SecDef08 - Report - Web Version

Security & Defence Days 2008
The Outlook for European Security

3 & 4 November 2008, Brussels
English and French Versions
Versions anglaise et franaise
S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8

T
h
e

O
u
t
l
o
o
k

f
o
r

E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

3

&

4

N
o
v
e
m
b
e
r

2
0
0
8
,

B
r
u
s
s
e
l
s
Conference Partners
Institutional Partner
Media Partners
Session Partners
sda_ssd08_cover.indd 1 3/9/09 3:49 PM
At EADS, we help provide security against the threats no-one wants
to think about. Euroghter Typhoon, the worlds leading high perfor-
mance multi-role combat aircraft is guarding borders across Europe
and beyond. Early-warning and air defence technologies monitor and
manage threats from the sky. Sensor technologies are protecting our
airports. Security systems keep us safe in the crowd at large sporting
events. At EADS, were here to make the world a rather more secure
place to be. | www.eads.com/madebyeads
Security, made by EADS.
EADS AZ SEC PSaDD 210x297_UK_OFF1 1 13.10.2008 13:59:55 Uhr
Whether in military aviation or in business aviation, the Dassault Aviation Digital Flight Control System
provides unparalleled handling characteristics: exceptionally safe, responsive, precise and exible for
unprecedented ight performance.
60 years on, our objective is unchanged: quality made by Dassault.
Digital Flight Control System:
Piloting the future
!!!"#$%%$&'()$*+$(+,-".,/
s
in
g
u
lie
r
-
R
C
S
P
a
ris
4
9
2
5
4
6
5
1
0
-

D
a
s
s
a
u
lt A
v
ia
tio
n

sda_ssd08_cover.indd 2 3/9/09 3:49 PM
1

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
An international conference co-organised by the Security & Defence Agenda (SDA),
the European Company for Strategic Intelligence (CEIS) and Robert Schuman Foundation.
3 & 4 November 2008, Palais dEgmont, Brussels
The Security & Defence Days were held under the High Patronage of
THE OUTLOOK FOR EUROPEAN SECURITY
Nicolas Sarkozy
President of the French Republic
Michle Alliot-Marie
Minister of the Interior, France
Herv Morin
Minister of Defence, France
sda_ssd08_final_120309.indd 1 3/16/09 5:51 PM
The views expressed in this report by speakers are
personal opinions and not necessarily the views of
the organisation they represent, nor of the SDA,
CEIS and Robert Schuman Foundation, their mem-
bers or sponsors.
Reproduction in whole or in part is permitted, pro-
viding that full attribution is made to the co-organ-
isers and to the source(s) in question, and provided
that any such reproduction, whether in full or in
part, is not sold unless incorporated in other works.
Publisher: Geert Cami
Rapporteur: John Chapman
Photos: David Plas
Design & Production: Peter Karvinen
Coordination: Olivier Denve
Print: Brief-Ink
French Version: Robert Schuman Foundation
(Pauline Desmarest, Claire Dhret, Mirabela Lupaescu)
3

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
Contents
Introduction 5
Conference Programme 7
Executive Summary 13
Plenary Session 15
How coherent is Europes Security Strategy?
Keynote Address 15
Michle Alliot-Marie, French Minister of the Interior
Plenary Session I 21
Is the EUs drug trafcking crackdown bearing fruit?
Parallel Sessions
Making maritime surveillance a security priority 29
Where is Europe heading on aerospace development? 35
Are cyber weapons the shape of future war? 43
Plenary Session II 51
What are Europes training strengths and weaknesses?
Video address 57
Herv Morin, French Minister of Defence
Keynote Address 58
Jacques Barrot, European Commissioner for Justice, Freedom and Security
Closing remarks 60
French Version of the report 63
List of Participants 113
5

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
Introduction
The European Commissioner for Justice, Freedom,
and Security Jacques Barrot, called for closer col-
laboration between industry and policymakers,
and stressed the need for new solutions for improv-
ing border control, maritime security and the ght
against cybercrime.
This conference was held under the high patron-
age of Nicolas Sarkozy, President of the French
Republic, Michle Alliot-Marie, Frances Minister
of the Interior and Herv Morin, Frances Minister
of Defence.
We would like to thank for their support our Part-
ners from industry EADS, Dassault Aviation and
DCNS, Finmeccanica, Thales, Safran, T-Systems;
from the EU Assembly of the Western European
Union; and from the media Diplomatie, Dfense et
Scurit Internationale (DSI), Europes World & Euro-
politics.
The Security & Defence Agenda (SDA), the Euro-
pean Company for Strategic Intelligence (CEIS)
and the Robert Schuman Foundation are proud to
present this Security & Defence Days 2008 confer-
ence report The Outlook for European Security.
It reects the contributions of the 27 speakers and
280 participants at this two-day conference on EU
security policy issues held on 3 & 4 November 2008.
Frances Minister of the Interior Michle Alliot-
Marie called for better cooperation between the
EU and NATO, and underlined the need to better
anticipate the likely threats of the next 20 years. She
stressed the role of business in helping identify fu-
ture threats and risks.
Lt. Gen. Karl Eikenberry (US) echoed the Minis-
ters comments, saying that the door for US-EU co-
operation is wide open. He nevertheless described
many of the EUs 20 operations as limited and
episodic.
Giles Merritt
Director, Security & Defence Agenda
Jean-Dominique Giuliani
Chairman, Robert Schuman Foundation
Olivier Darrason
Chairman, CEIS
Some 280 participants attended the two-day conference
7

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
The
conference
programme

Monday 3 November
PLENARY SESSION HOW COHERENT
IS EUROPES SECURITY STRATEGY?
Welcome by Adrian Taylor, Director for Policy and
Strategy Advice at the European School of Govern-
ance and Conference Moderator
Europe is today more peaceful than ever in its tur-
bulent history, yet it still faces a plethora of threats.
Terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, organised
crime and the risk of pandemic diseases must be
added to the potential repercussions of regional
and civil conicts far beyond Europes borders. In
the background there are also the uncertainties of
energy security and climate change. What is the EU
and its member states doing to improve the security
of EU citizens and can it be said to have a coherent
strategy? How will the European Security Strategy
be updated to address these issues?
Keynote Address
Michle Alliot-Marie, French Minister of the Inte-
rior and Overseas Territories
Comments by
Lt. Gen. Karl Eikenberry, Deputy Chairman of
the NATO Military Committee
Eric Trappier, Executive Vice President of Das-
sault Aviation International & Chairman of the Eu-
ropean Affairs Committee of the French Aerospace
Industries Association/French Defence Industries
Councils European Affairs Commission
Tuesday 4 November
PLENARY I IS THE EUS DRUG
TRAFFICKING CRACKDOWN BEARING
FRUIT?
The Lisbon-based Maritime Analysis and Opera-
tions Centre - Narcotics (MAOC-N) was launched a
year ago as a six-nation anti-drug unit for intercept-
ing illicit shipments. A similar venture, the Centre de
coordination pour la lutte anti-drogue en Mditerrane
(CeCLAD-M) was also unveiled this January as a
Franco-Spanish initiative to combat drug trafck-
ing. What stumbling blocks still stand in the way of
a coherent EU anti-drug policy? Do these anti-traf-
cking efforts t into broader attempts to improve
the EUs maritime security, and how should these
cooperative ventures t in with FRONTEX and also
with Member States in the Mediterranean?
Session moderator: Giles Merritt, Director of
the Security & Defence Agenda (SDA)
Erik Berglund, Director of Capacity Building at
FRONTEX
Wolfgang Gtz, Director of the European Moni-
toring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
Valrie Derouet, Senior Vice President and Head
of Homeland Security of EADS Group

Parallel Sessions
MAKING MARITIME SURVEILLANCE A
SECURITY PRIORITY
Shipping is among the most international indus-
tries and is also one of the most vulnerable. Ac-
counting for 40% of the worlds eets the EU is
the worlds leading maritime power, yet it seri-
ously lacks effective coordination and coopera-
tion between member states. Are suggestions for
a European coastguard, customs agency and sur-
veillance system in the Mediterranean or more
broadly a comprehensive management system of
the European maritime area desirable, and how
would they t with Member States roles? What
lessons are being learned from the FRONTEX
agencys Operation Nautilus 2008 that could
help EU policymakers put together a Mediterra-
nean Security Policy?
Session moderator: Luc Viellard, Director of the
Strategic Forecasting Department - CEIS
Captain Jean Hausermann, Advisor at the Per-
manent Representation of France to the EU
Willem De Ruiter, Executive Director of the Euro-
pean Maritime Safety Agency
Rear Admiral (rtd) Jean-Marie Lhuissier,
Director of Marketing & Sales, EU & NATO of
Thales International
Paul Nemitz, Head of Unit for Maritime Policy
Development and Coordination at the European
Commissions Directorate General for Maritime
Affairs and Fisheries
Jean-Luc Ferrandi, Combat Systems Director at
DCNS
WHERE IS EUROPE HEADING ON
AEROSPACE DEVELOPMENT?
Europe is second only to the US as the worlds larg-
est buyer and producer of military aerospace equip-
ment, and is placing increasing emphasis on col-
laborative R&D, procurement and manufacture on
both European and international levels. With both
the commercial and military exploitation of space
increasing around the world, how is Europe likely
to dene its military capabilities in space? Will new
technologies like unmanned combat aerial vehicles
(UCAVs) dene the military future of air and space?
How can Europe address the key issues linked to
the insertion in thegeneralair trafc (communica-
tion & security, sense & avoid technologies)?
Session moderator: Gen. Jean Rannou, Director
of Security and Defence - CEIS
Toma Lovreni, Deputy Director of the Euro-
pean Union Satellite Centre
Erwin Duhamel, Head of the Strategic Security &
Partnerships Development Ofce of the European
Space Agency
Pierre-Philippe Bacri, Policy Ofcer for the De-
fence Industry in the European Commissions Di-
rectorate General for Enterprise and Industry
Giancarlo Grasso, Senior advisor to the CEO, Fin-
meccanica
Jacques Cipriano, Vice President for European Af-
fairs of Safran
9

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
ARE CYBER WEAPONS THE SHAPE OF
FUTURE WAR?
Cyberwarfare has entered into the collective mind. Be-
hind every cyberattack, we see the work of a cyberter-
rorist and yet, no one has ever seen a cyberterrorist
and no state has yet experienced a cyber attack on a
grand scale. Is cyber warfare therefore a myth which
reassures (a virtual war) and worries (an electronic
Pearl Harbor) at the same time? The rare large scale
cyber attacks that have taken place to date mainly con-
sist of attacks on external, or visible websites, and use
classic attack methods (i.e. distributed denial of service
attacks). But the highest risk lies in a cyber attack which
will affect systems at the centre of key infrastructures,
such as Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA) systems: their growing interconnection with
the Internet and the tendency to stick with standard
protocol procedures for reasons of cost and interoper-
ability considerably increase the risk. While the United
States considers cyber space to be a veritable battleeld,
what is the current thinking of the EU and its member
states on the numerous challenges in the cyber area:
rules of engagement, political viability, recruitment and
maintenance of operational conditions, etc?
Session moderator: Guillaume Tissier, Director,
Operational Risks Department CEIS
Lauri Almann, Permanent Under Secretary of the
Estonian Ministry of Defence
Luc Beirens, Chief Superintendent and Head of
the Federal Computer Crime Unit of the Belgian
Federal Judicial Police
Christian Aghroum, Chief of the French National
Cybercrime Unit in the Central Ofce for Fight
Against Crime in the French Ministry of the Interior
PLENARY II WHAT ARE EUROPES
TRAINING STRENGTHS AND
WEAKNESSES?
The training of security and defence personnel is a
key priority for the European Union. The stakes are
evident: the best trained personnel, disposing of a
common knowledge base are equipped for supe-
rior interoperability. Ensuring this interoperability
would suggest the creation of a common European
security and defence culture is needed as well as
knowledge-sharing between EU member states.
Shared training efforts for security and defence
forces are therefore an efcient way to create an in-
uential common reference centre at the European
level. But intentions aside, who should be given
responsibility for coordinating European security
and defence training programmes? Could the Eu-
ropean Defence Agency (EDA) host such a struc-
ture? What role for the European Police College
(CEPOL)? How best to coordinate training needs?
Which are the best programmes currently in exis-
tence, and what programmes can we expect in the
future? What new programmes could complement
the existing structures in member states or NATO?
Session moderator: Olivier Darrason, Chairman
and CEO European Company for Strategic Intel-
ligence (CEIS)
Emile Perez, Chief of the International Coopera-
tion Police Department (SCTIP), French National
Police & Chair of the European Police College Gov-
erning Board
Lt. Gen. David Leakey, Director General of the
European Union Military Staff
Carlo Magrassi, Deputy Chief Executive for Strat-
egy of the European Defence Agency
Lt. Gen. Patrick de Rousiers, French Military
Representative to the European Union Military
Committee
Ulrike Volejnik, Director e-Business Consulting of
T-Systems Multimedia Solutions
VIDEO ADDRESS
Herv Morin, French Minister of Defence
KEYNOTE ADDRESS
Introduction: Bruno Masnou, Key Account
Leader France of EADS Defence & Security Division
Jacques Barrot, European Commissioner
for Justice, Freedom and Security
CLOSING REMARKS
Jean-Dominique Giuliani, Chairman of
the Robert Schuman Foundation
1
1

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
1
3

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
against cyber crime (including cyber attacks), the
Commissioner called for greater collaboration be-
tween industry and the authorities. New solutions
are needed, based on advanced technologies that
are compatible with existing laws and values.
Although the essential message from the confer-
ence was that collaboration is the way forward,
Minister Alliot-Marie reasoned that working with
the Commission was sometimes too slow and ad-
ditional ways had to be found if progress was to
be made. Also offering a critical note on the end re-
sult of the EUs collaborative R&T efforts, EADSs
Bruno Masnou felt that much of that work in Eu-
rope was never actually used and was therefore
useless, but had some indirect value.
On the issue of drugs, Wolfgang Gtz, Director
of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and
Drug Addiction, could see no evidence that sei-
zures were having a big impact on the overall avail-
ability of cocaine or its use. Indeed, SDA Director
Giles Merritt said there was still a fuzzy idea of how
drugs tted in to the overall security problem. He
felt that European policymaking in this area was
struggling for coherence.
Masnou concluded that the EU could not afford
to wait for the next crisis; the time to act was now.
He added that the French Presidency had put se-
curity on the map and that the EU had to develop
a one-stop shop for security. Closing the confer-
ence, Robert Schuman Foundation Chairman Jean-
Dominique Giuliani said the way forward had
to be European in nature. Security threats had to
be faced but there would be no Patriot Act in Eu-
rope. All stakeholders had to show there was a Eu-
ropean way they had to go further and faster.
Executive
Summary
CONFERENCE SAYS ANTICIPATE,
COLLABORATE, IMPLEMENT!
Speaking at the Security & Defence Days 08,
senior gures reinforced the same message: in the
face of a raft of security threats, global collabora-
tion and cooperation were the only ways forward.
Frances Interior Minister Michle Alliot-Marie
emphasised the need to anticipate the likely threats
of the next 20 years. A holistic approach had to be
agreed and developed; one that made citizens feel
secure whilst retaining essential liberties. She also
saw a future where, depending on the type of con-
ict, the EU and NATO would share competencies.
That led the Lt. Gen. Karl Eikenberry (US) to say
that the door for US-Europe cooperation appears
wide open. He then pointed out that there are those
who would argue that the EU does not appear to
have overall strategic goals on security and have
described many of the EUs 20 operations as lim-
ited and episodic.
As much of the critical infrastructure in Europe is
in private hands, Alliot-Marie also stressed the es-
sential role of business, as it was much more than a
supplier. It had to be an active participant in order
to help identify the various threats and risks. Look-
ing across the Atlantic, Dassault Aviations Vice
President Eric Trappier argued that while the US
had shown the way in mastering defence technol-
ogy, he wanted many more EU countries to make
an additional nancial effort especially in R&D.
He also wanted the EU to give preference to its own
technologies, and he said that reciprocity was
needed. He wanted the same rules on both sides of
the Atlantic.
Alliot-Maries call for partnership was taken up by
the European Commissioner for Justice, Freedom,
and Security Jacques Barrot. Placing his priorities
on border control, maritime security and the ght
0cfcnsc B sccurIc
Jcchno|ogcs dc |'nformaIon
Jc|ccommuncaIon
0cvc|oppcmcnI cconomquc dcs IcrrIorcs
Lncrgc B dcvc|oppcmcnI durah|c
SanIc B pharmacc
JransporIs
8anquc B assurancc
MaIcraux
Lintelligence de lInformation
CElS la Compagnc Europccnnc d'lnfcllgcncc Sfrafcgquc
280, uoulevard SainL-6ernain 76007 Paris France
!el. : +88} 1 46 66 00 20 Fax : +88} 1 46 66 00 0
Enail : ceisQceis-sLraL.con SiLe inLerneL : www.ceis-sLraL.con
Ngocier un contrat,
nouer un partenariat,
se dvelopper linternational,
lancer un nouveau produit,
racheter un concurrent
Toutes ces actions
prsentent des dangers.
Mais elles constituent aussi
de formidable opportunits
si elles sont prcdes, en amont,
par une perception adquate
des risques lis chaque situation.
Au cur de cette analyse,
linformation joue un rle capital :
quil sagisse de dtecter des signes
annonciateurs de rupture,
de dfendre son patrimoine
face des vises hostiles,
de promouvoir ses intrts
dans la comptition mondiale,
le succs de la capacit de chaque
organisation collecter,
protger, exploiter et valoriser
linformation stratgique.
Cest cette comptence que
la Lompagnc Luropccnnc
d'InIc||gcncc SIraIcgquc
met, depuis 1997, au service de ses
clients publics et privs.
Avec une ferme volont :
proposer des solutions imaginatives,
concrtes et oprationnelles.
Olivier Darrason
Prsident
1
5

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
Plenary
session
HOW COHERENT IS EUROPES
SECURITY STRATEGY?
Europe today is more peaceful than ever, yet it still
faces a plethora of threats. Terrorism, weapons of
mass destruction, organised crime and the risk of
pandemic diseases must be added to the potential
repercussions of regional and civil conicts far be-
yond Europes borders. In the background there are
also the uncertainties of energy security and climate
change. The session therefore aimed to answer
questions such as:
r What is the EU - and its member states - doing
to improve the security of EU citizens?
r How will the European Security Strategy be up-
dated to address the new security issues?
KEYNOTE
Michle Alliot-Marie, French Minister of the
Interior and Overseas Territories
Addressing the conference, Frances Interior
Minister Michle Alliot-Marie called for a global
Michle Alliot-Marie
0cfcnsc B sccurIc
Jcchno|ogcs dc |'nformaIon
Jc|ccommuncaIon
0cvc|oppcmcnI cconomquc dcs IcrrIorcs
Lncrgc B dcvc|oppcmcnI durah|c
SanIc B pharmacc
JransporIs
8anquc B assurancc
MaIcraux
Lintelligence de lInformation
CElS la Compagnc Europccnnc d'lnfcllgcncc Sfrafcgquc
280, uoulevard SainL-6ernain 76007 Paris France
!el. : +88} 1 46 66 00 20 Fax : +88} 1 46 66 00 0
Enail : ceisQceis-sLraL.con SiLe inLerneL : www.ceis-sLraL.con
Ngocier un contrat,
nouer un partenariat,
se dvelopper linternational,
lancer un nouveau produit,
racheter un concurrent
Toutes ces actions
prsentent des dangers.
Mais elles constituent aussi
de formidable opportunits
si elles sont prcdes, en amont,
par une perception adquate
des risques lis chaque situation.
Au cur de cette analyse,
linformation joue un rle capital :
quil sagisse de dtecter des signes
annonciateurs de rupture,
de dfendre son patrimoine
face des vises hostiles,
de promouvoir ses intrts
dans la comptition mondiale,
le succs de la capacit de chaque
organisation collecter,
protger, exploiter et valoriser
linformation stratgique.
Cest cette comptence que
la Lompagnc Luropccnnc
d'InIc||gcncc SIraIcgquc
met, depuis 1997, au service de ses
clients publics et privs.
Avec une ferme volont :
proposer des solutions imaginatives,
concrtes et oprationnelles.
Olivier Darrason
Prsident
approach to security, one without boundaries. The
minister painted a picture where several threats
were interwoven, typied by Taliban insurgence
and drug trafckers in Afghanistan, and trafcking
and hostage-taking in Somalia, where the state was
no longer able to exercise power.
Highlighting the relatively new threat of cyber
crime, the minister spoke of the difculties in
ghting this phenomenon due to its virtual
nature. Yet another threat was environmental
criminality where companies were doing their
upmost to circumvent the rules. Overall, the
minister reasoned that major security risks were
transcending frontiers with groups of criminals
working together, sometimes backed by rogue and
failed states.
Further risks were said to be in the form of the
degradation of eco-systems, where the lack of water
in some states was leading to an increased risk of
conicts, especially where populations were
rapidly growing. Climate change was causing more
natural catastrophes, for example where forest res
without respect for borders - were now much
more prevalent. The minister saw a group of
menaces against Europes security that could only
be met by a combination of military, police and civil
protection. There was only one answer a global
approach to security.
Her keyword was anticipation; Europe had to
be ready for events. Risks and conicts that might
happen in the next 10-20 years had to be foreseen.
Any response had to be strategically integrated,
so that it not only opposed the threats posed by
criminals but also the natural and industrial ones.
The approach had to be holistic and that meant
creating an economic and scientic council for
security that had advisors from all domains and
The global approach to
security must be based on
anticipating events; we must
be ready.
Michle Alliot-Marie
was backed by a set of integrated tools. However,
the minister insisted, although citizens wanted the
state to make then secure, they did not want their
civil liberties to be impinged.
Minister Alliot-Marie wanted a collective approach
to facing the risks at the European level. This had
to include the use of the very tools that were used
by criminals to ght e-wars and cyber wars. To this
end, a European Alert Platform to ght cyber
crime had been created in Luxembourg, with an
initial focus on ghting child pornography on the
Internet
1
. Minister Alliot-Marie wanted specialists
from each Member State to be involved, so that ex-
pertise was pooled in order to develop common re-
search products. This pooling of resources was one
of main planks of the French Presidency, which had
announced a programme based on the principles of
the Erasmus programme
2
: the aim is for 20%-25% of
police students to be working cross-border - backed
by collaborative information sharing systems - to
demonstrate that Europe is working.
The minister called for a cultural shift one that
had to include the judiciary, the military, think
tanks, technology suppliers, elected ofcers and
the citizens themselves. The minister wanted busi-
ness to be involved not only as a supplier but also
as an active participant in order to help identify the
menaces, risks, etc. The ensuing dialogue - ongo-
ing and permanent had to be European in nature,
so criminals could no longer escape by crossing
borders and could no longer move the prots from
crime around the world with impunity.
In conclusion, the minister said Europes safety and
know-how had to be preserved and an integrated
solution had to be developed. There was no time
to waste in moving towards a secure Europe, one
where both governments and citizens had found
the right balance between security and freedom.
1. For details of the announcement,
see (http://www.europa.org.yu/code/navigate.php?Id=632b).
2. Erasmus is the EUs agship education and training programme
(see http://ec.europa.eu/education/lifelong-learning-programme/
doc80_en.htm).
1
7

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
Q&A WITH THE MINISTER
Cooperation between member states
Initiating the debate, SDA Director Giles Merritt
asked if overall cooperation on security had actu-
ally improved in the past years. While acknowledg-
ing the Commissions positive steps including the
Schengen Information System (SIS), the Passenger
Name Record (PNR
3
) and the aforementioned Alert
Platform against Cyber Crime the minister also
admitted its role was limited due to a lack of will-
ingness on the part of member states.
However, the problem was (a lack of) speed in the
member states decision-making processes, obsta-
cles existed in extending the PNR system for exam-
ple, as nations reacted differently in such cases. Dia-
logue was difcult and the Commission often had
to harmonise at too low a level. The minister argued
that some countries felt that the EUs rules and pro-
cesses were too unwieldy and the procedures too
long and complex. She reasoned that working with
the Commission was too slow and other ways had
to be found if progress was to be made.
A White Book on security for Europe
As France had developed its own White Book on
security, CEIS Olivier Darrason asked if a simi-
lar development for European-wide security was
required.
The minister quoted Eurobarometer polls that
showed 75% of citizens giving priority to a Eu-
ropean defence and security policy
4
. Polls also
showed that citizens wanted an integrated solu-
tion military and police although today at
the juridical level, there were different legisla-
tions. She saw the white book (for Europe) as
a good rst step but only if it was practical and
showed how Europe could react to certain risks.
The problems would only arrive after the white
book had been developed as there were different
3. See http://www.edri.org/edrigram/number5.13/eu-us-pnr-swift
for an overview of the PNR arrangements.
4. In fact a Eurobarometer poll showed there should be more decision-
making at EU level regarding the ght against organised crime,
trafcking and terrorism (86% of citizens in favour).
See http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_266_
en.pdf
conceptions across Europe as to how freedom and
security could be balanced.
Defence and security blurred boundaries
Finmeccanicas Giancarlo Grasso argued that
the boundary between defence and security was
now blurred and asked if the minister agreed that
it was no longer necessary. The minister agreed as
the white book showed that many of the terrorist
threats were exterior (involving the use of military
assets) while they impinged on interior security. In
addition, many drug problems (trafcking) were
exterior in nature but had an impact within coun-
tries borders. Frontiers were no longer effective
barriers to problems.
NATOs role in the EUs security strategy
Lt. Gen. Karl Eikenberry asked how the minister
saw a role for NATO in her vision for a secure
Europe. The minister said a dialogue was ongoing
but that some countries felt that a strong Europe
meant a lesser need for NATO. She, however,
thought competencies had to be shared depending
on the type of conict; in some cases, NATOs
power and organisation would be essential. If this
was understood, the dialogue would be easier.
Borders no longer existed, even across the Atlantic
so answers had to be found together.
Lt. Gen. Karl Eikenberry
COMMENTS
Lt. Gen. Karl Eikenberry, (US)
Lt. General Eikenberry looked at the coherence of
Europes security strategy from three viewpoints:
the strategic objectives, the defence and military ca-
pabilities and the operational aspects in the eld.
Strategic objectives:
Eikenberry pointed out that there are those who
would argue that the EU does not appear to have
agreed overall strategic goals on security. He un-
derlined that consideration might be given to clari-
fying regional policies and posed the question as to
whether the EUs security policy was indeed global
or core (i.e. based around Europe). If it was the
former, then one could argue that a much clearer
denition of priorities and objectives was required.
Defence and military capabilities:
60,000 troops were said to be ready for deployment.
Looking at US-EU comparative data, he said that
although the EU accounted for a quarter of global
defence spending today, (200 billion euros annu-
ally) only 30% of its forces were expeditionary.
National forces tended to go it alone leading to
duplication and reducing the possibility to achieve
necessary economies of scale. Turning to the issue
of modernising the troops, Eikenberry compared
the situation in the US with that in Europe:
r the EU was still spending 55% of its budget on
personnel vs. 20% in the US,
r the EU was spending 19% of its defence budget
on procurement and R&D; the US gure was 29%
r the US was spending 100,000 euros per soldier
/ military personnel per annum; in the EU, only
two countries were spending over 30,000 euros
per individual soldier.
Reviewing the 64 Helsinki Goals (set in 1999),
Eikenberry said only 12 had been achieved; goals
had been missed relevant to such ashpoints as
Afghanistan, Lebanon, Kosovo and the Congo.
Congo missions had been
successful but how they t
into the over-arching strategy
for the EU did not seem to be
clear.
Eikenberry noted that these missed goals in-
cluded shortfalls in air-to-air refuelling, helicop-
ters, intelligence and command & control, and
other capabilities.
EU-led missions (operational aspects):
Eikenberry noted that of the 20 EU-led missions
since 2003, only ve had involved the deployment
of over 1,000 soldiers/personnel. Nine of them had
had fewer than 100 troops. Eikenberry indicated
that this could be a symptom, in part, of the opera-
tional costs lie where they fall.
The EU has also had difculty delivering non-
military capability (so a comprehensive approach
is challenging).
However, Eikenberry added that: a) many of his
points also applied to NATO, b) there was tremen-
dous potential for EU-NATO cooperation and c)
European forces were well-led, creative, and highly
skilled.
COMMENTS
Eric Trappier, Executive Vice President ofDassault
Aviation International & Chairman of the European
Affairs Committee of the French Aerospace
Industries Association/French Defence Industries
Council Support for the European Defence
Technological and Industrial Base (EDTIB).
Eric Trappier felt Dassault had a role to play in de-
fence and security at both the French and European
levels. Regarding the EDTIB, he saw that industry
was an essential complement to the military and
political aspects of security and the three had to be
1
9

