catfish and freshwater prawn culture technologies - Disease diagnosis and management - Capture fisheries resources and management - Genetic characterization and stock improvement - Recombinant DNA technology - Isolation, characterization and segregation of hormones - Aquatic and environmental microbiology - Probiotics and biofertilizers - Aquatic biodiversity and environmental impact assessment - Nutrient dynamics, productivity management and limnology of major aquatic ecosystem Pollution control and waste management - Post-harvest technology for freshwater fish including assessment and prevention of postharvest losses, handling and transportation, packaging, product development diversification and value addition, fish spoilage, fish waste utilization and quality control College of Agri Business Management The College has established four centres for teaching, training and consultancy services : (i) Centre for Placement and Counselling (PandC) (ii) Centre for Management Development Programme (MDP) (iii) Centre for Business Management Clinic (BMC) (iv) Centre for Information Technology Management (ITM) The role and responsibility of these centres has been well defined. These units have started modest programmes and activities through the academic staff/resource persons who are basically trained in their basic subjects and have dual responsibilities. Hence the first and foremost priority of this college will be to recruit staff trained in specialized areas in the above four centres. Their training and visits to reputed institutions in India and abroad, and resource generation to meet the recurring expenses and the salary of the staff through envisaged activities of these centers will be taken up on priority. College of Forestry and Hill Agriculture The College of Forestry and Hill Agriculture has attained the goals of starting undergraduate and post-graduate programmes, conducting researches and implementing extension programmes in the envisaged areas. It has also faced constraints in terms of academic staff, supporting departments, laboratories and adequate fields for practical training. These constraints cannot be scrapped easily unless there is a commitment among the staff to stay at this campus and derive satisfaction out of hard work and enjoyment of working in the hills which are comparatively less equipped to provide facilities equivalent to those of the plains or of the main campus. The College of Forestry and Hill Agriculture will have to play the most important role in development of agriculture in the hill region in the next 20-25 years in view of the fact that its location and subject are related and the activities can be dovetailed to cater to the needs of this region. The college envisages to strengthen the academic activities through the following specific programmes: A new college of commercial horticulture has already been started at Bharsar in Pauri district. The new undergraduate programmes will focuss on development of horticulture in hills. Starting postgraduate programmes in Floriculture and Landscaping; Medicinal and Aromatic Plants; Production, Processing and Utilization of Herbal Plants; Post-harvesting Technologies in Horticulture; and Horticultural Extension. Starting postgraduate programmes in Forestry Management, Land Resource Management, Forestry Extension and Industrial Forestry Strengthening of Infrastructure: The new college and its envisaged programmes will need a composite infrastructure in terms of residences, labs, classrooms, hostels and other amenities like schools, hospital,
shopping centre, roads, electricity and transportation. It would be our preference to establish other extension and research centres at the vantage points to overcome the future problems of instability of staff owing to lack of such basic amenities. Research priorities in forestry, horticulture and hill agriculture: The average holding of 0.8 ha in the hills provides a limited scope of profitable agriculture. Therefore, as a subsistence agriculture it is essential for them to have agro-based income generating activities for additional income and employment. The ecology of the Himalayan region is important for the entire nation with specific reference to the Indo-Gangetic plains. Therefore, the conservation of forests and soils in the Himalayan region will be a precondition while formulating new researches. Considering the above points the following researches will be undertaken in the next 20 years. Research on bio-diversity conservation. This includes collection and conservation of indigenous plant species useful for food, forestry, disease and pest resistance, medicine and plant breeding. Research on development of under-utilized crops for disease and pest resistance as well as higher production and quality. Development of technologies for rainfed agriculture with special emphasis on pulses and oilseed crops. Cultivation of vegetable crops under rainfed as well as irrigated conditions with potential to give more profit to the growers. Development of technologies for organic farming related to crops, vegetables, fruits, medicinal plants and cash crops. Alternative uses of land under pasture, agro-forestry and horticulture for effective conservation of soil on slopy areas. The water management through a low cost device for plant and vegetable cultivation. Researches on high-tech horticulture for cultivation of flowers and nursery. Development of technologies for sesamum, groundnut, soybean, urd, moong, etc. Development of technologies on forecasting of weather, diseases and pests of the crops. Food processing technologies of soybean, millets and under-utilized crops, fruits, vegetables and spices for value addition and change in the food habits for ensuring better price in the market. Technologies for seed production of vegetables, fruits, flowers and other crops on high hills. Technology development for cultivation of tea including its propagation and water management. Processing technologies of tea. Development of agricultural implements suitable for farm mechanization/manual operation. Development and maintenance technologies for biogas plants using local materials and its utilization for domestic and production utilities. Development of bio-technologies for different crops. Development of technologies for cultivation of European vegetables including their seed production, harvesting, packaging and marketing. Development of technologies for production of horticultural, forestry, medicinal and fodder plants for high hills and alpine zone. Development of technologies for extraction of essence and oil from medicinal and aromatic plants. Research on use of plastics in agriculture for mulching, sprinkling, drip irrigation, green houses, plastictunnels, anti-birdnets, hailnets and other uses in agriculture. The selection of species for nutritive green fodder and their cultivation practices under rainfed conditions. Development and identification of plant species for fodder and production technology for silviculture. Research on conservation and use of hay, grasses and other dry fodders including wheat straw to be used as nutritive fodder for animal.
