IADCISPE

|ADC/SPE 19990 and Planning Training Detection, Control: and Kick Prevention, Gas DeepHigh-Pressure Wells for Guidellnes Drifling
Inc. M.R,tlornung,Conoco iJember SPE

4q q3
Exhibit No. Worldwide Court Inc.

lADc/tlPEDr|flDg cootorenos. coprrght 1e00. Ttr|t, F.brusy z7-Mrch e, 1900, Orlllhg@nlor.nct hstdlo Houslon. ThL p.p.r tycr pnp$ed to?pfrsrntrtlon rt tho l0eo hDCTSPE rr|hp!p(w['r|.ct.d'orpr$.nt.xonb'rn|ADo8PERog'sncomm|ttorlo||otYt4.rovt.to'tn|o'matloncontdn.d|n8nBbd?.c1submltt.db}1!Fr,Ih9lI!.q| oroei'icorcicnrc.hlvlnoibonrav|cultiby|h.8oc|c1yo|FaohumEn0|noer8o'th.lnto'nst|on||^g!oclrt|o'to.o'|||hgco.|l'|ctonq|4qe nirnaerirl.crgcronpd,docrnotncocurrl|y'.Rrolrnypo.tl|ono|rh.nmo'sPE.[8ofl6.ormcmb.n1Prp..!!Pr.|''n1ldrtlAoc,aPE0..thg8d.|ubl.clx'puu$m iiidiln/L'oi6itiicri'iiiihl&-nitaoccndser.eani&rnbcopy|rr.ttrBbdlornrbstfrctoft|otmoI!t!r4100t6idrj.nu!!rUofn!l4|.qr.4.$F TX7!0&3&f P.O. Eor6$$a' Rlctrstdlon, qw;tno'i*4rratrtntrcoanO lywirotr trlrportrfrlnrr*.WnenOtbdlon!rrrnrg.?.6P8, ;tnhdih6tit

AIIIBICI
general Conocohas davEloged lzed plannlng and tralnlng guldellnes for re'll control 0n deep, gulde'llnes grs lnc'lude hlgh-pressure wells. These clusasof klcks, revlor of gasbehavlor, r thorough pressun6 Indlcators, and klck Indlcators as they grs me applted hlgh-pressure wells, Theguldeto llnes rlso emphrslze fundarnentelsassoclated the prssure rltlr constantbottomhole methods re]l of control. After the baslc prlnclples tra revlered, of the chrracterlstlcs oll baseuud are dlscussed. Thesecharrcterlstlcs are then relrted to rll of the baslcprlnclples. Follorlngthls revlew,there ls a practlcal examplg brsedon gxperlences Conoco gas hadon a deop,hlgh-pressure well drtlled rlth nud. Flnally, there ls the developnent of oll base procedualandequlprnent requlrements that are the re'll result of havlng systenetlcally addressed gas control prlnclples for deep, hlgh-pressure wells.

Each these rlons can havea slgnlflcant lmpact of on ktck preventlon,klck detsctlon, and rell grerter control. The lmpactbacones consldorably as the three Dhenomena conblned. tre progresson uell control for deep, hlghConoco's pressure gas wells, Includlngthosedrllled rlth otl base nutl (0Bll), crn be attrlbuted to tro prlnclpal actlultles: partlclpatlontn tm Drlll(DEA)pnoJects lng Englneerlng AssoclrtJon rnd for detalledplannlng drllllng deep,hlgh-prssure gasrells.

As r result of theseactlvlt{et rnd plansto drtll rells, Conoco.ls developaddltlonalhlgh pressure Ing the technlcal rpproach and trrlnlng requlrementsto addresspotentlal rell control problens grs essoclrtedvlth hlgh-pressure rells drtlled wlth oll basemud. Theprlnctplesand guldellnes dlscussed thts paperhaveevolved ln fron thc rork donefor flve rells, nlth plrnned lD's ranglngfronr 15800 feet to 23000 of of feet. One the obJactlves thls paperls to presenta nell control overvler, rffRopucJl0ll parts reseuch, oarts of whfchcan be usedb,yreseuch. englneercari by reseuc!, anglneerIlthln the lndustry, there have been genera'l ing, or operatlonsand the rhole of Hhlch can 'srfe, effectlve practlces rt the uell concerns about hor drllllng rtth oll base mud reiult ln presented of herelnore no rffects the abtllty to detect ind control klcks s'lte. Some the concepts g.s dlfferent for htgh-pressure wslls thrn for rny greiter (references lr2). Thls concern becore has other drllllng progrrn, but they rre Includedfor nore comonly used for rs oll brse mudhas becomE 0ther conceptsrre dlscussedIn gas deep, hlgh-pressure wells. Therorre three completeness. greater detrtl to polnt out phenomena could thrt phenomenr assoclated clth oll base mud In gas hlgh-pressure rells thet cen havern effect on be lmportrnt for r glvan roll. Slnce affectlve well control ls dependent r conblnrtlon of on well control operatlonsl the brslc prlnclples ; factors, thls gutde presents Interrctlons Srang g.s klcks sndoffers som ermolgsof hor thetr I Eehavlorof deep, hlgh-pressur crn lmpact rell contrrl operatlons. Characterlstlcs heavllywelghted nudtn of oll deep rells Thls prper docs not presentrccomendrtlons thrt GrssolubllltyIn oll unlversrlly rppllcable to deeg,hlgh-presare sure rells. Insterd' tt tdentlflcs th: qurstlons thrt shouldbe rsked for srch rrll: lhlch fretors mlghtbe Inportrnt, $rt cooblnrtlons couldprescnt rnd lllustratlons at end of prper. References problsnr, rrld hor crn thr problels be prevented or

KICK PREVENTI0NI DEtECTIOII' AllD CONTR0L PLAIININGA}|DTRAININeGUIDELINEST.oRDRILLINGDEBPUIGI|'PRESSUREcAswELLs

lADc/sPE19990

corrected? The gulde slso lncludes some of the reasonsthet the {uestlons and thelr answerscan be gas a more serlous coicern for deep' hlgh-pressure envlronwells than for wells drtlled ln a norma'l ment. t.0 GrS illGH,-PnES$EE DEEP.

The concerns assoclated wlth uell -control for a hlgh'pressure gas well aro tco---fold: serious -pressures CiFitiuiiies in-controlllng the rrell can rosult ln and, evenuith v;i';'hiq[' i-trui:tn-iurrace instantaneousgqs rates ioirirotTto clrculltlon, htgh' itrile-uiicutating e ktck can be extremely For the flve wells that have been -evaluated, formatlon oressure predlctlons ranged fron 20000 i;i ai izobo reet tUo to l?s00 psi at 15000feet asTio [iaUte it, Surface prss-ures hlgh as 16600 have.resultiit iio-iozsti pst, respedtlvely,c,ould of [a from-iompt'ete'dlsilacemeni the nud column from the vellbore. Althoughthls extremeoccurs of iirij; rlreti' stgnirtcant.diiplacement mudwhlle -gas a iiiluiittng' ,ktck can occur.---Resultlng of 5850 psl. !o 7200 psl for ;ili;;;--piessurds iimifar forrnatlon pressures and depths have been (referenle 2 andSectlon9.3). documented Durtng well control operatlons'.rlth controlled 25 gas rates exceedlng iircuTatton, lnstantrnebus IIHSCFD could result (Sectl0n6.3). Dlsposltlon 0r diie-qai pribablv prisents the greatest potentlal l'2). sliuation (references for i hazhrdous l.l Factors GasExPanslon

There is also r potntlal for tha qel.l .to.begln ,iiiiiiot"q ;ven lf tt ts belng clrculrted through belng iiii--itiii[e.-'- because of the- backpressu-re. roolled vlth the choke' the nignltude of the. grs oibssurereductlonwlll not be sE grert ls rltn 8n reductlon Grn the pressune boenannulus. Howeverr to rosult ln ilgnlflcrnt' lpld. grs 6[-iuiiiiieit exoanslones the klck ls belng clrcul.ted to siiFiiie. Thls results In r requlrementfor qulck on resDonses the choke, and the choko rdJustmnts unloadto miy'not be enough prbvent sonedegree-o-f ini. rtre larqel the'volumeof the {nltlal Influx' thE gneatertfie potentlal for unloadlng. factors and the The naqnltudsof the gas expanslon takes place lmpact oressuiesat rhtch the-expan'ston inanyaspects of xell control p.Iannlngand oPeratlons. The orlmary concernsthat arlse trom gat expanslonand lts effects on nell control ilra as fo! I ows: Hlqh Dressuregas klcks present r great poientlal for the well unloadlng. If a kick ls not detected rs lt occunsrlt iould be clrculated nerr the surfrce before ihire are detectable plt grlns or flow lncreases. If a klck ls balng clrculated on the choke' -miy ue veri dtfftcult to.. nralntaln it adJustnnnts' reoulrid Dressuresrlth cholce

tthlle clrculatlng out a gas klck, the pressureof itre sas wlll ultilmatelv be reducedto atnosphorlc is orosiurg, As thg grs pressure reduced'the grs ls ltre ilas expands a functlon of much lxoands. How and lnltlal and flnrl temperatures. oai comoosltlon lcatlon of rsll control For th! oractlcrl appl oitnctples, the ordei'of nrgnltudeof the gas 'frctor ls lmportint to undrstend. ixoinsion whlch follow' Thirefore, tn all of the dlscussions the exparislonfactors glven..are brsed on .gross and aboutgas compositlon tenperatures. rssumptlons as of It li the relatlvC mrgnltudes gas volumes a -that are lmportant. It ls functlon of pressurs be ilio tmlortanl ttrat personneland equlprnent ab'le to respbndto the exianslon that rlll occur. eas exbanslonfactois for tro wells are glven ln iables'2 and 3. It should be noted that rbout nlnetv-nlna Dercentof the volune Increase occurs -the psl pressure reductlon. flial 1000.2000 over iven r smrll lnflux of fdrmrtlon grs rosults ln condl' verv'larqe volumesof gas rt atmospherlc -psl results ln about 4000 t{oirs: tti' bbls at 14000 UUts at atmospherlccondltlons, or r l0 bbl ktck ges. producas23000SCF on 1.2 Effects of GasExpanslon lJEll Control If a small Influx ls clrculated up the open annulus, there nny ba very llttle volume. .lncreass to unttl lts pressuie--ls-reduced. sornthlng.less

'

the iifriie itris lncreases Potentlrlfor the iaii unloadlnE, tt mty alternrtlvely incieasi ihe p-oienttalfor fracturlng the formatton. ) gas - Hlqh Dressure-on klcks cln result ln seilou'sdemands well control and grs' equlPment. handllng