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
combined if the right technologies were going to be
developed for Europe as part of a comprehensive
approach.
Trappier argued that the US has shown the way
in developing technologies but there the defence
industry underpinned the whole fabric of society,
whereas in Europe there was a budgetary problem:
expenditure was ve times smaller than in the US.
Some countries UK, Greece, France, for example
had made an effort and were spending over 2%
of GDP and were contributing to R&D. However,
he saw many shortfalls in the other member states.
Looking on the positive side, Trappier had wel-
comed, for example, the UKs Defence Industrial
Strategy
5
, an initiative that also contributed to Eu-
ropean industrial strategy. Calling for action, he
said European industries were under strong com-
mercial pressure from, for example, China, and that
the European defence industry and its programmes
had to be defended. Although he did not want to
build fortress Europe, Trappier said the EU had
to give preference to its own technologies and that
reciprocity was needed. He wanted the same
rules on both sides of the Atlantic, a view shared by
many EU parliamentarians.
Strengths and weaknesses of the European
Defence Agency (EDA)
Turning to the EDA, he said one of its roles was to
promote technologies in order to improve the defence
of Europe; Trappier insisted that the Agency was
strongly supported by France and by industry in this
role. He then listed the pros and cons of the agency:
Pros the Agency:
r contributes to a harmonisation of security and
defence requirements
r identies key technologies
r enables new programmes to be launched, with
work shared on the principle of trust.
5. The Defence Industrial Strategy (DIS) is a UK government policy,
published as a white paper on 15 December 2005 see http://www.
ofcial-documents.gov.uk/document/cm66/6697/6697.asp.
Cons the Agency:
r is not fully supported by all EU member states
r has a small (50 million euros budget) compared
to the USs EDTIB expenditure
r must avoid over-regulation, a pragmatic ap-
proach is needed.
A European role for Neuron
Asked if Neuron
6
- an experimental UCAV - had a
European role, Trappier said it had brought part-
ners together and demonstrated that technologies
could be developed collaboratively. He argued that
Europe had to produce more competitive opera-
tional products. Trappier acknowledged that coun-
tries currently wanted to keep their own capabili-
ties but Neuron had six countries collaborating; it
was a symbol of European defence and there was a
need to stop looking at things nationally and to use
country specialists as far as possible.
6. Neuron is an unmanned Combat Air Vehicle Demonstrator - see
http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/neuron/
We want reciprocity; we
want the same rules on both
sides of the Atlantic.
Eric Trappier
Eric Trappier
Q&A WITH TRAPPIER AND
EIKENBERRY
EU and NATO strategies and cooperation
Responding to Eikenberrys remarks, MBDAs
Didier Gondallier-De-Tugny said the EU had
been in the Congo as it wanted safe refugee camps;
UNHCR had agreed with that approach. Moving
on to the various comments made by Eikenberry,
Gondallier-De-Tugny suggested that they might
be the fruits of 60 years of NATOs actions in Eu-
rope as that had meant a lack of expenditure by
the EU countries themselves. As the member states
had been hiding behind NATO, shouldnt the as-
sembly now be forcing other countries to spend on
defence?
Eikenberry agreed that the Congo missions had
been successful but how they t into the over-arch-
ing strategy for the EU did not seem to be clear. In
regard to Europes military expenditure shortfalls,
Eikenberry agreed that it was a reection of how
successful NATO had been in its territorial defence
of Europe. However, as the security map of the
world had changed, much more than military de-
fence was required i.e. the so-called comprehen-
sive approach was essential.
A level playing eld for US-EU procurement
tenders
Robert Walter, MP, described a major imbalance
between EU and US companies e.g. when a large
air tanker contract had been won by a combined
US-Europe team, Congress had rejected what had
been called the cheapest and best bid
7
. Walter
wanted to know how US politicians could be con-
vinced about the necessity for a US-EU level play-
ing eld.
Preferring to look at the possibilities for greater col-
laboration, Eikenberry said the door for US-EU co-
operation had never been so wide open. He added
that the US wanted to see Europe as a partner in a
global strategy rather than simply as part of its ter-
ritorial defence.
7. The Northrop-EADS partnership and Boeing bids for the $35 billion
contract.
Trappier argued that the answer to the creation of a
level playing eld was reciprocity if the European
market started to prefer its own suppliers then the
US would have to open up its own markets. He did
not want the EU to simply act as a sub-contractor in
US-EU projects.
Eikenberry also wanted political and technical
ways of collaborating and a exible way of work-
ing together. The dividing line should no longer be
US / EU but rather the development of a exible
multinational approach facilitated by governments.
2
1

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
Plenary
session I
IS THE EUS DRUG TRAFFICKING
CRACKDOWN BEARING FRUIT?
The Lisbon-based Maritime Analysis and
Operations Centre - Narcotics (MAOC-N) was
launched a year ago as a six-nation anti-drug
unit for intercepting illicit shipments. A similar
venture, the Centre de coordination pour la lutte
anti-drogue en Mditerrane (CeCLAD-M in Toulon)
was also unveiled as a Franco-Spanish initiative to
combat drug trafcking. The session looked at the
stumbling blocks standing in the way of a coherent
EU anti-drug policy.
r Do these anti-trafcking efforts t into the EUs
attempts to improve its maritime security?
r How should these cooperative ventures work
with Frontex
8
and with member states in the
Mediterranean?
8. Frontex is the specialised and independentbody tasked to coordinate
the operational cooperation between Member States in the eld of
border security. (http://www.frontex.europa.eu/).
2nd plenary session conference room
Session moderator: Giles Merritt, Director of the
Security & Defence Agenda (SDA)
In introducing the session, Giles Merritt asked if
the EUs classic response (in creating the European
Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
9

and the abovementioned centre in Toulon) was the
rst of several initiatives.
Erik Berglund, Director of Capacity Building at
Frontex
Erik Berglund described the objectives of border
management as being to facilitate convenience and
efciency for the legitimate ow of people and
goods, while prohibiting activities such as smug-
gling. He stressed, however, that in the EU, border
control was the responsibility of the member states.
Berglund added that the role of Frontex was to co-
ordinate operational cooperation between member
states to strengthen border security.
Explaining that Frontex was growing quickly, from
180 staff in 2005 to 250 in 2009, he put its main em-
phasis on the planning of joint operations. Berglund
added that Frontex actively supported the member
states and the Commission in capacity building at
the external borders. This covered long-term and
future-oriented R&D, training activities and the
management of pooled resources.
9. The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
(EMCDDA) was set up in 1993 (see http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/).
Berglund highlighted the European Border Surveil-
lance System (EUROSUR
10
) as a major long-term
initiative to integrate surveillance systems in the
member states. It would provide a system-of-sys-
tems giving increased awareness of the European
external border areas. EUROSUR relies on the de-
velopment of new technologies and its current fo-
cus is on an area from the Canary Isles to the Black
Sea. Overall, Berglund called for more collaboration
and a greater emphasis on the development of new
surveillance systems.
Wolfgang Gtz, Director of the European
Describing a marked rise in seizures of cocaine in
Europe, Wolfgang Gtz argued that this illustrat-
ed Europes increasing importance as a market for
the drug. Positively though, he thought it showed
that more coordinated policing measures were
bearing fruit. He had mainly bad news however, as
more cocaine was being used about 3.5 million
10. EUROSUR aims to prevent unauthorised border crossings (see http://
www.eubusiness.com/Living_in_EU/eurosur-guide/).
Giles Merritt Erik Berglund
Interoperability is not just a
technical matter but also cov-
ers operational cultures and a
mix of different languages.
Erik Berglund
2
3

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
Berglund highlighted the European Border Surveil-
lance System (EUROSUR
10
) as a major long-term
initiative to integrate surveillance systems in the
member states. It would provide a system-of-sys-
tems giving increased awareness of the European
external border areas. EUROSUR relies on the de-
velopment of new technologies and its current fo-
cus is on an area from the Canary Isles to the Black
Sea. Overall, Berglund called for more collaboration
and a greater emphasis on the development of new
surveillance systems.
Wolfgang Gtz, Director of the European
Describing a marked rise in seizures of cocaine in
Europe, Wolfgang Gtz argued that this illustrat-
ed Europes increasing importance as a market for
the drug. Positively though, he thought it showed
that more coordinated policing measures were
bearing fruit. He had mainly bad news however, as
more cocaine was being used about 3.5 million
10. EUROSUR aims to prevent unauthorised border crossings (see http://
www.eubusiness.com/Living_in_EU/eurosur-guide/).
There is no evidence that
cocaine seizures are having
a signicant impact on the
availability of the substance
or on its use.
Wolfgang Gtz
young Europeans used cocaine in the last year ac-
cording to the EMCDDAs most recent estimate;
treatment demands were up and around 500 co-
caine-related deaths were being reported per year
in Europe. Overall, Gtz could see no evidence that
seizures were having a big impact on the overall
availability of cocaine or its use.
Explaining that drug problems were complex and
multifaceted, Gtz said there were good examples
of cooperation in Europe but he called for a more
holistic approach. As cocaine competes with other
stimulants, with amphetamines dominating the
marketplace in many northern and eastern Euro-
pean countries, he saw the reports of new trafck-
ing routes for cocaine through eastern Europe as a
worrying development. Gtz also saw the need to
ensure that any reduction in the availability of co-
caine in Europe did not simply lead to a vacuum
that could be lled by other stimulants.
Overall, Gtz wanted greater sharing of intelligence
and resources. The cooperation between Europol
and the EMCDDA was quoted as a good example in
the face of increased collaboration between criminal
organisations. The trafcking of drugs was clearly
linked to other criminal activities and he wanted a
vision to be developed that was both wide-ranging
and long term. To this end, Gtz felt the EU drugs
strategy, endorsed by Heads of States and Govern-
ments in 2004, based on a balanced approach with
actions to reduce demand being matched by those
aimed at reducing supply meant that Europe was
on the right path.
Valrie Derouet, Senior Vice President and Head
of Homeland Security of EADS Group
Giving an overview of how industry could help in
the EUs ght against drug trafcking, EADS
Valrie Derouet outlined the enormous size of the
problem (see chart
11
) in terms of drugs usage
and especially due to the signicant increase in
poppy cultivation (to produce heroin) in Afghani-
stan. Derouet reported that both the US and the EU
had made progress, especially via the USs anti-
11. For an overview of the world drug situation, see the Evolution of
the World Drug Problem, from UNODC - http://www.unodc.org/
documents/wdr/WDR_2008/WDR2008_Overview.pdf).
Drugs in Europe
r 4 million users of cocaine
r 23 million users of cannabis
r 4.6 million users of synthetic drugs
Wolfgang Gtz Valrie Derouet
2
ND
PLENARY THE DEBATE
The need for political will
Opening the debate, Merritt asked if there was suf-
cient political will to lead the ght against drugs.
Berglund underlined that Frontex does not have a
role in ghting drugs, but he saw no problem for
border control in general as Frontex had grown
quickly and the political will driven by the Eu-
ropean Parliament and the Member States cer-
tainly existed. Gtz, however, saw drug trafcking
as being high on the agenda for citizens (in terms
of demanding actions) but not sufciently high for
politicians.
MP Mike Hancock argued the opposite way: that
drugs were high on the political agenda but noth-
ing was happening as no one was able to advise the
politicians.
The prices of narcotics and the need to
eradicate the poppy elds
Hancock said the British public could not under-
stand why its troops were regularly in sight of our-
ishing poppy elds in Afghanistan while people
were dying from drug use in the UK Merritt asked
Hancock if he thought the EUs eradication pro-
gramme was failing, to which the British MP replied
that this was certainly the case. Hancock wanted a
total eradication programme and he wanted can-
nabis to be legalised and regularised as the product
was being grown privately across the UK.
Gtz said there had been record production of her-
oin in Afghanistan in 2007 and record production of
cocaine in Colombia and, as trafckers were busi-
nessmen, he said they could see more prot sell-
ing drugs in euros than dollars. Gtz also reported
that prices of all illicit substances had dropped in
Europe by 20%-50% in the last 5-6 years. He added
that a study would look as to whether this was due
to falling demand or rising supply and that the an-
swer would be available in 1-2 years.
Gtz warned about an eradication programme
that approach had not worked in Colombia. He
insisted that farmers needed stability and the
poppy crop provided such stability in Afghanistan.
drug trafcking facility in Key West
12
(which has
brought together several different units including
European ships, aircraft and personnel). She added
that Russia was creating a similar facility for the
Black Sea area while France had the Toulon facility.
Moving on to industrys role, Derouet looked at the
areas of prevention, detection and response sys-
tems all of which used state-of-the art military
and civilian tools, including the use of space-based
services. She regarded industrys role as being able
to build integrated operational systems that encom-
passed all of the participating countries. Arguing
for a global response to terrorism and organised
crime, she supported Alliot-Maries call for military
and police forces to have technology that was the
equal or better than that employed by the criminals
themselves.
Derouet also reasoned that the EUs drugs strategy
13

(2005-2012) was a balanced response and she added
that the instrument of stability
14
was another way
of ensuring cooperation and the exchange of best
practices. Further coordination was needed in the
border areas, and there could be operational part-
nerships perhaps with NATO especially in the
eld of standardisation. Interoperability of systems
between all the actors was also high on Derouets
list of priorities as were the concepts of civil-mili-
tary synergy and information sharing across public
and private sectors.
12. The Joint Interagency Task Force South combats illicit trafcking
through domestic and international cooperation, see http://www.jiatfs.
southcom.mil/
13. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index6790EN.html
14. This involves cooperation between the World Bank, Interpol, the
UN, the OECD and NGOs. http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/
worldwide/stability-instrument/index_en.htm
Interoperability and informa-
tion sharing are the key issues
that need to be addressed.
Valrie Derouet
2
5

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
Hancock was not convinced: if the EU could pay
European farmers to do nothing, why couldnt it
pay Afghan farmers in the same way; at least until
alternatives were found.
MP Eddie OHara suggested buying up the poppy
crop and using it to either a) produce benign prod-
ucts or b) to control supply and force the prices
down so it would no longer be attractive to the
criminal world.
Gtz agreed that this was an option and as for us-
ing the crop to produce benign products such as
morphine he felt that there were sufcient sup-
plies. Following a request from OHara for reasons
why the poppy crop could not just be set aside, a
member of the French parliament argued that giv-
ing money to farmers to do nothing was not con-
structive as had been proved in Colombia - and
that a more innovative solution was required.
Gtz said the problems in Colombia, Afghanistan
and Bolivia, for example, were different; he added
that the poppy production in Afghanistan was to-
tally uncontrolled as the government was not in
direct charge of the country. The question of how to
react to the production of drugs is a global problem
which necessitates more research and the develop-
ment of viable alternatives.
A member of the Assembly of the Western Europe-
an Union said it been demonstrated that buying up
crops was of little use; this would only nance the
Afghan government, one that contained warlords
and drug trafckers.
Industry and the ght against drugs
In response to Merritt asking what EADS was do-
ing to combat narcotics, Derouet said industry was
designing tools to anticipate the growing threats.
Explaining that EADS was involved in industrial
partnerships with institutions which ght drug
trafcking, she mentioned space-based surveillance
and the detection of explosives. The latter involved
techniques that could be adapted to be used to de-
tect drugs in the future.
Trappier argued that a wider perspective was re-
quired and asked if developments of operational
technologies were foreseen across Europe i.e.
practical ideas and approaches that would be appli-
cable across borders. Derouet said that EADS was
rmly involved in that domain, especially in the
sector of border controls, with work being done at
the companys System Design Centre
15
. EADS was
also said to be developing efcient products to be
used by military and police, especially for maritime
surveillance.
The importance of Interoperability
Columba Global Systems Norm Hosken asked
if the lack of interoperability was a major problem
since there seemed to be a lack of software or plat-
forms to assist in this goal. Berglund said it was
absolutely vital but he added that this was not
just a technical issue as it also covered operational
cultures and the mix of different languages. Der-
ouet agreed, adding that standardisation was vital
for all operations in the eld. The Commissions
Tjien-Khoen Liem said interoperability was one
of the top seven priorities for the Commission in the
FP7 programme. This was also the case for drugs
and drugs prevention and joint calls for proposal
had been issued.
2
ND
PLENARY CONCLUSION
Summing up, Merritt said there was still a fuzzy
idea of how drugs t in to the overall security prob-
lem. However drugs were fuelling insurgencies
mainly involving Taliban - and things appeared to
be getting worse. The drop in prices was worrying
and he looked forward to Gtzs people examining
the marketplace. Overall, Merritt felt that European
policymaking in this area was struggling for coher-
ence.
15. As a networked experimentation environment, NetCOS - Network
Centric Operations Simulations Centre - provides the systems design
framework and core competencies for system-of-systems concept
development. (http://www.eads.com/1024/en/businet/defence/
defence.html).
2
7

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
Today's naval operations demand a partner
experienced at all levels and across all
platforms and environments.
Leoision Superiority
Lngagenent and
Proteotion
laritine Safety
and Seourity.
Thales provides
intelligent maritime
solutions.
PERFECTION IN
PARTNERSHIP
www.thalesgroup.oon
partnership_210x297_SDA_uk 27/10/08 17:33 Page 1
2
9

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
Parallel
session 1
MAKING MARITIME SURVEILLANCE
A SECURITY PRIORITY
Shipping is one of the most international industries
and one of the most vulnerable. Accounting for
40% of the worlds eets, the EU is the worlds
leading maritime power, yet it seriously lacks
effective coordination and cooperation between
member states. The session asked if suggestions
for a European coastguard, customs agency and
surveillance system in the Mediterranean or more
broadly a comprehensive management system of
the European maritime area were desirable, and
how would they t with member states roles? It
also asked what lessons were being learned from
the Frontex agencys Operation Nautilus 2008
that could help EU policymakers put together a
Mediterranean Security Policy?
Session moderator: Luc Viellard, Director of
the Strategic Forecasting Department European
Company for Strategic Intelligence (CEIS)
Luc Viellard opened the session on by stressing
the importance of maritime security and surveil-
lance. He pointed out that the EU has some 70,000
Today's naval operations demand a partner
experienced at all levels and across all
platforms and environments.
Leoision Superiority
Lngagenent and
Proteotion
laritine Safety
and Seourity.
Thales provides
intelligent maritime
solutions.
PERFECTION IN
PARTNERSHIP
www.thalesgroup.oon
partnership_210x297_SDA_uk 27/10/08 17:33 Page 1
km of maritime borders, which faced the threat of
trafcking and illegal immigration and a range of
other challenges.
Viellard felt a co-ordinated EU maritime surveil-
lance and security strategy was not easy to develop,
since different agencies were currently responsible
for maritime security, monitoring trafcking and
for maritime safety. Some would like a European
Coastline Agency to be developed and the idea was
still on the table.
Paul Nemitz, Head of Unit for Maritime Policy
Development and Coordination at the Commissions
DG - Maritime Affairs and Fisheries
Paul Nemitz noted that the Commission had re-
cently launched a working document, entitled
European maritime surveillance needs greater
integration, which summarised the state of play
regarding surveillance, monitoring, tracking,
identication and reporting systems put in place
by member states and EU agencies. According to
Nemitz, the document took stock of how efforts
The Commission is concen-
trating on surveillance, rather
than actions taken to enforce
maritime security.
Paul Nemitz
were progressing to move to integrate European
maritime surveillance while also creating a more
holistic European maritime policy.
Nemitz reported that the Commissions new policy
paper addressed the fragmentation of the different
sectors, covering multiple aspects of surveillance
and security, and showed how the Commission
was taking its rst steps towards establishing a
comprehensive strategy for integrated maritime
surveillance.
The paper noted that currently there were different
bodies dealing with immigration; border control,
sheries, ship safety, the environment and defence
procurement, for example. It further showed a mul-
tiplicity of agencies dealing with different maritime
issues with a lack of coordination. Nemitz stressed
the potential for increasing synergies and for more
co-operation at an EU level, as well as among the
member states.
Nemitz highlighted two pilot projects, supported
by European Parliament funds. One of these proj-
ects would be based in the Mediterranean; the other
would extend to cover other EU participants.
Along with the need for greater political will to con-
tribute to the on-going system building, he also saw
a requirement to work towards greater cooperation
on a European basis, enabling the creation of a net-
work of surveillance agencies, covering operational
aspects of maritime surveillance. He therefore rea-
soned that the Commissions publication had been
particularly timely.
Luc Viellard Paul Nemitz
3
1

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
Willem De Ruiter, Executive Director of the
European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA)
Willem De Ruiter emphasised the need for coop-
eration and integration. He noted that currently
there were many different maritime surveillance sys-
tems in place with more being researched and devel-
oped. Some of these systems were for safety, some
for security, others focus on protection of the envi-
ronment and others still were for military systems.
De Ruiter said the Commissions Blue Book entitled
Integrated Maritime Policy addressed the com-
bined use of maritime systems, stating it would be
unwise to develop a number of parallel systems. He
was keen to stress that EMSA worked within the
framework of EU legislation, managing the techni-
cal implementation of ideas based on EU laws. De
Ruiter then highlighted two of the maritime systems:
r Safe-Sea Net is an Automatic Identication
system (AIS)-based network, installed at 800 in-
There is more harmonisation
at the EU level than at a na-
tional level, as some member
states do not have a national
coast guard but many uncoor-
dinated agencies.
Willem De Ruiter
tegrated coastal stations. According to De Ruiter,
by the summer of 2009, all the coastal stations of
the member states will be integrated, from St Pe-
tersburg to the Black Sea. The monitoring of all
merchant vessels, involved in any incidents, will
be available for all participating agencies and lo-
cations. The system updates the positions of all
merchant ships every six minutes.
r Clean-Sea Net monitors illegal oil spills and
unlawful oil discharges at sea, allowing the
prosecution of those who illegally discharged
oily waste.
De Ruiter expected to see operational integration of
the systems by 2010. EMSA was also said to be talk-
ing to Frontex and EDA about the legal implications
of agencies sharing information and intelligence.
Captain Jean Hausermann, Advisor, Permanent
Representation of France to the EU
Captain Jean Hausermann stressed the impor-
tance of maritime surveillance and noted that a
range of different initiatives had been launched
on sea related matters, by agencies such as EMSA,
Frontex and DG Fisheries. It was important to in-
Surveillance has no
meaning if it does not lead to
intervention.
Captain Jean Hausermann
Willem De Ruiter Jean Hausermann
crease efciency and inter-operability and also go
further than the Commissions current pilot project.
Hausermann said there was a need for a European
wide initiative to fully integrate maritime security.
Seeing the requirement to move from a sector-based
approach to maritime security to a global approach,
which took into account the institutional architec-
ture of the EU, Hausermann suggested that Europe
could create a coordinator for Sea Affairs, as existed
in the ght against terrorism. This position would
provide a link between the different agencies and
a political context.
Hausermann believed the next step should be to
develop a European standard for the exchange of
surveillance information. However, he added that
surveillance had no meaning if it did not lead to
intervention.
The aim had to be greater collaboration between the
various markets and ministries, as this could lead to
real savings. This should be supported by improved
harmonisation of laws and judicial conventions,
which would allow agents to co-operate and appre-
hend those breaking the law. This would allow for a
diversity of services and also build a global approach.
Rear Admiral (rtd) Jean-Marie Lhuissier,
Director of Marketing & Sales, EU & NATO of
Rear Admiral (retired) Jean-Marie Lhuissier, noted
the limitations of individual member states activity
and operationality that was sector-based. Looking
ahead, he felt there was now a consensus to move
beyond sectoral approaches and plan for the develop-
ment of an integrated management system which al-
lows the European maritime area to comprehensively
address maritime safety, security and marine protec-
tion. The system will include three essential function-
alities: surveillance, situational awareness (legitimate
and unlawful activities) and the delivery operational
services. In that respect, Thales and Finmeccanica
have developed an initiative called SESAME.
There were three key assets which Lhuissier thought
could lead to an integrated management of Europe-
an waters: (1) the EU integrated maritime policy
(Blue paper) which provides a relevant policy frame-
work, (2) promising initiatives and programmes of
the Commission (Galileo, GMES-Kopernikus, EU-
ROSUR, e-maritime, SafeSeaNet +, FP7, etc.) and
EDA (MARSUR), (3) technology which is available.
Lhuissier said the FP7 research programme had
promising items on maritime security and innova-
tive technologies. Industry had proposed initiatives
to support the denition of an integrated manage-
ment system involving Member States, the Com-
mission, EU operational Agencies (EMSA, FRON-
TEX, CFCA), EDA.
Lhuissier added that a pilot project looking at the in-
tegration of the existing surveillance systems was rec-
ommended. He concluded that the EU had a policy,
projects and the technology to move forward and that
industry was ready to support a convergence exercise
of the series of initiative and programmes dealing
with maritime safety, security and marine protection,
and the development of an integrated management
system for the European maritime area.
There is a consensus to move
beyond sectoral approaches
and plan the development of
an integrated management
system for the European
maritime area.
Jean-Marie Lhuissier
3
3

