You are doing a research project on comparing the effectiveness of cognitive-beh avioral versus psychoanalytic therapy in depressed patients.

Your subjects consi st of 60 outpatient females being seen at the local college clinic. They are ran domly assigned to 3 groups: those who will receive cognitive-behavioral therapy, those receiving psychoanalytic therapy, and a third group that receives no ther apy. In your study, what is the dependent variable? The level of depression in the participants at the end of the study A medical student decides to study whether or not there is a relationship betwee n levels of mercury in fish locally caught and IQ levels in children in the loca l community. She finds that the more mercury ingested, the higher the IQ. What w ill support a causal association? Reproducibility In 1995, the city of Cancerville had a population of 10,000,000 (50% women). In that same year, there were 80,000 women with previously diagnosed ovarian cancer in Cancerville. Additionally, 20,000 new cases of ovarian cancer were diagnosed during that year. What was the incidence rate of ovarian cancer in Cancerville in 1995? 400 per 100,000 population A medical student notices that many of her colleagues complain of dyspep sia. She would like to study these phenomena in more detail, so she designs a de scriptive epidemiological study. What statement would she be able to make after analyzing her data? Vegetarian medical students had less dyspepsia than omnivorous ones A trial of Milk of Magnesia did not improve anyone's dyspepsia symptoms---experi mental Vaccinating all students against Helicobacter pylori resulted in a significant d ecrease in dyspepsia incidence---experimental A medical student notices that many of her colleagues complain of dyspepsia. She would like to study these phenomena in more detail, so she designs an analytic epidemiological study. What statement would she be able to make after analyzing her data? Speelp and dyspepsia A county public health director wishes to track diseases in his jurisdiction. He decides to use epidemic curves for this purpose, but is not sure under what cir cumstances they are applicable. What purpose would the epidemic curves serve? Ch aracterize the mode of transmission of disease 3 out of a group of 10 medical students who rotated through a nursing home devel oped a rare strain of virulent influenza found only at the nursing home. Within weeks, half of the student body had contracted this influenza. Which was the mos t likely mode of transmission of disease? Common-source outbreak with secondary person-to-person transmission A laboratory has developed a new test for rapid ascertainment of serum parathyro id hormone levels. When this new test is run on 20 different samples, it is foun d to be very closely approximate to the gold standard test. This new test measur es which test parameter? Answer Choices: Accuracy A laboratory has developed a new test for rapid ascertainment of serum parathyro id hormone levels. When the lab compares the results to other hormone levels, ho wever, it appears that this test appears to be measuring calcitonin levels rathe r than parathyroid levels. What test parameter is this new test measuring? Validity The public health officials of a particular city wish to evaluate the lead level s of its constituents. In order to develop a sample population, they choose ever y 10th family in the city for the study. This is an example of what kind of popu lation sample?

Cluster A study of patients admitted to a hospital for first transient ischemic attacks (TIA) showed that at least half of people with first TIA's go on to develop full -blown cerebrovascular accidents (CVA). What is the subject selection bias in th is study? Neyman (incidence-prevalence) bias A statistician analyzes data for several academic departments. She is free to ch oose the appropriate methodology to her perform her analyses. What study's data would best be analyzed by non-parametric statistical methods? Lung cancer and gender A medical student performed a study of 30 people with diabetes mellitus to deter mine their phosphorous levels. His advisor recommended using a Student's t test to analyze the results. What is a characteristic of the Student's t test that is useful for this study? It is based on a normal distribution, but is more spread out In a test of 2 new drugs on the incidence of migraine, drug A was shown to cause a 20% reduction in incidence, drug B caused a 40% reduction in incidence, and p lacebo caused a 30% reduction in incidence. What type of graphical depiction is best suited to show the data? Bar diagram While Purple Hair Disease was only present in 3 states in 1992, by 1996 it had s pread to 9 new states, mostly in the Southeast. What type of graphical depiction is best suited to show the data? Spot map In the current class of medical students at Ambiguous University, 40% of the stu dents are male, 45% are female, and 15% are undecided. What type of graphical de piction is best suited to show the data?pie chart In a group of 210 factory workers, 120 had exposure to solvents alone, 60 had ex posure to lead alone, and 30 had exposure to both lead and solvents. What type o f graphical depiction is best suited to show the data? Venn diagrapm (interconne ct) An epidemiologist wants to use the Kaplan-Meier method of analysis to construct a population life table for workers with benzene exposure. What data is necessar y to this endeavor? Number of subjects lost to follow-up A local public health director is trying to decide where to allocate her resourc es. There are several options of screening programs, which the state could fund. What is the most important criterion for screening programs she should keep in mind? Screening program may be invasive or noninvasive A medical student decided to test the hypothesis that different age groups drank different amounts of coffee. Which type of graphical depiction is best suited t o show the data? Histogram A surgeon has just joined the network of a managed health care plan. She wants t o know which processes will be part of the new relationship. What technique will be used? Outcome analysis A first year medical student is preparing a report on health care coverage. Many models for universal health care coverage in the U.S. have been proposed in rec ent years. What is an example of such a model? Mandatory health care insurance provided by employers, with the unemployed cover ed by government insurance A 35-year-old woman is planning on having a hysterectomy electively and is tryin g to decide whether she wants to be admitted to the local teaching hospital or t he non-teaching hospital nearby. What characteristic of a teaching hospital may influence her decision? They have, on average, more than three times as many be ds A particular association determines membership on the basis of members' IQ score s. Only those persons who have documented IQ scores at least 2 standard deviatio ns above the mean on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) are eligible f or admission. Question: Of a group of 200 people randomly selected from the population at large, how man y would be eligible for membership to this society? 5 people