Research priorities for mushroom production including its processing and consumption. The identification of mushroom species of medicinal and nutritional importance. Development of technologies for sericulture and apiculture. Technologies for biological decomposition of the pine leaves for compost making and other uses. Development of component technologies for organic farming. Development of technology for wormi-compost and bio-fertilizer under controlled conditions. For development of cattle in the hills, the priority will be given to standardization of breeds through cross-breeding. Nutritional requirement of animals for different activities/services. Control of parasites and diseases and development of vaccines for animal health.
College of Post-graduate Studies Post-graduate students will be provided well-equipped laboratory, field and library facilities for their course and research work. The college plans to improve its post-graduate teaching and research facilities to keep pace with the changing scenario of hi-tech agriculture and industry. Although, the University has been trying to provide better teaching and research facilities but the availability of sufficient funds has been the major constraint faced by it. The future plan for the development of PG education is detailed as under: To make education more effective, the University will give lay emphasis on post-graduate education through computer with internet facilities as it will help students to seek recent global scientific and technological developments. For organizing open thesis defence/group discussions, a hall equipped with coloured video screen for display through computers and other audio-visual aids is very much needed. The building has been constructed for this purpose but, equipment, furniture, etc will be procured. Establishment of Technological Park to preserve and present technological growth in agriculture during the 20th century. Enhancement of PG research grant. at par with the ICAR fellowship. Modernizing classroom and laboratory facilities and some special and costly equipment such as phytotrons, quality control lab, thesis printing, slide making, chemical analysis lab, etc will also be developed as a central facility. Human resource development/faculty improvement programmes by way of higher education, training, participation in short/long courses, workshops, conferences, seminars, etc is another priority of the University to keep pace with the rapid expansion in knowledge. By the year 2020, several new P.G. programmes will be developed and some will be modified/deleted depending upon the advancement of the knowledge/technology. Also, there is a plan to develop Advance Centres of Research in newly emerging areas such as; Hydroponics, Embryo-Transfer Technology, Watershed Management, Biotechnology, Wasteland Development, Remote Sensing, Environment Conservation, Crop Modelling, Biotic and Abiotic Stresses, Acupuncture, Technology Transfer, Geographic Information System, etc.
Perspectives for Extension Education For efficient and faster adoption of technologies a well-knit and committed programme is necessary. Presently extension is the least preferred and neglected programme in the agricultural development chain in the hill region. Hence, it is essential to implement the following extension education programmes for effective information dissemination and transfer of technology:
Establishment of more KVKs to ensure one for each district with requisite infrastructure and facilities. Establishment of Trainers Training Centre for training and orientation of all KVK trainers, field staff of technical departments, banks, NGOs and other trainers including university scientists. Adoption of model village concept for integrated rural development. Preparation of technical bulletins, manuals, C.Ds, News letters for vocational education and training. Farmer scientists interaction programme will be intensified and will be made open through mass media for greater participation. Development of women cooperatives network for benefit of small farms and resource-poor women folk. Technology assessment and refinement through participatory approach will be extended to all the commodities and all the districts in the hill region. Linking on-farm activities with off-farm activities to provide more income and employment. Coordination with state extension agencies will be strengthened with accountability for utilization of funds and resources in various research and extension activities. Close involvement of NGOs and farm communities/bodies through staff exchange, seminars, conferences, interaction visits, etc. Emphasis on income generating avenues like local handicrafts, value added products, sericulture, apiculture, poultry, rabbitary, etc for more income and employment. Promotion of indigenous knowledge system in farm sector as well as in non-farm sector areas. Development of distance education programme for rural youth and practicing farmers. Popularizing agricultural and development messages through mass media like radio, newspapers and television, internet and helpline services. Organizing mass education of farmers, farm women and others through mobile exhibitions, district level and state level exhibitions and fairs. Promoting computer aided internet information dissemination through headquarters and KVKs to remote cases. The tele-text and video-text would be available to the farmers to provide day to day information. The extension education of 21st century will be largely commodity based. Single window service centres will be established at each KVKs, research centres and at the headquarters. Creating women training/development centres for participation and skill development in various sectors of agriculture and allied subjects. Developing extension programmes based on farming systems approach. Organizing college wise institutional consultancy for private sector industries, producers/growers, etc. and also for Government sectors. Cable networking of all colleges and hostels to provide access to training and educational programmes in the University. Researches in Extension Education.
Communication and Information Services To keep pace with the advancement in the information and communication technology ours is the only University in the country that has an established Communication Centre. The centre proposes the following new programmes : Establishing mass media research centre The information and communication technology has changed the educational system in the country where distance education has proved beneficial for those who were not able to pursue higher education in the universities/colleges. This again requires a multi-media approach and