As gas ls clrculatednearthe :urfrcer.nud rhlch tremendously' ?ioi iates can lncrease rill be follosed by hlgh grs flor rrtes' throughthe chokemanlfoldnry' Harnerlng t. resul slgnllFlcant -rtttcti Hlqh flow rates can cause. and crn washout the Choke iiEitori, rnd downstream PlPlng valves,. gas 'bb rstes hlgh Extremely itriia can separttor. the through mud/gas - LarEsr k{cks can b0 very dlfflcult to chrnges ioirirot tiiliuse of tha nef volume dueto gasexpenslon. - Personne'l be ln a botter posltlonto ntll nhrt canheppen' tf respond they know on rnd tralnlng for rE'll contro-l- deep' Plarrnlng hlsh prissuregas rells nust focur on all of these hereln rre guldetlnes developed iiiiiel.---itrl -prenlse g!3 thrt r hlgh'presrurs. on foundsd tht llnplv iiiii--i.n' li veiy dlittcult to ioirol crn be so 6iiiusi-'itrC-efficis of grs exprnslon rnd iiiiiiic,-.'dottr ln-terns o? voluirschrngas ths c'n short tlfre overrhlch there chrnges occur'

pst 2 thrn 1000-2b00 (Trbles rnd 31, rhlch rould be rhen lt rrs fairly'nerr tho surfice. If clrculrvllhout shuttlng the rell In' the tlon contlnues very srs rlll start expendlng irpldly (Flgurel)' .bovelt. the unlordlng nudcolunn

ranc/spEt9990

ltlnnlt|

8. IloRNrrNG

otirEcrlvEs 2.0 tErr c0urnol

Ths obJectlvesof good well control prrctlces shouldbg, flrst, tb prsventklcks; second't0 dstectk{cksrs qulchlyas posslbleiandthlt{' to recstabllshprlniry control of the sell as srfely rs posslbla.'fherefore,lt ls necsssryto hrve a of sood understrndlns baslc rell control prlnclplesl causes ktcksi pressure lndlcatorsi klck of indlcrtorsi tnd well control opentlons' partlcupressure of methods rell larly constrnt bottomhole to control. ln addltlon, lt ls lmportant under' stand hor oll basemudconpresslbllltyand gis solublllty affect thesebrslc'prlnclples'especlally klck Indlcrtors and rell rsponses -dur!$ shut-ln and durlng ltlck clrculrtlon. Equally doesnot rffect the lmoortantls hov olJ brse mud pressuromethod' of cohcept a consttnt bottonhole lt to althoirgh nay seem affect lts executlon. grs For erch hlsh-oressure rell, lt ls also necesof sary to ldeitl-fy rhat aipects the baslc prlncl-the on olei rlll have srertest lmpact the ablltty for to neet the well conlrol obJectlves that xoll. nrayrely heavlly on For Instance,klck prevantlon markers. or Dore Drcssurilndlcators on geologlcal also be a strongfunctlonof the ablllty It rnt-sht to control srrbblng tendencles. Klck detectton a4d bn croabllltles rtepend mnltorlng equlpment the bo tyie of rlc. Early detectlonshould oasler on a -semlsubmerslble. Andthe abtllty :ibf-uo thin on a io clr-culrto out the klck rnd reertrbllsh prlnary on control srfely nry depend the equlpnent' lts rvallrble for alternallnltrtlons, ind the optlons tlve rctlons. must knor tlost lnportrntly, rll of the personnel of rhrt th6y can expectandnhrt ls expacted then: I are DIt lGEilCa C0ll{U]{lCATI0ll essent al . and

fluld effects. toss of drllllng fluld helghtcan be the result of lost clrculatlon, rhlch In turn can be causedby excesslverellbore -p-r3sure, lt Therefore, ts importantto evrlurto all of the {n of sources pressure' the rellbore. Tie nagnl' tudes of piessuresfron r glvon sourcemry be mostrells; yet they crn be a naJor negltglble-for faatoi ln klck preventlori,deteqtlon' or rell gas controlon a deep,hlgh-pressure well. 1n sourceof pressure the uellbore ls TheDrlmary fron tfte drtlling nud. In the hydrostrtlcpressurb hrs a deepvells, a 0.1 ppg rnudretght chenge oreiter slqnlflcancd'In terms of dlfferentlal iressure beireenthe rellbore Endthe forrrtlon' b.9., at 8000feet TVD' lt contrlbutesabout4l psi, whlle at 16000 about lt feet TVD, contrtbutes 82 psl. pnessure effects may also be slgnlflHydrostatlc gss cant during clrculatlon of a high-pressure pressure ln klck. Therate of change hydrostatlc for In the annulus affects requlrernonts choke adJustnents. The rate of the pressursthange lncreaseswith lncreaslng mudtrelghts and fllth lncreaslngkiclt volumesbElng clrculated uP the annul us. lsEqulvalentctrculatlng denslty -(CD) another sdurceof pressure In the wellbore. For deep equlvalent densltycontrlbunells, the dalculated can be hlgh, sornetlnes tlon fromfrlctlon pressurs 0.5 ercgedlng gDs. The errors thrt can be Intro' nay be slgnlflcrnt for In duced the Lalculatlons 31. rells (reference desD rre t'lostrell control calculatlonsandoperatlons that, rt slor clrculatlng on bassd the assumptlon ls rrtes {SCR's).tho annularfrlctlon pressuro ls neallqtble. Thls assunptlon not valtd fon very cells rhen clrculrtlng deip lells, non for subsea llne. the through choke Another sourceof pressurln tie fellbore ls the of requlredto breakthe gel strength the oiessure prsssures tn inuO order to resstabllsh flo$. The30 slgnlflcant rlth heavllyrelghtednudor iin beconre ln deeowelll wfterethe clrculrtlng tilPer.ture cradlerit dlffers slgnlflcrntly froNnths statlc qradlent.-surgtng srrbblng8re the rnd [enperature changes resirlt of dvirnlc effects' andthe pressure are functfdnsof fluld veloclty rnd rccelsrrtlon iiireiincc i). rhese, In turn,- rre functlonsof iiiciion, Erf,0propeitles, rnd plpe speed and accsleratlon. ihui, dynanlc prLssuresIn the hole innutus,ln the drtil pipe' rnd'ln the open 'tjvnrrnlc pres3ures. to tend iiii-rti'be dlfferent. and as lncreaso sell depth Increass as the crosssectlonrl areaof flor decrerses. U'tublngnry ls llheno{pe movenent stopped'some In-the ilnulus equrlsthe diiur'uittt the Dressure orissureIn the drtlloloe. Thls effect cln becom rells or for reglons mrc algnlflcrnt'frir dcep inuch of ths rell rtth smll annulr clournecgbeluss of tho nunltudes of ths frlctlon Prossurss. ihcreforc, it nry trke sm tlm for tl! pr.s3ures to- equaliza rni for r hydnostrtlcrlly-brhnced -Ihls crn hrvel4llcr' iotuni to be raestrbllshed' tlons for nonltorlng flos rnd dlsplrceilontt on trlp3.

!.0 0ausEl0r-.Klc$
Ths Drlmry obJectlvefor rcll control ls klck preve'ntlonrulth the seconduy objectlvo. early on aetectlon. lleetlng theseobJectlves hlgh'pres' of because tha rlslts sur gls rells ls- lmportant rlth clrculatlngout a klck. thrt drn bc lssoclrted must be The rtell plan and drllllng procedures the llkellhood of tallng r io dsvelooed rnlnlnlze ' of klck. To do thls requlresa goodassessment causes klcts for thrt rell. Andrs the of Dosslble shouldbe irell ts belngdnllled, thls rssessment revlsed as revlered rnd-the plans rnd procadures ruranted. Theeffects of nell dopthrnd prossurel shouldbe a naJor or Dotentlel foF overpressure, pari of the assessmant-of potentlrl for klcks. the that tlo It ls lnrportint th.t personnelremember for I klck to occuri condltlons are necessary fonmtlon prsssure grerter thrn the wellbors pcrmeablo pressura fortatlgn. The rnd porousq'nd bffects of pgrnerblllty on fornrtlon Inflor l'rtg play rn lmprirtrntp.rt In klck prtvantlon' detec' tlon, rnd rell control. In of 3.1 soqrces Pressure the lellbore K{cks rre rstoclrted rtth undettalrncedwell condltlons. Thls nry ba due to Insufflclent of iron the colunm drtlltng hydrostrtlc Dressuro fluld or dueto reductlonln prgsrurefron dynrnlc

FICf, PAEVENTION' DETSCTTOII' AND CONTROL CAS $ELLS TRAINIIIG GUIDELIIIES FOR DRILI'INC DEEP IIICU-PN8sSI'NS PLAIITIXNGAND

19990 rArrc/sPE

rnd Pressure Perneablllty 1.2 Fornntlon on rell control ls -depandsnt hrvlng a mud Prlmarv th-E r[- ilist balanbes forantlon pres' ;i;ffiit[ii' il;." [;iit-i rell ls tested, fonnrt{on.pre3srre Tharefore' inir-i.rii:i6itltv cqn.onlvbe eitlnrte* control ls prlnrarv rell. -estlmte ifi'adiilty 'onto-.mr{ntairi formrtlon the abllltli to iliienTd"t prssurie. of 3.3 FourPrlnciPrlCauses Klcks

:l:io;:l lil3"J,.o,'Ilf,L"t'lo"i8,l"Jtlll!'J.nt'""t'*}f, plrn and procedlres rilt1s-tldentlfy ttri- iiit

iiiorrlte srlga pressurisand any rctlon that ls theseprsssures. requlredto reduce rells, partlculrrly In snrll hole-spctlonsl 0n deep nrv iiaubiiq tend-ericles b-cthe mostdtfftcult to klcks crn rlso i6niioi- anOto deteci. Srabbed oresentthe nost dlfflcult problensIn detectlon ind well control. Therefore's[rbblngls I ciluse ln oi ttcts mustbe addressed depthdurtngPlanntng andtrrlnlng.

