Digital Art

Image files are composed in 2 ways: Raster (pixel) Vector (geometric) data

Mostly used in Photoshop Composes images by a grid (columns and rows) Each pixel consists of numbers representing magnitudes of brightness and colour

More pixels = Higher resolution; clearer images formed Less pixels = Lower resolution; blurrier images formed

Mostly used in Illustrator Uses geometrical primitives such as points, lines, curves, and shapes or polygons to form mathematical equations Represent images in computer graphics Keeps resolution the same even when scaled

Geographic location of each cell is implied by its position in the cell matrix Other than an origin point, no geographic coordinates are stored Therefore, data analysis is usually easy to program and quick to perform

Ideally suited for mathematical modeling and quantitative analysis Discrete data is accommodated equally well as continuous data facilitates the integrating of the two data types Grid-cell systems are very compatible with rasterbased output devices

Cell size determines resolution at which data is represented Difficult to represent linear features depending on the cell resolution; network linkages are difficult to establish Since most input data is in vector form, data must undergo vector-to-raster conversion

May lead to generalisation and choice of inappropriate cell size Most raster output maps do not need high clarity

Data can keep its original resolution and form without generalisation No pixelated images formed Graphic output is usually more aesthetically pleasing No data conversion needed as most data are in vector (e.g. Hard copy maps)

Accurate geographic location of data is maintained Allows for efficient encoding of topology

Location of each vertex needs to be stored explicitly; leads to large data size For effective analysis, vector data must be converted into a topological structure Requires extensive data cleaning after conversion

Topology is static; any updating of data requires rebuilding of the topology Algorithms for manipulative and analysis functions are complex; lead to intensive processing Limits functionality for large data sets (e.g. a large number of features)

Continuous data is not effectively represented in vector form Spatial analysis and filtering within polygons is impossible

Uses algorithms to decrease size file 2 types of image file compression algorithms: Loseless Lossy

Reduces file size without losing image quality Unable to compress a file as small as lossy compression file Chosen when image quality is valued above file size

Takes advantage of the inherent limitations of the human eye and discards invisible information Allows variable quality levels (compression) Compression levels increased = File size reduced At high levels of compression, image deterioration becomes noticeable

The detail that an image holds Applies equally to digital images, film images, and other types of images Higher resolution = More image detail Resolution can be measured by how close lines can be to each other and still be seen

Resolution units can be measured by physical sizes (e.g. lines per mm, lines per cm, etc.) Line pairs are often used instead of lines A line pair is a pair of adjacent dark and light lines while lines counts both dark lines and light lines

A resolution of 10 lines per mm means 5 dark lines alternating with 5 light lines, or 5 line pairs per mm Photographic lens and film resolution are most often quoted in line pairs per mm TV lines refer to lines per picture height

There are many types of resolutions but you will only learn about the two common ones They are:
Pixel resolution Temporal resolution

An image of N pixels high by M pixels wide can have any resolution less than N lines per N TV lines The format for resolution is to describe the width by the height of the overall image; e.g. 640 by 480 Another way to describe the resolution is to give the number of megapixels

It is calculated by width X height and 1 million These resolution are not accurate as they just serve as an order on image resolution Pixel columns means width Pixel rows means height

Movie cameras and high-speed cameras can resolve events at different points in time The time resolution used for movies is usually 15 to 30 fps High-speed cameras may resolve 100 to 1000 fps, or even more Many cameras and displays offset the color components relative to each other or mix up temporal with spatial resolution:

Many cameras and displays offset the color components relative to each other or mix up temporal with spatial resolution:

Digital camera (Bayer color filter array)

LCD (Triangular pixel geometry)

CRT (shadow mask)

There are three main colour-encoding systems: PAL (Phase Alternating Line) NTSC (National Television System Committee) SECAM (Squentiel couleur mmoire, French for "Sequential Color with Memory)

Analog
350240 (260 lines): Video CD 330576 (250 lines): Umatic, Betamax, VHS,

Video8

400576 (300 lines): Super Betamax, Betacam

(pro)

Analog
440576 (330 lines): analog broadcast 560576 (420 lines): LaserDisc, Super VHS, Hi8 670576 (500 lines): Enhanced Definition

Betamax

Digital:
720576 (520 lines): D-VHS, DVD, miniDV, Digital8,

Digital Betacam (pro)

720576 (400 lines): Widescreen DVD

(anamorphic)

1280720 (720 lines): D-VHS, HD DVD, Blu-ray,

HDV (miniDV)

Digital:
14401080 (810 lines): HDV (miniDV) 19201080 (1080 lines): D-VHS, HD DVD, Blu-ray,

HDCAM SR (pro)

10,0007000 (7000 lines): IMAX, IMAX HD,

OMNIMAX