vocational education in agriculture and allied fields, like other fields of technical education, will have to be given priority for self-employment. In view of the above facts it will be desirable to start the mass media research centre for the university education and non-formal education to the farmers, farm women and rural youth in the rural areas. Adoption of computer-aided information technology The technological development in agriculture has given birth to several complications due to its single effort to maximize production. The soil fertility, availability of water and other natural resources, health hazards, residual effect of pesticides on human life, animals, soils, and also on ecological, social and economic situations have undergone drastic changes during the last 3035 years of intensive cropping. In view of the changing scenario technologies have been made specific to the agroclimatic and farming situations of individual farmers. As such, the selectivity of information and technology in agriculture and making specific recommendations has come up as a major challenge to the farm scientists. To overcome this situation computeraided information technology will get the prime importance. Some succesful efforts have been made in this direction. However, considering the vast demand of information for need-based research, we are still at the infancy stage. This information demand has to be further tailored with satellite information system so as to instantly transmit information to the scientists and extension officials. Since adoption of a new technology is essentially a decision making process, which requires analysis of the situation and resources, consultations and frequent interactions with the farm scientists, and tele-conferencing techniques between the farmers and related agencies can be helpful in solving emerging problems in agriculture. Effective linkage between electronic media and agricultural universities Agriculture since time immemorial has been subject to the local environment, culture, social and other prevailing situations. Agriculture of the last 30 years has further required technological development specific to the agroclimate, soils food habits and several other factors. Due to this reason only as many as 30 state agricultural universities and 28 National Research Centres have been established. The benefit of these vocation-specific technologies should reach the farmers and extension workers as quickly as possible. This is also important in view of the fact that the village level extension workers do not have easy access to mass media/agricultural research stations/agricultural universities. Therefore, considering importance of the transfer of technologies with relevance and consequence, it is desirable that each agricultural university should have some fixed hours for broadcasting/telecasting technical programmes for the benefit of the farmers. Pantnagar University headquarters and its out campuses in the hill region are ideally suited for these innovative experiences. Moreover, it has a well-equipped studio and other facilities including staff for programme production from radio/TV stations. Its a high time the University had one TV Station at Pantnagar and one F.M. Broadcasting Station at all the districts of Uttaranchal. Modernizing Printing unit Print media is a prime necessity for technology transfer and school education. In view of the high credibility, repeated use of and reference value of the print media still dominates the field of education and technology transfer. The students as well as farmers need to be provided with problem-oriented literature which may be of immediate use to them. This can be possible through application of modern printing technologies. Realising this need the existing letter press printing will be modernized through offset printing technology. Documentation of traditional agriculture and indigenous technologies through establishment of Krishi-Sangrahalaya There is hardly any need to emphasize the importance of indigenous technologies and traditional agricultural systems with reference to attaining sustainability in agricultural production. The sustainability does not mean limiting or raising agricultural production but also
coping with efficient utilization of available resources including manpower thereby ensuring more employment/self-employment for people through the combination of modern agriculture with traditional agriculture. To evolve suitable strategies based on this foundation a comprehensive documentation of indigenous technologies/agriculture over the centuries is required. This in fact is a very big task. However, considering the threats of new agriculture it would be desirable to put our priorities on pooling the past information, experiences, technologies, practices, systems, etc. in a systematic manner so that the different fields of agriculture and allied subjects may be benefited for evolving research strategies in an endeavour to search for new technologies for the new generation and for new agriculture. Most appropriately, it should be done by establishing a Krishi Sangrahalaya in which the agricultural heritage will be presented in a comprehensive way for information, education and documentation of the technologies, systems, practices, information, etc. Service Through Information - Shops Creating awareness of the information storage and retrieval system and making need-based information/technologies available to the farmers at their doorsteps is the need of the day. Realising this need the University plans to reach thousands of villages at a low cost so that millions of farmers could be benefited in their villages itself without wasting time and money. Construction of a Separate Building For providing specialized media facilities, it is essential that these should be centrally located for effective service to all the units of the colleges and also to develop an appropriate infrastructure with specialized facilities and equipment for catering a variety of services to these units/colleges. The services of Press, Publication and Communication Directorate will be integrated and pooled together as all these units are inter-dependent on each other. The same building may have the appropriate space for the establishment of Krishi Sangrahalaya-cumdocumentation centre on indigenous technologies/practices. Cable networking of all colleges and hostels to provide access to training and educational programmes in the university. Researches in Extension Education and Dissemination of Farm Information The extension education and communication departments in various colleges will concentrate research on the following: Socio-economic and cultural dynamics in adoption of technology. Participatory technology generation and management. Media production and information packages for diversification of agriculture. Integrated development of village through inter-sectorial micro-level planning. Organizational strategy for commercialization of agriculture. Multi-media and computer aided information technology in agriculture. Development of rural entrepreneurship. Training needs of women engaged in agriculture. Feasibility of internet and websites in agriculture. Yield gap analysis. Researches in Socio-economic Development and Policy Formulation Micro farm planning under different farming systems. Strategy for enhancing resource productivity. Strategy for export promotion. Promotion of agricultural diversification. Economic evaluation of prospective technology Short and long-term demand projections of commodities. Institutional reforms and micro-planning for resource poor areas.
Identification of potential markets for agricultural export. Export development policies including infra-structure and credit requirement. Policies for development of agribusiness. Promoting the role of women in sustainable agriculture.