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
Jean-Luc Ferrandi, Combat Systems Director at
DCNS
Jean-Luc Ferrandi divided maritime safety into
safety, prevention, protection surveillance, legal
actions and low-level enforcement. He argued that
maritime surveillance was not limited to monitor-
ing since it was of little value if it was not followed
by action.
He reasoned that companies such as Thales and
Finmeccanica had technical awareness that could
be made available to provide support to a policy
that currently lacked consistency in Europe. His
own DCNS group is a leading player in the eld
of naval defence systems, and a range of products
are available that offer exible responses in the face
of new challenges. According to Ferrandi, the use
of such shared technology allows for much greater
cooperation between the various stakeholders.
Ferrandi also stressed the importance of technical
breakthroughs. He said software has been devel-
oped that would make more intelligence available,
allowing for more intervention in the eld. There
was a need to link all vessels into an information
chain, which started with a satellite, all the way
through to intervention of a suspect vessel.
The debate on maritime surveillance
Luc Viellard noted that all the necessary data re-
garding regulations and technical capacity was
now available. He therefore asked the panel if there
European industry has the
technical awareness and
capability to provide support
to EU maritime surveillance
policies that lack consistency.
Jean-Luc Ferrandi
was a desire to create a European legal area that
covered maritime security actions and if Europe
wants to share capacity, ships, satellites and un-
manned systems.
The strategy debate
Nemitz noted that the blue paper had addressed
the concept of EU security and surveillance action
at sea; however at this stage, the Commission was
concentrating on surveillance, rather than actions
taken to enforce maritime security.
He added that the European Council was adopting
new European legislation on shipping safety and se-
curity regarding the implementation of international
standards on issues such as criminal responsibility for
oil pollution. For many in the maritime community,
this was as far as they wanted to go. To go beyond the
member states domestic procedures would require
a greater political harmonisation and there had to be
evidence that this was really necessary.
Captain Hausermann emphasised the importance
of harmonisation and data sharing. Obviously, the
more those regulations were harmonised, the easier
it would be to share the data. He believed that the
easiest information to share would be that provided
by satellites and from space; as this was expensive,
signicant savings could be made by cooperation,
even though there were legal implications.
De Ruiter cited the EU helicopter programme as
showing the progress made in military and secu-
rity cooperation. He added that the International
Maritime Organisation (IMO) was initiating regu-
lations but did not always prove to be so good at
implementation. However, the EU27 and some
Nordic countries were moving forward together in
terms of maritime security implementation, cover-
ing areas such as legal and technical harmonisa-
tion, joint data protocols and the interconnectiv-
ity of different national systems. According to De
Ruiter, there was sometimes more harmonisation
at the EU level than at a national level in that cer-
tain member states did not have a national coast
guard but rather many uncoordinated agencies.
Lhuissier felt that a lot more could be done regard-
ing information-sharing between the different ac-
tors. Industry could contribute by providing selec-
tive systems of information dissemination to build
trust and condence between all actors operating in
the maritime domain.
Robert Havas, Chair of EOS, believed that fragmen-
tation in Europe was not only among the member
states but also among the companies. Procurement
could be regional, for example, in Spain, the Balearic
and Catalan regions could purchase different mari-
time security systems. Overall he said the coordina-
tion among the member states needed to address is-
sues of sovereignty. If a company had strong export
ambitions, then it needed strong integrated reference
systems, which it could propose across the board.
There had to be common guidelines and recommen-
dations, recognised by all member states.
A safe-sea for all member states
Security Europe Editor Brooks Tigner asked if the
Safe Sea coastal system, covering over 800 coastal
stations, would be operational in each member
state. De Ruiter said the rst level of cooperation
was through sea stations, where, for example, all
the information was collected in the Baltic region
and fed into a common server based in Copenha-
gen. A different server covered the North Sea and
the channel and a third the southern part of the
Atlantic Coast and Spain. It was planned to pull
all these servers together, in an EU framework. He
added that getting all authorised users to share in-
formation on a need to know basis would create
an enormous challenge as there were many mari-
time authorities involved throughout the 27 mem-
ber states and some Nordic countries.
Coordinating the member states
The French Perm. Rep.s Hausermann believed
that to encourage information sharing, there had
to be more mutual trust and an agreed nal goal.
There also needed to be greater judicial co-opera-
tion. According to Hausermann, Europe gave the
impression that it was not ambitious enough.
The EU had to take into consideration that its
coastal waters sat alongside those of its partners if
a global consolidated system of maritime security
and surveillance was the end goal.
Nemitz said that if the goal was to create a perfect
global system then it would fail. What was needed
was a step-by-step approach with more conversa-
tion and cooperation. He argued that the Blue Book
was focused on basic surveillance that provided
a picture of what happened at sea. No one was at-
tempting to develop a full continuum - from intel-
ligence gathering to action and programmes like
Safe-Sea Net showed that member states were mov-
ing forward on sectoral cross-border initiatives.
De Ruiter believed there was a willingness to go
further. He thought that one day there would be
plans for common actions on the sea and around
the EUs coast. We already have international ac-
tivities, although there was a danger of trying to do
too much if one tried to cover all aspects of mari-
time security and surveillance.
3
5

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
Europe is second only to the US as the worlds
largest buyer and producer of military aerospace
equipment, and is placing increasing emphasis on
collaborative R&D, procurement and manufactur-
ing on European and international levels. With both
the commercial and military exploitation of space
increasing around the world, the session asked
how Europe would dene its military capabilities
in space. It also asked
r Would new technologies like unmanned com-
bat aerial vehicles (UCAVs) dene the military
future of air and space?
r How could Europe address the key issues
linked to the insertion in the general air trafc
(communication & security, sense & avoid tech-
nologies)?
The workshop on aerospace was chaired by
General Jean Rannou, Director of Security and
Defence at the European Company for Strategic
Intelligence (CEIS).
Parallel
session 2
WHERE IS EUROPE HEADING ON
AEROSPACE DEVELOPMENT?
Pierre-Philippe Bacri, Policy Ofcer for the
Defence Industry in the Commissions DG
Enterprise and Industry
Pierre-Philippe Bacri explained there were cur-
rently over 110 manufacturers producing some 240
mainly ultra-light models of Unmanned Aerial Ve-
hicle (UAVs). This employs some 12,000 people.
The area was said to be important for the Commis-
sion as it was a new domain with emerging mar-
kets. He added that the number of different ongo-
ing projects suggested a lack of targeted focus.
With a lack of a legal framework to ensure that
producers can sell products that can be operated
and licensed, and a lack of a technical framework
(e.g. sense and avoidance solutions and proper
standards), Bacri said it was time to dene a route
to identify the right strategic markets, investment
schemes and standards and to move from the initial
development phase to a more organised situation.
Bacri pointed out that the approach would be to
hold workshops and conferences so that all stake-
holders could be represented. The rst one would
cover a number of issues, including increasing the
It will take two to three years
to dene (aerospace) priorities;
2020 is the target for drones
ying in EU airspace.
Pierre-Philippe Bacri
social acceptance of UAVs (controlled from the
ground) in airspace. The Commission would then
produce a green paper after the workshops and
conferences. He estimated that it would take some
two to three years to dene priorities; 2020 was the
target for drones ying in EU airspace.
Toma Lovreni, Deputy Director of the
European Union Satellite Centre
Toma Lovreni explained that space-based geo-
spatial intelligence support for ESDP missions (e.g.
in EUFOR Chad/RCA, where over 1,000 personnel
were operating in a difcult environment) was im-
perative and a force multiplier. Although many
EU member states had sophisticated national GEO-
INT systems, he said sharing classied GEOINT
data and distributing it in theatre was something
rather new at the EU level. In his view, setting up
a specialised agency (the EUSC) in the second pil-
lar with EU member states having full control was
a good decision that had been successful on the
ground.
There is a move from giving
importance to the need to
know and replacing it by the
need to share.
Toma Lovreni
Jean Rannou Pierre-Philippe Bacri
3
7

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
He added that, until recently, the EUSC had been
working only on commercial satellite images, most-
ly from the US and Israel, which presented many
disadvantages, for example using European money
for non-European data. He said that the EUSC was
now happy to have access to Hlios I satellite data
and announced that an arrangement regarding the
EUs access to Hlios II data was due to be signed
very soon. This follows requirements from users
who require increasingly complex GEOINT sup-
port for ESDP missions.
He said that EUSC is simultaneously planning to
gain access to the Italian COSMO SkyMed satellite
data, which produce extraordinary images and
for which a third satellite had just been launched. In
addition, the EUSC had almost nished negotia-
tions for access to the German SAR-Lupe satellite
for use in ESDP missions..
Accessing commercial satellite data had taken
weeks or even months in the past but the response
time with European governmental imagery (for
the Chad ESDP mission) has been shortened to
between forty-four and forty-ve hours, explained
The ESA is pushing for a
high-level institution to
deal with data policy and
governance issues as these
present many difculties.
Erwin Duhamel
Lovreni. It remains to be seen how we can short-
en the time frame for the delivery of these prod-
ucts, he added. In general terms, response time
was expected to be further cut - something that was
much appreciated by military end-users
Erwin Duhamel, Head of the Strategic Security &
Partnerships Development Ofce of the European
Space Agency
Erwin Duhamel said space was a major enabler
of security and defence. He referred back to an EU
Space Council statement that the ESA must be ac-
tive in security and defence to help the EU meet its
ambitions. He intended to propose programmes
for security issues, for example space situational
awareness. Duhamel also said that the ESA was
moving more to dedicated programmes, develop-
ing crisis management tools for the Commission,
and looking to dene military requirements with
the help of the EDA.
Giancarlo Grasso, Senior advisor to the CEO,
Finmeccanica
Giancarlo Grasso said that two of the top priori-
ties for EU citizens were the environment and secu-
rity. He added that the role of space had not been
fully exploited with regard to security. Threats are
unpredictable. Were trying to understand future
threats day by day. The problem is that, to be imple-
mented, security must be affordable, must be able
to cope with the possible evolution of threats and
Toma Lovreni Erwin Duhamel
security measures must be socially acceptable, he
said. He gave fully naked airport screening and ex-
tra queuing time as examples of conicts between
security and freedom.
Grasso pointed out that there were potential solu-
tions but the problems of social acceptability and
affordability were still far from being settled. He
saw space making a big contribution and gave
Italys CosmoSkynet satellite as a good example
of something that had a reasonable cost and was
available in a short timeframe, where data was
used for crisis management situations (e.g. earth-
quakes and ooding in China). Grasso believed
that the security aspects of the Global Monitor-
ing for Environment and Security (GMES now
called Kopernikus) programme come as a by-
product rather than an input and that that needed
to be improved.
Regarding space infrastructure, he said that it
was difcult to make a cost-effective business
plan and called for the EU to invest in the domain
to serve its citizens.
To be implemented, security
must be affordable and secu-
rity measures must be socially
acceptable.
Giancarlo Grasso
Jacques Cipriano, Vice President for European
Affairs of Safran
Jacques Cipriano explained that, from Safrans
perspective, customers were segmented into dif-
ferent ministries (e.g. defence, space, home affairs
and research) but that this distinction was largely
articial for the defence industry. Safran sells tech-
nology and equipment to platform manufacturers
such as Boeing or Dassault: two-thirds of the com-
panys production and brainpower were in Europe
but 85% of its sales were outside Europe.
He said that one of the main characteristics of de-
fence markets was that they were public procure-
ment markets with R&D costs paid by the taxpayer
whereas in civilian markets industry invested its
own money. Cipriano added that industry would
tend not to invest its money in sensitive markets
where member states demanded a monopoly and
where companies were unable to export to other
member states without their permission.
He added that only two or three EU member states
would pay for an engine development: Safran cur-
Industry will not invest in
sensitive markets where mem-
ber states demand a monopoly
through export control.
Jacques Cipriano
Jacques Cipriano Giancarlo Grasso
3
9

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
rently rolls out 120 civil aircraft engines per month
and only two or three Rafale engines. In his view,
the military benets directly from civilian markets
due to economies of scale and Cipriano pointed
out that countries such as the US would increase
public funding if something had multiple uses.
This was not the case in Europe, he added and he
called for the profession to think about how to bet-
ter integrate civilian, military, security and space
framework programmes for R&T and public in-
vestment programmes.
2ND PARALLEL SESSION THE DEBATE
The Commissions position on UAVs
Gilles Marcoin from Dassault Aviation expressed
his disappointment about what Bacri had said, add-
ing that the EU needs to invest here as it is [cur-
rently] dependent on the US. He indicated that
there needed to be specic action from the Commis-
sion and the European Defence Agency (EDA) and
wanted to know if initiatives would be launched
with nance.
Bacri pointed out that all the relevant Commission
Directorate Generals, the EDA, Eurocontrol and
other state partners were working together to iden-
tify strategic priorities and mobilise funding. He
said that the timetable for UAVs was realistic and
reasonable and that the current phase was one of
analysis.
Cipriano said the key to having drones in civil-
ian airspace was to have rules to certify them. He
thought that it would take ve years to agree on the
tools that were needed. In his view, a key issue to
be looked at beyond their reliability was what pub-
lic authorities would do if the drones went out of
control. He also said that defence ministers needed
to be asked if they were ready to work together on
large drones.
T. Khoen Liem, Principal Scientic Ofcer for
Security Research and Development at the Euro-
pean Commission, said that there was a need for
an industrial policy for UAVs to look into their non-
military government (e.g. border control) as well as
their military use. He said that a study analysing
the current situation with regard to supply and
demand would soon be presented. It would also
cover military and non-military procurement op-
portunities for European industries and the need
for cooperation in other areas (e.g. where they were
dominated by US or Israeli suppliers).
Unblocking Helios images
Asked by General Jean Rannou why it had taken
so long to unblock the dossier regarding the Hlios
images, Lovreni said that the requirements from
EU Operational HQs had demonstrated a clear
need for EUSEC to gain access to governmental
imagery.
The timeframe for an operational Galileo
On the question of Galileo being up and running,
Duhamel said that it was already being used, with
two satellites in orbit for services to the aerospace
community. He said that the aim was to have it
fully operational by 2011.
The health of the aerospace industry
In response to General Rannous question as to
whether the European industry could stay in good
health, Cipriano said that it was difcult to know
how much work was being outsourced outside the
EU or how much delocalisation was taking place.
However, he said that the industry was growing by
around 5% per year and creating jobs.
The exchange of sensitive data
General Rannou asked Lovreni how the EUSC
was encouraging member states to collaborate
more on exchanging sensitive data. He responded
that there were areas in the intelligence commu-
nity that would not be Europeanised, but there
were other areas, such as ESDP, where joint effort
was needed and where there was reason to believe
that cooperation under the EUs second pillar was
benecial. In terms of the legal basis for handling
classied data, he said that the EU security archi-
tecture was increasingly solid. He pointed out that
EU military commanders value higher analytical
4
1

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
products which can be shared. Lovreni said there
was a move from the need to know to the need
to share-based collaboration in the EU.
The status of cooperation the Commission
and member states
The Egmont Royal Institute for International Rela-
tions Brigadier General Jo Coelmont asked if
the Commission was happy with the dialogue with
the 27 EU military headquarters and defence min-
isters. Bacri said there were well-established links
on the armaments side, via the EDA and links be-
tween the EUs Military Staff and Military Commit-
tee and the Commissions DG External Relations.
However, interaction was more limited with the
Commission as it was not involved in operations.
He said there was good coordination with the EDA
but that member states were not ready to commit
signicant amounts of money on common defence
research. Bacri added that the Commissions main
involvement was in producing a dedicated defence
legal environment, i.e. common rules for defence
procurement and for licensing (companies transfer-
ring goods and components in the EU).
Giancarlo Grasso from Finmeccanica said that com-
mercial/military cooperation had been excellent for
CosmoSkynet but that it was much more complicat-
ed at the EU level. However, he was optimistic that
it could be done as Europe was talking more easily
about defence matters than it had done in the past
and European countries did not have the money to
carry out activities in isolation without using the
outcomes of joint action.
Duhamel added that, together with the European
Space Industry Institute, the ESA was trying to
push for an institution at the level of the Commis-
sion or Council to deal with data policy (what to
use) and governance issues (who would steer new
systems) as these presented many difculties.
4
3

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
Cyber warfare has entered into the collective mind.
However, while the US considers cyber space to
be a veritable battleeld, the session looked at the
EUs current thinking on the numerous challenges
in the cyber area: rules of engagement, political
viability, recruitment and maintenance of opera-
tional conditions, etc?
Session moderator: Guillaume Tissier, Director,
Operational Risks Department European
Company for Strategic Intelligence (CEIS)
Opening the session, Tissier made three main points:
a) there were many diverse types of challenge
phishing, attacks on infrastructure, etc. and
especially via botnets
16
the Internets fth
column and the hardest to ght;
16. A botnet (also known as a zombie army) is a number of Internet
computers that, although their owners are unaware of it, have been
set up to forward transmissions (including spam or viruses) to other
computers on the Internet. (see http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/).
Parallel
session 3
ARE CYBER WEAPONS THE SHAPE
OF FUTURE WAR?
b) there was an increased dependency on IT
systems and networks, this had increased the
vulnerability;
c) cyber warfare had the possibility to paralyse a
country or a company.
Lauri Almann, Permanent Under Secretary of the
Estonian Ministry of Defence
Attacks since 2000
r The Moonlight Maze attack in the US had
been an attack on government networks
r There had been a number of such attacks in
Europe
r The attacks on Estonia and Georgia had
been as equally dangerous as Moonlight
Maze
r The attack on Estonia had had wider politi-
cal implications vs. banks and the media
Opening his remarks by focusing on the experi-
ences of Estonia, Lauri Almann said now was the
time to act there was no time to lose and efforts
to ght cyber crimes of all kinds had to be in-
creased. He argued that cyber crime was an equal-
ly dangerous threat alongside those from land, sea
and air. Looking on the positive side, Almann said
that although botnets had been employed against
Estonia and Georgia, there had so far been no at-
tacks where hackers had actually modied data
this was the greatest risk of all.

Unanswered questions
r Was it a law enforcement issue?
r Would a cyber attack on a NATO member
state invoke article 5?
r What was the chain of command in such an
instance?
r Should cyber attacks be publicised or clas-
sied?
Almann argued that many questions were unan-
swered at the moment (see box at left) and insisted
that the answers could not be left to the cyber ex-
perts the attacks could be lethal and therefore,
policymakers had to become involved.
Almann called for more awareness in the decision-
making process at all levels there had to be map-
ping exercises, analysis, and coordination so that
the EU could learn from the attacks on other coun-
We need more awareness in
the decision-making process at
all levels.
Lauri Almann
Guillaume Tissier Lauri Almann
4
5

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
tries. Transparency was required with both the
public and with other countries.
Looking at Estonias background, Almann said
that due to its high reliance on the Internet, it had
had to develop experts. These, in turn, had been
the ones to develop an international cooperation
effort and work with civil experts at the time of the
2007 attacks. Another lesson learnt was the need to
work with the private sector since it owns much of
the critical infrastructure. There had to be a proper
balance between government and civil responsi-
bility in ensuring security.
The attack on Estonia
r Attacks from millions of computers
r Attacks from more than 100 countries, in-
cluding Vatican City
r Attacks where the computer owners were
generally not aware that they taking part in
an attack
r Some people did attack fro political reasons
(they deliberately agreed to have computer
infects by Trojans, etc.)
Almann argued that the attacks had been relatively
easy to combat as they had been initiated in one
county, but he hesitated to predict the result if peer-
to-peer global attack took place with huge net-
works beyond the imagination.
Luc Beirens, Chief Superintendent and Head of
the Federal Computer Crime Unit, Belgian Federal
Judicial Police
Luc Beirens outlined a different area of cyber vul-
nerability than the one highlighted by Almann: in
Belgium, many functions such as the submission
of tax returns were now being processed online,
but what would happen if the online systems failed
how could the services be continued if the expert
staff had been replaced by the online systems? That
was a question of critical infrastructure protection
and it had to be addressed.
Beirens called for more education of end-users to
know how they could protect their PC and this
had to start at school. Beirens also raised the ques-
tion of who should be responsible for reacting if a
cyber attack was suspected. He was not sure if ISPs
would be willing to shut down their networks. Fi-
nally, he broached the issues of time, since reactions
against cyber attacks had to occur within a few
hours of the attacks, as well as the need for a new
legal framework that would improve the coopera-
tion between the police and the judiciary.
Christian Aghroum, Chief of the French National
Cybercrime Unit in the Central Ofce for Fight
against Crime in the French Ministry of the Interior
Christian Aghroum spoke of the real desire in
France to combat cyber crime. Coordination was re-
quired to ght organised crime gangs who obtained
credit card numbers by either phishing attacks or
by installing readers in ATM machines. These
credit card numbers were then encoded onto fake
credit cards and these gangs sometimes send out
over a million e-mails in order to lure people into
divulging information.
Aghroum said these were not romantic attacks
by teenagers from their bedrooms, but rather crimi-
nal attacks where the prots could even be used to
Malware is being updated by
criminals every 15 minutes.
Luc Beirens
Luc Beirens
nance terrorist attacks. The other important area
that he described was the one where businesses
were attacked, as the security of the country de-
pended on the security of critical infrastructures.
He agreed with Beirens that training was vital, as
all actors and not just the business community
had to be trained, and this included all citizens and
their families.
Returning to the world of business, Aghroum ar-
gued that many managers especially of SMEs -
were not sufciently aware of the dangers of cyber
attacks. Overall, he insisted that the ght against cy-
ber crime had to be considered as a national priority.
THE CYBER DEBATE
Education, education, education!
Tissier asked what was needed as a priority action
in the wake of the attacks on Estonia. Almann reit-
erated the need to educate everyone from children
through to the policymakers - as the latter would be
the ones who had to take decisions.
The need for processes decision-making and
seeking proof of the attackers
Almann also said that decisions would have to be
taken in hours sometimes they would need to be
taken even quicker and the Estonian attacks had
shown that no process existed which established
who actually should take any decision, i.e. to close
There are no borders in
cyber space, we need an
international response.
Christian Aghroum
down a nations Internet infrastructure. In addition,
some decisions would be taken by articial intelli-
gence and this could have serious legal implications.
Beirens added that malware was being updated
every 15 minutes or less on an infected computer
and this was the situation that the anti-virus soft-
ware was trying to combat. Another example was
the criminals reaction to new releases of e-banking
software, which criminals could circumvent in less
than 36 hours. So time was always of the essence.
Aghroum felt the police had to develop more ef-
cient ways of working since currently they were
limited to territorial borders. Almann agreed but
added that in order to charge a criminal (or nation),
there had to be proof and this was very hard to as-
certain. And if it was a question of attributing re-
sponsibility to a state then this would be a question
for the legal teams.
The need for cooperation
Using his experience from the Estonia attacks, Al-
mann explained that if friendly countries (usu-
ally in the EU) did collaborate with the country un-
der attack, the attackers would simply switch their
bots to less cooperative countries. He added that
Estonia had no ofcial contact with countries like
Brazil, South Korea and Argentina, and that meant
that no cooperative arrangements had been in place
even though those countries were not hostile.
Another area of cooperation was the need to estab-
lish backup hosting arrangements; a framework
was required to cover all contingencies.
Christian Aghroum
4
7

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
4
9

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
!"#$%&'()*+*(,-*.&/-0
111.()*+*(,-*.&/-
!"#$%"&'"()*%+,-&!"#$%"&./(/-&!"#$%"&,*#0"(1-
20(3&456&,*7$(0*',&8%*9&6:!1,("9,-
Az_Sicherheit_210x297_DefenceDay.indd 1 23.10.2008 14:58:42 Uhr
5
1

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
Since effective interoperability can only come from
the best trained personnel, disposing of a common
knowledge base, the training of security and de-
fence personnel is a key priority for the EU. Shared
training efforts for security and defence forces are
therefore an efcient way to create an inuential
common reference centre at the European level. The
session asked who should be given responsibility
for coordinating European security and defence
training programmes.
r Could the European Defence Agency (EDA)
host such a structure?
r What role existed for the European Police Col-
lege (CEPOL)?
r How could training needs best be coordinated?
Plenary
Session II
WHAT ARE EUROPES TRAINING
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES?
!"#$%&'()*+*(,-*.&/-0
111.()*+*(,-*.&/-
!"#$%"&'"()*%+,-&!"#$%"&./(/-&!"#$%"&,*#0"(1-
20(3&456&,*7$(0*',&8%*9&6:!1,("9,-
Az_Sicherheit_210x297_DefenceDay.indd 1 23.10.2008 14:58:42 Uhr
Session moderator: Olivier Darrason, Chairman
and CEO European Company for Strategic
Intelligence (CEIS)
Opening the session, Olivier Darrason stressed
the importance of people in security on a par with
equipment as they were ultimately responsible
for the implementation of strategies to be applied
in the eld. That implied common training and a
universal culture so that information and know-
how could be freely exchanged in joint operations
that brought together people from participating
countries.
Lt. Gen. Patrick de Rousiers, French Military
Representative to the European Union Military
Committee
Opening his remarks, Lt Gen. Patrick de Rousiers
said that missions were now regularly being made
up of people from different nations; they did not
just operate together in the eld but also in the de-
sign and development of systems and products.
Looking at the current situation, he said recruit-
ment and training differed greatly between coun-
tries exchanges between nations were infrequent
and the numbers attending the European Security
and Defence College17 were limited (to two per
state). So there was an urgent need to improve edu-
17. The ESDC is a network of national institutes, colleges, academies
and institutions within the EU dealing with security and defence policy
issues and the EU Institute for Security Studies. See http://www.
ihedn.fr/cesd/index_en.php
There is a need to develop
equivalence of qualications
so that all training is recog-
nised across member states.
Patrick de Rousiers
cational programmes and inter-personal communi-
cation across member states hence the decision to
develop an Erasmus-type18 programme in the eld
of security and defence. This would be for 18-24
year-old military ofcers, with the aim of providing
training in various countries that would provide a
genuine added-value.
Currently the project team was comparing the situ-
ation across member states in order to create a data-
base of information that could be used to facilitate
the exchange of ofcers between countries. There
was also a need to develop equivalence of quali-
cations so that all training was recognised across
member states military academies. Erasmus was
the inspiration but de Rousiers insisted on the fact
that the French Presidency initiative did not intend
to simply copy that programme; the aim was to
ensure that ofcers developed a better understand-
ing of other countries based on a consensus-driven
practical approach.
18. Erasmus enables 200,000 students to study and work abroad each
year, as well as supporting co-operation actions between higher edu-
cation institutions across Europe. (see http://ec.europa.eu/education/
lifelong-learning-programme/doc80_en.htm).
Olivier Darrason Patrick de Rousiers
5
3

