Dielectric Resonator

The essential element of the dielectric resonator is a cylinder of sapphire. (Al2O3 single crystal)

a = 10 mm i = 5.1 mm

L = 13 mm

Relevant dimensions of the sapphirecylinder in the dielectric resonator. The inner bore (the diameter is 5.1 mm i) is essentially filled with the alternating magnetic field B1. The electromagnetic field mode has a very high quality factor Q, as the electric field E1 is predominantly located in the sapphire. Due to the relatively high of the sapphire the spatial concentration of the electro magnetic field is large. The volume Vi = (i/2)2L = 2.65610-7 m3
GKMR lecture WS2005/06 Denninger dielresonator_properties.ppt
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Tuning-picture. Critically coupled, 30 dB microwave attenuation, T = 295 K fw = 9.6649 GHz, empty resonator

Tune picture width: 100 MHz

Tune picture width: 20 MHz

X-axis: x5

These values depend on the width of the tune-picture sweep. In the Bruker manual of the microwave bridge (Gunn bridge), the value of 100 MHz is given.

GKMR lecture WS2005/06 Denninger dielresonator_properties.ppt

Quality factor : Q =f0/f = 12080

This is the critically coupled Q!

Lorentz( f ) =

Amplitude ( f f 0 )2 (1 + ) f 2
L o r e n tz L in ie f= 0 .8 M H z

-1 0

-5

10

F re q u e n c y / M H z

GKMR lecture WS2005/06 Denninger dielresonator_properties.ppt

If one assumes that the magnetic energy of the B1 field is completely in the volume Vi, one can estimate the total energy in the resonator:

Magnetic energy density: Total energy density:

1 2 B 2 0 1

Twice as large, since the electric energy = magnetic energy

The quality factor Q of a resonant cavity is connected to the power dissipation and to the stored energy:

Q=

2 Stored energy energy lost per cycle

One calculates the stored energy for a dissipated power P of 1 Watt:

Energy =

Q P w 12080 1W = = 1.99 10 7 J 2 f 0 2 f 0

The magnetic energy is: 9.9510-8 J

The energy density is 0.375 J/m3 . The B1 field is: 9.70810-4 T = 9.708 Gau. Since for magnetic resonance, only the rotating component of B1 is operative:

B1rot = 4.85 Gau / Watt

This value assumes a uniform field B1 in the volume Vi.

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GKMR lecture WS2005/06 Denninger dielresonator_properties.ppt

0.08 0.07 0.06 ESR- Signal 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 476

Dielectric Resonator
Length of the dielectric cylinder = 13 mm

25.10.2002

Li:LiF

478

480

482

484

486

488

490
esr_signal.opj

Sample insertion depth (mm)

Einbautiefe gegen Teflonring der Halterung

GKMR lecture WS2005/06 Denninger dielresonator_properties.ppt

For a homogeneous line (like for Li:LiF), the line shape is a Lorentzian and the relaxation times T1 and T2 can be determined from the line width. The line width of the Li:LiF conduction electron resonance (extrapolated to zero microwave power) at T = 295 K is: Bpp = 102.8 mGau
Li:LiF line width as a function of the microwave power Pw
Data: Data1_B Model: user5 Chi^2/DoF = 7747.51964 R^2 = 0.98727 P1 P2 102.83837 5.97939 73.17006 8.61596

2500

The expression for the line width dependence on power is:

2000

1500

Bpp /mGauss

0 Bpp( P w ) = Bpp 1 + P w

1000

From the fit to the experimental data we get:

500

Bp0 = 102.8 mGau p

= 5.98 mW-1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Mikrowellenleistung (mW)

linienbreite_leistung.opj

GKMR lecture WS2005/06 Denninger dielresonator_properties.ppt

FID, decay time Fourier Transformation

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Time ()

1.0
-1

f =
f

f =

0.5

f is the half width at half maximum

0.0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

(f-f0)/f

f = 3 fpp = 0.866fpp 2 3
fpp is the peak to peak distance
of the first derivative.

-0.5

fpp = 2*sqrt(3)/3*f = 1.1547*f

-1.0

GKMR lecture WS2005/06 Denninger dielresonator_properties.ppt

The measured data for Li:LiF (T=295 K) are: Bpp = 102.8 mGau fpp = 287.8 kHz f = 249.3 kHz

= 638.5 ns
For a homogeneous line: T1 = T2 = = 638.5 ns The saturation factor sESR in this homogeneous case is:
with

g B

( B1) T1T2 s ESR = 2 1 + ( B1) T 1T2

2

= 1.76091011 1/(Ts) = 1.7609107 1/(Gau s)

for free electrons.
0 Bpp ( B1) = Bpp 1 + ( B1) 2 T1T 2

The line width with saturation is:

For any cavity, the field B1 is always related to the power Pw incident into the cavity:
2 B1 = Ccav P w

The factor Ccav is characteristic for a certain type of cavity and depends on the Q and the geometry.
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0 Bpp( P w ) = Bpp 1 + 2 T1T2 Ccav P w

For the dielectric resonator at room temperature, the factor 2T1T2Ccav = 5.98 (mW)-1 has been determined experimentally from the fit to the line width.

2 T1 T 2 Ccav = 2 2Ccav = 5.98

1 mW
2

Ccav = 4.73 10

Gau 2 = 47. 3 Gau 2 mW W

Ccav = 47. 3 Gau = 6.88

W

Gau W

From the considerations on page 4 using the energy density as homogeneous in the dielectric cylinder, we estimated: B rot = 4.85 Gau / Watt
1

The experimental value B1rot = 6.68 Gau / Watt compares very favourably with the estimate. It just shows, that the B1 field is more concentrated in the centre of the cavity. In fact, this can be seen from the ESR-intensity along the cylinder axis as measured and shown on page 5. From these quantitative values of the cavity, one can deduce very accurate values for the B1 field, if one measures the quality factor Q of the cavity loaded with the sample at temperature T and if one assumes, that the presence of the sample does not alter the field distribution to a large extent. This is certainly the case for small samples and small sample holders.
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A few examples: Assume that the (critically coupled) resonator with sample rod and RF-loop has a quality Q = 5000. Since Q0 = 12080 has been measured for the empty resonator, the field/power factor can be easily recalculated:

Ccav = 6.88

Gau Q W Q0

For Q = 5000:

Ccav = 4.42

Gau W

For Li:LiF with = 638.5 ns and Pw = 200 mW, the factor (B1)22 = 493.9 This leads to a saturation sESR = 0.998, i.e. nearly complete saturation. A more important situation would be a sample with a line width B = 1 Gau. This leads to f = 2.8 MHz and to a time constant = 56.8 ns. The factor (B1)22 = 3.908 and this leads to a saturation sESR = 0.796.

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