INTRODUCTION

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing

is technique which is not new to the world ,but has become topic of research in past decade in modern communication field.As the field of communication has grown complex OFDM has become the necessity of time for faster data transmission. OFDM is a multicarrier system in which available spectrum is divided into many narrow band called sub-carrier. Large number of closely spaced orthogonal sub-carrier signals are used to carry data the frequency of each sub carrier is selected to form orthogonal signal set. The data is divided into several parallel data streams or channels, one for each sub-carrier i.e. one bit per sub carrier. Each sub-carrier is modulated with a conventional modulation scheme (such as quadrature amplitude modulation or phase-shift keying) at a low symbol rate, maintaining total data rates similar to conventional singlecarrier modulation schemes in the same bandwidth.

the figure illustrate the difference between overlapping multicarrier and nonoverlapping techniques. OFDM is able to space the channels much closer together, which allows for more efficient use of spectrum then simple fdm.looking at the figure we can also make out that ofdm saves bandwidth requirement upto 50%.The USP of ofdm is the orthogonal and uncorrelated nature of sub carrier which is exploited here.The energy from one sub carrier does not contribute to the other .This separation of signal energy is the reason that ofdm sub carrier spectrum can overlap without causing interfrence.

Advantagesof ofdm modulation technique:

The primary advantage of OFDM over single-carrier schemes is its ability to cope with severe channel conditions (for example, attenuation of high frequencies in a long copper wire, narrowband interference and frequencyselective fading due to multipath) without complex equalization filters. Channel equalization is simplified because OFDM may be viewed as using many slowly modulated narrowband signals rather than one rapidly

modulated wideband signal. The low symbol rate makes the use of a guard interval between symbols affordable, making it possible to eliminate intersymbol interference (ISI) and utilize echoes and time-spreading to achieve a diversity gain, i.e. a signal-to-noise ratio improvement. ofdm is a successful appraoch to achieve transmission giving various advantages such as: high speed data

Can easily adapt to severe channel conditions without complex time-domain equalization. Robust against intersymbol interference (ISI) and fading caused by multipath propagation. Efficient implementation using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Low sensitivity to time synchronization error.

APPLICATION OF OFDM:
Digital radio. Digital television and audio broadcasting. Wireless networking system. High speed data transmission through telephone line. 4G mobile communication.

OFDM TRANSCIEVER

To implement the OFDM transmission scheme, the message signal must first be digitally modulated. The carrier is then split into lower-frequency subcarriers that are orthogonal to one another. The message signal is first modulated using a scheme such as BPSK, QPSK and some form of QAM (16QAM or 64QAM for example) in order to perform mapping which converts input data into complex valued consellations.A constellation refers to set of possible message points on signal space.the amount of data transmittedon each sub carrier depends upon consellation.This complex valued data is input to the IFFT which converts signal from frequency domain to time domain.The underlying principle is that FFT can keep tones orthogonal to one another if the tones have an integer

number of cycles in a symbol period To convert the sub-carriers to a set of orthogonal signals, the data is first combined into frames of a suitable size for an FFT or IFFT. A FFT should be always in the length of 2N (where N is an integer). Next, an N-point IFFT is performed and the data stream is the output of the transmitter. Thus when the signals of the IFFT output are transmitted sequentially, each of the N channel bits appears at a different sub-carrier frequency. By using an IFFT process, the spacing of sub carrier is chosen in such a way that at the frequency where the received signal is evaluated, all other signals is zero. In order for this orthogonality, the receiver and the transmitter must be perfectly synchronized. This means they both must assume exactly the same modulation frequency and same time scale for transmission. At the receiver end inverse operation is performed to recover data. Since the FFT is perform d in this stage, the data is back in the frequency domain.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF OFDM TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

MODULATION TECHNIQUES
modulation techniques for the transmission of digital data: 1.amplitude shift keying(ASK). 2. Phase shift key (PSK). a.binary phase shift key b.quadrature psk 3.frequency phase shift keying

ORTHOGONALITY
The main concept in OFDM is the orthogonality of sub carrier .orthogonality of these sub carrier provide solution for ISI ,Fading caused due to multipath and bandlimited channel. Orthogonality allows simultaneously transmission on a sub carrier in tight frequency space without interfrence from each other since each signal component signal has no relation with other. Condition for orthogonality :

this property is used for the generation of orthogonal carrier signal in ofdm.The easiest way to see why integral is zero is the symmetry of sinosoid functions which causes the area under the function for one full period to be zero.It is important to note that given function s are orthogonal over one period and they will be orthogonal over any integer no of periods. In general the sine wave of frequency m multiplied with sinosoid with frequency n where m & n are always integers over one period are always orthogonal.which implies for all integer n & m sinmt,sinnt,cosmt,cosnt are always orthogonal. EX: F(t)= sin(mwt)x sin(nwt) Here sinewave is multiplied with another sinewave of differnt frequencies.