'ii-tesi Slncer klclt crn occur lhen the- pressuretn the pressure'the {.0 IIEEIUELISDICA$N than the forrnatlo-n ;;ii6tt thlt can contrlbute to-en underbalancetl 'llne ;ilil;factors can of deftnse for uoll control ls The ftrst iiniiii"n mtist be ldentifled. These causssof of four frivtni-ihe correct nud retght In the hole' To into one iii- groupea ffiiliii Helght'lt-ls necesthe havlng correctmud ansur6 klcks: ;;il' td'-i,iil ihe fornrtlon pressure. Therefore' ^ - Fallureto keeP hole full oreisure Indlcators must be monlto-red'vressure the parrmetens klclt .prsJontlon' for welght - Insufflclentmud iiroiiiiors rre key fomrtl0n th-at. - lost clrculatlon i'i-.on{rast, ktc[ indlcatorsmean - Srabbtng flutd has intered the rellbore' ^8 l(lcr -nls 0cms iurreO' anOthe flrst obJectlveof preventlon an Inabtlity to malntaln not net. The flrst three are pressure froma ili"ti"' iintidi-itrrough hvdrostatlc Predlctlon Fi,iT-tttir.ri-or muo-ihe-foulth is due to .{vnamtc 4.1 9ressure iiuia-erieits reduclngthe pressurefron the nuo Forrnation Pressurepredlctlonstre used.tn -p!! colunn. on ro predlctlons. brsed .t lrr-ese-preisure ;iffiiil. gal the--seolog! on lniiiiiEi.ti iin-or nrornat'l fron tq.Jltt9llllt rnd trrlnlng flr a deep'.htgh'pressure iniiipiEirtiiin-i,f tnrornat'lon In Dlrnnlng offsetrells' alsofrom il-;iilht;iait -itrosl ils-reit. [hesecruseso] klcks mustbe -ttedto the -rcduncv settlngand crn re33urscrn os ;i;; 1-;{i;iCt-wllh whichthese eressures be wlth whlch these Pressurs. bs The factors that could contrlb' iiir"iiilnilii. on the uii't-d;-'ktck shouldbe tdentlfted an! grocedures iiiatitio li cipenaent rells. qurlttv of drtr' the l;,;i;;-;a offset conrol rcIls' and lnterDretrandthe lnterDreta' ;idili ;a nirrai cnntrol iiv"t,ip* il-irrnirnizethe llkellhood of r klck' tlon of the avallable data. ths hole Onepotentlal Probleurqlated to- kseplng drlll' tlne At orosent, most of tha dsep, htgh'pressure iiiit'dn- iiipi fri leep rells ls-rllorlrig enough

iirii iifiia'i enii'io-' t ii-i-!.r'ors datec' iii,' t-rii' .til t t ns' crltlcrl for klck

-'Fitiur".'oi, nore iiirti"itid btcones lnablllty apploprlately' rnore ii6nlt ii-'ilto tle hole futl can'itso le ciused bv-the grs iiti's'untoidtng as hlgh pressurs ls clrculated on i.ii itre"iuiiiiE, iven-tf'tt ls beingclrculated klck'. rssult ln a sicondarv lrrE'ctiiilel-'ih-is'could rslght could lnsufflclent mud ilincii:ii-iUout-trrvins cases' .the ifiire iii trish cD's. In th-ese. ;il;;lii rlii6oii iieiiuie whiie .i:tlllns couldbe slsnlfl' pressure' lhls ;iniii fitiirii-ttrin the hvdrostrElc iin liad io casestn rhich the formatlonts bal' rhen inied tititti ciriuiltlng' vet underbatrnced the pumps off. ars

iic'is-ueiiro done for exploiitori progrdrs' Thers ts- llmlted-offset drllllng da-!r e!{ even none 'ltnrlted oroductlon test drtr. Thsrefore' pressure iin requlre extenslve studv.rnd Inteririiiiitii

for JiieiC"pr*tctlons ha-ve.to-.bo-used il'iliii;; iiii--ptlirhtns.- sdt rs the rell ls.drllledr ths iiiitfng iirimeters musta'!sobe usedto contlnu' predlctlons' ouslyririns the pressure

Zone 4.2 Ket Pressure/Trans{tlon tndicators detected tl . Pressure/translon zonetndlcrtors crn-be. ;itii;-it;iiiing or nrv Iag the drllltns depth' ln notlcechanges the follorlng: Thedrlller may
Rate of penetratlon R0P)or, lf control btt drllllng'' ln relght Torque

.lttfrll"'ilifECD's D a naJorGon8l',".ft the hlghi."Jt]t1"\e"J'"'t'liiflnn*l can ktck. Agaln,

iriSutoi-io iost clriulatlon, even -slor clrcu.at rio'i can be such that' rhtle iiii;;-'riiei. and iiiiiiirtins,-itutd- ts lost to a forrnatlon uhen fomqtlonfluld flors In' iiriutattoi-ts stopped, of The magnltudes EC0'smust also be consldere{ ktck tolertnce. For exrmple' lf iiiin"iiijriiiins rt from frlctlon preesurs iiit corititoutldnto ECD iior-lirculatlng rrtes ts .3 DPg,and the strtlc thrt riit l6tiiance is .5 ppg' the littk toleqance 'ciibuletlon ls reallv onlv '? ;iii iii;i succe'ssful ppg.

or Blfiior".ru"e spead
FflI

by lag lndlcators ths btt dep{h- tht dlstrnce Som ls the rud'vc blt. If-llte llllD.tool 6C'itrd'tuo-iooi io ii"t luoii-itri utt, rnd thodrtlllng rrtr ls 15 iieiT[iur,-ttto-ditr ligs bv rbout-2h6urs' Pres'rely on l{ll0 drtr 8re rs thrt iuri' tnOicators
fol lors I - Percentsrnd fron GrmaReY - Re3lstlvltY

laDc/sPE19990

UAN,ILYN EONNUNC R.

0ther lndlcators depend on havlnE return3 to s-urfaca. 0n deeprells, bottomsuo nly take tro to four hours. The folloslng lndlcators-are detected rlth bottoms up: - Gls! Connectlon,trlp, brckground ilze,-and denstty lltls3:. Shape, - Chlorldss - l,ludrclght decrease - Percentsand Drlll Ing parameters can be used to crlculate D-exponents. Hoyever, 0-exponent as I pressure 'trends. indlcator ,dependson lntefpretatlon of Consequently, thls prsssure fndlcator tends to lag the drlrllng depth. Fonnatlon lressure can be measureddlrectly by RepeatFormrtion, Testers (RFT's), ThesemessureBantr requlre a logglng run. {.3 }fonftorlng PressureIndlcators

a Althouqh drl'ltlng break does not necelsrrl'ly iidi;ai; that fonl-atlon flutd has entered ths rsllbore, lt can be due to a slgnlflcrnt fornrtlon aia ctrrnss ls generallyvlenedas a klct lndlcrtor. In lells, a changs rny-of For deeD, hlgh-pressure shouldbe vlsred rs r klck the abovbpJradeters klcl slze. It ls lndlcrtor ln order to rnlnlnlze the tlne-depgndence rlso lnoortrnt to understand of theselndlcrtors. In r andfoniatlon-deDendence iitrtv ttslrt fonhrtlon, the lnflux rrte crn be lor rnd iesuli In very lor flor out' Also' In dsep rells, th6 punp iesponseto havlng grs ln the nrry annulits riot'be laige or fast. llth very llttle whlle the klck ls deep'therenry not Easexgrnslon .be noitceableeffects fron reductlon in tnnular untll hidrostattc pressurenor frlctlon pressure clrculatadnearthe surface. the gashas6een 3,2 lripptng Klck Indlcators ftll-uD and flor are the prtmaryklck Imorooer lnilcitors rhili tripplng. 0n daeplells' it nay irnountof tlme for the flutd take r conslderrble livelt to stablllze. In addttton, lf the drlll prlor to r trip to avoldr ret o{oerere slusqed the trio. tt caniisk ihe abtlltv to tell shether fluid levels are stable and tf the rell ls' ln of fact, tak'lngthe rlght arnount fluld, 6.0@ After e klck has beondetectedand the rell shut crn proceed.Conven' ln. well control ogerrtlons on rre tl6nal rell csntrol'prectlces brsed constrnt bottonho'lepressure nethods, l.s.r . nrlntalnlng equll to fornatlon rellbore nreisureapproxlnately iddltlonrl lnflux iriisuri io that thrirerlll be-no ind no fonnatlon breakdomr.They also requlre rsnovrt of the Influx from the rellbore end reesiilttitrmant of prlmaryrell control rlth brlrnce welght. mud prossure nethods In orlnclpal, constint bottornhole yet ii:e'iimoi6 td, execute, In practlcetherecanbe of iiny-'iiciori itrat r?iect tlie success these ' methods Pressure of 6.1 Esttnratlon Formatlon ls on of Theonlv measuro fortatlon pressurs based (slOPP). and the iiiqt:in" Jrillplpe pfssure'. betreen the column rir hidrostattc prdssure tle mud gagoand the forrnrtlon' It ts U'riiioipt pr'essure an! i6-uii a itiuts pressure to knor the ;;iliiii of hydrostittc prssurg thb fluld colunn there -lf of ii- io be ai rccurate neasuraaent foroatlon oiesiure. Hor lonE lt takes ths pressuret0 amount of iiiuiiiie ls a funct-lon uellborevolume' xhen the klclt ras,-taken' the oF--unoiiUatance forrnatlon permeiUtttty,andthe hetghtof penueable thrt ras drtlled underbalrnced. In It ls also Inportantto nocognlzs.thrt' lbst iisas, there uill be sonssrnor ln the nersur:nnsnt ol--irirnr[ton pressute. In those-cages' tt ls iirurllv lmoortint to knor on rhlch sldc onc crn ndit irtoii to err, overbelrnceor underbr-lance' ili-Hhii the results mlght be rhlle tbe kfck ls belngclrculated.

It ls very Inportant that all menbersof the drtlllng crer monitorprGssure lndlcators. Changss In parameters can be slgnlflcant, even though the nlgnltude nay be smrll. In order to detect changes, normshave to have been gstabllshed. Therefore, records of drllllng parameters should be malntalnedandmonltored. The rell plan should ldentffy hole sectlons for rhlch monltorlng pressure lndlcators ls nost crttical, Havlng I pore pressure speclallst on-slte can Inprove the ablllty to monltor pressurs. Drllllng proceduresthat addressprqEsurenonltorlng shouldalso be lncluded. An exanrple ls clrculatlng bottoms-upafter a speclfied Intsrval of IncreaslngR0P. ln addltJon, ln crltlcal hole sectlons, lt maybe prudent to llntt the cutt'lngs recovery's lagglng th6 blt, elther by control d r t l l l n g o r b y s t o p p l n gd r l l l l n g a n d c l r c u l a t l n g bottoms-up. (A secondrry beneflt of control drllllng can be seen lf a llck does occur; there are not large volumes cuttlngs ln the wellbore of rhen the re'll ls shut ln, thus reduclngthe rlsk of packtng off andpreventlngclrculatton.)