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
on a limited budget of +/- 700,000 euros. Magras-
si insisted that the agency did not intend to set itself
up as a training centre; this was rather a pilot project
to show how it could be done and to demonstrate
the benets. The EDA in the long-term would
identify an appropriate EU entity that would con-
tinue the work with a suitable budget (to cater for
approximately 600-1500 students per year).
The other area that the speaker focused on was co-
operative development: countries had to understand
that products from cooperative ventures were
superior to those created nationally. A coopera-
tive education process had to be open to all mem-
ber states and countries outside of the EU and it
should include academics, journalists, military and
civilian staff, politicians, etc i.e. all of the appro-
priate actors.
Magrassi indicated that a study by the EU Institute
of Security Studies (ISS) had shown a lack of coher-
ence and coordination, with no true European edu-
cation and little stakeholder mutual understanding.
The ISS study had recommended: sessions/courses
on cooperation, a network of defence colleges, a vir-
tual learning centre and best practice conferences.
Magrassi concluded that everyone involved in se-
curity had to get to know each other better; there
had been an impetus under the French presidency
and he looked forward to further progress when
the Czech Republic took over the baton.
Lt. Gen. David Leakey, Director General of the
European Union Military Staff
Darrason introduced the next speaker by highlight-
ing the importance of the requirements in the
eld. Focusing on cost, Lt. Gen David Leakey
Carlo Magrassi, Deputy Chief Executive for
Strategy of the European Defence Agency
Introducing the next speaker, Darrason said tech-
nology training was also vital as the environment
was always changing and people in the eld had to
be aware of the latest developments. Opening his
remarks, Carlo Magrassi said one of the EDAs
priorities if not the priority - was to decrease frag-
mentation in Europe. He argued that fragmentation
was caused by human behaviour and the agency
had to show that true cooperation was the only
way forward.
Choosing two educational topics that could illus-
trate cooperation, Magrassi initially focused on
intelligence training - an area which was receiving
a lot of support from the member states due to the
alarming number of capability gaps. The major
variances described by Magrassi included:
r a lack of courses and some that were not always
open to all countries
r courses that were not always available in
English
r a lack of skilled teachers
r a lack of understanding as to how (open
source) intelligence could be found and ex-
ploited
The EDAs response had been to develop courses
open to all (civil and military) personnel but based
There is a lack of coherence
and coordination, with no true
European education and little
stakeholder mutual under-
standing.
Carlo Magrassi
Carlo Magrassi
said that training was extremely expensive; in a
previous post he had been responsible for an an-
nual education budget of 1.3 billion a gure that
only related to the UK army. The Lt. General also
reasoned that nations tended to very protective of
their training capabilities and that places for for-
eign students were generally prohibitively expen-
sive; in the current economic climate Leakey did
not see this changing.
On the issue of multinational training, the Lt. Gen-
eral argued that the focus should be on the higher-
end courses - as ofcers would get real value from a
multinational environment at the latter stages of
their career. However, he welcomed the Erasmus-
type approach as long as it was low-cost and low-
duration.
Turning to the European Security and Defence Col-
lege, Leakey said some member states believed it
was too modest and that it should have a perma-
nent centre, probably in Brussels. The Lt. Gen-
eral also saw value, however, in having combined
courses with NATO as everyone was working on
the same principles and had to be interoperable.
That would facilitate understanding in future ESDP
operations.
It is extremely difcult to
bring different organisations
and cultures together.
David Leakey
Emile Perez, Chief of the International
Cooperation Police Department (SCTIP), French
National Police & Chair of the European Police
College Governing Board
To make the police more effective by introducing
cooperative police training as practiced by the Eu-
ropean Police College (CEPOL
19
) on a worldwide
basis that was the goal of Emile Perez. Training
had to be global and local and he thought that CE-
POL an EU asset had been meeting that require-
ment over the past nine years. Its vision was to en-
sure cooperation between national police training
schools in order to develop a common approach in
the ght against crime.
Perez fully supported the notion of cross-border
cooperation leading to improved security for the
EU. CEPOLs activities were in line with this way
of thinking: threats had to be met by early detec-
19. CEPOL brings together senior police ofcers across Europe with the
aim to encourage cross-border cooperation in the ght against crime,
maintenance of public security and law and order. http://www.cepol.
europa.eu/
The best way to build an in-
formation sharing system is to
start small and grow it from a
successful base.
Emile Perez
Emile Perez David Leakey
5
5

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
tion rather than by a reaction-based approach. The
police did not only have to be more active but also
more exible.
CEPOL takes into account both EU and national
police training requirements and conducts high-
level training for specialist officers and those
specifically combating organised crime. Perez
described the many fields of study: ranging
from homeland security and civil order to the
work of investigative teams. Noting that the an-
nual budget was 8.7 million euros, Perez said
that there would be no request for an increase
for 2009-2010 as CEPOL wanted to demonstrate
its efficiency. Looking at the constituent mem-
bers, Perez said that this included 27 member
states plus Iceland, Norway and Switzerland;
there were also bilateral agreements with Rus-
sia, US, Canada, etc. He added that CEPOL was,
at the European level, trying to work with the
private sector as it was responsible for much of
the critical infrastructure.
CEPOL
r 1900 students per year
r 80 100 courses per year
r A quarter of students from abroad
r Common curriculums developed for use in
all member states
In conclusion, Perez said the main problem to be
overcome was that in all countries, there were dif-
ferent cultures, laws and languages. He wanted
these issues to be overcome so that ideas could be
shared in a culture of mutual respect.
Ulrike Volejnik, Director e-Business Consulting,
T-Systems Multimedia Solutions
Describing the Deutsch Telecomm approach as
classical school-room training backed by online
programmes, Ulrike Volejnik said there the or-
ganisation was offering more than 100,000 training
courses per year a gure that included employees
plus partners. She initially described how ICT sys-
tems could facilitate the provision of education pro-
grammes. Volejnik gave three main reasons, saying
that such systems could:
r meet individual training requirements and add
an element of exibility
r be easily adapted if requirements changed, e.g.
due to the Schengen arrangements and the vari-
ous legal requirements
r help to standardise the learning process.
POLICE-ONLINE
r Based on an open service architecture
r Content management and collaborative
tools
r Used by more than 30,000 police ofcers to
learn about new laws and regulations
r Integrated with classical training pro-
grammes
As an example, she described the POLICE-ON-
LINE
20
system, a knowledge portal developed for
the Baden-Wrttemberg police force that was now
being extended to cover other states in Germany.
The essence of the system is to share information in
an innovative manner; communities of practice
20. The POLICE-ONLINE system includes content management,
editorial, education management and collaborative tools. (see http://
www.t-systems-mms.com/mms/en/Customers/Polizei_online_en/
Polizei_Online).
Ulrike Volejnik
are created so that all participants can discuss is-
sues and solution approaches across the entire fed-
eral state, giving everyone access to those solutions.
Based on the experience gained from POLICE-
ONLINE, T-Systems has worked with the Central
European Police Academy (MEPA
21
) to produce an
Internet-based knowledge and information plat-
form. This will allow the eight MEPA member states
to exchange information from their law enforcement
agencies on a supranational integration platform.
Volejnik described this as e-learning that could build
up communities of practice (bringing people togeth-
er and standardising knowledge). She argued that
MEPA demonstrated what was possible: content cre-
ation, knowledge sharing and the ability to take the
experience back home. Volejnik added that MEPA
could act as a model for both the European Security
and Defence College and CEPOL. She recommended
starting small and growing, as content could be
created using techniques such as Wikis and Web 2.0.
21. Visit the MEPA website (http://www.mepa.net/Englisch/ue-
beruns/Pages/Einf%C3%BChrung.aspx) for an overview of what the
college aims to do in the eight member states.
A further suggestion from Volejnik was that tech-
niques such as e-learning could be useful in Afghani-
stan in order to provide training in an international
context since the infrastructure existed and police
staff in Afghanistan needed to share knowledge to-
day and tomorrow.
Securityrelated training and education;
the debate
Darrason asked the panel if the training objectives
(more coordination across countries) were not being
met because there was a lack of common standards
or because there was no central organisation such
as CEPOL that could organise development.
Leakey said this question got to the heart of the mat-
ter as it was very difcult to bring different organi-
sations and cultures together. This had been shown
in the UK where it had taken over 100 years to create
a joint staff college for the three armed forces and
in NATO, where enormous efforts had been made
to agree standards amid the many national differ-
5
7

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
ences. Furthermore, Leakey knew that the EDA and
the EU Military Staff were nding it very hard to
achieve consensus. Despite all of that, he thought
it was worth trying to create a central training or-
ganisation if it was selective in the type of courses
it offered perhaps starting with staff colleges and
offering lectures via a website for example.
De Rousiers agreed that e-learning could generate
nancial savings and he noted that some examples
were already available like helicopter training in
French and German educational establishments.
He felt a lot more could be done and looked for-
ward to more progress.
Video interview with Herv Morin,
French Minister of Defence
Over a video link, the French Defence Minister was
questioned on a number of topics linked to Euro-
pean defence and security. Initially, Minister
Herv Morin remarked that European defence
was a relatively new idea in the last 20 years and
that he personally felt progress was not rapid
enough. The French White Paper was seen as rst
step towards a European approach to security and
defence a step that was necessary as it would be
extremely difcult to get consensus across the 27
Member States.
Q: You have made proposals regarding piracy in
Somalia, has your voice been heard in Europe?
Morin: Yes its been a success story in the sense that
a Spanish initiative has become a European one.
The plan will be discussed on November 1022.
22. An EU anti-piracy mission was agreed on November 10 for
details, see http://www.dawn.com/2008/11/11/top17.htm
One option for the future is
the creation of a European
naval aviation unit and that
would be a great follow-on
from the French Presidency.
Herv Morin
Q: Can we do more in terms of developing a Euro-
pean aerospace policy?
Morin: Yes, we are expecting a letter of intent (LoI)
with participation from Poland as they have often
supported NATO; in fact, the EU defence pro-
gramme is not opposed to NATO but is part of a
common initiative. The end result will be that the
EU will have its own satellite capacity and therefore
the ability to anticipate a crisis.
Q: Are you in agreement with the Erasmus-type
proposal for common training?
Morin: Yes of course as its a French programme.
It aims to resolve the problem of having major
discrepancies in training programmes across the
Member States; the next step will be to create a bal-
ance sheet of what actually exists. We need to go
beyond typical exchanges and deliver a real added-
value for European citizens. It is not just a training
programme, it is more of a cross-cultural exchange
system for those active in the world of security.
Q: What do you see as follow-up actions to the
French Presidency?
Morin: Well we have been a veritable engine; we
have started many projects and met many of our
counterparts in other capitals. One major option for
the future would be the creation of a European na-
val aviation unit and that would be a great follow-
on from the French Presidency.
Introduction: Bruno Masnou, Key Account Leader
France of EADS Defence & Security Division
Bruno Masnou was condent that an integrated
security and defence policy at EU level was on the
way. He had seen progress and he looked at the fu-
ture challenges:
Security & Defence:
These domains have become blurred and it is now a
question of integrating them. He saw peacekeeping
as being on the border of the two domains. He also
stressed the importance of having a common threat
assessment for all EU countries.
Cyber-defence:
Our growing dependence on IT systems and Inter-
net clearly puts the EU in a vulnerable situation;
however, the issue needs to be addressed globally
and critical infrastructure needs more attention.
Drugs and piracy:
Without any doubt, illegal drug trafcking is on the
rise, as is piracy. In both these cases, Masnou again
called for global action.
The European Security & Defence strategy:
Masnou said the EU had been looking at an inte-
grated European approach but more work was
needed on the issue of integrated border control.
New capabilities and technologies, such as the use
of satellites, needed more investigation if the issues
were to be properly addressed. Masnou supported
R&T but he felt that much of that work in Europe
was never actually used and was therefore useless,
but had some indirect value.
Much of Europes R&T is
never actually used (in the
eld) and is therefore useless.
Bruno Masnou
Maritime security:
Here, Masnou argued against trying to link 100 de-
partments of maritime security across Europe, which
could potentially take 100 years. He wanted the issue
to be addressed on a bottom-up basis with a com-
mon exchange of information on some minimal ba-
sis, coming from best practices, then to be enriched
in an incremental process as applied by NATO.
ESDP:
Masnous nal point was that the EU could not af-
ford to wait for the next crisis; the time to act was
now! He added that the French Presidency had put
security on the map and that next, the EU had to de-
velop a one-stop shop for security. An integrated ap-
proach was required in order to make citizens safer.
Jacques Barrot, European Commissioner for
Justice, Freedom and Security
Opening his remarks, Commissioner Barrot
stressed the need for providing EU citizens with
a balanced approach to security and freedom. The
answers that were found by the EU and its member
states would determine what kind of world the citi-
zens would be living in.
The Commissioner saw three key subjects that
would all impact the solutions and the actions
taken in the face of security threats: border security,
cyber crime and the involvement of industry in the
provision of technical solutions.
Border security:
The Commissioner described the enlargement of
the Schengen area to the east as one of Europes ma-
jor achievements in the last decade. The common
rules for the expanded Schengen area would be
supplied by the Schengen Information System
23

(S.I.S.) that aims to stop people entering one mem-
ber state via another. The current focus is on
23. For full details of the Schengen Information System see http://
www.europarl.europa.eu/comparl/
libe/elsj/zoom_in/25_en.htm
Bruno Masnou
5
9

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
S.I.S. II
24
, which will bring in biometric testing and
new functions such as alerts on boats, aircrafts and
container controls. This new system is planned to
be in service by the end of 2009. In addition, there
would be biometric checking on the Visa Informa-
tion System (VIS) and entry and exit checking for
people who enter the EU for a short time period
and who exceed their deadline. Another priority
was named as maritime surveillance, due to its con-
nections with drug trafcking and illegal migra-
tion. Since 2006, Frontex has been involved in the
Hera system that has been employed around the
Canary Islands; since then, 5,000 illegal immigrants
have been detained and 300 arrested for trafcking
of drugs and people. However, the Commissioner
wanted more coordination of all stakeholders as
there were still responsibilities that were overlap-
ping.
Cyber crime:
The Commissioner saw a paradox since it was vital
that the EU used the latest technologies and fully
integrated and networked systems in order to be
competitive and effective, but that would make
the EU more vulnerable to cyber attacks. Howev-
er, the Commissioner did not limit cyber crime to
such attacks. He also included child pornography,
sexual abuse of children online, grooming, etc. The
framework decision on cyber crime would be up-
dated - in 2009 and many such activities including
watching videos of children being abused without
downloading would be criminalised. The Com-
missioner added that the coordination of member
states had to be improved. Furthermore, platforms
had been developed to allow experts to exchange
ideas and it was essential that the key utilities
(water, gas, electricity) were not vulnerable. The
24. And for S.I. S. II see http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/
l33183.htm
The enlargement of the Schen-
gen area to the east has been
one of Europes major achieve-
ments in the last decade.
Jacques Barrot
situation was described as complex: laws had to be
harmonised to charge the miscreants and effective
technology was needed to detect them.
Industry:
Referring back to his comments on S.I.S I and II,
V.I.S., cyber crime, the ght against drug trafck-
ing and illegal migration, the Commissioner saw
a vital role for industry. It had to work closely
with public authorities so that new solutions were
available to meet all the new challenges. Those so-
lutions, of course, had to be compatible with the
laws of the (EU) land, and had to be acceptable (by
the citizens), affordable and interoperable. In the
period 2007-2013, the Commission would have 1.3
billion euros available in various sectors but in or-
der to optimise that money, the requirements of the
EU and its Member States had to be well dened.
A joint identication of threats was at the top of
the Commissioners priority list and products
that were subsequently developed would have to
respect European standards but the technologies
and standards could be exported to the rest of the
world. Those same security solutions had to be de-
livered rapidly as the security practitioners had to
be one step ahead of the threats. Citizens had to see
progress so that they would have faith in the added
value of Europe. Overall, requirements had to be
agreed, interoperable solutions developed with in-
put from all stakeholders and then there would be
peace, justice and security in reality.
Jacques Barrot
Q&A WITH THE COMMISSIONER
Budgets
Giles Merritt asked if the EU was spending enough
on security, noting that the US spent much more,
although some observers were saying that much of
the latter amount might be wasted.
The Commissioner felt that the US did spend too
much without having a proper focus but he also
reasoned that Europe was neglecting its efforts in
the area of research. He wanted well-organised re-
search that would optimise the subsequent expen-
diture. Returning to the other side of the Atlantic,
the Commissioner argued that the US seemed to
be accumulating data without knowing if it would
ever be useful or usable.
Cyber crime
Darrason suggested that one mission for the Com-
missioners DG would be to develop an all-embrac-
ing protection for Europe against cyber attacks; Es-
tonias economy had been close to melt-down in the
recent attacks. Such an attack on a wider scale could
threaten the whole of the EUs economy.
The Commissioner agreed it was an interesting idea
but he said that his directorate was used to working
at a legal level and such a project would necessitate
work at a more practical hands-on level. Overall,
though, he fully supported the idea but added that
it obviously had to be done in cooperation with in-
dustry.
Schengen and cooperation
Walter asked if the Schengen control systems were
actually cooperating with the UK and Irish systems
that were outside of the Schengen agreement.
The Commissioner said that this level of coopera-
tion did exist but it did not alter the fact that the EU
would appreciate and indeed benet from the UKs
entry into Schengen.
CLOSING REMARKS
Jean-Dominique Giuliani, Chairman of the Robert
Schuman Foundation
After thanking all of the contributors,
Jean-Dominique Giuliani called for integrated
solutions that could provide total security for
Europe. In France, he has seen a new commitment
to change the way in which things were done but
that progress had to be maintained. Borders could
not be seen to be an obstacle. There was a need to
show EU citizens and the citizens of the world that
the EU could bring added-value. Europe and the
US had to cooperate in areas such as space, cyber
defence, maritime surveillance, etc, - even though
Europe was different. For example, there would be
no Patriot Act for Europe. There was an urgent
need to show that there was a European way and
the EU had to go further, faster.
There is an urgent need to
show there is a European way;
the EU must go further, faster.
6
1

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
Some text here bla blaa...
6
3

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
Une confrence internationale co-organise par Security & Defence Agenda (SDA),
La Compagnie Europenne dIntelligence Stratgique (CEIS) et
la Fondation Robert Schuman
3 & 4 Novembre 2008, Palais dEgmont, Bruxelles
Sous le haut patronage de
LES JOURNES SCURIT ET DFENSE 2008
Monsieur Nicolas Sarkozy
Prsident de la Rpublique franaise
Madame Michle Alliot-Marie
Ministre franaise de lIntrieur
Monsieur Herv Morin
Ministre franais de la Dfense
6
5

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
Sommaire
Prface 69
La Stratgie europenne de scurit est-elle cohrente ? 70
Une approche globale de la scurit en Europe 71
- La prfrence communautaire , condition sine qua non dun march europen de dfense
- Le manque de vision stratgique de lUnion europenne
Est-ce que la stratgie europenne de lutte contre le trac de drogue porte ses fruits ? 75
- La consommation de stupants en hausse en Europe
- Les oprations conjointes, un succs
- Des outils oprationnels pour lutter contre le trac de drogues
Faire de la scurit maritime une priorit 81
- Apprhender les espaces maritimes dans leur globalit
- Coordonner les affaires maritimes en Europe
- Intgrer les systmes europens de surveillance maritime
- Renforcer le dialogue public-priv
La cyberguerre : une nouvelle forme de guerre ? 85
- Un monde numrique particulirement vulnrable la criminalit
- Les diverses facettes du cyberespace criminologique
- Les moyens de lutte contre la cybercriminalit
- Check the web
O en est lEurope en matire de dveloppement arospatial ? 93
- Lespace et la scurit europenne
- Les progrs de la politique spatiale europenne
- Les changements ncessaires pour un leadership europen
Les forces et les faiblesses de la formation europenne 101
- Mobilit internationale pour les militaires
- Quel partage des cots des formations militaires
- La plus-value des changes militaires
- Un collge europen de dfense ?
- Quel cadre pour la formation militaire harmonise ?
Accord sur lEramus militaire 106
Intervention vido de Monsieur Herv Morin, Ministre franais de la Dfense 106
Concilier scurit et libert 107
Promouvoir lintrt europen en matire de scurit et de dfense 110
Liste des participants 113
6
7

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
Vous permettre de voyager travers le monde rapidement et en toute scurit : les technologies
du Groupe SAFRAN y contribuent quotidiennement. Et demain encore davantage, avec les produits
et systmes arospatiaux, de dfense et de scurit dvelopps par plus de 100 socits aux
marques prestigieuses implantes sur les cinq continents. www.safran-group.com
P
E
M
A
2
b
-

P
h
o
t
o

:

F
r
r
i
c

L
e
r
t

-

D
R

-

*
V
o
u
s

e
t

n
o
u
s
,

d
a
n
s

l
e

m
o
n
d
e

e
n
t
i
e
r
.

C
F
M

I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

e
s
t

u
n
e

s
o
c
i

c
o
m
m
u
n
e

d
e

S
n
e
c
m
a

(
G
r
o
u
p
e

S
A
F
R
A
N
)
,

F
r
a
n
c
e

e
t

G
e
n
e
r
a
l

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c

C
o
.
,

U
S
A
.
Pour un monde plus proche et plus sr.
SafranCFM56_210x297_FR.qxd 15/09/08 17:52 Page 1
6
9

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
Vous permettre de voyager travers le monde rapidement et en toute scurit : les technologies
du Groupe SAFRAN y contribuent quotidiennement. Et demain encore davantage, avec les produits
et systmes arospatiaux, de dfense et de scurit dvelopps par plus de 100 socits aux
marques prestigieuses implantes sur les cinq continents. www.safran-group.com
P
E
M
A
2
b
-

P
h
o
t
o

:

F
r
r
i
c

L
e
r
t

-

D
R

-

*
V
o
u
s

e
t

n
o
u
s
,

d
a
n
s

l
e

m
o
n
d
e

e
n
t
i
e
r
.

C
F
M

I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

e
s
t

u
n
e

s
o
c
i

c
o
m
m
u
n
e

d
e

S
n
e
c
m
a

(
G
r
o
u
p
e

S
A
F
R
A
N
)
,

F
r
a
n
c
e

e
t

G
e
n
e
r
a
l

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c

C
o
.
,

U
S
A
.
Pour un monde plus proche et plus sr.
SafranCFM56_210x297_FR.qxd 15/09/08 17:52 Page 1
Monsieur Jacques Barrot, Vice-prsident de la Com-
mission europenne en charge de lespace de Jus-
tice, Libert et Scurit, a appel une plus grande
collaboration entre lindustrie et les dcideurs
politiques. Il a galement soulign la ncessit de
trouver de nouvelles solutions en matire de con-
trle des frontires, de scurit maritime et de lutte
contre la cybercriminalit.
Cette confrence a t organise sous le haut
patronage de Monsieur Nicolas Sarkozy, Prsident
de la Rpublique franaise, Madame Michle Alliot-
Marie, ministre franaise de lIntrieur et Monsieur
Herv Morin, ministre franais de la Dfense.
Nous souhaitons galement remercier pour leur
soutien nos diffrents partenaires de lindustrie
-EADS, Dassault Aviation, DCNS, Finmeccanica,
Thales, Safran, T-Systems-, mais galement
lAssemble de lUnion de lEurope Occidentale,
ainsi que nos partenaires de la presse Diplomatie,
Dfense et Scurit Internationale (DSI), Europes
World et Europolitique.
Prface
Security & Defence Agenda (SDA), la Compagnie
Europenne dIntelligence Stratgique (CEIS) et la
Fondation Robert Schuman ont lhonneur de prsenter
ce rapport des Journes Scurit et Dfense 2008 .
Il rend compte des contributions de quelques 27
intervenants et 280 participants cette confrence sur
les politiques de scurit de lUnion europenne, qui
sest tenue les 3 et 4 novembre 2008 Bruxelles.
Madame Michle Alliot-Marie, ministre franaise
de lIntrieur, a appel une meilleure coopration
entre lUE et lOTAN, tout en soulignant la
ncessit de mieux anticiper les menaces des 20
prochaines annes. Elle a soulign, ce titre, le rle
des industries dans lidentication de ces menaces
et des risques potentiels.
Conrmant les propos du ministre, le Gnral
amricain Karl Eikenberry a estim que de
nouvelles perspectives taient offertes la relation
entre les Etats-Unis et lUnion europenne, tout
en mentionnant nanmoins que la plupart des 20
oprations actuelles de lUnion europenne taient
limites et irrgulires .
Giles Merritt
Directeur, Security & Defence Agenda
Prsident, Fondation Robert Schuman
Olivier Darrason
Prsident, CEIS
La Stratgie
europenne de
scurit est-elle
cohrente?
Depuis 50 ans le continent europen vit en paix.
Pourtant de nombreuses menaces de diffrentes
natures planent sur lUnion europenne : armes
de destruction massive, conits rgionaux, crime
organis ou pandmies. Comment y rpondre ?
Comment renouveler la stratgie europenne de
scurit labore en 2003 pour prendre en compte
cette nouvelle donne ?
Dans une session introductive, la ministre franaise
de lIntrieur, Michle Alliot-Marie, le Gnral
Karl Eikenberry, vice-prsident du Comit mili-
taire de lOTAN et Eric Trappier, vice-prsident
excutif de Dassault Aviation et prsident de la
Commission des Affaires europennes du Groupe-
ment des Industries Franaises Aronautiques et
Spatiales-GIFAS/Conseil des industries de dfense
franaises, ont rappel les enjeux actuels.
La stratgie europenne de scurit identie
comme principales menaces :
r Le terrorisme
r La prolifration des armes de destruction massive
r Les conits rgionaux
r La dliquescence des tats
r La criminalit organise
Dans ce contexte, lUnion europenne se concentre
sur la promotion de trois objectifs stratgiques :
r Faire face aux menaces dvelopper ses
moyens pour lutter contre ces menaces
r Construire la scurit dans son voisinage
r Fonder lordre international sur un
multilatralisme efcace.
Renouveler la stratgie europenne de scurit
une priorit de la Prsidence franaise de
lUnion europenne
labore par Javier Solana, Haut Reprsentant pour
la Politique de scurit et de dfense commune,
la stratgie europenne de scurit intitule Une
Europe sre dans un monde meilleur a t adopte
par le Conseil europen du 1213 dcembre 2003.
Rdige aux lendemains du 11 septembre 2001,
cette stratgie tait lexpression du contexte
stratgique particulier du dbut des annes 2000.
Parmi les priorits de la Prsidence franaise du
Conseil de lUnion europenne, Nicolas Sarkozy
avait introduit la ncessit de rviser le contenu de
la stratgie pour rendre compte des changements
qui ont eu lieu depuis cinq ans.
La mise jour de la stratgie europenne de scurit,
adopte en 2003, doit permettre de renouveler lanalyse
commune des menaces, partir de laquelle les moyens
de la dfense et des mesures de renforcement de la scu-
rit pourront tre dnies. Sur la base des conclusions
du Conseil europen du 14 dcembre 2007, il revien-
dra donc la prsidence franaise de soutenir le travail
conduit par le SG/HR sur la Stratgie europenne de
Scurit adopte en 2003. En lien avec nos principaux
partenaires, nous proposerons des lments visant la
complter (nouveaux ds) et lenrichir (caractre des
capacits militaires, coopration UE-OTAN). Lobjectif
est daboutir un document qui serait adopt par le Con-
seil europen de dcembre 2008.
(Programme de travail de la Prsidence franaise de
lUnion europenne, p. 22)
7
1