Vision 2020

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VISION 2020

G.B. PANT UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, PANTNAGAR

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(R.S. Paroda) Secretary,DepartmentofAgriculturalResearch&Education andDirector-General,IndianCouncilofAgri ulturalResearch c

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(J.B. Chowdhary) July 15, 2001

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College of Veterinary Sciences

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College of Basic Sciences and Humanities

College of Home Science

College of Fishery Sciences

College of Agribusiness Management

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College of Horticulture and Forestry

College of Postgraduate Studies

Agricultural Communication and Information

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Researches in Extension Education

Researches in Socio-economic Development

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Construction and Maintenance Facilities

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The Agricultural Policy of Uttaranchal

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Departments Undergraduate Masters Ph.D. programmes Programmes Programmes 12 17 10 05 05 08 10 03 70 1 1 7 1 1 1 12 17 19 12 04 02 03 12 01 70* 70 16 16 9 01 01 8 51* 51

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Agriculture Ph.D. Ph.D.

Agricultural Economics Agronomy Agrometeorology Animal Breeding

Basic Science Ph.D.

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Ph.D. Fisheries Science Technology

Masters and (contd. on next page)

Masters and Masters and

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Masters and Masters and Masters and Masters Masters and

Multidisciplinary Ph.D. Programmes

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Salient Research Achievements

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No. of Varieties released 16 11 11 20 14 6 14 3 9 3 22 8 12 1 1 1