5.0 KrcK {il0tctTons

A klck Indlcator neans that formatlon fluid has enteredths sellbore. The goal of mlnlmlztngktck slzs results ln an emphasls on monltorlng klck -lt lndlcators. As rlth prssurc lndlcrtors, ts Inportant that all drllllng personnel be auare of tftelr responstbllltles In monltorlng klck lndlcepromptly ln order to shut ln tors and ln respondtng the rell. 5.1 Drllllng Klck Indlcators Key_klck lndlcetors whlle drllllng follorlng: Include the

Drtlllng break Increassdflor Plt grln Pmp pFessurodecrerse / pqrnp speedlncrets9 - l{ud relght decrerse

KICK PBEVENrION'DETECTIOII,AIID CO}NROL CAS IIIGf,-PRBSSTIRI TELLS {ND lnAIIIft{C UIDELII{D9TOB DSILLINC DEEP PLAIINING

ffi,q/6PE 19990

not surfrceslorly. Thlr doas rffect tha Ergl!: rlth onlv iilii-or-tt6 dtr-ote.iiiuJtrnents, thesperd 6,2 Clrculrtinga Klck itiil ii.!;'iri'-'riquiieo. rhl's cr[.be.oi.furthar tlne lr9 tliare1s r qlgnlflcrnt. of [ini?rd-t'ecause For deep, hlgh'pressurewells, the nerhanlcs of ihetier tt..urs the -fi;Jnd-,ir of .constant Siioii-oiiiining e measure And miiiteirlnce ;;i;iti" thrt lilt- iiicuiiiioh an-ddurlne. tlm iojuit"'ent. ln be prossrretbnpi-'itroriia -revlered bottomhole teci the need for morechoke adJustilontshr3 becom ls 'iitiiirt -is -t[e prypqrg1su-rq) to depth. Drlllpfpe preiiui. lor- therels-a knorn iiil ses contlnues e$rnd '6iii*'n iiii"ior iidi'cficrirationoeiausi slsil flcrntlv thehvdrostrtlc the ilii,iati' iii-ii reiuce tt'e " s.$e and prossure -li hvdrostrtlc Jrstei to natntilt,c.onstant pressure. iffi;;ffi ' :^-(-0r ui siai, ttte ca:lns.Pressure "iiing lilij]'"ffi tdlin-ir thNt occurs. the rapld oxpanslon !-tth 91t t0 ls p,ossibtllW nud of chokepressure) ;ttd ;-rlil.ecltbn .of 8HP' Hlth irti"s,iilii., ihera'ts Increaslng the in the.annulus' ililli.tl'-irui-'rndux.-iiutd'lt tf the lnflux ti-iublnsfr6mthe lrlllPlPe' resulttngln-a seconprossure ts',iiiilonn'4 $ hvdrostatlc iti"- i<jk. Thersfore, ts trnportlnt'f lrst' to .u'tublng the Si,Iiiiii-tii piiisuie rt'll chrnse-rs i"';;;;;il bv clrculatlne YorI 'Jiljiiv.-aiiil iliitirtiiJ-itt" itst of -be piepared respond 8ut the clrcuraiefl'up-i-ni 9xpal99'- the lf ktck ls bslns to iii6nd' to equal itae'wlll -iirttptpi iiiir itiiirie on ttre--a-nnuius klck rll! u-iuUinsanda secondary occur' tta-t' Thev iiiii ir-eiiur; on ttre rHP lf iifi'"iiif-i'trl idmattoi''pr{ssuie constant ltlck occur' tt ls a. secondary

. and lf U-tublngand maintained. ls betn-g choke' iirooitlnt'ti stopclrculatlon,close.tha clrculrtlonnrlntrlnlng ili-rn-i-o6ltiioh to rcsume the app'ly.rhether BHP of TheDrlnclples constant Eonstint'Sxp. But there are trc n'Jor concorns and. -kiak ?ue to underbrlance . there, was a iiir'rii iiiiui-"ieJuitng clrculatlon. It rJll . be vsr{ and was swabbed there ;i -the iiiirnii- sio-ltP the rnd siart tho pumps nalntrln-r goo9 drlllptpe' lf a,klck were iiiii"uii-to -ot ;il";i.il;;ui'"-on of iliii;i;; ires;;ie sihidrite'rtttr r ltge Yoluae heavler mud ln the 'iiie l*idio''iiii"-E-'sius klcl on it' th'e choke. Also, the seconduy pressure fivoiosiatlc iliiipio., .f,1on ],!n9-stug "li' il;toil miv-reiirl['tn u'tubtng as Jt in. blouslltto .ls the flrst -untii 'the t-he drlllpipe iirti'"68-'c"-,iiruCiia in aevetgpins {sed -tmprdved. iiii.Ie''-"utilJss procedures slus ls clrcu' al'l of s;i;-,tut,; il;;td; Clrculatlng at as slor r iiliA;ni aie iated out of the dri'llPlPe. ilil;;-po'sitdi6 is the nrostpracflcal preventlve the approach. wellbore, llhena gasklck ls clrculatedup-the on nvarostittc oressure the annlluss.ldedecrelses qulPment are 6.3 Effects on Surface and choke adJustments ii-'i[i-lit"explnas' drlllplpe BHP.sln"'e iiouiric io nrtitatn constant tha expanslon of goodmeasure. fornrrtlon As a gas ktck ls belngclrculrted-, ;il;;il;t;;'ttie-onit rnd ';ffd lin-rE"lrtt'in-t tgtt rnird- -gasvelocttles through idilstnents rnust be nade to tire ltrote ililil. iiu"'Eiioii mantf6ld'wlth.e. rlrk of ;il pressure' 0n 'stdnlflc'rnt tii"iii.'ttr,i'-requiied oitllptpe. Pu.ntp wiirroiil.- iirlre can rlso . be slgnlflcant -grs tlne lrs I'iii- rhtt, thsie crn be i rnd or downsneam tne choke hlgh coollng Ueiieen the choke rdJustnentild. the pressure ;;il;;i; ntttr a rtsk of hydrrteformtlon' ls betns rilei, As -illf ' ilil;;e iii-ttreoiittptie gage. the sas ttri suiFace, tho chanse.-in iiiiuiiied' 3 Flgure {n.reference.S' descrlbed Uslnsthe rnethod y9r1 gas hid;;t;ti" dueto expanslon,hairn-e1p qulcklv, 'ttinidion an lllustrrt'lon of the lnstrntrnous or,iii $iil- ii* of ttre expiniton'(o6:500,tlmesI nltt rI .' gttl, gt: oi ure chote. Pressure pst iiill ai'a iiil-viiii"df olcurs ctth the-flnal -2000 reducon Asaln,tl'es9. brsed -rnd ere of tho magnltude choka.adJust' i'Eii[.i-tie'-Juirice- ktiks ii6ii in'-pidssure, cholte ldorll.zed. iliil'-iceiilzid gas "-tionav'Ci', the. I-lck-.apProachlng lne mentsrequlred wlth t$i!*jon-":l -for Ipii:"t,i'i. .,1 nly:' verv dlfflcult to antlclprte' luiiice tin'oecorne -"ihi; ror ;1l requtie'ments -the. sulti:9-^-9ll: pressure nerfornrnce Fequlremells of the choke Floure2 ls an lllustratlon gxaqpl fiincitns equtprnent. 'circuiatloiso. I I ustrrtas ffi iii ;il';irt ilili: Th{s exan 3.rl -| greatlv rhfl.e clrculat' BHP. for iiiilnte iequJreO constant ii, rpiiuctioi ln klck circu In iiii-'riiudtioi tn -rate de.scrlbed on Lick. Based the method ini'i q-as on lilucli-ttre ietnands surface squl$ent' s, -silp, riFeien"ce ir a l0 bbl klck ls clrculated from to day.ne-ed be the chokepressure 'the iioob-;li OF last 3tI bbls pumped 7.0 EFFEGTS OIL BTSLIIUO iiiiiridd ui"doo p1i over to -tfri-requiied 6iiiire-qis-"comei surface. If it -rerea 30 bbl nell -iiouiinrs by The precedlng dlscusslons addressed.tie rloul p-ressure d I ncr-ease. choke [iil,, assoclatedw{th deep' hlgh-Pro$iiitrrii 30 pil, essentlally over the sarne bbls i6otii iobo belng of il;'illf;;-inaepencenttv 'mudthe mudsvstem an iffiic.--ittiie'ttrts-exanplir ls based-on ldealrnother slnplv adrls. ill,i." uirhg"'oii-uasi uuoble no strlnglng and iilA-iis [iir, {.e-, sln{le fdr-earlvdetectlon !n 0n out o? the Eas, lt {s also based an.ldeellzeo Fiiiir tl-co-nstder nlrnntng In pricttce'clrculrtlng..r adJustnents ffi"ibt"-w.11"-Conirot.' 'constant itrire opliatioi,'1.., the exact choke thrnrlth etslen can nruch durlngrll phrses iiil'iit iiii ursemud bi crn rlso be lnstrnces SllP iliiiird,ilo maintatn 'the iit- there niiir"i"ii'nrui.klck clrculatlott. of elFctrtlons irfiiie [rlic els. crn leadto orronsou! problens develop' ir iioiiiinii reli control the canbe very dlfftcult to naln-taln drlllplpe tt the becausg rdJuqtments schedule oressure .requlred of 011 Else llud of fiiv-ui'iarsi. But the nrgnitude the ldJustment 7.1 Compresslblllty rhlch of t1e rmounl grs expanslon'. ii'a-iuiiiioi of The frct thrt brse oll ls conllderebly-nore conls ln turn r functlon of. the positlon ln tne . "rh; ilter ilrects rell contiolJn three Nbllltv.t0 ii:isir-ire Cirin presiiri strbtltzrtlon' drlllplpe to ln*easb.qhe bstrry iitt6ire . iiiisr to brlng tfre sas to the il'ffii;ii ili;ili;-ttrir prlslure-ls

uDc/EPr 19990 pnsssuna nsponto to chotr dJurtrmts' ifter thc ptnDl rru rtopPed.

x rll"lr

E. f,onnNc

md flol

llbrlu rtll br ertrbllrhcd.

tt trtrt norr Influx Yoltne, rnd tln', for thr sreriurr bullduo trqulr.d to'hrve r st$le SIOPP. Itn onty rry to'rtnlilzc the tln rtqttlrud to strrt thr klll onrrtlon lr to olot thr Drr::urc rs r fumtlon oi ttr so tfrrt the strblllzed prcssure cur bc sstlntcd frc $crc thc cuwr brstks over' shltrrly to rhrt lr donofor lc*-off tcstr. lhr to the coqrrsrlblllty of. thr .ojl'. thc chokeedJustrentr drillotoe onrsuri re3Donse-to iiii i&- b! i conrtdairblylowr &unt of tlm itrrn rtitrri srn depthrltli rltei brss rud. I0-g9t rn estlnrte of rhri thrt lag ctn be' chokedrlllr nitoi-to Oriittns out of iulng cln !e useful. ?irrie arlttr concist of clrculrtlng rt slor rltrs' rdJustrents, rnd recorttq the tlm lt iilinsltiolr fiiiii-roi i uiittptpe pmssurctrspgllg. ^ ($ onq m[i- rtitr crslm' irt' rt rbout 1f000 fest rnd iiiiutliins lt r-i ant' lt took 3-f slnutcs boforc itri-oiiiiiioi-pre$ure'chrngsd rs r rssult of chols 'tt tr rlso l4ortant to Inor thrt iiiuiiiiilili ifia-i.s tlic rlll only Incrrt-gcrs tic nll ls &epend rrd rlth gu In the rellboro. The frct thet lt crn trks r slg[tlflcart rnount of iirn-ior nor to stop rfter lhs-prnplrrs rhut domt rffrctr thr rblllty to urc flor' or flil olt Goilmc-rmund Iiila;- js r klck Indlcrtor. 0n drcp rollq'- r of prq'pims33urr lr rcqulred for iitiitcrnt Pn rrc -rtopeed'. th. rmn the ;i;;iiiaion.-il -ttreriforcorriJurs rnC rcrultlqg coforisslon of the nd rrl nlcrsgtrv to cstrbllsh ts frirrca; off, 1.e., vgltne ad r-tor-itttr iti punps iri#-iir iiil-of nortrck, rnd tb uie devlrtlons frm thls nortr ri klck Indlcrtors. . 7.2 Gu SolubllltYIn 0ll Thc rolubllltv of grs In oll ls depgdsnton tho ;afucit-com6sltloi of trhegrs rnd df thr-ollr. thc terprrrturi (rcfcrcncer 5 md f). ilcriur;,-inl-itri ihe votrno chrngs usoclatsd rtth -thq grs.-golng inlo solutlon li rlso r frmctlon 0f Un r.tlo of ott. In pllrnlng for or delllttg- rlth r ilito [icr.--noni--of ihcir fecion ls knom. Tie onlyitrini tt[t crn !e ..ld ls thrt the -v-oltrc of i6ilitton nutc thrt entomd tho rsllbone ls iri'li6ii nch grerter than surface r"eadltqr Indl' ctte. Ilureforo, klck Indlcrtors cuchrq plt grln or flm rs prcnounccd iiii-not-bs-rrr1]'tncrgrtt3 m rlth retsl brre qtd' c1n br td.[c{Jv3.-ot--1 lii' virr