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
Incitant faire sauter les barrires conceptuelles ,
Michle Alliot-Marie fait appel une approche
globale de la scurit, sans frontires qui correspon-
de aux nouveaux besoins de scurit car cest la
seule faon de rpondre la multiplication des risques .
La mondialisation fait se multiplier les menaces qui
psent sur les citoyens aujourdhui. La ministre a
numr les vulnrabilits qui touchent le conti-
nent europen (les risques dattaques terroristes
contre les infrastructures nergtiques, lectro-
niques, de tlcommunications ou sanitaires ; les
risques dingrence et de vol des technologies ; le
risque dinstabilit cause de la rarfaction des res-
sources ; les risques de catastrophes naturelles dues
au changement climatique ; la cybercriminalit ou
la criminalit nancire et cologique).
Face ces nouvelles menaces dordre militaire et
civil, des rponses globales doivent tre trouves
et sont la condition de lefcacit. La protection
de nos concitoyens ne peut plus se rduire lachat
dquipement militaire et la scurit publique . Il
faut anticiper la menace.
Une approche
globale de la scurit
en Europe
Michle Alliot-Marie
Cette nouvelle approche se retrouve en France dans
le Livre blanc sur la dfense et la scurit qui en nit
avec la distinction articielle entre les menaces de
scurit et celles qui relvent de la dfense, change-
ment ret dans le titre mme du document. A
linstar du Livre blanc franais, un Livre Blanc eu-
ropen serait un grand pas en avant , bien que dif-
cile mettre en pratique cause des diffrences de
perception de la scurit dans les pays europens.
La nouvelle approche globale doit se baser sur
lanticipation des vnements. Quand nous
essayons dintervenir sur une menace qui sest dj
matrialise, cest un chec , explique la ministre,
Aujourdhui nous devons envisager les conits
susceptibles de se produire et les risques auxquels les
citoyens devront faire face dici 5 ou 10 ans .
Progresser en dehors des lendemains de crise et
sans nous retrouver comme aprs le 11 septembre est
possible condition de dvelopper une approche par-
tage des risques et des menaces au niveau europen.
Elle a donn lexemple non seulement de la Direc-
tion aux Affaires Stratgique (DAS) en France avec
laquelle elle est familire en tant quancien ministre
de la Dfense, mais aussi de la nouvelle Direction
la crise et la stratgie quelle a mis en place lors
de son arrive au ministre franais de lIntrieur.
Au niveau europen, une synergie entre les
diffrentes structures europennes qui grent les
questions de scurit et de dfense est souhaitable
car la seule mthode qui permettra dagir au niveau
europen est la convergence .
Les initiatives europennes, encore timides, de
mise en commun des moyens dactions comme
la gendarmerie europenne, les groupements
tactiques, les centres de coopration policire et
douanire doivent tre dveloppes. Elle propose,
ce titre, la cration de commissariats europens
qui accueillent un certain nombre de policiers
dun autre tat membre dans leurs effectifs, la
mobilit des cadres militaires et la convergence
des formations ou le dveloppement de la pratique
dquipes communes denqute.
Au niveau oprationnel, Michle Alliot-Marie
souhaite un recours plus frquent aux nouvelles
technologies et au dveloppement de nouveaux
instruments conceptuels et matriels.
Elle a insist sur limportance des nouvelles
technologies dans la lutte contre le crime organis et
le terrorisme : LEurope a les capacits scientiques.
Elle doit squiper avec les moyens industriels et
technologiques pour pouvoir les garder. Cest essentiel
davoir des solutions technologiques et industrielles
dans le cas dmergence de crises majeures .
Elle souhaite que la Commission mette en place
un programme de recherche europen en matire
de scurit, quil y ait des standards techniques
communs en Europe, ainsi quune procdure
cohrente dacquisition des quipements de
scurit en Europe et une mise en rseau des
laboratoires de recherche publics.
En conclusion, Michle Alliot-Marie martle
Nayons pas peur de raliser nos ambitions ! Ma
conviction est que devant les enjeux que nous avons
en face de nous, lEurope ne doit pas perdre de temps.
Il faut relever le d des inscurits sans pour autant
crer une Europe forteresse replie sur ses peurs .
Interroge par le Gnral Karl Eikenberry,
vice-prsident du Comit militaire de lOTAN,
sur le rle de lAlliance atlantique dans la scurit
europenne, Michle Alliot-Marie a exprim sa
vision dune dfense europenne qui nest pas
contre lOTAN, mais complmentaire lAlliance :
Nous partageons les valeurs des droits de lHomme et
les liberts fondamentales ; si lEurope et les tats-unis
travaillent ensemble pour garantir la scurit de nos
concitoyens, nous gagnerons tous .
7
3

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
LA PRFRENCE COMMUNAUTAIRE ,
CONDITION SINE QUA NON DUN
MARCH EUROPEN DE DFENSE
En accord avec les propos de la ministre de lIntrieur
sur lutilisation des nouvelles technologies pour
assurer la scurit des citoyens europens, Eric
Trappier, vice-prsident excutif de Dassault Aviation
et prsident de la Commission des Affaires euro-
pennes du Groupement des Industries Franaises
Aronautiques et Spatiales-GIFAS/Conseil des industries
de dfense franaises, a voqu le march europen
de dfense. Partisan de la prfrence europenne , il
salue la directive sur la dfense vote par le Parlement
europen qui favorise la cration dun march euro-
pen approvisionn par lindustrie europenne.
Sans tre pour la cration dun protectionnisme
europen en la matire, il considre que la prfrence
communautaire est le passage oblig vers une rci-
procit dans les relations entre les Europens et les
Amricains en matire dindustrie de dfense. Si
le march europen donne la prfrence aux industriels
europens, ce march se fermera aux produits amricains
et cest seulement ce moment-l que les Amricains vont
demander la rciprocit dans les relations avec lEurope .
Linstauration dune prfrence communautaire naura
pas dimpact sur la qualit des quipements de dfense.
On croit que les produits europens ne sont pas comptitifs
par rapport aux produits amricains cause des dpenses
plus modestes en Europe. Par contre, les produi ts europens
sont de haute qualit, des cots matriss Lindustrie de
dfense europenne veut tre plus quun sous-traitant de
lindustrie amricaine , a conclu Eric Trappier.
Le manque de vision stratgique de lUnion
europenne
La vision doutre-Atlantique sur la politique euro-
penne de scurit et de dfense est trs critique et re-
proche aux Europens le manque de vision stratgique.
Le Gnral Karl Eikenberry, vice-prsident du
Comit Militaire de lOTAN, a soulign limportance
et la signication stratgique des 20 oprations euro-
pennes menes jusqu prsent. Il dplore le choix
des dpenses militaires en Europe dont le budget est
le 3e au niveau mondial mais est allou 55% aux
rmunrations et seulement 19% la recherche et
au dveloppement contre 20% et 29% aux tats-unis
respectivement. En outre, seuls deux pays europens
dpensent plus de 30 par militaire par an pour son
quipement l o les tats-unis dpensent 100 .
En conclusion, il a constat le manque de vision strat-
gique de lEurope en matire de scurit et de dfense
tout en partageant le mme constat pour lOTAN.
Nanmoins, il na pas hsit reconnatre, suite
une question de la salle, que le manque de
stratgie europenne de dfense est, en partie, d
la bipolarit de la Guerre froide. Il a salu les
initiatives du prsident Nicolas Sarkozy qui a su
trouver le soutien du Pentagone dans ses dmarches.
Propositions
r Adopter une nouvelle approche globale de la
scurit qui ne fasse plus la distinction entre les
menaces de scurit et de dfense
r Synergie au niveau europen entre les structures
qui grent les questions de scurit dfense
r Utilisation des nouvelles technologies dans la
lutte contre le crime organis et le terrorisme
r Prfrence communautaire du march euro-
pen de lindustrie de dfense
r Allouer davantage du budget militaire
europen la recherche et au dveloppement et
moins aux rmunrations
Eric Trappier
7
5

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
Est-ce que la
stratgie europenne
de lutte contre le
trac de drogue
porte ses fruits?
Trois experts ont analys la porte des progrs raliss
jusqu prsent : Erik Berglund, Directeur du
renforcement des capacits de lAgence FRONTEX ;
Wolfgang Gtz, Directeur du Centre europen de
surveillance des drogues et de la dpendance des
drogues et Valrie Derouet, Vice-prsidente et
directeur Homeland Security chez EADS.
Giles Merritt a soulign, ds le dpart, la difcult
de rpondre la question et dvaluer le succs
des oprations menes au niveau europen
pour combattre le trac de drogue. Toutefois, les
intervenants ont prsent les efforts fournis par
diverses organisations et structures europennes pour
combattre ce au.
La consommation de stupants en hausse en
Europe
La consommation de cocane augmente de faon
inquitante en Europe. En 2007 1,5 million
deuropens consommaient de la cocane et chaque
anne 500 morts sont lis la cocane . Les saisies de
2nd plenary session conference room
cocane
1
ont augment ces dernires annes, mais
cela nest pas forcment un signe de lefcacit de
la stratgie de lutte contre le trac de drogue mise
en place par lUE en 2004.
Le Rapport annuel 2008 du Centre europen de
surveillance des drogues et de la dpendance des
drogues (EMCDDA), tat du phnomne de la
drogue en Europe a t rendu public le 6 novembre.
Estimations de consommation de drogues en Europe :
r Cannabis : 23 millions dadultes europens au
cours de lanne 2007
r Cocane : 4 millions dadultes europens au
cours de lanne 2007
r Ecstasy : 2,6 millions dadultes europens au
cours de lanne 2007
r Amphtamines : 2 millions dadultes europens
au cours de lanne 2007

Wolfgang Gtz a tenu mettre en garde contre
une approche simpliste de la problmatique du
trac de drogue en Europe : Le problme des drogues
est complexe et multiples facettes. Il ny a pas de so-
lution simple. La rduction des approvisionnements ne
donnera pas de rsultats moins quelle ne soit couple
avec une action de rduction de la demande . Il sest
1. Pour plus dinformations sur le sujet voir Xavier Raufer, Dominique
Lebleux, Stphane Qur, Cocane : la conqute de lEurope , Ques-
tion dEurope, Fondation Robert Schuman, juillet 2007
ainsi montr partisan dune approche globale du
problme. Mme si la stratgie 20042012 est sur
la bonne voie nous avons un long chemin devant
nous a-t-il conclu.
La Stratgie anti-drogue de lUnion euro-
penne (2005 - 2012) a t adopte par le Con-
seil europen du 22 novembre 2004. La stratgie
est centre sur deux domaines daction, savoir la
rduction de loffre et la rduction de la demande.
Priorits en matire de rduction de la demande:
r Amliorer laccs aux programmes de prvention
r Amliorer laccs aux programmes de prven-
tion prcoce
r Amliorer laccs aux programmes de traite-
ment cibls et diversis
r Amliorer laccs aux services de prvention et
de traitement du VIH/SIDA
Priorits en matire de rduction de loffre :
r Renforcer la coopration en matire rpressive
dans lUE
r Renforcer la coopration effective entre les tats
membres
r Prvenir limportation et lexportation illicites
de narcotiques et substances psychotropes
Wolfgang Gtz Giles Merritt
7
7

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
r Amliorer la coopration dans les enqutes
pnales et de la police scientique
r Intensier les efforts rpressifs axs sur les pays tiers,
en particulier des pays producteurs et de transit
Questionn par Giles Merritt sur les prix des
drogues sur le march considrs comme un bon
indicateur de la disponibilit des stupants et par
consquent de lefcacit de laction europenne,
Wolgang Gtz a reconnu une baisse denviron 20
30% des prix des stupants avec une tendance
plus marque pour le cannabis et lhrone que
pour les amphtamines et la cocane.
LES OPRATIONS CONJOINTES
UN SUCCS
En prsentant lagence FRONTEX, Erik Berglund
a mis laccent sur les oprations de contrle des
frontires, car la mission principale de FRONTEX
rside dans le contrle des ux de personnes et de
marchandises aux frontires extrieures de lUnion
europenne. Pour cette raison, lAgence est directe-
ment implique dans la lutte contre limmigration
illgale ou la criminalit transfrontalire. A ce titre,
les oprations HERA et NAUTILUS qui devaient
empcher limmigration illgale en provenance des les
Canaries et du Nord de lAfrique ont t un succs.
OPERATION NAUTILUS
r Opration droule du 5 au 30 octobre 2006
r Mission : rduire les ux de migration illgale
vers Malte et lItalie
r tats participants avec des forces navales et a-
riennes : Malte, Italie, Grce, France et Allemagne
OPERATION CONJOINTE HERA
Cette opration concerne les mesures conjointes
prises linitiative de lAgence FRONTEX contre
limmigration illgale dans les les Canaries. Trois
oprations HERA ont t menes jusqu prsent.
HERA I
r Du 17 juillet 2006 au 31 octobre 2006
r Dploiement dexperts
r tats participants : Espagne, Allemagne,
Italie, France, Pays-Bas, Norvge, Portugal,
Royaume-Uni
HERA II
r Du 11 aot au 15 dcembre 2006
r Mission de surveillance commune qui visait
dvier les bateaux dimmigrants en direction du
continent europen et sauver des vies
r tats participants : Espagne, Portugal, Italie, Finlande
HERA III
r Du 12 fvrier au 12 avril 2007
r Premire tape : tablir lidentit des migrants
et les routes utilises
r Ralis par des experts allemands, portugais,
luxembourgeois et italiens
r Deuxime tape : patrouilles navales et ariennes
r tats membres participants : France, Espagne,
Luxembourg, Italie
Erik Berglund
7
9

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
1167 migrants ont t reconduits vers les ctes afri-
caines suite lopration HERA III et plus dune cen-
taine de vies humaines ont t sauves du naufrage.
Sur ce point, Erik Berglund a prcis les limites de
laction de FRONTEX qui ne peut pas diriger les
oprations de gestion des frontires quelle initie,
mais qui doit juste les coordonner. Ce sont les tats
membres qui sont responsables des oprations et qui
peuvent y participer avec des patrouilles ctires ou
des quipements de surveillance. La collaboration est
le facteur cl de la gestion des frontires a-t-il ajout
prcisant que le personnel de Frontex est cens aug-
menter de 180 250 employs lanne prochaine.
La situation en Afghanistan est directement lie
laugmentation de loffre de cocane sur le march
europen.
Dailleurs, un parlementaire britannique a soulev
la question de la situation dramatique au Royaume-
Uni o lopinion publique est choque par le fait
que les soldats britanniques se sacrient en Afgha-
nistan et quen mme temps la cocane importe de
ce pays cause la mort de nombreux jeunes britan-
niques. Des solutions comme le remplacement des
cultures de pavot en Afghanistan par des cultures
cralires ont t voques mais aussi rejetes
cause de lchec de cette exprience en Colombie.
Des outils oprationnels pour lutter contre le
trac de drogues
Les apports de la technologie dans la lutte con-
tre le trac de drogue ont t voqus par
Valrie Derouet, Vice-prsidente et directeur
Homeland Security chez EADS.
Elle a montr comment les industriels peuvent
apporter des outils oprationnels en termes de
commande, de prvention, de dtection et de
rponse pour mener cette mission.
Les technologies spatiales peuvent aider lidenti-
cation de sites de production et lidentication de
containers. Des dtecteurs spciaux peuvent servir
surveiller la consommation des drogues.
Lindustrie peut aussi aider anticiper les nou-
velles menaces et raliser des analyses dimpact.
Mais Valrie Derouet met en garde Nous devons
garder en mmoire le fait que les criminels engags dans
le crime organis, le terrorisme et le trac de drogue
utilisent les meilleures technologies du march. Ils sont
parfois mieux quips que larme ou la police .
Dans les discussions avec la salle, la ncessit
dassurer linteroprabilit des quipements a t
voque, un sujet qui est dj pris en compte par
la Commission europenne et gure dans le Pro-
gramme de Scurit gr par lexcutif europen.
En conclusion, Giles Merritt a constat la vision
assez oue quil y a encore en Europe sur le pro-
blme des stupants et a estim quune meilleure
clart et vision daction seraient les bienvenues.
Propositions
r Mettre en uvre la stratgie anti-drogues de
lUnion europenne 2005 2012
r Combattre la production dopiaces dans les
pays de provenance
r Une action plus concerte pour arrter le trac
de stupants aux frontires extrieures de
lUnion europenne
r Utiliser les technologies modernes qui
permettent la dtection et la rponse dans la
lutte contre le trac de drogues
r Assurer linteroprabilit des quipements
utiliss par les tats membres
Valrie Derouet
8
1

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
Faire de la scurit
maritime une
priorit
Comment assurer la scurit de 70 000 km de ctes ?,
tel tait lenjeu de la question pose par Luc
Viellard, directeur du Dpartement de Prvision
Stratgique de CEIS. De nombreuses initiatives
existent au niveau europen (FRONTEX, Agence
europenne de Scurit maritime) et aux niveaux
nationaux (systmes SIVE en Espagne et AIES en
France), mais de nombreux ds, comme celui de
linteroprabilit, demeurent.
Apprhender les espaces maritimes dans leur
globalit
Paul Nemitz, chef de lUnit de Dveloppement et
Coordination de la politique maritime la Direc-
tion gnrale Pche et Affaires maritimes , a insist
pour une approche plus globale des questions lies
la gestion des espaces maritimes. Cette gestion
implique non seulement les aspects scuritaires,
mais galement des problmes environnementaux,
de protection des ressources, de comptitivit des
rgions ctires, dinnovation et demplois. De ce
point de vue, la Commission a publi, le jour mme,
un document qui constate la fragmentation qui
existe aujourdhui entre les secteurs et analyse les
possibilits dintgration trans-sectorielles.
Le 10 Octobre 2007 la Commission prsentait sa
vision pour une politique maritime intgre. Le
document, nomm Le Livre Bleu, en numre les
objectifs dune telle politique :
r Maximiser une exploitation durable des mers et
des ocans tout en permettant la croissance de
lconomie maritime et des rgions ctires
r Crer un socle de connaissances et dinnovations
pour la politique maritime
r Promouvoir la position europenne de chef de
le dans les affaires maritimes internationales
r Amliorer la visibilit de lEurope maritime
ainsi que limage des activits et des professions
de ce secteur
Coordonner les affaires maritimes en Europe
Assurer une synergie entre les diffrentes initia-
tives europennes dj existantes et une meilleure
coordination entre les tats membres, tels sont les
objectifs qui ont t reconnus juste titre par le
capitaine de vaisseau Jean Hausermann, char-
g des oprations maritimes la Reprsentation
permanente de la France auprs de lUnion
europenne. Il faut, selon lui, tout faire pour
assurer une meilleure coordination entre les
domaines dactions relevant de la comptence des
diffrents piliers communautaires.
Pour atteindre la coordination de la surveillance
maritime, il considre trois axes comme prioritaires :
une meilleure coordination des organisations na-
tionales, lharmonisation des procdures admi-
nistratives qui serait une plus-value pour aider
la coopration entre tats membres et nalement la
mise en place dun espace juridique europen.
Paul Nemitz salue lide de lharmonisation des
procdures administratives mais soutient que cela
serait impossible raliser en pratique cause du
principe de subsidiarit et du cadre juridique euro-
pen qui ne peut imposer des procdures uniques
pour les 27 qu condition de prouver que la dimen-
sion europenne est indispensable.
Jean-Luc Ferrandi ne considre pas non plus
que la cration dun espace juridique europen
sur les questions de scurit maritime puisse tre
envisageable. Il rappelle la diffrence de conception
entre les Etats membres sur limplication de la
marine nationale dans les oprations de
surveillance maritime. Cela a empch, par
exemple, lAllemagne de participer la deuxime
phase de lopration HERA.
Intgrer les systmes europens de surveillance
maritime
Willem de Ruiter, directeur excutif de lAgence
europenne de scurit maritime (EMSA), a montr
Jean Hausermann Paul Nemitz
8
3

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
quil y a un grand nombre de systmes de scurit
en Europe pour la protection de lenvironnement
marin ou pour usage militaire et qu une utilisation
combine est raliser lavenir .
La mission de lEMSA consiste justement mettre
en uvre des rglements europens en matire de
surveillance maritime et raliser une meilleure
interoprabilit des systmes de surveillance
europens.
Deux systmes de surveillance sont en train dtre
dvelopps au niveau europen : le Sea Safe Net
(Rseau de scurit maritime) lit les signaux mis
par les bateaux et grce 800 stations de captage
peut surveiller tous les mouvements de locan
Atlantique jusqu la mer Noire ; le Clean Sea
Net (Rseau mer propre) utilise la surveillance
satellitaire pour empcher les dversements de
substances toxiques dans la mer et pour faciliter
lidentication des coupables. Le prochain pas
envisag par le Conseil europen est dintgrer tous
ces systmes avant 2010.
Une personne de lassistance a fait remarquer
quil nest pas sufsant davoir un grand nombre
de donnes brutes et que ce qui est essentiel dans
lidentication des traquants et clandestins ainsi
que dans lutilisation efcace des systmes de
surveillance sont les services de renseignement.
Lchange dinformation devrait aussi tre slectif.
LAmiral Jean-Marie Lhuissier, Directeur ventes
et marketing UE & OTAN de Thales, estime quil
est maintenant ncessaire de dpasser lapproche
Willem De Ruiter
sectorielle et, dans le cadre du Livre Bleu, de
rchir la dnition dun systme de gestion
de lespace maritime europen dont les trois
fonctionnalits essentielles seront la surveillance, la
connaissance de lactivit en mer (licite et illicite) et
la fourniture de services oprationnels au service de
la scurit, de la sret maritimes et de la durabilit
de lenvironnement marin. Thales et Finmeccanica
on dvelopp en ce sens une initiative appele
SEASAME.
Renforcer le dialogue public - priv
LAmiral Jean-Marie Lhuissier, a voqu
limportance du dialogue entre la Commission
europenne, lAgence europenne de dfense, les
Etats membres et les industriels pour la dnition
dun systme de gestion de lespace maritime
europen.
Ainsi lAmiral Lhuissier considre que lUnion
europenne possde 3 atouts majeurs dans le
domaine de la surveillance et de la gestion de
lespace maritime europen : une politique globale et
intgre (Le Livre Bleu), des initiatives prometteuses
(GMES-Copernic, Eurosur, e-maritime, MARSUR,
7
me
Programme-cadre, etc.) et des programmes
comme Galileo : Tous les ingrdients sont l, nous
avons une politique maritime, des initiatives et des
technologies pour avancer, les industriels sont prts
soutenir lexercice de mise en convergence de lensemble
des initiatives et projets dans le domaine de la
surveillance maritime .
Jean-Luc Ferrandi, Directeur des Systmes de
Combat de DCNS, a numr les technologies exis-
tantes qui peuvent servir la surveillance maritime
dans toutes les phases oprationnelles : des bateaux
nouvelle gamme pour le combat ; des solutions
techniques de surveillance pour dtecter les mou-
vements anormaux des navires ou la mise en uvre
de drones pour la phase de protection ; en matire
daction judiciaire il y a des logiciels de renseigne-
ment des dossiers ; pour la phase dintervention il y
a des bateaux avec chane complte de surveillance
satellite ou commandos.
En conclusion, Luc Viellard rappelle que beau-
coup de choses ont t faites et beaucoup restent faire
encore ; il faut un change entre les institutions et les
industriels .
PROPOSITIONS
r cration dun poste de coordinateur des affaires
de la mer semblable celui de coordinateur de
la lutte contre le terrorisme
r cration dun espace juridique europen sur les
questions de scurit maritime
r meilleure interoprabilit des systmes de sur-
veillance europens
r dnition dun systme de gestion de lespace
maritime europen au service de la scurit,
de la sret maritimes et de la durabilit de
lenvironnement marin
r partage de linformation : utilisation de
systmes de diffusion slective respectant la
proprit de linformation pour dvelopper la
conance des diffrents acteurs
r utilisation de nouvelles technologies dans
toutes les phases oprationnelles de la surveil-
lance maritime
Luc Viellard
8
5

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
Un monde numrique particulirement
vulnrable la criminalit
Internet connat depuis 20 ans un dveloppement
spectaculaire. Des millions dinternautes se
connectent chaque jour, par-del les frontires,
pour communiquer, rechercher une information,
acheter ou vendre un bien. Des entreprises peuvent
accder facilement des marchs mondialiss.
Dans la vie quotidienne, Internet reprsente
un espace de liberts, et comme lindique le
Commissaire Divisionnaire Christian Aghroum
de lOfce de Lutte contre la cybercriminalit
lie aux technologies de linformation et de la
communication (O.C.L.C.T.I.C), Internet, cest
90% de bonheur, ce que la force de police surveille ne
correspond qu une trs petite proportion de la vraie
vie sur Internet.
Le dveloppement de la socit de linformation sest
accompagn mcaniquement dune augmentation
des actes de dlinquance dans le cyberespace.
Grce la uidit de la circulation de linformation
permise par les infrastructures nouvelles, des
La cyberguerre : une
nouvelle forme de
guerre ?
acteurs aux motivations et aux intrts multiples
commettent des actes de dlinquance lectronique.
Certains se professionnalisent et se mettent au
service dorganisations ofcielles, communautaires
ou criminelles.
Parce quInternet est un espace de liberts sans
frontires, les menaces sur la scurit se multiplient.
Les socits deviennent de plus en plus dpendantes
des TIC (Technologies de linformation et de la
communication) et sont donc plus vulnrables aux
diffrentes formes de la cybercriminalit , renchrit
Luc Beirens, Commissaire divisionnaire, chef
de service de la Federal Computer Crime Unit
(FCCU) de Bruxelles. Escroquerie, faux-mails,
fraudes la carte de crdit, contenu illgal de sites,
faux diplmes universitaires se sont rpandus
rapidement sur la toile. La pdopornographie et
le trac de stupants y ont trouv un moyen de
propagation plantaire. Le terrorisme fait galement
dInternet un vecteur de propagande et un moyen
de mettre sur pied des rseaux oprationnels. Cest
un moyen pour eux de communiquer, de recruter et
de fonder leurs actions.
Les diffrentes formes de la cybercriminalit :
La cybercriminalit recouvre tous les dlits et les
crimes assists par les nouvelles technologies,
comprenant un large ventail dinfractions.
Selon la Commission europenne, le terme
cybercriminalit englobe trois catgories
dactivits criminelles :
- les formes traditionnelles de criminalit, telles
que la fraude et la falsication informatiques
(escroqueries, fausses cartes de paiement, etc.)
Exemples dinfractions courantes :
r Le phishing (appel en franais lhameonnage)
est une technique utilise par des fraudeurs pour
obtenir des renseignements personnels dans
le but de perptrer une usurpation didentit.
La technique consiste faire croire la victime
quelle sadresse un tiers de conance
banque, administration, etc. an de lui souti-
rer des renseignements personnels : mot de passe,
numro de carte de crdit, date de naissance, etc.
Cest une forme dattaque informatique reposant
sur lingnierie sociale. Le phishing peut se faire
par courrier lectronique, par des sites web
falsis ou autres moyens lectroniques.
r Le pharming est une technique de piratage
informatique qui permet comme la technique
du phishing de voler des informations aprs
avoir attir la victime sur un site web maquill
mme si le nom de domaine est correctement
saisi. Les pirates auront pralablement modi
la correspondance entre le nom de domaine vers
ladresse IP. Ainsi, par exemple www.mabanque.
fr ne pointera plus vers ladresse IP du serveur
de ma banque mais vers un autre serveur frau-
duleux.
r Le terme botnet dsigne un ensemble de
machines zombies qui sont exploites de manire
malveillante linsu de leurs propritaires.
Des groupes organiss louent et contrlent
distance des lots entiers dordinateurs (botnets).
Cette technique permet par exemple aux
cybercriminels de se cacher derrire dautres
adresses et de multiplier leur force de frappe,
an de lancer leurs oprations.
- la diffusion de contenus illicites par voie
lectronique (par exemple, ceux ayant trait la
violence sexuelle exerce contre des enfants ou
lincitation la haine raciale).
- les infractions propres aux rseaux
lectroniques, cest--dire les attaques visant les
systmes dinformation, le dni de service et le
piratage.
Les diverses facettes du cyberespace
criminologique
La cybercriminalit est un phnomne qui a
explos en 2006 et qui se dveloppe de plus
en plus. Guillaume Tissier, directeur du ple
Risques Oprationnels de CEIS, rappelle que les
cyberattaques ne sont plus le fait de petits pirates
du web, mais de la criminalit organise. Les
pirates informatiques se sont professionnaliss
ces dernires annes, ils disposent de places de
marchs appeles aussi les black markets o lon
peut acheter des numros de cartes bancaires ou
8
7

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
des botnets. Le cyberespace est devenu un nouvel
espace de bataille. Aprs la guerre par la terre, par
leau et par lair, il existe dsormais la cyberguerre,
cyber tant le quatrime lment.
Alertant le public quil est dangereux de comparer
la cyberguerre avec la guerre classique ,
Guillaume Tissier explique quInternet na pas
encore t utilis comme vecteur principal dune
attaque . Il y a eu des fragments dattaque, comme
en Estonie en avril 2007 et en Gorgie en avril
2008. La guerre informatique donne ainsi lieu
trois formes daffrontement : la guerre pour
linformation (piratage dun serveur pour capturer
des donnes), la guerre par linformation
(la guerre psychologique), la guerre contre
linformation (contre les infrastructures ennemies),
prcise-t-il.
La cybercriminalit sest impose comme un
risque pouvant affecter le fonctionnement de
lconomie et des institutions. Enjeu pour les
Pouvoirs publics, la dlinquance lectronique lest
aussi pour les entreprises et les mnages ; il est
donc grand temps dagir ( time to act is now ),
plaide Lauri Almann, sous-secrtaire dtat
au ministre estonien de la Dfense, qui tait
dans la cellule de crise au moment des attaques
cyberntiques lencontre de lEstonie. Sil est
difcile de dnir exactement le concept de cyberguerre,
on peut cependant apprendre des exemples rcents de
lEstonie et de la Gorgie , souligne Lauri Almann.
La premire cyberguerre, mene contre lEstonie en
avril 2007, a fait prendre conscience bon nombre
de gouvernements et de grandes entreprises de
limportance de se prmunir contre les menaces
numriques.
Rappel des faits
r Le cas de lEstonie (avril 2007)
Le 27 avril 2007, les autorits estoniennes d-
boulonnent une statue de bronze rige
la gloire des soldats de lUnion Sovitique
la n de la Seconde Guerre mondiale et
situe en plein centre de Tallinn.

