Boundary Layer Analysis

ME 322 Lecture Slides, Winter 2007

Gerald Recktenwald February 1, 2007

Associate Professor, Mechanical and Materials Engineering Department Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, gerry@me.pdx.edu

Displacement Thickness (1)

Streamline U h h + *

x = coordinate measured from the leading edge

is the amount by which the streamline just outside the boundary layer is displaced.

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Displacement Thickness (2)

Apply mass conservation to the control volume Z (V n)dA = 0
CS h h+

Streamline U h h + *

x = coordinate measured from the leading edge

Z
0

Z U bdy +
0

u(y)bdy = 0 Z
h+

U bh +
0

u(y)bdy = 0 Z
h+

Uh =
0

u(y)dy

( )

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Displacement Thickness (3)

Continue . . . add and subtract U to the integrand on the right hand side of Equation ( ).

Z Uh =
0

h+

(U U + u(y))dy = U (h + ) +
0

h+

(u(y) U )dy

Solve for

1 = U

Z
0

h+

Z (U u(y))dy =
0

h+

u(y) 1 dy U

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Displacement Thickness (4)

The preceding analysis shows tht

=
0

h+

u(y) 1 dy U

Since u(y) = U = constant outside the boundary layer, the upper limit is arbitrary as long as h and h + are outside the boundary layer. So, we can change the upper limit of integration to Z u(y) = 1 dy U 0

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Scale Analysis for Laminar Boundary Layers (1)

L

Assume the boundary layer is thin, i.e. assume

The continuity equation requires that v is small, i.e. v U L

The x direction momentum equation requires that Therefore

1/2 ReL L

will be small if ReL is large. L

Generally we take ReL 1000 as the minimum ReL for a boundary layer to exist.

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Boundary Layer Flow Regimes

U Laminar Transition Turbulent

x = coordinate measured from the leading edge L = total length of the plate

Rex =

U x

ReL =

U L

The critical Reynolds number for transition from laminar to turbulent ow is

Recr 5 10

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Integral Analysis for Laminar Boundary Layers (1)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Von_ Karman

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Integral Analysis for Laminar Boundary Layers (2)

Derive momentum integral for at plate MYO, Equation (9.22), p 502.

Z D(x) = b
0

(x)

u(U u)dy

(1)

von K`rm`n wrote equation (1) as a a

D(x) = bU
where

(2)

Z =
0

u U

u 1 dy U

(3)

is called the momentum thickness.

is a measure of total plate drag. Note that has dimensions of length.

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Integral Analysis for Laminar Boundary Layers (3)

Since the plate is parallel to the on-coming ow, the drag is only due to wall shear stress Z x D(x) = b w (x) dx (4)
0

Take derivatives of equation (4) and (2)

dD = bw dx

(5)

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Integral Analysis for Laminar Boundary Layers (4)

Assume U is constant and take derivative of equation (2)

dD 2 d = bU dx dx
Combine equation (5) and equation (6)
2 d

(6)

w = U

dx

constant U laminar or turbulent

(7)

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Integral Analysis for Laminar Boundary Layers (5)

Summary so far. We have the von K`rm`n integral momentum equation a a
2 d

w = U

dx

(7)

Equation (7) relates the local wall shear stress to the local momentum thickness. Both w and vary with position along the plate. Equation (7) is a tool for analysis of at plate boundary layers. All we need to do is u y make assumptions for the prole shape, i.e., = fcn , and equation (7) will U allow us to calculate w (x), and from there, D(x) and Dtotal

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Integral Analysis for Laminar Boundary Layers (6)

Apply von K`rm`n parabolic prole: a a Assume
1 0.9

u y y =2 2 U

0.8 0.7 0.6 y/ 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 0.2 0.4 u/U 0.6 0.8 1

Substitute into denition of ! Z 2 y y = 2 2 0

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12

y y + 2

! dy =

2 15
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Integral Analysis for Laminar Boundary Layers (7)

Substitute parabolic prole into denition of w

u w = y y=0 u =U y
w =

2 y 2

u 2 = y y=0

2U

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Integral Analysis for Laminar Boundary Layers (8)

Put the pieces back into equation (7)
2 d w = U dx

2U 2 d = U dx dx U

2 15

Rearrange

d = 15
where = / Integrate to get or

1 2 15x = 2 U 1/2 1/2 = 5.5Rex = 5.5 x Ux

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Integral Analysis for Laminar Boundary Layers (9)

Now we know u/U = fcn(y/). From this velocity prole we can compute the wall shear stress u 2U 1/2 w = = (2U ) (5.5xRex ) = y y=0 Make dimensionless as cf

cf =

2 = (1/2)U 2

8 0.73 1/2 Rex = 15 Re1/2 x

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Integral Analysis for Laminar Boundary Layers (10)

Recall denition of displacement thickness

=
0

u 1 dy U

So the displacement thickness for parabolic prole is

=
0

12

y y + 2

! dy =

or

1.83 = x Re1/2 x

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Integral Analysis for Laminar Boundary Layers (11)

Summary of results from von K`rm`n integral analysis a a Boundary layer thickness

5.48 = x Re1/2 x 0.73 = x Re1/2 x cf = 0.73 Re1/2 x

Momentum thickness

Friction coecient

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Blasius Analytical Solution for Laminar Boundary Layers (1)

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