Althoush rrfrrercct 6 end 7 glvr ntr rccurlt. estlnrlcs of bubblepolnt prcsiure' for lllustrr' lion ouroorcs.lt sufflc.3'to tlt thet the bubblr oolnt' onssurr, In Dsl. ls rtout 5 tlnt thr of tn brs-to-otl retfo (G0R) SCF/bbl oll. Ihrro lhe qrs brrekt out'of iolutlon'lr r furtlon of hor uch-gas r* nlxedrlth hor ruch oll. Drlll grs rlll hrve I vory lor G0[ rnd rlll bnrt out shillou. Hortvor, tfcrc rlll ba very smll volwss of gl3, and tha affects muld nott llkely be hrbbllngbr fornlng rt thg bell nlpplo. A drllled klct rlll hrvo I relrtlvrly lof to rndltn 00Rbscrure ths mtoi of oll betng clt'culrtod rrs ruitr trishcr thrn tha Influr rrtcs-. 0n r drlllcd klck. air muld breakout frlrly shrllor. ,lhmwr' nd ff the-lnflux mnt undotcctcd rrs clrcllrtcd on uo. thr voltnet of grs could bc frlrly hlgh. Iho rlit could berln unlordlq gr 9.3 bnorls ou!'Thlr rculd iioinOs. rnd pishcsnrd rhird of-lt. iifiuci itre trvdrortrtlc Dlt33ur. rbovr thc grs stlll ln soiutlon'rnd ctuseiora grr to brsrl out. Ihlr rnd rrte rt $lch thr Droc.sr.csoundt tho dogrcC -unioidr. 0n thc tither hurd' lf thr Influr Gii riira Crircted urd thr rrll rrrr clrculrtrd on thc itrotr. thr brckprcgurr fiu the chotr culd br iutCtitent to dlntrln prcsur.3 hlghcl thal tho Uul6tr oolnt Drcsturt of'th. lu.-Gm-solutlon. ln -cisc. thc grr nuld not brerk ot{ untll i[ii dosrstrrnof thc-chots' .nd thc rffectr of clrcu' iiitno r hlsh-pressurs klck llght bc no dlffir' ier ent tfien cticuirtlng lliuld (Flgursl]; A snbbed klck could hrvc rn rrtrcnly hlgn $dt Evenlf sr: dld go Into solutlon' lt t4ulll 3trrr -out Ysri deep. For nnl$sd llcts' til liiiftng ifiecti-of ors soiubllltv In oll brsr nd rpgcu to bo r rlnor-flctor In tlck dstectloq (rtrcEm!-I) rnd rould .Ppo.r to bs r rlnor frctor In tlc: cl t culrtlon. 7.3 Effrcts of lllgrrtlon rnd Clrculrtlon on Ges-ln-0llSolutlonr

iiirv 1ifotl,lftux.- lnd.-1s m.1!! of ll: .lo.ne

tlrrc llrrc 13 glr il-'i.-;i"diri"a-uitti thrrc li ls clr.culrtrd-untll thrra lr frcc-sil In tht '. rhcthcr -tho 9r3 ro.f Into tho nttfonc. ' llorcvtrr drrthcr "i6['-'dtrr--iiinctptq ol cm-rtrntolP t-hr or "ii'hd; rtnclplct of conrtrtt q|P ;iitfi rour fivdrortrtlc DnrtsuF. thr t hrdrortttlc Drrtsurl ln-tln ;iiii:ilDil. iiiii:filit. 'lrc- A lto-t lgllprtrtlc .grrrurc-In t[of prcvlrti r rrlurr rtibtr siDPP iiiiiliiii drlllplpr rnd &$ fonrtlon pnsl$nr.

o$,i' i:',,1'i';i.[i[ll'',, #t!,l"il]T iihlii gr: exDrnllon rlgrrtat or rs rlll bo no g* elDrnllon es lt rlgrrt.s- 0r 13

oll tlhansrs goar Into solutlon ln tJrc- phrscof lars ths solutlon ld. the denslty iiiitinc nird,the densltvof ths solutlo! ls lars Thorcfonr thr d6nsity lirii--ific O6nsity of th . rrd, Ttorcfor-rrthr @; iiiiiitton vlll nlgirtr upnrd. .llorrvtr' c.,t'$c !!!

lld ilci grt gp.s Into rolutlol ll r fulctlott of --ni l[i riiiritioti potnt for r glvrn tr;prptun rnd ii;iriurr, iir ittt rrnin In solutlm In tir lorprr 1t lts r.tql!tlm-tr4.r'. 5ii-rmiii tt ts'-no rturr rrd Dr.3tur|. Ihcn frm gr| illl avolvt' rm

rltri iicirtton Drccui, thcrr crn br rlrlng rltl nru rl oll, ruultlng In rn Incrurlng dcn3ltt rd dtrolutlon thr ellirrislns $R.- 0ver cr.rslns (lR. ousr tln' tm gr3-u'oll 3t aarld li .lrirnr Ihcrr out throughoutthr could bi rtrung aol throuohout thr frIIDOfa. 'ii al tu l[ grt lt Ufr. .rr | .!!t- but nrtl rlro !c go aL the .rurfrc.'. ult lt nuld stlll llll/ tn rlution ld rt vrty lor concntrrlloos. bc no tncrrur in grrrsun fitr to glr ilrrl-nuio rltrrtlot. tJr Ilth lr Grtrgt ly hlgh G0[ klck' lho gffrcb.of pr iiiim cracsr riy mt br rr grot. Eurn.rlth Into th. rolutlon' tJn-dou.ltr o? oii--iitimnrO thr roluSlon rrtr not b. Incr..!.|l slgnltlc|ntu nor rur|tol.l rrt th. GoRb. nducrd slgrlflc|||tly.

P',AXNIIIG

rICK PREVENTION'DEIECTION! AND CONTROL GAS g?LLS AND TRAININC OUIDELII|ES EOR DRILLIIIC DEEP IIIGE-TRESSI'&E

'lI
19990 raDc/sPE
I

to ulll orovldethe caprbtltty' rlth contlngency' ktck htghGOR nayexhlbit characterls' en extrenely lre gas tittt itre rell; and'rhatprocedures necessary hlgh-pressure iici--ii'niiii'io'itrose of a deep' shut'ln sltuatlons. for enoergency nud. ktck In cater base ln be shou'td developed conJulc'iitiir--aiiiatns -iivSlou clrculrtlon rrtes' llth. resultlng"lamlnar Shut-lnorocedures the BoPiiii -posttlon atringernont.lflth iiso pronroii istrtlglns out" and I iiiii, rnd klll of tha choke 7' iriSiea"lilts, {tre iiiuita'riilreduttton rri con (re-fdrence-s.p' .rnd also iini-ouiteti'reletlire to ramposltlons-fllust be ;i:-';;"id;;1bR ttcks, the iffects of the.strlng' whether rlJopclrcula.iiiitoeiiu.- itri !9 iii-i'eiuit-in virtqallv no choke..adJustmenttilin-itrlougtt dectstonIn rnythtng emergon' i;s d'd but the kt'll llna could aii'6i-ttri ga-s - brerk'ou.t bscNuso roculrenents muit be nade. cy sltuat{6ns ilie choke. 0n extremelv llgrt ffiil ffi;;iriiiii,f ons'- I s s -th ton''rtri-rl"lilie-ti"rn high' pres ure f ornr.tl effscts mu-st tng Surface sas.handl equlDrilnt. rl so. be.evalu' of iii;:r,irjrrri ;i-;ry. iiiisite some the gas atii-ireieience2),- Prioi to drtllig a hlgh'pres' 'i.sti. a hlgh P-ressurro 'riJtiit.i, liieJ'ri'ove on ilrcula[lng equlDnent the' surface gas-handllng iiie -inspected l-s is thi- pre-ssure redu'fd below iiill for eroslon. {ud/g?sfg9aTl' (aboute.s!.0 -for deeP'- shouldbe l1t lrri"ritrsildirity pressuie' the handle iiii'ino-vdn['itnes nust be deslgned-to of ffi ;tii;,"ieieienCe bi,'i stgntflcint arnount (Ftgure qii- fTii r-atis that rntghtbe eiperlenced rlse and iiis"iii-louia-uigtn i'o' evotvti' Bubble the gas thrt flow rites rre oxceellng 5t. tf lt anDears to lipinir.i" ttri-noeginto contrlbute.more planssuchrs contlngency e6utorient-ciiiotttties, irsnsportprocess. ffiiiffi- tnC-lircutating rltC or. bvprss.lng.the and florlng directly overbo*dsnoulcDe personnel seomatbr hrve the gasstrlngtngout, houever, l{lth 's ls inirestlsated.And if bypasslng chosen rn -expected '-hiie li-'6e'irdoared td.rdspondto gas a! lhq surface (nanurl vs' vilvtng idqutrenients ;ii;n:"-ltre based on bsen iiotiJr"i['.n' rnrs:ht nust an? actuatlonsequence be iEiiiiiv-.itlatiai and -tlrne iiiiiie innutri-vetocltles, they nry be clrculshed. ottabl mleht pirlod of t-tonser -than i;;i;i-s*'f;i there wlll be less hrve le-enexoected.i{ow'ever, shut-ln eri?rgenpy to -'ir any glven tlne' eNslng It ls also necesslry develop shul- rlth the irf 'aiinii'nit- iiii-vot-ui-e oerl wtth 8t in ltre lett crnnot'be i"odiArr'ei operator and the on uottr the choke tfii stsrtllg be [itoie. viives should shutsequentlally', equlpment. of iitii-itri-ini-tnrniotatetv upstreirn the choke.-As lt arg irriie Drocedures diveioped, is- rlso useful Solubtlityon KickDetection f.1 Effectsof Gas the flonpath doinstrernof the-cholc: i6- exa:mi;i andllell Control rrrrrJ-"ii'ito-i'-ts noi[ ltkely to -be r problenrnd detectlon iii.itte"-ltrire are rlternatlve flow prths ln the In otl hanpe-rs Gas sotubl'ltty ..klck develoPs. a eYent Problen br Eiiauie iuririi neasurenents pt! grln- andflor than'the-influxvolume rnuch snraller uC iniiiiio-iii to.psrsonls l{ost lmportent,horeYar, emphaslzlng tn anUi'lte. ln addltton'fncretses trlp grs or 0n the grs countsfiey not be as -pronounceo nel hor-serlous demands tho equlpelt neyP-s connactlon rnd whrt they shouldb. ronltorlng durlng rel I of tlht relatlve cdntr{butlons nlgrrtlon filiu;;';i control opentlons. gu transportprocesses' andclrculitlon to the e.0 casf-$lqr For well contnol,the solublllty of gas--lnolI due-toan tnflux from change iiituiil itre nCtv6'lume and lfell control grocedures tralntng u0.4.-lery li ssqnli waterbasernud' Thls iiii-iltiti-iouic preprrrtlon drllllng for iiiintanf-olrt-of Conoco's to msins ttrit it trkes ven longel foq -$IDPP gas debp'hlgli'pressure rells utth oll Drslllll6' -detectlon -ls' oe iiiEitrii-itran uoutc atrlbuteblesolelvto oll of rnd mln{mlzrtlon on errlv eiolisi's ftY. cornpresslbll descrlbed iliii-iiie.- i.tieiell control expcrlences 6iiil'"- i t t usti'lla both tha subtlety- of . rone rel I G0R's, gas For hlgh'oressure kicks utth.modetate if-others' Thts iiniro] responsos the severt-ty l-t-easlerto -iiio and can make lG iiiicie ot sotlotllty provtdes exrnples qnv of the A;;'-siudy tllan lt piessureschedul-e 9t miintitn ile drtllplpe ihinorrdii-cttedtir the grecedlng.sectlons. i;;iii-fi viitr I ttls'-sri klck, especlallvlf most presentad n-areblsed' herel I ionclus ons' fiiii-'di--ttre' of the out ii-ifie-oas breaks 6f solutiondomstrean rell ln iart. on subsequent rasponses. pprpos - Ths iiroii-ti'lqure 4i. Thts cou]dalso lerd to lnadesome the phenon' of ls oiiiii iieiiiittdn ror clrculrtlng ou! 1n exnemelv of ttrts'surnary to hlghllght rell cln becoil expeltedlt to behevo enr so thrt lilndslght fron thl3 ilii6-e-o-C-tictlf personnel *oll3. to forestghtfor subsequent for ts'very Inrportaht -personnel iif,itiiiv.''li tn terni of'vell contfol operatlons' ui-"iiii6'ttrat, rnd and 9.1 Inltta] KlckOetectton C{rculrtlon iotritittttv affects the rell response [iu-i'-e-J on rhat Htt occ{rrlng t[6 6pirrttons fs-dependent crlled feet, procedures Ihtle drllltng belor 20000 itrin ttre gis vesenteilngthe rsllbore. il'a fidi-;hicl tf thereurs r sterdlly lncrerslng iiic-oi ninltrrtton. Thccrrerhrd legn ronltorlng 8.0 EStIHEtr rnd.lE'nrd rare stopPqd' flon tln6s rhen the gunps 64il teklns es mich' rs tu?nty-ftvo rlnutes. grs Clrculrttng r. hlgh'pressure klc!,crn-.Plrce itreiofore, iiurlng flor checks' -lt--srs necessery.to BoP'sr chokes' on extrem dernrnds equlpment'9.9.-r-80P's' cnorest
nlntioio-iitves rnd pipingi rrtd nud/grs seprrrtons'