La raction est fulgurante, des attaques DDOS
(attaques qui consistent saturer par de fausses
requtes les serveurs dune cible au point de les
rendre indisponibles) sont lances contre lEtat
estonien pendant plusieurs semaines, crant
ainsi des interruptions de services des serveurs
Internet du gouvernement, dont celui du Pre-
mier ministre et du Parlement, des principales
banques et assurances ou de la bourse. Certains
sites ont souffert de dfacement (modication de
la page daccueil du site par un pirate), dautres
sont rests indisponibles de quelques minutes
plusieurs jours.
r Le cas de la Gorgie (aot 2008)
En aot 2008, le conit militaire russo-
gorgien, au sujet des provinces spara-
tistes dOsstie du Sud et dAbkhazie,
sest doubl dattaques sur la toile.

La premire attaque a eu lieu contre le site Inter-
net du prsident gorgien Mikhel Saakachvili,
Guillaume Tissier Lauri Almann
le 20 juillet. Dans la nuit du 7 au 8 aot, alors
que la Gorgie lance une offensive contre
lOsstie du Sud, les sites de cette rgion devien-
nent leur tour la cible dattaques virtuelles.
Puis, avec lintervention arme russe, les dnis
de service ou DDOS se multiplient. Les pages
daccueil des sites du prsident, du Parlement,
du ministre des Affaires trangres et de la
Banque nationale ont t modies - dfaces
- pour laisser place un montage photo prsen-
tant le prsident Saakachvili et Hitler ensem-
ble, dans des attitudes identiques.

Le gouvernement gorgien a demand
lassistance de ses allis. Le 9 aot, le site du
prsident Saakachvili tait hberg par la so-
cit amricaine Tulip System. LAllemagne et
lEstonie ont propos leur aide, tandis que le
prsident polonais a mis la disposition de son
homologue gorgien une partie de son site.
Dans le cadre de lEstonie et daprs les sources de
Lauri Almann, lattaque aurait t mene via une
centaine de pays ( on y inclut le Vatican ) et
prs dun million dordinateurs ont t utiliss pour
raliser lattaque . Lexemple de lEstonie et de la
Gorgie illustre la difcult et la complexit du
phnomne de la cybercriminalit, ils permettent
cependant de tirer des leons pour faire face de
nouvelles cyberattaques .
Les moyens de lutte contre la cybercriminalit
Le soutien des responsables politiques
Si ces questions peuvent apparatre trs techniques,
Lauri Almann insiste sur le fait que ce domaine
nest pas rserv des experts ; il sagit bel et
bien de questions dordre politique , renchrit Luc
Beirens. Pour lutter contre la cybercriminalit, une
vritable impulsion politique est ncessaire. Depuis
lexplosion des attaques cyberntiques en 2006,
Christian Aghroum explique que les responsables
politiques ont pris conscience de limportance de
se prmunir contre les menaces numriques. Il cite
le cas franais avec la prsentation n octobre 2008
du Plan Numrique 2012 dirig par ric Besson,
secrtaire dtat franais au dveloppement
lEconomie numrique. Alors que la majeure partie
du Plan concerne laccs haut dbit xe et mobile,
de nombreux points sont relatifs la scurit
informatique et, notamment, aux moyens engags
par la France pour lutter contre toutes les formes de
cybercriminalit.
Le Plan Numrique 2012 Lutter contre toutes
les formes de cybercriminalit (Extraits)
r Le rapport dclare que la France doit se don-
ner les moyens de lutter contre toutes les formes
de cybercriminalit, que ce soit celle de latteinte
aux rseaux (piratage, intrusions sur les sites)
ou celle de lutilisation des rseaux (contrefaon,
escroquerie, pdopornographie, incitation la
haine raciale, propagande terroriste).
r Laction n84 prvoit de crer un groupe sp-
cialis sur les escroqueries sur Internet, assurant
la centralisation oprationnelle des enqutes
et moyens, au sein de lOfce central de lutte
contre la criminalit lie aux technologies de
linformation (O.C.L.C.T.I.C).
r Laction n85 a pour objectif de dvelopper
dans le cadre du projet Ardoise (Application de
recueil de la documentation oprationnelle et
dinformations statistiques sur les enqutes), un
outil de connaissance des statistiques des infrac-
tions relevant de la cybercriminalit.
r Le nombre denquteurs spcialiss en crimi-
nalit informatique dans la police nationale
devra doubler dici 2012 (action n86).
r En accord avec les fournisseurs daccs Inter-
net, une disposition permettra de bloquer sur
signalement des sites pdopornographiques.
r Laction n88 prvoit la cration dun site Inter-
net de conseils pdagogiques ddis aux utilisa-
teurs pour les prvenir des infractions commises
sur la toile.
r Laction n89 prvoit la cration dici 2009
dune plate-forme europenne dchanges
dinformations sur la cybercriminalit et les sites
illicites dans le cadre dEuropol.
r Une des mesures prvoit damliorer la lutte
contre le spam.
8
9

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
La coopration internationale : une ncessit
Au-del de cette prise de conscience politique,
Lauri Almann, Luc Beirens et Christian
Aghroum plaident en faveur dune coordination
internationale approfondie. Cela implique quil y
ait une rponse globale. La cybercriminalit ne con-
nat pas de frontires ; les cybercriminels protent
ainsi de la dimension internationale dInternet.
Cest selon Christian Aghroum la grande difcult
de la lutte contre la cybercriminalit. A cet effet, il
est ncessaire de sortir de la logique de la territo-
rialit car on travaille dsormais dans le domaine
de lextra-territorialit . Cest la seule vritable
diffrence entre la cybercriminalit et la criminalit
classique . Nous sommes dans la mme situation que
pour les tracs de stupants dans les annes 70 , pr-
cise Christian Aghroum. Il faut donc sorganiser
internationalement , renchrit Luc Beirens.
Les exemples estonien et gorgien ont dmontr
que, pour se protger des cyberattaques, une
approche coordonne entre les Etats est primordiale.
Les vnements survenus en Estonie au printemps
2007 ont amen lOTAN sinterroger sur son rle,
en tant qualliance dfensive, en cas dattaque
contre lun de ses membres. Les rexions
menes ont abouti llaboration dun concept de
cyberdfense de lOTAN qui a t approuv au
dbut de lanne 2008.
Lors du sommet de Bucarest, au mois davril 2008,
les chefs dEtat et de gouvernement de lAlliance
ont soulign la ncessit pour lOTAN et pour les
pays de contrer les cyberattaques . Cette politique
de cyberdfense vise renforcer la scurit des
systmes dinformation de lAlliance, grce
lamlioration des normes et des procdures de
scurit, et une gestion plus centralise. En 2009,
lOTAN tablira un centre de recherche ddi
la cyberdfense, o des formations techniques
seront assures pour combattre les dlits sur la
toile. LEstonie est re davoir propos lOTAN
ce Centre dexcellence en matire de lutte contre la
cybercriminalit , a dclar Lauri Almann. Quand
les attaques ont eu lieu au printemps 2007, lEstonie ne
sy attendait pas ; lhistoire a dmontr que la dcision
prise par lOTAN tait la bonne a-t-il prcis.
Sommet de Bucarest des 2 et 3 avril 2008
r Le sommet de lOTAN de Bucarest a accord une
place importante la cybercriminalit :

LOTAN reste dtermine renforcer la protection
de ses systmes informatiques cls contre les cyberat-
taques. Nous avons rcemment adopt une politique
sur la cyberdfense, et nous dnissons les structures
et les autorits pour son application. Notre poli-
tique sur la cyberdfense souligne la ncessit pour
lOTAN et pour les pays de protger les systmes
dinformation cls conformment leurs responsa-
bilits respectives, de mettre en commun les meil-
leures pratiques, et de mettre en place une capacit
visant aider, sur demande, les pays de lAlliance
contrer les cyberattaques. Nous comptons bien pour-
suivre le dveloppement des capacits de lOTAN
en matire de cyberdfense et renforcer les liaisons
entre lOTAN et les autorits nationales.

La Dclaration du sommet de Bucarest a gale-
ment ouvert la voie la cration dun Centre
dexcellence pour la cyberdfense, rappelant que
les pays membres de lOTAN doivent protger
leurs systmes dinformation essentiels et dve-
lopper leur capacit contrer une cyberattaque.
r 14 mai 2008 : Sept pays membres de lOTAN et le
Commandement alli Transformation ont sign
les documents concernant la cration ofcielle
dun Centre dexcellence pour la cyberdfense
en coopration avec Tallinn, en Estonie.

Ce Centre mnera des recherches et proposera
des formations dans le domaine de la guerre
lectronique. Il aura un effectif de trente person-
Luc Beirens
nes, dont la moiti seront des spcialistes venant
des pays contributeurs : Allemagne, Espagne,
Estonie, Italie, Lettonie, Lituanie, Slovaquie.
LEurope coordonne la lutte contre la
cybercriminalit
En Europe, de bonnes initiatives ont t prises pour
lutter contre la cybercriminalit , souligne Lauri
Almann citant la Convention sur la cybercriminalit.
En novembre 2001, les pays membres du Conseil de
lEurope et leurs partenaires (Etats-Unis, Canada,
Japon, Afrique du Sud) ont adopt Budapest une
Convention sur la cybercriminalit. Cette dernire,
entre en vigueur le 1er juillet 2004, constitue la
premire convention pnale vocation universelle
destine lutter contre le cybercriminalit. 42 Etats
sont signataires mais seuls 14 ont procd sa rati-
cation n 2007. La Convention sur la cybercrimi-
nalit est le premier trait international portant
sur la criminalit informatique qui se penche par-
ticulirement sur les questions des violations de la
proprit intellectuelle, des fraudes, de la porno-
graphie juvnile et des attaques contre la scurit
des rseaux.
Christian Aghroum explique que lUnion
europenne a franchi un grand pas thorique dans
la lutte contre la cybercriminalit avec la cration
dune plate-forme contre les cyberattaques. La
dcision a t prise loccasion du Conseil Justice/
Affaires intrieures Luxembourg le 24 octobre
2008. La nouvelle structure aura pour mission de
recueillir et de centraliser les infractions releves sur
Internet, et plus particulirement tout ce qui touche
la pdopornographie et aux activits terroristes.
Les informations recueillies par chacune des plates-
formes nationales seront transmises une plate-
forme dalertes europennes. La France en possde
une et la Grande-Bretagne trois . Par exemple, en
France 14 000 dviances pdopornographiques sont
signales par an et 12,5% de ces signalements font
lobjet dune procdure judiciaire. Lobjectif de cette
plate-forme est donc dviter les redondances entre
les diffrents pays et quun dossier ne soit travaill deux
fois dans plusieurs pays . La future plate-forme,
cre et hberge par Europol, sest vu allouer un
budget de 300 000 par la Commission europenne.
Check the web
Une lutte efcace contre la cybercriminalit re-
quiert galement lutilisation de techniques denqute
nouvelles et la surveillance gnrale dInternet. Luc
Beirens prconise quil y ait des quipes spcialises
plein temps pour surveiller tout ce qui se passe sur
Internet . Il cite lexemple dun nouveau site ban-
caire qui a t 36 heures aprs [sa cration] investi par
des cybercriminels . Ces derniers analysent la vul-
nrabilit des ordinateurs et des sites pour mener
bien leurs attaques. Ils misent galement sur la
navet des internautes prcise Christian Aghroum.
Il faut donc agir rapidement et de faon organise.
Contrairement aux attaques militaires sur le ter-
rain, agir discrtement est conseill pour lutter
contre des cyberattaques ; il faut dvelopper des
outils discrets qui dpassent les rewall an de dtecter
les rseaux criminels renchrit Lauri Almann. Fort
de son exprience, il explique quil est prfrable de
ne pas attaquer les groupes cybercriminels tout de suite,
mais quil vaut mieux les surveiller pour avoir la main-
mise dessus . La difcult dans la poursuite de ces
cyberdlinquants est que lon a du mal retrouver
leurs traces ; ils peuvent trs vite se sparer des
groupes et tre invisibles sur la toile. Mais, il ne faut
pas croire quil y a dun ct les cyberpoliciers
et de lautre les cybercriminels , le phnomne
est beaucoup plus complexe , explique Christian
Aghroum.
Les cyberattaques connues rcemment ont fait
lobjet dattaques prcises sur des rseaux par-
ticuliers et pour des causes spciques. Si tels
Christian Aghroum
9
1

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
groupes cybercriminels ont russi paralyser tels
sites, on na pas encore vu sur la toile des pirates
informatiques qui se sont introduits dans un sys-
tme et qui ont modi les donnes. Imaginons
quune organisation terroriste lance une cyberguerre
et attaque de nombreux sites, cela serait inimagina-
ble et trs difcile contrer , fait remarquer Lauri
Almann. Al Qaeda a dclar le Jihad lectronique en
2004 , prcise-t-il nanmoins.
Le partenariat entre acteurs publics et privs
Si les intervenants ont dmontr quil tait urgent
dagir et dunir nos forces pour faire face ces at-
taques, ils demandent expressment de favo-
riser le partenariat entre acteurs publics et privs
concerns par la lutte contre la cybercriminalit .
An doptimiser la cyberscurit, il est fondamen-
tal que les fournisseurs de services internet et les
forces de lordre cooprent. La confrence des 1er
et 2 avril 2008 du Conseil de lEurope donne les
lignes directrices sur la coopration entre les ser-
vices de rpression et les fournisseurs de services.
Christian Aghroum prcise quun chapitre spcial
partenariat public-priv sera lordre du jour
dans le plan de lutte contre la cybercriminalit qui
sera prsent par la ministre franaise de lIntrieur,
Michle Alliot-Marie, n novembre 2008. Ce plan
sintitulera Stratgie de lutte contre la cybercrimi-
nalit en Europe .
La formation
Outre le partenariat public-priv, Luc Beirens
met en avant un moyen, essentiel ses yeux,
pour lutter contre la cybercriminalit. Il sagit de
lducation . Il faut former les politiques, les
magistrats mais aussi les policiers. Il appelle
un cadre juridique international dans lequel les quipes
sont formes pour lutter contre les attaques cybern-
tiques . En France, laccent est mis sur la forma-
tion denquteurs spcialiss, signale Christian
Aghroum. Depuis sa cration en 2000, le nombre
de personnels travaillant lO.C.L.C.T.I.C ne cesse
daugmenter : aujourdhui, il y a 300 enquteurs
spcialiss ; ils vont tre doubls dans les trois ans ve-
nir la demande de la ministre (franaise de lIntrieur)
Michle Alliot-Marie , prcise-t-il.
Prsentation dO.C.L.C.T.I.C
r LO.C.L.C.T.I.C. appartient la Direction Gnrale
de la Police Nationale et dpend de la Direction
Centrale de la Police Judiciaire. Cet organisme
a t cr en mai 2000 an de lutter contre la
dlinquance lie aux nouvelles technologies de
linformation et de la communication.
r LO.C.L.C.T.I.C. est le point de contact inter-
national dans le domaine de la cybercrimina-
lit ; il participe aux travaux oprationnels et
stratgiques des enceintes internationales (G8
Europol Interpol Commission europenne,
etc.)
r Pour satisfaire ces missions, le service com-
prend trois structures, lune oprationnelle,
lautre technique, la dernire tant la cellule
danalyse et de documentation oprationnelle.
r La structure oprationnelle est compose de
quatre groupes, dont un spcialis dans les
fraudes aux moyens de paiement. Les trois au-
tres groupes traitent des infractions spciques
lies aux rseaux, lInternet ou la tlphonie.
r La ncessit de former, au sein de tous les ser-
vices de police, des spcialistes matrisant les
techniques denqute exigeant des investiga-
tions sur des supports informatiques a entran
la mise en place dun plan national de forma-
tion. Des enquteurs spcialiss en criminalit
informatique ont, ainsi, t forms dans tous
les Services territoriaux de la Direction Cen-
trale de la Police Judiciaire, dots dun matriel
dinvestigations de haut niveau.
Cet effort au prot de la formation doit tre ra-
lis en faveur des acteurs conomiques. Daprs
Christian Aghroum, les PME sont les plus
vulnrables aux cyberattaques, les grandes
entreprises stant dj immunises avec des
systmes techniques puissants. La socit civile doit
tre informe des infractions en tout genre sur la toile,
les utilisateurs doivent faire preuve de vigilance.
Dans cette optique, la France souhaite terme bloquer
des sites aux contenus illicites (sites contenus pdo-
pornographiques ou de propagande terroriste)
lexemple de ce qui est fait en Norvge . Une black list
est procure aux fournisseurs des services Internet
qui peuvent ensuite fermer laccs certains sites.
Cependant, ces nouvelles mthodes dinvestigation
et de contrle des systmes dinformation peuvent
se rvler attentatoires aux droits fondamentaux,
en particulier au droit lanonymat et la libert
dexpression. Un quilibre doit tre trouv entre
la protection des droits fondamentaux et la lutte
contre la cybercriminalit. Cette dernire ne doit
pas non plus devenir loccasion de restreindre les
droits des citoyens dans un cyberespace naissant.
PROPOSITIONS
r Coopration au niveau international, europen
et national sur les plans politique et juridique
r Partenariat entre les acteurs publics (les poli-
tiques et les administrations) et les acteurs
privs (fournisseurs de services Internet)
r Formation tous les niveaux :
- Les acteurs publics (responsables poli-
tiques, magistrats, policiers)

- Les acteurs privs (entreprises, en par-
ticulier les PME)

- La socit civile (la formation doit se faire
lcole et dans les familles)
r Amlioration du signalement des sites illicites
9
3

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
Lespace constitue pour lEurope un enjeu stra-
tgique et un facteur de puissance, telle est lide
principale ressortie de la table ronde laquelle
participaient le Gnral Jean Rannou, Directeur
du ple prospective stratgique de CEIS, Toma
Lovreni, Directeur adjoint du Centre satellitaire
de lUnion europenne (EUSC), Erwin Duhamel,
Chef du bureau de la politique de scurit strat-
gique et du dveloppement de partenariats, Agence
spatiale europenne (ESA), Pierre-Philippe
Bacri, Administrateur en charge des industries de
dfense, DG Entreprises et industrie, Commission
europenne, Giancarlo Grasso, Conseiller du Pr-
sident de Finmeccanica et Jacques Cipriano, Vice
Prsident des affaires europennes de Safran.
La question du leadership europen dans le
domaine spatial est ainsi pose. Or, force est de
constater que lUnion europenne a, ces dernires
annes, fait de plus en plus connatre son ambition
de mettre en place une vritable politique spatiale
coordonne et cohrente.
Le dbat a dress le bilan du dveloppement aro-
O en est lEurope
en matire de
dveloppement
arospatial ?
spatial europen et a soulign le lien troit qui
existe entre espace et scurit europenne.
Il est indniable que lespace apparat comme un
march prometteur essentiel lavenir de la scu-
rit europenne. Toutefois, si lEurope a accomplit
de nombreux progrs dans le domaine spatial, il
nen demeure pas moins que la politique spatiale
europenne doit tre sujet de profonds change-
ments structurels.
LESPACE ET LA SCURIT
EUROPENNE
Lespace : un march prometteur essentiel la
scurit europenne
Lespace reprsente un domaine suscitant de plus
en plus dintrt. Il a bnci ces dernires annes
dun dveloppement technologique considrable
et constitue un nouveau march de technologies
mergentes, sources de progrs, comme lafrme
Pierre-Philippe Bacri. Cet intrt pour le dve-
loppement des technologies spatiales initi par les
autorits publiques saccompagne dune prolifra-
tion des activits et de la production.
Lexemple des drones (appels UAV unmanned
aerial vehicles) est signicatif. Ce nouveau vhicule
permettant de dtecter les mouvements au sol
sur un primtre trs vaste sans pilote bord g-
nre plus de 12 000 emplois en Europe et plus de
110 producteurs produisent un chantillon de 240
modles diffrents.
Des raisons logiques sont lorigine de cette
prolifration dactivits. En effet, selon Jacques
Cipriano, lespace ne constitue pas une n en soi . Au
contraire, les politiques spatiales servent dautres
secteurs dactivits dpendantes de lavancement
des technologies spatiales.
Giancarlo Grasso a identi deux domaines, qui
reprsentent les deux priorits des citoyens euro-
pens : lenvironnement et la scurit.
Or, quil sagisse des questions de changement cli-
matique ou bien des questions lies la scurit eu-
ropenne, lapport des technologies spatiales peut
tre dcisif. Il prcise que les risques scuritaires
sont actuellement imprvisibles et voluent trs
rapidement.
Une attention particulire donne au dveloppe-
ment spatial des ns scuritaires peut permettre
de rpondre ces menaces.
Cette prise de conscience du lien troit entre le
dveloppement des politiques spatiales et les ques-
tions de scurit europenne sous-tend la nouvelle
orientation des programmes spatiaux europens.
Lvolution des programmes spatiaux
europens
La prise de conscience de limportance du rle
de lespace pour la scurit europenne sest ac-
compagne de faon logique par une nouvelle
orientation des programmes spatiaux europens
Pierre-Philippe Bacri Jean Rannou
9
5

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
davantage tourns vers la rsolution des questions
scuritaires.
Erwin Duhamel souligne que, depuis 2007, les
programmes spatiaux europens ont t mis en
place avec la volont de faire de lAgence spatiale
europenne (ESA) un acteur actif pour les do-
maines de scurit et de dfense.
Cette nouvelle orientation doit contribuer aider
lEurope rpondre ses ambitions en termes de
rsolution des risques scuritaires.
Auparavant, les actions de lESA dans le domaine
scuritaire taient ponctuelles alors que les pro-
grammes actuels sont essentiellement ddis r-
soudre les problmes scuritaires. LESA est, par
exemple, charge de dvelopper des instruments
de gestion de crise qui puissent servir la Commis-
sion europenne.
Cette volution des programmes spatiaux
sexplique par la multiplication des missions de la
PESD et par la pression exerce par les utilisateurs
naux des missions de la PESD (Politique
europenne de scurit et de dfense), comme
lexplique Toma Lovreni.
Avec le dveloppement des missions de la PESD,
le centre satellitaire, qui travaillait essentiellement
base dimages satellitaires commerciales provenant
par exemple des Etats-Unis ou dIsral, ntait pas
capable de rpondre aux demandes des utilisateurs
naux des missions. An de combler ses carences
de limagerie, le centre satellitaire sefforce dsor-
mais de conclure des accords de coopration an
dobtenir laccs aux donnes sensibles fournies par
les systmes satellitaires nationaux.
Cette pression exerce par les utilisateurs naux
des missions de la PESD a eu des rpercussions
positives sur la politique spatiale europenne. En
effet, elle a conduit des progrs considrables,
non seulement dun point de vue institutionnel
mais galement en termes daccs aux donnes des
systmes satellitaires nationaux.
LES PROGRS DE LA POLITIQUE
SPATIALE EUROPENNE
Larchitecture de la politique spatiale
europenne
Toma Lovreni se rjouit du fait que le centre
satellitaire fasse partie intgrante du second pilier
de lUnion europenne. Alors que lESA, cre en
1975, demeure une agence intergouvernementale
rassemblant 18 Etats membres, le centre satellitaire
relve directement du contrle du Conseil. Cr en
2002 par une action commune du Conseil de 2001,
le centre satellitaire a pour objectif dexploiter et de
produire des informations rsultant de lanalyse
des images satellitaires de la terre. Ses activits sont
censes supporter et orienter le processus de prise
de dcision de lUnion europenne dans le cadre
de la politique trangre et de scurit commune
(PESC), principalement dans un but dobservation
et de prvention des conits. Le centre fut, la base,
cr en tant quagence de lUnion de lEurope Oc-
Erwin Duhamel Giancarlo Grasso
cidentale (UEO) avant dtre transfr lUnion
europenne en 2002. Selon lui, il est impratif
davoir de telles institutions au niveau europen
qui permettent le partage et lchange des donnes
sensibles.
Une meilleure coopration avec les systmes
satellitaires nationaux
LEurope a amlior son accs aux donnes sensi-
bles notamment par le biais daccords obtenus avec
des systmes satellitaires nationaux. Un accord au-
torisant le centre satellitaire de lUnion daccder
aux donnes dHelios II devrait tre sign dans
les prochains mois, voire les prochaines semaines.
Il sagira alors de la suite de laccord de dcembre
2007 permettant au centre satellitaire de bncier
de laccs aux donnes du systme Helios I. De
plus, Toma Lovreni a indiqu que les ngo-
ciations avec le systme satellitaire italien Cosmo-
Skymed taient acheves et celles avec le systme
militaire allemand de reconnaissance stratgique
SARlupe sur le point daboutir.
Avoir accs de tels renseignements permet de
rduire considrablement le temps de rponse des
actions de lUnion europenne pour ses missions
de la PESD. Dans le cas de la mission au Tchad,
le temps de rponse de lUnion europenne a t
rduit de 5 heures grce aux apports technologiques
de ces systmes satellitaires.
Cependant, malgr les progrs dont lEurope spa-
tiale a fait preuve ces dernires annes, la fois au
niveau institutionnel avec le transfert du centre sa-
tellitaire vers le second pilier de lUnion europe-
nne et au niveau de la coopration avec les sys-
tmes nationaux, les intervenants ont mis en avant
les carences de la politique spatiale europenne. Le
leadership dont lUnion europenne pourra bn-
cier dans le domaine spatial dpendra de sa ca-
pacit mettre en uvre certains changements. Les
intervenants ont dgag plusieurs lments, qui
leur semblent sujets de profondes modications.
Les principaux systmes satellitaires europens
Helios I est le premier systme europen de
reconnaissance militaire dvelopp conjointement
par les gouvernements franais, italien et espagnol
et compos de segments espace et sol. Ce systme
dobservation optique spatial est capable de produire
des images en haute rsolution de nimporte
quel point du globe et de les renouveler quoti-
diennement. Helios IA a t lanc en 1995 et Helios
IB en 1999. LEtat-major des armes des trois pays
cooprant grent la programmation des prises
de vues et chaque pays dispose de ses propres
installations pour exploiter les donnes fournies
par le systme. La Dlgation Gnrale pour
lArmement reste responsable de la conservation
des fonctions et des performances du systme.
La matrise doeuvre de la construction du bus
satellite ainsi que la composante sol des trois pays
partenaires ont t cons Astrium.
Helios II est la 2e gnration du systme de recon-
naissance optique militaire ralis conjointement
par trois pays europens : la France, la Belgique
et lEspagne. Helios II comprend deux satellites
optiques et une composante sol dveloppe sous
la matrise duvre dAstrium. Par rapport son
prdcesseur Helios I, Helios II offre des capacits
considrablement amliores en matire de rso-
lution, de dtection nocturne par imagerie infra-
rouge et de frquence de survol. La composante
sol dHelios II a t mise en service en 2003. Helios
II traite les donnes provenant du satellite Helios
IA, toujours oprationnel. Chaque pays utilisateur
dispose dun droit de prise de vue au prorata de
sa contribution nancire ou en nature (lorsquil
sagit dchange de droits de programmation avec
les systmes Cosmo-Skymed et SarLupe). Le poten-
tiel dHelios II a t dune utilit majeure durant
Toma Lovreni
9
7