-equlgatgnt in'--iJiisrtns equtpieit lequlromnts, tro lssues rrrngenents iiiouia u iiiareisef: rhrt

'?a:" ,iH l5:lyll,y.:'lfll'ili. Iffii'ilJ rl:; slr'rlnuts flo'tr thsru ru iiifi-lniilaring R0P,

rArlc/sPEt9990

!{ARILYN R. IIOSNI'NG

check that tas negatlve. Tlrgre ras .a second after drllltng anotherthree ndoaitve flor checkiro feet later, there nas flor rhen lt was f;;i: and checked, the well wasshut ln.

as rcre recorded a functlon of and TheSIDPP SICP rere rpprox' rndthe ln tlne andare shoun Flgure5. Thsre ffi Giilitiil-tniiiitec bvinltlrl slo?q)r noted -shut lnrtelv 1300bbls of mudln the rellbore it the to ibil appeared be sialie. It .shouldbe the rlth the tn. As canbe seen'evBn ECO iirne-ti ris ;ili, if tdil point' the ca'lculated equrled (about2 Pp9)r-^lttook about undeibiiance ;iiid; iiliiitiin-ii"siui6-incicated bv the lntttel SIDPP' preisureto stablllze.- Tils ras iii tr.iuri for the effects of tte com' oioUiUti due to tlie conblned Klcks 9.3 Srabbed of oi iioo uuls of oll, the volume iiiiiiiititv to li;id ahii-hadto be added set the z ppegq!t!!?' for a trtp out-of the Thedrtl'lptpexas slugged of and about500faet off iini-nieiiuie buttdup, the-effects solublll' ' n6i".-' n f 6l] satn rai-detected ii'.in"iniiiairng th ilme lt took to get the added iiiiii". itrJiriiiptpi wasrun backto. bottonrlth r-tth a slug.in volume. ni'ii"iicalioni bf-rior. Hoxsver, ";ri'll;ite, -some pJpe volume,.of tie ..lnflux.,, trken ld data, there In lnternretlngthe shut-in prsssure ilierftt'lit'-sGrr a great depth,it nlght have ihe ris'iblni"ioili-as to Bhether 2 Pp9equivalent i6niiiira6ie-ii"ie-r6r itre fiuli slslqn to stablllze pressrtre.Th.er-gfors'. iie-;;ii-fioii from other iii i'ierie"tton bf formatlon io be dlsttneutihable l[e lnlitli-1n]tux ras clrculited rtth e.ktll nud flous. lnduced iiiotii'i'trli its i pps over Inltial mudrelsh.t'. feet' fiiiiii.tli-Ectiti at ide rttt circulatlns'rateadded tlhenbottoms-up clrculated to about,9000 ras to il;;hi;-ir-.t-pps. Hoitver, there uas verv little liiiuiiiion-w* stoppec condltlonthe.nudand sched' that r crtllp'tpe pressure tndtcated ffibiin rri-rnit-n-tarning rio'iiJu' strut'tn pressurs ;ililii' rieraro slgnlflcant I lie-iittt'ini ctrotie, ie., there' fron the drlllplpe. had mud U-tubed for tiieiii'rtrCn grs ris cticulated to tbe suFface lt though wascontinuouslv It epparsthat wtth bottornstp.N^t,-tht: {sptt [iir' even iirii-iitiiii ln feedlng durtngthe clrcqlatlon. annulaiveJgct{.}r-!!e effects of iiaslifon averase were agalnevident' ^The ue'll ires qas expanilon After the well ras clrculated, lt appearedto be ',iii6ie.-" -t*., ii,i- clilut-iie,i- in ttro chole with no .slgnlflcant tool piton t6-i strorttrlp'to set anRTT.s grs nrooerrte ratesandrelatlvely iiirr"itW, so -irit ini-lest'boP's,a slugrrs-punped that ptpe lou, strble choke Pressures. triveio ue pitteo wbt.' Asaln'the cell i'duto punp-rlgslug.crn A second i out of the hole' to to aooeared be stable. Horevel' attenpt tas -made c9n9 ls..stable' trr"-i-rittuioe'ias sluggedand trlpped-out about iif,il'tt'e-auittti to tell lf -r uirl-l-id;i:''itre'-trote flon ls fromslugdisplace- i'i60 t-olr 0 of . thri'calculrted13 i.i.. ,tr"tnerannirlar sl-usras PuctP?i' or rneit- fron rn Influx or $ether the .fiole ls iiqiit.d-'io-'iiit,-a second i6ii the [iiiinE ilte iorrect rnountof fluld rhen the flutd ini-titl'idtt- flored bick 5 bbls. cohstderlns level-lnthe drlllplpe ls unknown. fiyirdilrttc pressure fron thg slugs,. ,shut'ln lno'icate that as nuch rs 30 bbls wrs ;'#;ffi; -ittei lt urs rnothertro daysbeforethe rell cas reen' irabbed. screrlig Into ths storn. val.ve'.a iiriE. Thls ts psl iilisure-iqltvatent to I ppguEstneasured' The rcll was clrculated off botton holdtng 20! rrr} r a s n o t clrculeted Eliiiiiinl'"iltr'-trrvrns th'e-I pps lncteaseIn mud - . . ^ - - { r r r-.1{ n d n F a c c u r ^ e ^ IIt -rrs !91-C l f C U l f t g d i'ii""iii^ciiiitinil prissure. t plus SIOPP-;no reflect1ng ? Pps slgPP-.-lg^:?l; -ftrs ;;iqhi-i; the-ho1e,sittr a sIDPF iiiirid ctrcutattirq sge-p-111 tre9 tiTllfti l'iii ait[s-oressure'clrculrted' con' ';iilt'" tret sas clrculrted on the choke' i ilii{;e,i:' -diifitille' "pieslure riqual-to-..formatlon 'weit crslJtg ras iiiiiirc-'sas almost Innedlatelyupon.tnltlattlg ai-'ttrs iii'iirri'. on iiituiitt6nl sui lgatn, thers iere'no d-lscerntble ffiffi;'roie- to'oroopsl wlth no pressur the rqd in cfiCutiltng gas at the surface' And il;6if f iiiiio..--itri-wiit nasshut!r!' psl' t!9 cllllg '"iiii-'{-tre'seii to iis clicuiated, it appearad be -sama ii.itifitE'it.riiitilc'-at ibout 7200 ras rhe sIDPP rhen ai pressur. stable. ttre .seen liiiiiii.i-ii' Formatlon 9,2 Drtlltng Net* to vlth Ortlllnc resumed whatnoxeppears hrve been dlctated i' ;t;9" "uni6biiinie.' HoneYer, - drocedures wai ctrcllited after drllllng llidt'on: bottons-up in- aOCittonrl 15' feet. flth bottoms-xpnoal oecrelsoo and iurface, flor Incrersed pump.pressur shirt'ln andclrculrted iilitiiil.iiiJ.'--itre iiit was' purnps severrl tlmes rrcre shqt-dorn. iliil;-A;k;. rnd iiiili-ciiliiiitrng'' -?rom the flare lncrersed erch punP shut- douns He3 lt lirii- lottons:up surface.