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
les crises rcentes (Kosovo, Liban, Afghanistan).
Ce systme reprsente un progrs important vers
une Europe de la dfense et constitue une rfrence
pour lEurope spatiale de la dfense.
COSMO-SkyMed est un systme satellitaire ita-
lien pour lobservation de la terre de lAgence spa-
tiale italienne et du ministre italien de la Dfense,
pour lequel Telespazio gre le segment Terre
(contrle de satellites en vol et processus de don-
nes). Les satellites sont construits par Thals Ale-
nia Space Italia. A terme, le systme sera compos
dune constellation de 4 satellites, dont 3 sont dj
en orbite. Une coopration tendue avec la France a
t dcide Turin en 2001. LItalie accde Hlios
II depuis 2004 et la France Cosmo-Skymed.
SARLupe est un systme militaire allemand de
reconnaissance stratgique compos de 5 satellites
(env. 770 kg chacun) identiques et dune station au
sol assurant le maintien poste et la programma-
tion des satellites ainsi que lexploitation opra-
tionnelle des images. Les cinq satellites gravitent
autour de la terre sur 3 orbites polaires diffrentes
500 km daltitude environ. Les satellites radar per-
mettent dacqurir des images tous moments de
la journe et quelles que soient les conditions clima-
tiques. Le lancement du dernier satellite aura lieu
avant la n de lanne 2008.
LES CHANGEMENTS NCESSAIRES
POUR UN LEADERSHIP EUROPEN
Un cadre juridique et technologique
europanis
Selon Jacques Cipriano, les industries oprant
dans le secteur spatial souffrent considrablement
de la fragmentation du march europen. Il a fait
remarquer que lindustrie ninvestira pas dans des
secteurs dans lesquels les Etats membres rcla-
ment un monopole qui se manifeste en particulier
au travers dun contrle des exportations. Dans le
mme temps, cette fragmentation conduit une du-
plication des activits au niveau europen comme
lillustre la production de drones.
Ainsi, alors que Pierre-Philippe Bacri afrme que
la Commission travaille dnir des objectifs cibls
an de remdier cette duplication dactivits, les
industriels appellent la mise en place dun cadre
juridique bien dni permettant aux producteurs
de vendre des produits qui puissent tre certis
et par consquent mis en opration dans les pays
voisins.
Outre ce manque de cadre juridique, la politique
spatiale europenne connat galement un manque
de cadre technologique. En effet, les industries eu-
ropennes sont confrontes au problme des dif-
frences de standards des produits les empchant
dchanger des pices avec leurs voisins europens.
En effet, certains utilisateurs achtent des produits
mais se rendent compte ultrieurement quils ne
peuvent les utiliser dans leur pays en raison des
diffrences de normes appliques. Seule lexistence
dun cadre technologique crant la standardisation
des produits et lharmonisation des normes scu-
ritaires pourra remdier aux problmes dont souf-
frent les industries europennes.
La dualit civile et militaire des investissements
Les technologies utilises par les satellites sont par
nature duales et peuvent ainsi autant bncier au
domaine civil que militaire. Il est par consquent
indispensable, selon Jacques Cipriano, que la
politique spatiale europenne adopte une approche
duale qui puisse bncier aux industries euro-
pennes. Seuls les programmes duaux, cest--dire
intgrant les programmes-cadres civils et militaires
relatifs lespace pour la recherche et le dveloppe-
ment, permettent un enrichissement crois et peu-
vent maximiser les investissements consentis.
Jacques Cipriano
9
9

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
Or, actuellement les investissements civils
bncient aux militaires, mais linverse nest pas
ncessairement vrai. Force est de constater que
bien souvent sans lexistence dun march civil,
les militaires ne pourraient pas se procurer des
matriels, des hlicoptres par exemple, des prix
dcents. Les synergies stratgiques et conomiques
des programmes spatiaux duaux doivent tre,
par consquent, davantage exploits par les
Etats membres an daccrotre la comptitivit
europenne.
La ncessit de lacceptation sociale
Outre les changements internes la politique
spatiale europenne, lacceptation sociale de la
part des citoyens europens semble aux yeux de
Giancarlo Grasso ncessaire pour la poursuite des
investissements publics. Comme lont mentionn
les diffrents intervenants, lespace constitue un
march public engendrant des cots pour les
citoyens europens.
Le projet communautaire Galileo est, par exemple,
actuellement nanc par les contribuables des 27
Etats membres. Or, il est clair quun renforcement
des mesures scuritaires, reposant en partie sur
un investissement accru dans le domaine spatial,
devra tre expliqu et justi par les autorits
publiques. Le rle de lUnion europenne sera
de prouver aux citoyens que lespace reprsente
un secteur cl pour la scurit et la prosprit
de lEurope.
PROPOSITIONS
r Une meilleure coopration entre les instances de
lOTAN et de lUnion europenne contribuerait
amliorer nos capacits technologiques,
notamment dans le domaine des drones.
r Un travail en amont prenant en compte
la fois les points de vue des instances
militaires et des reprsentants commerciaux
est ncessaire la dnition des objectifs de
la politique spatiale europenne.
1
0
1

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
Le dveloppement dune formation commune du
personnel de la dfense et de la scurit en Europe
est un enjeu de taille pour assurer linteroprabilit
des troupes europennes. La Prsidence franaise
de lUnion europenne a propos, parmi ses initia-
tives de scurit et de dfense, dinstaurer un sys-
tme de mobilit du personnel militaire linstar
du programme Erasmus pour les tudiants.
Olivier Darrason, Prsident de CEIS, a interrog
le Gnral Patrick de Rousiers, reprsentant mi-
litaire de la France auprs de lUnion europenne,
Emile Prez, chef du Service de Coopration
Technique Internationale de Police (SCTIP),
le gnral David Leakey, directeur gnral de
ltat-major de lUnion europenne, Carlo Magrassi,
vice-prsident excutif de la Stratgie de lAgence
europenne de dfense et Ulrike Volejnik,
directeur eBusiness Consulting chez T-Systems
Multimedia Solutions.
Si un rseau des Collges de dfense des 27 tats
membres existe dj et est coordonn par le secr-
tariat du Conseil, Herv Morin, ministre franais de
Les forces et
les faiblesses
de la formation
europenne
la dfense, a propos daller plus loin dans la coor-
dination des formations militaires et dinstaurer un
Erasmus militaire.
Si la plupart des tats membres sont daccord en
principe, deux modles nationaux saffrontent en
ce qui concerne la forme que cette coordination
prendrait, lautorit responsable ou lallocation
budgtaire.
Collge europen de scurit et de dfense
En application du titre V du trait sur lUnion eu-
ropenne, le Conseil de lUnion europenne a cr
un Collge europen de scurit et de dfense
(CESD) par laction commune 2005/575/PESC du
18 juillet 2005, modi ensuite par laction com-
mune du 23 juin 2008.
Le CESD est organis sous la forme dun rseau
runissant des instituts, collges, acadmies et insti-
tutions des pays membres de lUnion europenne,
ainsi que lInstitut dtudes de scurit de lUnion
europenne (IES) et qui traitent de questions de
politique de scurit et de dfense.
Sa mission est de fournir une formation dans le
domaine de la PESD au niveau stratgique an de
mettre en place et de promouvoir une comprhen-
sion commune de la PESD parmi le personnel civil
et militaire, de recenser et de diffuser au moyen de
ses activits de formation les meilleures pratiques
en rapport avec les diverses questions relevant de
la PESD.
Mobilit internationale pour les militaires
Le Gnral Patrick de Rousiers, reprsentant
militaire de la France auprs de lUnion europen-
ne, a prsent laudience les avantages dune
mobilit du personnel militaire et a dcrit le modle
franais qui souvre ltranger. Les oprations mi-
litaires sont multinationales, que ce soit au sein de
la PESD, de lOTAN ou des casques bleus.
En Europe, la formation militaire diffre dun pays
lautre et comporte des lments nationaux et
traditionnels spciques. An de faciliter une meil-
leure connaissance des militaires ds leur forma-
tion, la proposition franaise consiste dvelopper
une nouvelle dynamique des formations des cadres
militaires de 18 24 ans inspire par Erasmus.
En France, les trois armes ont dj mis en pratique
la mobilit internationale en envoyant 122 de leurs
ofciers des formations dans dautres pays euro-
pens et en accueillant 30 stagiaires ressortissants
des autres tats membres de lUnion europenne.
Nanmoins, la majorit des changes en place actuel-
lement en France ont lieu entre les anciens tats
membres. Cest ainsi que dans un autre registre,
les sessions europennes organises par lInstitut
des Hautes Etudes de Dfense Nationale (IHEDN)
ont t organises quatre reprises entre la France,
lAllemagne et le Royaume Uni.
Le Gnral de Rousiers plaide pour lextension
de ce systme tous les tats membres : il faut
raliser un systme dquivalences pour les militaires
Patrick de Rousiers Olivier Darrason
1
0
3

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
et encourager les tats membres faciliter la mobilit
et reconnatre la formation des autres tablissements
militaires .
Quel partage des cots des formations
militaires ?
Le Gnral David Leakey, directeur gnral de
ltat-major de lUnion europenne (EMUE), a
pos la question des cots ainsi que celle du niveau
denseignement.
La formation militaire au Royaume-Uni est trs na-
tionale cause des cots de la formation. () le cot
pour envoyer des tudiants dans nos cours est trs
prohibitif , expliquet-il en montrant le modle
britannique.
Pour cette raison, mme si linitiative franaise va
dans le bon sens cela pose des questions quant la
manire dorganiser ces mobilits et pour ce qui est
du partage des cots.
La plus-value des changes militaires
En outre, il sinterroge sur le niveau
denseignement auquel il faut appliquer ce sys-
tme dchange pour quil y ait une valeur ajou-
te. De son point de vue, la formation initiale des
militaires devrait rester nationale car le comman-
dement est national ce niveau. En revanche, il
est possible de raliser une standardisation des
modules denseignement et mettre en uvre une
reconnaissance des formations, comme le souhaite
le Gnral de Rousiers. La vraie valeur ajoute
dune mobilit est au niveau de la formation inter-
mdiaire, savoir des ofciers. Cest ce niveau
que lon peut apprendre les concepts militaires
quon partage avec ses allis. Et comme le souligne
le gnral Leakey, pourquoi ne pas inclure aussi
les pays de lOTAN dans cet exercice puisque les
oprations au sein de lOTAN sont aussi courantes
que celles de la PESD et que les deux organisations
partagent les mmes concepts militaires ?
En ce qui concerne la formation technique des mi-
litaires, cela reprsenterait une vraie valeur ajou-
te car elle est trs coteuse et, en mme temps sa
mise en commun viterait des doublons et ren-
drait plus efcace lutilisation des ressources des
tats membres.
Pourtant, puisquil en va de lindpendance dune
arme nationale, ce type de formation partage se-
rait pour le moment difcile aborder.
En tant que directeur gnral de ltat-major de
lUnion europenne, il appelle de ses vux une for-
mation commune du personnel des tats membres
qui intgre ce genre de structure internationale. De
par son exprience au sein du Secrtariat Gnral
du Conseil, il constate que 35% des effectifs actuel-
lement sous ses ordres au sein de lEMUE com-
pltent leurs connaissances linguistiques une fois
en poste et possdent une formation trs diffrente
ce qui rend la coopration plus difcile.
David Leakey Emile Perez
Un Collge europen de dfense ?
Emile Prez, chef du Service de Coopration Tech-
nique Internationale de Police (SCTIP) et Prsident
du Conseil dadministration du Collge Europen
de Police (CEPOL) a prsent lexprience du Col-
lge qui pourrait inspirer le projet dun Collge eu-
ropen de Dfense.
La formation est la cl de lavenir, cest vrai dans tous
les domaines, mais aussi pour les formations de police
et dans un monde global o la menace est glo-
bale mais o ses rpercussions sont localises, les
policiers doivent sadapter aux nouveaux savoir-
faire des criminels. Dans ce cadre, le rseau du
Collge europen de police est la pierre angulaire de la
formation des cadres de police en Europe .
Il montre que la vraie valeur ajoute du CEPOL dans
la formation policire est la sortie dune culture de rac-
tivit et le dveloppement dune vision proactive.
Les formations du CEPOL sont trs vastes : des for-
mations dans 40 domaines de la scurit intrieure,
des formations sur le terrain, 80 100 sminaires
par an, 1 900 stagiaires en programmes dchange
(25% des lves dans les coles franaises de po-
lice sont trangers), des programmes auxquels
sont associs la Norvge, lIslande, la Suisse et les
trois pays candidats lUnion europenne, ainsi
que le Canada, les tats-unis et la Russie. Des pro-
grammes EUROMED 2 ont t dvelopps pour les
pays du pourtour mditerranen.
Bien entendu, un tel systme a aussi des faiblesses
car il rencontre des difcults de coordination,
surtout la difcult de la langue unique de travail.
Mais pourtant Emile Prez conclut : Voici les
richesses et les faiblesses dans le cadre dun tel rseau :
nos cultures et histoires sont diffrentes mais nous
partageons et transmettons les mmes valeurs de
dmocratie qui sont aussi celles de la famille policire
pour atteindre le plus grand nombre....
Quel cadre pour la formation militaire
harmonise ?
Si une certaine volont unit les tats membres
derrire la proposition franaise de crer un Col-

CEPOL
r Est une Agence de lUnion europenne depuis
2005 fonctionnant en rseau des instituts,
collges, acadmies et institutions de police des
pays membres de lUE
r A un secrtariat Bramshill (Royaume-Uni)
r dispose dun budget annuel denviron 7,5
millions (2007)
r organise entre 80 et 100 cours, sminaires et
confrences chaque anne dans les instituts
nationaux de police
r organise des programmes dchange entre le
personnel de police
organise des formations pour les hauts fonction-
naires de police, mais aussi des formations au
niveau intermdiaire et de terrain
CESD
r est un rseau runissant des instituts, collges,
acadmies et institutions des pays membres de
lUE, ainsi que lInstitut dtudes de scurit de
lUE
r na pas de secrtariat propre car celui-ci est
assur par le Secrtariat du Conseil, ni de
budget propre
r organise des cours de haut niveau dans le
domaine de scurit et de dfense dans les
instituts de dfense des tats membres
r organise des cours dorientation gnralistes
gnralement dune semaine
Le Collge europen de police (CEPOL) versus le Collge europen de scurit et de dfense (CESD)
1
0
5

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
lge europen de dfense linstar du Collge
europen de police, le reprsentant de lAgence
europenne de Dfense, Carlo Magrassi, salue
cette initiative en constatant la fragmentation des
formations en Europe.
Le rle de lAgence europenne de Dfense est de
veiller crer un march de lindustrie militaire
europenne et non pas de former les ressources
humaines.
Nanmoins, dans la construction des capacits in-
tgres des forces militaires europennes, lAgence
a dj pris linitiative dorganiser quelques for-
mations de 600 personnes en 2009 pour combler
cette fragmentation, surtout dans le domaine tech-
nique. Elle peut mettre en uvre de telles initia-
tives, mais ne peut pas assurer le cadre dun tel
projet long terme.
La fragmentation nest pas due la technologie ou la
stratgie, mais aux ressources humaines et, pour cette
raison, nous devons prparer la gnration future et
crer une gnration de personnes qui se connaissent,
se comprennent et puissent travailler ensemble . Ce
sont l les prmices dune Europe forte au niveau
mondial qui soit capable de cooprer et de ne pas
rater la comptition technologique.
Carlo Magrassi salue linitiative franaise car les
relations interhumaines ne peuvent pas tre remplaces ;
il est galement convaincu que la prsidence
franaise va donner une impulsion ce projet. Le
prochain objectif est de trouver le cadre adquat de
cette coopration.
Ulrike Volejnik, directeur eBusiness Consulting
chez T-Systems Multimedia Solutions, a mis en
vidence une raison supplmentaire en faveur de la
ralisation dun cadre commun de formation mili-
taire et de scurit : les ds de la formation dans
les nouvelles technologies.
Laugmentation de la demande de formation des
systmes mis en place au niveau communau-
taire comme Schengen ainsi que des formations
dinitiation aux systmes juridiques des Etats mem-
bres montrent le besoin de standardisation des
formations au niveau europen et la mise en place
dune meilleure coordination.
PROPOSITIONS :
r Cration dun Collge europen de dfense
linstar du Collge europen de Police
r Standardisation des modules de formation
initiale
r Systme dchange partir du niveau de
formation intermdiaire et dexperts
r Formation technique standardise ou partage
au niveau europen
r Introduction du eLearning dans la
formation militaire
Carlo Magrassi Ulrike Volejnik
ACCORD SUR LERASMUS MILITAIRE
Le 10 novembre 2008, le Conseil des ministres de
la dfense a dcid le lancement dune formation
initiale des jeunes ofciers europens, inspire
dERASMUS. Cette initiative a pour objectif de
dvelopper les changes entre ofciers au stade de
leur formation initiale an de renforcer la capacit
des forces armes europennes travailler ensemble et
linteroprabilit des forces. La mise en oeuvre de cette
initiative, qui facilitera les changes entre les institu-
tions nationales de formation, seffectuera sur une base
nationale et volontaire et sappuiera sur le Collge eu-
ropen de scurit et de dfense. (Conclusions du
Conseil sur la Politique europenne de scurit et
de dfense, 10 11 novembre 2008)
Le Secrtaire Gnral du Conseil rdigera un rap-
port sur la mise en uvre de cette initiative et la
soumettra au Conseil en 2009.
Initiative europenne pour les changes de
jeunes ofciers, inspire dErasmus
Extraits de la dcision du Conseil du 10 -11
novembre
r Comparer les formations offertes par les dif-
frentes institutions sur la base de listes indica-
tives nationales de comptences
r Crer une plate-forme informatique contenant
les programmes de formation des institutions
nationales de formation initiale des ofciers an
de faciliter lidentication et la comparaison des
formations
r Identier des solutions aux obstacles adminis-
tratifs, juridiques et dautre nature aux changes
r Dvelopper des modules de formation dans le
domaine des questions internationales (volet
acadmique de la formation des ofciers)
r Faciliter, pour les institutions nationales de
formation initiale des ofciers, laccs et
lutilisation du systme de formation avance
distance par Internet (IDL), en cours de dve-
loppement par le Collge europen de scurit
et de dfense (CESD)
r Dvelopper un systme dquivalences pour le
volet militaire de la formation initiale des of-
ciers
r Dnir des mcanismes incitatifs visant
dvelopper les changes entre les ofciers en
sinspirant du programme Erasmus
r Encourager les tats membres et leurs institu-
tions nationales de formation initiale des of-
ciers mettre pleinement en oeuvre les outils et
les actions prvus dans le cadre du processus
de Bologne
Herv Morin, ministre franais de la Dfense, a
salu les avances qui ont t ralises dans le do-
maine de la dfense au sein de lUnion europenne.
Noublions pas que lEurope de la dfense nexistait
pas il y a 15 ans. Nous avons fait dnormes avances.
Pour des Europens convaincus comme moi il ny a pas
assez de progrs mais, pour ceux qui le sont moins, le
rythme est assez soutenu .
Le projet dun Livre blanc europen de la dfense
linstar du Livre blanc franais sur la dfense et
la scurit, mme sil na mme pas t propos car
un consensus aurait t impossible , reste un ob-
jectif du ministre. Le Livre blanc sur la dfense sera
la continuation naturelle de la stratgie europenne de
scurit rnove et rvise que Javier Solana va bientt
prsenter .
Il a galement voqu linitiative contre la pirate-
rie quil avait propose Deauville et qui sera
mise en uvre dbut dcembre. Ce qui est im-
mense est de voir quen moins de deux mois la majo-
rit des Europens se sont engags l-dessus () Cest
une opration qui dmontre que lEurope de la dfense
progresse. . Puisque avoir notre propre capacit
dobservation qui nous permet danticiper, danalyser
et de crer notre propre dcision avec notre propre in-
formation est crucial , il soutient les programmes
satellitaires lancs par lEurope tout en rassurant
sur lAlliance avec les tats-unis et lOTAN.
Linitiative franaise du Prsident de la Rpublique
consiste prsenter la construction de lEurope de la
Dfense non pas en opposition avec lAlliance Atlan-
tique mais comme un instrument complmentaire
dune capacit militaire commune .
1
0
7

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
Dailleurs cette perspective de coopration euro
atlantique a rassur, dans lopinion du ministre de
la Dfense, les pays dEurope Centrale et Orien-
tale qui souhaitent dsormais sinvestir dans ce
domaine.
LAgence Europenne de Dfense cre
linitiative des Franais et des Britanniques doit
tre dveloppe. LAgence a ralis plusieurs pro-
grammes mais nous ne sommes pas encore la hauteur
de nos ambitions .
Concernant linitiative dun Erasmus militaire ,
Herv Morin sest dclar conant : Je vois que
les 27 sont intresss . Une fois accompli le travail
didentication et de comparaison des formations,
il sera possible dtendre la coopration au-del de
lchange traditionnel.
Lide quune arme de jeunes ofciers peut pour-
suivre une partie de son cursus dans une autre cole
militaire europenne est un lment majeur en faveur
de lmergence dune conscience europenne et dune
citoyennet europenne en complment de la citoyennet
nationale. Cest galement un facteur important pour
faire merger une vraie capacit de travail en commun .
Pour lavenir, Herv Morin souhaiterait voir la mise
en place dun groupe daviation navale europenne :
cela serait un remarquable symbole de lEurope, ca-
pable de coordonner, raliser des oprations conjointes,
capable de projeter sa puissance .
Concilier scurit et libert
Saluant linitiative du sminaire, Jacques Barrot,
Vice-prsident de la Commission europenne
en charge de lespace justice, libert et scurit
dvoile ses ambitions dans ce domaine qui doit tre
laune des attentes des citoyens europens.
Nos citoyens ont des attentes lgitimes de nos gou-
vernements et de lEurope, ils attendent de la scurit
dans ce domaine mais ils sont galement concerns par
leur libert. Le changement de la nature des menaces,
linterdpendance entre nos pays font que le concept
mme de scurit volue. Nous avons identi il y a
quelque temps des ds la scurit comme le terroris-
me, la prolifration des armes, le crime organis, les con-
its rgionaux mais aujourdhui nous devons rajouter
dautres menaces comme le changement climatique ou
la scurit nergtique. Quel degr de scurit voulons-
nous ? En dautres termes, dans quel monde voulons-
nous vivre ? Voulons-nous une politique de lautruche
o lEurope reste aveugle et vulnrable ou une politique
du primat de la scurit qui crerait un contrle strict
de la socit ? LEurope doit prendre la voie du juste mi-
lieu. Nos concitoyens veulent vivre dans la scurit mais
aussi dans la libert. A nous de trouver les solutions et
les technologies qui vont fournir les deux .
Selon Jacques Barrot, il existe 3 points cls dans la
discussion sur la scurit en Europe qui reprsen-
tent des priorits de travail : la scurit aux fron-
tires de lEurope et la scurit maritime, la cyber-
criminalit, et limplication des industriels dans
la recherche de solutions adaptes aux problmes
actuels de scurit.
Moderniser les systmes de scurit aux
frontires de lEurope
Le rcent largissement de lespace Schengen est
une vritable avance mais aussi un symbole car
cela a runi des citoyens europens jadis spars
par le Rideau de Fer. Cela signie galement 405
millions de citoyens europens qui peuvent circuler
librement et autant de citoyens pour lesquels il faut
assurer la scurit. La cration de la zone Schengen
pose la question du juste milieu entre la scurit
et la libert dans cet espace. Pour russir ce d,
lEurope a besoin de moyens techniques modernes
plusieurs niveaux.
Tout dabord le systme SIS I, mis en place en 1995
pour interdire laccs dans lespace Schengen aux
personnes des pays tiers qui ont t refuses dans
un autre tat membre, vient dtre renouvel et
un nouveau systme SIS II doit tre mis au point
dici la n de lanne 2009. Ce dernier doit tre
capable dintgrer des donnes biomtriques et
permettre de nouvelles fonctionnalits comme des
mcanismes dalerte sur les bateaux ou dans les
avions et sur le contrle des containers.
Le systme dchange dinformation sur les visas
(VIS) doit galement tre renouvel et transform
pour inclure des donnes biomtriques.
La Commission examine galement la possibilit
de raliser le contrle automatique aux frontires
laide dun pr enregistrement contenant des
donnes biomtriques.
La russite dune complte libralisation du
systme des visas est conditionne par la mise au
point long terme dun systme dentre et de
sortie des citoyens des pays tiers, accepts pour une
courte priode de temps dans lespace Schengen. Ce
systme pourrait contenir une alerte automatique
en cas de dpassement des autorisations de sjour
et rduire ainsi considrablement limmigration
illgale car de nombreux immigrants arrivent en
Europe de cette faon.
La surveillance maritime des initiatives qui
vont dans le bon sens
La surveillance maritime est une autre priorit de
scurit dans lespace Schengen. La rencontre de
Deauville en octobre a permis des avances sur la
coopration civile et militaire dans la surveillance
maritime. Pourtant depuis 2006 de nombreuses ac-
tions sectorielles ont t menes pour combattre le
trac de drogue et limmigration illgale aux fron-
tires maritimes.
Jacques Barrot a donn lexemple de lopration
HERA dploye pour arrter limmigration vers
les les Canaries et lopration Nautilus qui visait
surtout limmigration illgale en provenance de
Bruno Masnou
1
0
9