were nor more evldent. . In addlt-lii-r "iltii-.pump shut-dour, -posstblv ln iill'-or" Eco f-reegas near uriloadtng.rlth some iiiElniiron-itth of iff ;u'ri;,;;,"tdirtrtiutei- to iiatttonal volumes iiiitux as tlie rell sas clrculated. llud wetghtHas incretsedby anotler-9:!. ppg.(0.'0 slrf.ce

the

grerter Influx a been much rDpers to have There of illir- riih tlie ner foraatlon,-andtle effectsths is the influx rpproeched il; il'ei'iinitin

there '66i riist ltut'tn. I.t apPears^that ilil'ii;-fr;i on [tCi< bottori.' the Inltlrl .end i'ii".-iiioilo-id i6-mi-iiia ras near-iuiirle, rtttr-fpploxlnatelv as 6iod-isi-iatlng pressure r rcsult of the grs unlordlng' oxiinitoninc m-ua'cotumn's k-lc!.ras that the srabbsd -.ctlculeted tt reosars iia#f.rini"il"-ai r1 iriiltculrted neu.surfrce' -rrrs.protrulv up.rlth iilU;E;dJustments a{ono1-keepto -tht slq dle .the.rrPll il;d;ffi.--'rtr1i rlth ;iffi;iil'ot'i'irrgC folunc6r grs cor$lned rnd iiotii letrien chgi.c $qs.tr.nnts li[iiiiii"i'tai (It - respoi-iis.. lhouldbe noted drlllplpe prssurc 5' on tne ribttrol In-rgferencr. tha ;iii''6iil f-or srr -ctioii predfcted r s-lnsle iixi*i*-ltltnl grysgure ] fontrolpuld .bcr000-psl' fi[bil'rl;['iirii il- i-rli,iit, ttre nro.wuuec. fror the drlllplpe
rlth r secondrry klck trten on Dotlol'

KICS PREVENTION, DETECTION' AND COIITBOL PLAIIIIING AND ITAINING GuIDELTIISS FOR DRILLINC DEEP IIIGII-PRESSUNE GAS I{ELLS IN)C/SPE T9990

rere bled off rnd both the Eventuallv. Drassures klcks vere clrculatod utthout lnitiii a-niiecondarv -on iiiiOtnt. However, golng brck to bottom' r firm tho wel-l brtdge off was OiiOgeuas tagged.- Hav-lng of proUiOtya frifor ln the f,uccess thts operrtlon. 9.{ Drllling to Total DePth Helghtq0.4'0,2 Therelt ras drllled to T0 wlth mud ooq below thrt lndlcated by the inltlal SIDPP. as liiculeted tc0's sere about equa] to (to a$ much 0.4 ooq overl estlnated fonnatlon pressure' to Statiia'liy, the're]l appearad be stable' There f'low and *ere soneiluld losses-ihlle pumping, some -Some of th'ls flow were shut dosn. ihirn the pumps mlsht be'attrtbutable to the prevlous losses. Hoiever, there were also increases in the, gas counts whlle clrculatlng these flows to surface' lndicrting that gas may have also entered the wer stoppd. the pumps wellborewhen The only tlme there Hero no lndlcatlons' of Itas basedon both flow and pFessure' underbalance, prlor shen heavy pllls had been spotted on bott-om to trios.- with equtvalentmudwelght equal to the formatioripressuri indlcatedby the tnttlal SIDPP. Study Draunfrom the Case 9.5 Concluslons llell contro'l proceduresand-tra.lning had. been a very imoortant'partof the plannlngfor thls sell' ttlth rell control as a 0oelatlbns rsrs conducted ohlrnary conslderatlon, slth emphasls on klck brevenilon and mlnlmlzatlonof klck slze (early detectton). The prudenceelth rhlch operetlons proceeded'probably'reduced -problens greatly the severltJ of thrt rere encountered. lhe rell cbntrol Thesewell control experiencesdo not polnt to any .control problems assocleted Insurnountablenell nlth otl base mud. They do polnt to the needt0 baslc well control prlnclp-lesrnd hor oll emphaslze ba'se mud affects these prlnclples, grlmarlly stablltzatlon tlnes end flou lndlcatlons. Dressuro thEse were also affected by the large volumesof fluld in the hole (about 1300 bbls), the well deoth. rnd the hlsh EC0's, RFTdata es e neasure of foimrtlon presiure nay hrve preventeddrllllng ahErd wlth what Nppars to have been f ppg underbal ance. small kicks and large klcks The dlfferences between in oll base mudnay also have contrtbuted to the kick. After havlng severlty of the secondsuabbed klck *lth nomlnrl clrculated the ftrst swabbed choke pressures and grs ratgsr the pressuns r0sponsei end choke adJustnentsthat were seen rlth the secondsrabbedklck rould have been dlfftcult wlth assoclated to antlcipate. The hlgh pressurs thls klck were a funcflon of the klck volumaand Dressurei they do not eppear to have been the assoclrted rlth oll iosult of any unusualphenomena base mud. It does appear thtt the concentratl0ns of das ln'the rallbore rers so htgh thrt, for all prrctlcrl Durposss' tt rrs t fres grs ktck. 'there rere no mltlgattng effects from iherefore, gas golng Into solutlon as had beenseenulth the ltlclt. smal'lerswabbed Thls case hlstory lllustntes ths lnportenc of ktck oreventlon. It rlso polnts to the need to euphrilze the prlnclples of constrnt bottonhole

Dressursnethodsof rell control and the eflects of iniiux fluld, drtllplpe slug fluld' frtctlon oiesiure. cnd' compres-slblltty. The effects that has on the ablllty-to mrtntetn ihe wellts responsb ionstant bottinho'le pressure rnust also be ad' dressed. TrloDlno orocedures rlso need to be carefully 'partlcularly 'ln deep' small hole sscaii'eisCi, Thi proceduresneed tb rnlnlmlzerrabblng ii;a: efiects and irxlrnlze detectlon capablllt-lss. The hlgh on iirii ttrne surface pressureswereextremely. tmbbedXlck ras thts well ras xhen a high-volune The .rell control . operatlons rero clrculated. iurtliei compllcated by a secondaryInflux. Tho oiactlce of'slugglng drlllptpe prlor t0-! trlp'. iti- eifect on detect-i1g flgr and iailicularly imiiooir ftil-up, needsto be carefully evaluated. In' addttlon, slug denslty and frlctlon -pretsures niieJ-io bC'consiiered tn detennlnlng c'irculatlng influx.to. preventa secon' oressuresfor a swabbed effects' thls iarv influx. To mlnimlzs suabblng lndlcates that spottlng r high dens{ty eio-erience niii on bottomwaseffect{ve. Alternatlvessuchas i ietiihg (barltel plug mlght rlso be considered.

r0.0 PJocEouREs
for Drllllnq and we1l control procedures dtqp' liitr-orEssuie srs rel]s neednot dtffer stgn!ftrron rjiiiti -c,f thdsefor anyotherrel'|. Thedevelopto is ment soecialprocedures Intended etwhaslze uells' and(?) for [i-w[at is most'lmportant these In capab{llt-les klck itrit can be doneto enhance preventlon' early detectlon'andcontrol. Indicators 10.1 Pressure l{oting a changein a pressuretnd-lcatil ts I lt oiimiFvfacior-ln ktck pieventton.Therefore' rherebysnell ii-imdortinl to developprocedurs 'oritttng related Plrameters i[an.di c*n be noted. and io-ilie oiesiure shouldbe nonliored plotted' over I in ioOition, lf there is an lncrersl$ R0-l iiecitdnriin,ia intervrl, checklngfoi flor rnd It be rrp-should constdered. iiiiuiittns bottoms of nriy itii b-evaluableto llmlt the rmo-unt cut' predlctlons' fe itrouiC run to ierlfy the pressure lO,2 Klck Indlcators shouldaddress Drllllng and trlpplng procedures for reoulrements ktclt k{ck 'on ;;iiliil;.-- itor Cnc ptt setn are-prlmarv. oeepsiilts,- partlculrrlv rlth oll i;ii;;6;;. can it iiii-muc,-ieri'smitf changei ttre s,urface be isioci'ii6u'-itttr slgntflcant lnflux volumes' to thlre strouTd procedures enhrncg iilEi;il, -b-e chrnges. the ablllty to detectsrnall procg{ures for be there should speclr.l -'hiu For examole, iolums of nud iddltlons rnd i ilrni-"Fiiis ',iiii[ilt'ttiis of or r sjistem notlfvlng kev..personnel ffiiiiffi:"ltriftrer to rllor-arv rdditlms rhlle for iiiiiini-itro,ii[ ii]o be consldere-d c*trln hole sectlons.

ilu:.1t"*'tnliii'o:o'oi1'.h';f;uTiJill"'iil RFT's iireie-are luittngs sampfus.In addltlon,'

rADC/SPE 19990

I{ARILTN R. XORNUIIC

ll

In rddltlon, slugglng drtllplpe prlor to trlpplng can hanper klck detectlon capablllty. Therefore, proceduresshould address ret trlps a speclfled dlstance off botton. tn addltlon, groceduresfor carefully nonltorlng flll-up volumes should be devel oped. For flor checks to be useful, there should be a vrltten record of the tlmc and voltne for flow to stop on nornal connectlons. Flor checks to the trlp tank may also be consldered. In rddltlon' there should be spsclflc condttlons for rhlch r flor checkls requlred; e.9., Nfter no nore than r rpeclfled footage of a drtlltng brerk' before trlpplnE out, rhCneverthere ls lmproperfll'l on a trlb, rfieneverflor cond{tlonsaro'suipected. Flow for checksshouldbe long enough rell conditionsto be steb'le rfter shuttlng downth punps. Unless flor ls obvlous, they shou'ld be at least ten to mlnutes, or longer lf that ls necessary be sure tharE ls no flow. 10.3 llell Conirol Procedures for for should be developed Speclflcshut-ln procedures ng uhlle drllll ng rnd rhlle trlpplng.. klcks detected

and The tralntng progran ls comprehenslve rddressas all of the toplcs in the precedlng sectlons. Conoco'saxperlence has been that r good understandlng rnd executlon of brslc prlnclplos ls cruclal to effectlve rell control. It ls nrcasslry to revlex thoroughly the baslcs before belng rble to dlscussthe Inprct of rell depth, hlgh.pressure grs expanslon,o{l brse aud co4rerslllllty, rnd solublllty of oll basenud. [n these dlscusslons, however,the enphasts ls on r qurlltrtlve understrndlng. For the fteld rppllcrtlon of the prlnclples, there ls no way to predlct exrctly rhrt can occur. The enphasls ls on dlstlnctlons betreen large and small, shallowand deep, hud-to-see rnd hard-to-mlss rnd the lnpllcrtlons thereof. The cqse study provldes sonl nore qurntltrtlv0 exanples of what thesed'lstlnctions can be. The tralnlng sesslonls glven to Conoco drllland {ng contrrctor rdecislon-mrkersi beforo the rlgslte tnlning ssslons. llany of tho procedures, equipnent modlflcatlons, and responses tndlcrto tors tnry dlffer fron rhrt ls nornrlly seen. It ls very lnportant that dL personnel vler the operrtlons from a slmllar perspectlve. It ls rlso lmportant that the rlg- slte personnelknor that support for the prlnclples rnd there ls nanagenent procedures that rre betng taught. The rlg-slta trainlng sosslonsue brsgd 0n vGry Interactlve tralnlng technlques. The lnstructor leads the sesslons through questlons crrcfully deslgned to meet speclflcrlly-structured obJectlves. The parttcipants must thsn thlnk through the processes to rnrlve at the concluslons the Instructor sants to emphaslze. Thls provldes sono of assurrnco that there ls comDrehsnslon thc prlnclples betng trught. It rlso provldest forun for partlclpants to benefft fron the dlrect experlenceof other partlclprnts. usually take f-5 hourstotal' The rlg-site sesslons tn tro ses3lons. The flrst covers toplcs l-7' above, and the secondcovers toplcs 8-10. Brslc DrlnclDles are dlscussed the ffrst dry' crrs ioturn to work' and usur'lly mrny of then hrvs thousht rbout hor these prlnclples rffect thelr Jobs-before they attend the secondsesslon. Ihts provldes very good, speclflc lnput In ths lnplemntatlon of the ipeclal procedures. By having the tralnlng sesslonsat_the rtg.stle' another polnt ls emplaslzodl rel'l control for rnd these rells ls very liportant to Conoco, Conoco ls rllllnq to trke stdls to rssure thrt the drlllIns and sirvlce personnelrrs ln at lemt rs goodI poiltlon rs Condco personnel to hrve an lrnprct on of the success the operatlon.