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
lAfrique du Nord vers Malte et lItalie, mais aussi
pour lutter contre le trac de stupants. 5000 per-
sonnes ont t renvoyes et 3000 personnes arrtes au
cours de ces oprations a rappel le Commissaire.
En ce qui concerne le trac de drogue des plate-
formes nationales ont t cres et sont gres par
les militaires : MAOC-N pour locan Atlantique et
CECLAD pour la mer Mditerrane. Les premiers
rsultats ont t encourageants. En avril 2007, 30
tonnes de cocane avaient t saisies sur la cte
Atlantique. CECLAD, qui a t cr en septembre
dernier dans le cadre de la Prsidence franaise de
lUnion europenne, devrait permettre de rduire
considrablement le trac de cocane et de cannabis
en mer Mditerrane.
Les initiatives de lUnion europenne vont dans la
bonne direction mais il faut une meilleure coordi-
nation des actions dans ce domaine car il y a dj
beaucoup dautorits dans le domaine maritime
dont les comptences se chevauchent.
Amliorer les instruments lgislatifs pour
combattre la cybercriminalit
La multiplication des rseaux et les interconnexions
des systmes en Europe sont essentielles pour am-
liorer la scurit mais leur utilisation nous rend plus
vulnrables aux attaques des cyberterroristes qui
peuvent sen emparer. Les attaques contre lEstonie
en sont un exemple. Mais la lutte contre la cyber-
criminalit doit prendre en compte dautres menaces
comme la pdopornographie et labus sexuel des en-
fants tout comme leur distribution par Internet.
La dcision-cadre de 2005
2
sattaque dj la
cybercriminalit tandis que la directive de 2004
3

impose une harmonisation minimale des peines
pour la pdopornographie. Nos instruments
lgislatifs doivent tre la hauteur des menaces qui
psent sur nos citoyens et particulirement sur nos
enfants. Dans ce contexte je prvois de mettre jour en
2009 les dcisions-cadres sur la cybercriminalit et sur
la pdopornographie .
2. Dcision-cadre 2005/222/JAI du Conseil du 24 fvrier 2005 relative
aux attaques visant les systmes dinformation
3. Dcision-cadre 2004/68/JAI du Conseil du 22 dcembre 2003
relative la lutte contre lexploitation sexuelle des enfants et la
pdopornographie
Plusieurs dcisions sont ltude au sein de la
Direction Gnrale JLS contre ces menaces : le
renforcement de la dcision-cadre contre la cyber-
criminalit en 2009, une proposition vise inculper
la sduction des enfants en ligne, les abus sexuels
en ligne ou le simple accs des images dabus
denfants mme sil ny a pas eu tlchargement.
Se prparer pour affronter des cyberattaques
Je suis convaincu quil faut commencer une rexion
sur le risque dattaques terroristes sur nos installations
qui sont au cur de linfrastructure europenne
comme les systmes de distribution deau, de gaz ou
dlectricit . La lutte contre les cybercriminalits
demande des efforts supplmentaires pour
harmoniser la lgislation en Europe, des initiatives
mais surtout des technologies adquates. Jacques
Barrot appelle un partenariat public priv qui
soit plus mme de rpondre ces ds de scurit.
Dans tous les domaines () nous avons besoin de
solutions industrielles. Ces solutions industrielles
jouent un rle cl et pour les trouver nous avons besoin
dune approche partage entre les industries et les
Pouvoirs publics () .
Promouvoir les partenariats publics privs
performants
Les nouvelles technologies de scurit doivent
rpondre trois critres : tre acceptable pour les
citoyens qui souhaitent prserver leurs liberts, tre
des prix comptitifs et assurer linteroprabilit.
Jacques Barrot
Le 11 septembre 2008, la Commission europenne
a lanc le partenariat public priv en faveur de la
recherche et de linnovation en matire de scurit
qui annonce le lancement dun forum europen de
la scurit et de linnovation (ESRIF), dont le budget
pour la priode 2007 2013 est de 1,3 milliard
consacrs aux domaines de la justice et des affaires
intrieures, du transport ou de lnergie.
Pour optimiser lutilisation de cet argent nous
devons avoir une vision commune des menaces,
dterminer les oprations et respecter les standards
europens. Une fois que lEurope a dtermin
des standards et mis au point des technologies
efcaces, celles-ci peuvent ensuite tre exportes
lchelle mondiale. Nos socits sont confrontes
de multiples menaces dont nous connaissons la plupart
tandis que dautres sont plus complexes et difciles
anticiper. Les forces de scurit doivent toujours avoir un
avantage sur la menace. La cl est notre capacit ragir
rapidement et utiliser les nouvelles technologies .
Promouvoir lintrt europen en matire de
scurit et de dfense
Dans ses remarques conclusives, Jean-Dominique
Giuliani, Prsident de la Fondation Robert
Schuman, a soulign la richesse des dbats et la
qualit des changes entre industriels et lgislateurs.
Rappelant limportance de llection prsidentielle
amricaine du 4 novembre, il souligne lurgence
de rchir ce quune politique europenne de
dfense peut apporter la stabilit globale : Nous ne
serons pas capables de dvelopper la politique de scurit
et de dfense europenne sans placer cette politique dans
le contexte plus large des relations avec les Etats-Unis,
comme avec les autres partenaires mondiaux.
Les deux puissances, lUnion europenne et les
tats-unis, qui demeurent les plus proches allis,
nont ainsi pas toujours les mmes intrts :
Comme le Commissaire Barrot la montr tout lheure
dans le domaine de la protection des donnes et de la lutte
contre la cybercriminalit (), il y a une voie europenne
et des intrts europens qui nous sont propres. Dans la
mondialisation, lEurope dispose dj dune spcicit
et dun rle part. Une politique de dfense commune
doit lui permettre de soutenir une diplomatie et une
politique trangre dabord europennes, cest--dire de
promouvoir nos valeurs et nos mthodes .
Il est vident, par exemple, que la scurit des
frontires europennes est un intrt commun
aux Etats membres, qui diffre de celui de nos
partenaires internationaux. LEurope doit dfendre
ses intrts et sa vision du monde et laborer sa
propre stratgie.
Linitiative de la Prsidence franaise, qui a propos
ses partenaires, puis obtenu des Etats-Unis, la
runion du G20 pour examiner la rponse collective
la crise nancire, est une preuve dun poids
nouveau de lUnion sur la scne internationale.
La crise russo-gorgienne a galement montr que
lEurope est capable dagir en matire de politique
trangre. Il en va de mme en matire conomique
et nancire. LEuro joue un grand rle dans les
changes nanciers mondiaux et son rle protecteur
est lun des atouts dont nous pouvons bncier.
Les valeurs de lEurope ne peuvent que renforcer
lUnion dans les relations internationales . Pour
Jean-Dominique Giuliani, cette volution passe par
une dfense commune plus intgre qui manifestera
notre volont de nous afrmer davantage dans
le monde.
1
1
1

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
The Robert Schuman Foundation undertakes
research on the European Union and its
policies in an attempt to anticipate future
developments, as well as taking on board
topical events. The Foundation inspires and
stimulates European debate by:
# The annual report The State of the
Union
# Producing the leading electronic
newsletter in Europe
200,000 subscribers five languages
# Publishing documents regularly; weekly
European Issues, monthly Notes,
essays, European Elections Monitor
# Conferences and Events
# Training sessions
Want to know everything about Europe? Take a look at:
www.robert-schuman.eu
PARIS
29, boulevard Raspail
F-75007 Paris
Tel: +33 (0)1 53 63 83 00
Fax: +33 (0)1 53 63 83 01
info@robert-schuman.eu
BRUXELLES
Rond-Point Schuman 6 / Schumanplein 6
B-1040 Bruxelles / B-1040 Brussel
Tel: +32 (0)2 234 78 26
Fax: + 32 (0)2 234 77 72
bruxelles@robert-schuman.eu
THE FRENCH THINK TANK
ON EUROPE
pubFRS 08-07_GB 15/04/08 14:30 Page 1
1
1
3

S
c
u
r
i
t

e
t

D
f
e
n
s
e

2
0
0
8
List of
participants
Tameur Abderrahmane
Diplomatic Secretary
Embassy of Algeria to Belgium
Paul Adamson
Co-Founder
The Centre
Christian Aghroum
Chief of French National Cybercrime Unit, Central
Ofce for Fight Against Crime (OCLCTIC)
Ministry of the Interior, Overseas France and Local
Authorities, France
Aisola Kamini
Account Manager European and International
Institutions
SAS
Igors Aizstrauts
Political Group Secretary, Latvia
Assembly of the Western European Union
Muzaffer Akyildirim
Defence Counsellor
Mission of Turkey to the EU
Oleg Aleksandrov
First Secretary
Embassy of Ukraine to Belgium
Michle Alliot-Marie
Minister
Authorities, France
Lauri Almann
Permanent Undersecretary
Ministry of Defence, Estonia
The Robert Schuman Foundation undertakes
research on the European Union and its
policies in an attempt to anticipate future
developments, as well as taking on board
topical events. The Foundation inspires and
stimulates European debate by:
# The annual report The State of the
Union
# Producing the leading electronic
newsletter in Europe
200,000 subscribers five languages
# Publishing documents regularly; weekly
European Issues, monthly Notes,
essays, European Elections Monitor
# Conferences and Events
# Training sessions
Want to know everything about Europe? Take a look at:
www.robert-schuman.eu
PARIS
29, boulevard Raspail
F-75007 Paris
Tel: +33 (0)1 53 63 83 00
Fax: +33 (0)1 53 63 83 01
info@robert-schuman.eu
BRUXELLES
Rond-Point Schuman 6 / Schumanplein 6
B-1040 Bruxelles / B-1040 Brussel
Tel: +32 (0)2 234 78 26
Fax: + 32 (0)2 234 77 72
bruxelles@robert-schuman.eu
THE FRENCH THINK TANK
ON EUROPE
pubFRS 08-07_GB 15/04/08 14:30 Page 1
Greg Ambroziewicz
Project Ofcer, Security Research Unit
European Commission
Keith Anderson
Attorney
United States Air Force, Ofce of General Counsel
Darko Arabadzic
Second Secretary
Mission of Croatia to the EU
Florence Autret
Journalist
La Tribune
Pierre-Philippe Bacri
Policy Desk Ofcer for the Defence Industry
European Commission
Marie Badey-Andre
Authorities, France
Gintaras Bagdonas
Assistant Chief of Staff Intelligence
European Union Military Staff (EUMS)
Mohamed Rajae Barakat
Expert
Luca Barani
Assistant Spokeperson - HG/SG Javier Solana
Council of the European Union
Jacques Barrot
Vice President, Commissioner for Justice, Freedom and
Security
European Commission
Tomur Bayer
Director General of International Security Affairs
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Turkey
Luc Beirens
Superintendent, Department Head of the Federal
Computer Crime Unit
Federal Judicial Police, Belgium
Renaud Bellais
Defence and Security, Institutional Relations
ASTRIUM
Stephen Benians
Consultant
European Public Affairs Associates (EPAA)
Erik Berglund
Director of Frontex Capacity Building Division
European Border Management Agency (Frontex)
Alberto Bertoni
Political Counsellor
Embassy of Italy to Belgium
Denis Bertrand
Chair of the Capability Working Group Headline Goal
Task Force
Permanent Representation of France to the EU
Maria Pia Bianchetti
Delegation of Italy to NATO
Vanessa Bonsib
Junior Analyst
Swedish National Defence College (SNDC)
Catherine Boucher
First Secretary, Security and Defence
Mission of Canada to the EU
Constant Brand
Journalist (Security)
Associated Press
Jean-Guy Branger
Secrtaire
Senate, France
Alexey Budarev
First Secretary
Mission of the Russian Federation to the EU
Hartmut Bhl
International Consultant, European Security and
Defence Policy
Ren Bullinga
NCOIC NATO IPT Chairman
European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company
(EADS)
Niall Byrne
Chief architect
Columba Global Systems Ltd
Caroline Calvez
CEIS European Ofce
Colin Cameron
Secretary General
Geert Cami
Managing Director
Stephanie Carnes
Project Manager
Federico Caselli
Political Group Secretary, Italy
Gianluca Cazzaniga
Correspondent
Italian Defence Review
John Chapman
Journalist
Writers Ink
Patrick Chatard Moulin
Ofcial, Defence issues
Jacques Cipriano
Vice President, European Affairs
Safran Group
Cyrille Claver
Military Counsellor
1
1
5

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
Jo Coelmont
Senior Associate Fellow
EGMONT, the Royal Institute for International
Relations
Gilles Combarieu
Defence Counsellor
Michle Coninsx
Vice-President
Eurojust
Andrew Cox
Vice President, Business Development, EU and NATO
Lockheed Martin Global
Alexandre Custaud
Project Manager
CEIS European Ofce
Hlne-Diane Dage
Policy Ofcer for Industrial, Security and Defence
Issues in Space Policy
European Commission
Martin Darkins
Business Manager Autonomous Systems and Future
Capability
BAE Systems
Olivier Darrason
Chairman
European Company for Strategic Intelligence
(CEIS)
Philippe Dasseville
Head, Security & Defence Department
Royal Military Academy, Belgium
Hilary Davies
Assistant Director (Research and Technology)
European Defence Agency (EDA)
Andrea De Candido
Assistant Capability Manager, Knowledge
Floris de Gou
Head of Political Section
Yvan De Mesmaeker
Secretary General
European Corporate Security Association
Patrick de Rousiers
Military Representative
Willem De Ruiter
Executive Director
European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA)
Florence Decoster
Strategic Planning
European Commission
Claudiu Degeratu
Head of Defence Section
Delegation of Romania to NATO
Christian Dehay
Conseiller du HR/SG
Olivier Denve
Senior Manager
Bertrand Dprez
Consultant
The Centre
Valrie Derouet
Senior Vice President, Homeland Security
(EADS)
Pauline Desmarest
Rdacteur en Chef de la Lettre-Responsable de la
communication Internet
Fondation Robert Schuman
Claire Dhret
Head of Project, Brussels Ofce
Anatoly Didenko
Counsellor
Kerem Divanlioglu
Counsellor
Gianpaolo Dozzo
Member
Chamber of Deputies, Italy
Erwin Duhamel
Head, Strategic Security & Partnerships Ofce
European Space Agency (ESA)
Christophe Dumas
Strategy & Marketing Director
Thales Group
Ludivine Dupont
Assistant Producer
NTV
Axel Dyevre
CEIS European Ofce
Karl W. Eikenberry
Deputy Chairman of the Military Committee
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Jean-Christophe Esculier
Director for EU and NATO Affairs
Massimilian Esposito
Project Policy Ofcer
European Commission
Rafael Fernandez-Pita y Gonzalez
Deputy Director General
Council of the European Union:
Jean-Luc Ferrandi
Combat Systems Director
DCNS
Julien Feugier
Key Account Manager NATO
(EADS)
Paul Flaherty
Defence Counsellor
Delegation of the United Kingdom to NATO
Tadeja Forstner
Political Section
Permanent Representation of Slovenia to the EU
Jean Fournet
Former Assistant Secretary General for Public
Diplomacy
Raoul Fredricq
Attach de scurit Intrieure
Embassy of France to Belgium
Tomas Friedmann
Brussels Correspondent
Radio Carve
Richard Froh
Deputy Assistant Secretary General for Armaments
Octavia Frota
Janusz Gaciarz
First Counsellor, Justice and Home Affairs
Permanent Representation of Poland to the EU
Gerard Galler
Policy Ofcer
European Commission:
Francisco Garcia
NADREP
Delegation of Portugal to NATO
Michel Gari
Jalil Ghafoory
Public and Cultural Ofcer
Mission of Afghanistan to the EU
Chairman
Didier Goffart
Administrateur Dlgu
Friends of Europe
Alexander Goloshchapov
Counsellor
Didier Gondallier De Tugny
EU & NATO Affairs Director
MBDA - Brussels Ofce
1
1
7

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
Thomas Gottschild
Director, EU Defence Policy & NATO
(EADS)
Wolfgang Gtz
Director
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug
Addiction (EMCDDA)
Giancarlo Grasso
Senior Advisor to the Chairman and CEO
Finmeccanica
Marek Grela
Director, Transatlantic Relations, United Nations,
Human Rights and Counter-Terrorism
Nicolas Gros-Verheyde
European Affairs Journalist
Europolitics
Giji Gya
Executive Director
International Security Information Service Europe
(ISIS Europe)
Julian Hale
Freelance
Mike Hancock
Member
House of Commons
Daniel Hass
Ofce Director
United States Air Force, Ofce of General Counsel
Jean Hausermann
Advisor
Robert Havas
(EADS)
Ewa Hedlund
Communication Manager
European Commission
Claudia Heim
Director, European Institutions
T-Systems Belgium
Jessica Henderson
Senior Manager
Alberto Hernando
NATO Ofce of Security
Martin Hill
Vice President, Defence
Sammi Hope
Second Secretary External Relations
Delegation of the United Kingdom to NATO
Norm Hosken
Chief Executive
Columba Global Systems Ltd
Lavinia Hoyos
Journalist
Europolitics
Gerrit Huybreghts
Principal administrator DG Justice & Home Affairs
Mihail Liviu Iancu
Counsellor
Permanent Representation of Romania to the EU
Mario Italy
Military Counsellor
Permanent Representation of Slovakia to the EU
Valentin Ivancski
Senior Staff Ofcer/Security Ofcer
Mission of the Republic of Macedonia to NATO
Antoine Jacquet
Director, Market & Contract, EU & NATO
DCNS Brussels Ofce
Damian Jakubik
Attach
John Jansen
Armaments Policy Directorate/International Business
Support
Ministry of Defence, The Netherlands
Daniel Jarnea
First Secretary
Embassy of Romania to Belgium
Marie-Christine Jaunet
Attach Common Funding and Police Cooperation
Pascale Joannin
General Manager
Timothy Jones
Principal Advisor to Counter terrorism coordinator
Michael Kalkreuth
Sales Manager International Public Sector Defence
T-Systems Belgium
Tolga Kaya
First Secretary
Achilleas Kemos
Policy Ofcer, Internet & Network and Information
Security Policies
European Commission
Ren-Pierre Koch
JLS/F1
European Commission
Ramona Kundt
Editorial assistant
SecEUR
Wojciech Kuzma
Political Group Secretary, Poland
Brice Lanon
Director, European Affairs, Space, Security & Defence
Safran Group
Marc Laplasse
Advisor
VLD Studiedienst, Belgium
Wigemark Lars-Gunnar
Head of Unit, Security Policy-Commission
representative at the EUMC
European Commission
Pierre-Yves Le Bail
Senior Operational Adviser
(EADS)
David Leakey
Director General
Pierre Lemoine
Editor-in-Chief
Europolitics
Camille Lepinay
Intern
Director, Marketing & Sales EU-NATO
Tjien-Khoen Liem
Project Ofcer for Security Research and Development
European Commission
Guy Lindstrom
Political Group Secretary, Finland
Paolo Lotti
Head of Strategic Analysis
Fincantieri SpA
Toma Lovreni
Deputy Director
European Union Satellite Centre
Jean-Marie Lucas
Counsellor
Mirabela Lupaescu
Head of Project
Christian Madsen
Defence Counsellor
Permanent Representation of Sweden to the EU
1
1
9

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
Emmanuel Maduike
Project Assistant
Carlo Magrassi
Deputy Chief Executive of Strategy
Tarek Mahmoud
Bureau Chief
Middle East News Agency (MENA)
Monica Malcoci
Defence Advisor
Delegation of Romania to NATO
Dana Manescu
Press Ofcer
Xu Manshu
Visiting Fellow
EastWest Institute
Gilles Marcoin
Vice President, European Union Affairs
Dassault Aviation
Umberto Marconi
Defence Attach
Delegation of Italy to NATO
Bruno Masnou
Key Account Manager, France
(EADS)
Pauline Massart
Project Manager
Copura
Isto Mattila
Policy Ofcer
European Commission
Gerhard Maynhardt
Minister & Deputy Head of Mission
Embassy of Austria to Belgium
Giles Merritt
Director
Pascal Meunier
Development Director
Thales Group
Solon Mias
Technical Project Ofcer R&T
Aleksandar Mitic
Permanent Correspondent
Tanjug News Agency
Milena Mitic
First Secretary, Transatlantic Relations
Mission of Serbia to the EU
Luisa Moffat
Interpreter
Yves Mollard La Bruyre
Principal Administrator
European Commission
Aurore Mouysset
Communication Advisor at the Ministers Cabinet
Ministry of Defence, France
Ccile Muller
EuronAid EU Liaison Ofce
Laurent Muschel
Deputy Head of Cabinet, Immigration, Health,
Enterprise, Industry, Energy, Environment and
Climate change
European Commission
Milica Neacsu
First Secretary
Ralph Nejedl
CEO T-Systems Belgium
T-Systems Belgium
Paul Nemitz
Head of Unit, Maritime Policy Development &
Coordination
European Commission
Lindy Newlove-Eriksson
Senior Analyst
Swedish National Defence College (SNDC)
Olivier Ngandu
Freelance Journalist
Silke Phline Nikolay
European Affairs Consultant
Altran
Anthony Nogues
Journalist
La Tribune
Tuija Nurmi
Chairwoman, Finnish Delegation
Edward OHara
Chairman, Technological and Aerospace Committee
Laurent Olmedo
Scurit et non-prolifration
Commissariat lEnergie Atomique (CEA)
Marko Pajalic
Political Section
Kostas Panagiotopoulos
Deputy Counsellor, Political Section
Daniela Pandrea
Director, Government Relations EMEA
Honeywell Europe
Marc Paoloni
Correspondent
La Tribune
Paul Pardon
Joint Medical Committee
Sylviane Pascal
Security & Europe Defence Business Development
Manager
ONERA, Centre franais de recherche arospatiale
Miroslav Pastor
First Secretary
Permanent Representation of Slovakia to the EU
Dirk Peeters
Business Development Manager
FOX-IT
Emile Perez
Chief of the International Cooperation Police
Department/French National Police
Authorities, France
Alain Picq
Director
French-German Research Institute of Saint-Louis
(ISL)
Neil Pitts
Principal Ofcer
Kristo Pollu
Counsellor for Justice & Home Affairs
Permanent Representation of Estonia to the EU
Fabrice Pothier
Director
Carnegie Europe
Axel Poudin de la Maisonneuve
Administrateur Principal
European Commission
Alois Preineder
Military Adviser
Delegation of Austria to NATO
Joseph Prieur
Directorate for International Affairs
ONERA, Centre franais de recherche arospatiale
Zsolt Rbai
Information Ofcer for Hungary
Maria Raletich-Rajicic
Political Ofcer
Jean Rannou
Director of Security & Defence
(CEIS)
1
2
1

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
Soa Rantatalo
Intern
European Commission
Rebecca Naidis
Interpreter
Luigi Rebuf
Deputy Director for Security
AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of
Europe (ASD)
Jochen Rehrl
Head of Unit
Ministry of Defence, Austria
Pernilla Rempling
Armaments Strategy Ofcer
Rudolf Rentschler
Liberal Group Secretary
Kyriakos Revelas
Senior Security Policy Analyst, Security Policy Unit
European Commission
Thomas Reynaert
President, United Technologies International
Operations, Europe
United Technologies Corporation
Arnaud Rimokh
Business Development
Thales Training Simulation
Bruno Rolling
Liaison Ofcer to the Federal Police
Embassy of France to Belgium
Piotr Rosolak
Branch Chief
Boris Rousseff
European Representative
Canadian European Roundtable for Business
(CERT)
Almoro Rubin de Cervin
Case-Handler
European Commission
Patrick Rudloff
Head of EU Affairs
(EADS)
Michael C. Ryan
Defence Advisor
Mission of the United States of America to the EU
Florence Sabourin
Special Advisor to the President
(CEIS)
Paolo Salieri
Project Ofcer for Security Research and Development
European Commission
Emmanuel Saliot
Deputy Director of the Chairman
European Union Military Committee (EUMC)
Matti Sarasmaa
Counsellor
Permanent Representation of Finland to the EU
Guillaume Schlumberger
Delegate for Prospective and Strategy
Authorities, France
Karl Schramek
Ambassador
Alda Silveira Reis
Head of Unit, Horizontal Issues, Capacities, Arms,
Terrorism/ESDP, Space Issues and Union Agencies
Mircea Simion
Diplomatic Counsellor
Embassy of Romania to Belgium
Michael Simm
Administrator, Director Generals Ofce
European Space Agency (ESA)
Dale Slade
Aide de Camp to Lt. Gen. Karl Eikenberry
Tomasz Smigielski
First Secretary
Tatiana Smirnova
Senior Counsellor
Maria Fabiana Soare
Information System Support Ofcer
European Commission
Jaroslav Srp
Scientist
Czech Technical University
Edward Steen
Opinion Page Editor
European Voice
Fabien Talon
Policy Ofcer, Crisis Response and Peace Building
European Commission:
Nagayo Taniguchi
Journalist
Shincho
Adrian Taylor
Director, Policy and Political Advice
European School of Governance
Burkhard Theile
Member of the Board
Dsseldorfer Institut fr Auen- und
Sicherheitspolitik
Demetrios Theophylactou
Administrator
European Commission
Anna Thompson
Researcher, Plenary Sessions and Legislative
Coordination Unit, EPP-ED Group
European Parliament
Irina Tica-Diaconu
Second Secretary
Alex Tiersky
Director, Defence and Security Committee
NATO Parliamentary Assembly (NATO PA)
Jean-Pierre Tiffou
Defence Advisor to the CEO
MBDA France
Brooks Tigner
Europe Defence Technology Editor
Janes International Defence Review
Raivo-Albert Tilk
Civil-Military Cell
Guillaume Tissier
Director, Operational Risks Department
(CEIS)
Milos Todorovic
First Secretary
Mission of Serbia to the EU
Elsa Toledano
Interpreter
Bernard Tomasini
Safety & Security Business Manager, DCNS
Eric Trappier
Executive Vice-President
Dassault Aviation
Michel Troubetzkoy
Senior Vice President, Director for EU & NATO
Affairs, European Aeronautic Defence and Space
Company (EADS)
Richard Troy
Policy Ofcer, Cybercrime and Trafcking in Human
Beings, European Commission
Ilaria Trudu
Attach
Johann Trummer
National Armaments Director Representative
Johan Truyens
Project Ofcer, Information & Intelligence, Capability
Development
1
2
3

S
e
c
u
r
i
t
y

&

D
e
f
e
n
c
e

D
a
y
s

2
0
0
8
Istvan Tussai
Scientic Ofcer, European Commission
Mercedes Varela Pereira
European Commission
Paolo Venturoni
Vice President for International Affairs - Brussels
Finmeccanica
Stanislas Verley
Business Development Director
(CEIS)
Luc Viellard
Director, Strategic Forecasting Department
(CEIS)
Oleg Vilkov
First Secretary
Mission of the Russian Federation to NATO
Ulrike Volejnik
Director e-Business, T-Systems
Wolf-Heinrich von Leipzig
Foreign News Editor
Das Luxemburger Wort
Jacques Vonthron
Head of Unit, External Policies
European Commission
Ronald Vopel
Principal Administrator DG Mare
European Commission
Gjon Vor
Ofcer for NATO & EU
Mission of Albania to NATO
Justin Walker
Vice President Strategy, Business Development &
Marketing, Thales Security Systems
Robert Walter
Chairman of Defence Committee
Western European Union (WEU)
Veronika Wand-Danielsson
Ambassador, Mission of Sweden to NATO
Rory Watson
Journalist
Europolitics
Richard Werly
European Affairs Correspondent
Le Temps
Monica Westeren
Assistant to the Spokesperson
European Commission
Paul Wille
Member, Senate, Belgium
Clment Williamson
Policy Ofcer, Security Research and Development, DG
ENTR-H4
European Commission
Richard Wilmot Roussel
Naval Advisor
Dassault Aviation
Benjamin Wittekind
Marketing & Business Development
ESG
Wolfgang Wosolsobe
Austrian Military Representative to EUMC and
EAPMC, Delegation of Austria to NATO
Klaus Wustrack
Vice President Communications
Thales Security Systems
Barbara Wynne
Pr/Couns-Adv
Accenture Europe
Sac Nicte Yescas-Smoot
Researcher, Political Strategy Unit, EPP-ED Group
European Parliament
Lorenzo Zito
International Affairs Department
Finmeccanica
Mary Zulke
Head Interpreter

SecDef08 - Report - Web Version

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

SecDef08 - Report - Web Version

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Security & Defence Days 2008

The Outlook for European Security

You might also like