After shuttlng In, obtatnlng a ttable SI0PP l s Procedures for deterninlng rhen the crltlcrl. prasiure has stablllzed should be developed.

pressure Theneedto malntelnconstantbottonhole whlls clrculattnge klck nust rlso ba addressed. ba Slnce clrculatlngthe ktck to surfrcemay rsler lf tt ls clrculeted rt a vry slor rate' the posstbllltyof c{rculatlng a very slor rate rlth at unlt shouli be rddressed. In addlthe cementlng tlon, thare should be guldellnes for rhen th'ls should consldered; be e.E,, lf the klck rrs detectto ed rs r plt grln, lt shouldbe consldered be hlgh volunre clrculrted out rtth the cenentlng rnd lf unit. Horever, thls ls to be rn optlon, slor clrculatlng rrtes mustbe trken rtth the cementlng unlt. llost lmportantly, sone general rules of ttell control shouldbe emphaslzed; - If irythlng unexpected occurs'or there ls fallure of equlpnentor Instrunentatlon' andshut In, stop the punp - Evaluate sltuatton conpletely'rnd nalte the repalrs beforecontlnulng. necEssrry - Renenber the obJettvo to nalntaln ls thrt pressurs' and ft ls constrnt bottomhole there haYe whether lmportrnt to detann{ne bebn rny changestftrt would rffsct the rblllty to do that. ll.0 llal[If,l has a for rlg-slte tralnGonoco doveloped progran gas Ing for mll control for deep, hlgh-prossure wells, Successful preventlon, detectfonr ind prtnarlly on thc rssponses of control rre deDendent ths drllllns rnd servlcepsrsonnel.The rlg-glte rhat ls erpectad erch Job of trrlnlng erphrslzes functlon rnd hor etch person'srolc crn hrve r great Inprct on the ultlnrte succgss the operrof tlon,

c0ilcrusl0lls of Developnent uell Dlanstnd drllllng procd0res for debp,hlsh-pressurc rells requlrescrreful Ers -relI control prlnclplcs. conrtdsiitlon 6f brslc Kltk'nrcvrntlm, dstectlon, tnd control for these rel'ls-dtffors fron other xells only In rrgnltudes thasedlfferencri cill of rcll rsDonsrs.HoroYGr' dlfflcultles In rxecutlnebrrlc rssult In s-crlous vcll control orocedures13 rroll rs durndr on pFa3surs-control cqutpmntrnd surfrccgrs'hrndllng frcll ltlcs.

KrcK PnEVENfrotf, DTJBCIIoN' AltD COUTROL DEEPf,ICI'PRESSUREGASI'ELLS trON PI,A}ININCAND TRAININOCUTDELIITES ORILLIIIC

uDc/sPE ;e90

belief thrt the nost-slgnlflcant It ls Conoco's wdri c-ohrol a1a r-ell depth and ii.tt"tt"iiiiiting "Hoiever, 1s rnud lf o-ll .basE ililffi"il';iiiiird. is''tmpErattve{trit des solubllttv. in olI ilil:-ii In i tv ii-6t f belii'irrd i.ii,tlillbli -consldered the of ciiv"iiomint- urttttns rnd rall . control.proce-

.1: F,xt"tl'ffJf itFi,tikil'"*' rlth-rhlch hl.gh'pressure i r11ll1;i::" gas -A;iiied -6; iuccess iiucrii to'-itre
safely. -tlost lnportaht' iliii-'.ii have 'im tiri""tl-is itrat rtg-site pers-onn-el sufflclent prite*tat lndlcators and ile;;;i.ii"i"-ir effeetlve.train.' thereof Through -di-'given i;il;ilHii;ns the iools to.deal ulth iil,''th"y-ffii on wiii conirot problerns. the deep' iiiiintili re'l1sthey 8re drtlllng' high-pressure

effiffi
519-528.

lllnton, R. C., and Eern' P-. A.:. "Fleld-lhaili:emnt end Anrlysls of Clrculatllg- syster

oiops rittr Lor-Toxtcltv Ersed -0ll il;ilili 17242' biiiii;s Fluids,' IADC-/-SPE Proceedlnss (1e88) Drlillng conference ;h"igdii iloclsFr

llllft ilfff""l,'idn.S$Ho'tffiS.Pfri]l 0986) 280-290.

lPE/lADc oiin-iioitJt' ilud/Gai sepairtors,.'-le85 ot iSiiisl-i'ioieeutnils sPE/IAoc Drllllns
(1985)52t-531. Conference Butchko,0., et al , "Deslgnof Atmsphe.rlc'

AC[XOULEqqHEilIl the The author vlshes to acknowledge lnplt and and. iliip,i*'iii cl'p,-r-eictr, 0. H. sc-hwartz, T' l{' .EPllG'tlA ffiffiii,-'coiici' prR, tiouston,and coroco. rho iid,' dri"ail'-otviiirin and cinoco (uI) . -ttd' oppor' provlded vll-uable the, drllled the sells and procepl-4n3,'. tunltles to developand lmplenent Ene rlshes-tothanK dures.andtralning' Shea'lso nanv she iliirv-iniivtoiritt trittr whom has dlscussed I l,i"'ttt,i' i,irii.il'esplcl att v the ri s- st te d-rl I I ng rnd sho contrlbutdthetr oDserva' servlce dersonnel and supportto. the tralning ii;i;:- elperiences, of and proriiir iiio to {lie'tmplemendit'lon execution procedures. IEFEREIGES l. 'Hand'l Gas l'lud tn-0tl-Based ing T. 0'Brlen, 8., llorld OjI (January iakes sieciat Precautloni,n l98l) 83-86.
8.

.i"iil, okof. l;;. ?iil3"'i',iot' ?"3"#'rli "Blt Proceedlng. 62nd iiivid sii,t sPE 16676,-

and -oi fi"u;i teclinlcil conferehce Exhlbltlon-of [nslneers (1987) Petroleum ;il;--ioiilit 25L-241. B. Swanson, ll.r et alr "E,(perlnental.lleasure' Sitlgbl!ltvIn^Invsrt of ffit-il4 tlodeling Gas 0rllling Flulds Explalns---surface Emulslon Pro' o'diiivittons Durlig Klcks,'SPE 18371' conferenco Petroleun European of ceedings SPE (1988) 3{1-35C.
'l In ed ?ll"ti..llol ;,l,or Gls tl' lirI iI ng ori Proceedlnss for Handl.'"" I rtS*8ll" ul

"tfil[li nuss ' '

i.eisg, -of. -the --1987 iplrrniiC-' or-t I'PEiiiDa t t i rig Conf-e1919!-l1!9!1.g

Table I EXAMPLES OF PREDICTIONSFOR HIGH-PRESSURE GAS FORMATIONS

CAS $GANSION FOBMATION TORMATION FORMATION TORMATION (Surface Vol/ PBESSURE TAMPERATURE EMW DEPTH Bottomhole VoI) (.r) (ppg) (ft.

WELLNo. 1 2 3 4 5

ryD)

-lP"U-

15000 16000 16500 32600 23000

16.0 t7.6 16.5 1?.0 14.5

12500 14600 14160

305 320 330 360 380

400 425 460 480 430

a0000
1?300

0 sBEI 999

Table ? GAS VOLUMEPREDICTIONS U2600' TVD, 17PPgMUD

DEPTII (tL fllt) 0 r000 2000 5000 r0000 20000 22800 PBESTIURB EXPANSTON (bbl rrrlbbt-lnnur) {80 7.1 3.6 1,6 t,? 1.0 1.0

_bs4_
It.? 809 t?03 ,tl36 8!66 176S6 20000

cAs s.c.
BEI DTIP

0.88 36(rr

coNDtrroNs !:fT Ealirt BoI."

Tqble 3 GAS VOLUME PREDICTIONS 16500' TVD, l6.5PPg

PBESSUBE EI(PANSION ttrflu1) (bbl :rlAbl '160

DEPTIf (f!. r/D) 0 1000 3000 9000 (t00 5000 ?500 10000 t66lxl

-lr4{11.7 060 17S0 2370 3{30 ls90 0136 8560 l{1C0

1.0

l.c
l't

[.+
t.c
l.l 1,0

cAs 9.G. BTIT BfiT

0.?,1

sSOr

iliT Bfftont co$DmoNs

199e0 9EE
InL \!sD F lt.6 pD3 ULL NATB ! Ebl,/Dta

I !
fl

l!

lo

xr.L SAtl t lbl/dt!

rLgtl

GfoE frI,|irE

(tooo tdl

n3ur' 3

? 6 ! I B

Estimated Maximum Gas Ratee During Kick Circuletion

Dm! (nl FlSurr I

I
I

EXAMPLEOF GAS EXPANSTON 1IITIT DEPTTT (f+oOo psia Bottombole Preaaure)

t
!o lll lsum tsrtD n$r. a ($Ll lo ll,rast

o-"t' -g$rffi"ffifpfitti@

DURINC BESPONSES POSSIBLEPRESSURE KICK CIRCUI,ATION (Otl Bage Mud)

L E E

B
ro ltr Yo&rndtuub F[utc 2 {rt!) l0 n'Elct

-L..--'-"'
,$rr T Drutm '|!ESt|

/rG[!|0

lll!

Ul|

e r
!
t

DURING RESPONSES PRESSUEE KICK CIRCUIATION (lfait & lYelght Method)

n
F

Htt nEn u

E
ffi
lE (d.$-) ndlr. !

STABIUZATION SIIUT.IN PNESSURE