SENTENCE STRUCTURES

1. The singer/the dancer/(the + career) + Proper name The singer My Tam or My Tam singer 2. S + not only + V +.......+ but also + V + ....... = not only .but as well. S + either + V +...... or + ....... / ..neither .nor S + V + .... + whether + S + V + ....+ or........ 3. Generally/Individually/Particularly/Basically, S + V + O. Ex: Generrally, he is right. 4. Passive sentences: S ( in living things ) + be + V3/Ed .......+ by ......( S as a person can be used in passive voice. But when looking at the S as things, please use V in passive ) 5. S + V + ......+ Without + Noun / Ving. Ex : She cannot live without money. Ex: I cannot stand her looking at me without closing her eyes. 6. (A/An) + Adv + Adj + Noun (Adverb of degree or Adv-ly) Ex: an extremely nice girl Ex: a completely right test Adverbs of degree : extremely, very, rather, quite, fairly, pretty. Adj Verb + ing or Verb + ed EX: boring or bored Action Verbs + Adv-ly : Speaker fluently, dance beautifully,... 7. Exactly +WH/H words + S + V .+ is/was not known (unknown). Ex : Exactly why she loves him is not known. Wh/H words: When, what,.../How.... Ex: Exactly why she cried yesterday is not known ( is unknown ) Short Adj. est Most + long Adj. First, second...+ Adj + N (s/es) V-S/es ( is/was) + ........

8. One of the

Ex: One of the nicest girls in my class/ of all (girls) is Mary. ( Mt trong nhng ) Mary is one of the nicest girls in my class/ of all (girls)

9. FULL ADVERB CLAUSES : Adv. Clause, Main clause

Cause: Because/Since + S + V + O, S + V + O. Opposition (Contradary cause): Although/Though/Even though + S + V + O, S + V + O. Contrast While + S + V + O, S + V + O. Condition if + S + V + O, S + V + O. Unless + S + V + O, S + V + O. Time: When/while/As/Since/Untill/Once/Before/After + S + V + O, S + V + O. Adverb Clause Marker with ever: Whenever/wherever/However/ + S + V + O, S + V + O. Compared: S + V + O. S + V + O or + S + V + O, but + S + V + O (without but: wrong)

10.REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES

V_ing When/Although/....+ V3/ED ADJ EX: When astronauts are orbiting the earth, they do not feel the force of gravity. When orbiting the earth, astronauts do not feel the force of gravity. Although it had been damaged, the machine was still operartional. Although damaged, the machine was still operartional. Although he was nervous, he gave a wonderfull speech. Although nervous, he gave a wonderfull speech. 11. Two/ three/ .....+ plural N One + V + O, the other / the others + V + O ( from one to another / from one another) 12. Quantity words + of + relative clause (both of, most of, many of, much of, some of....) EX : I read a number of articles. Most of them were very useful. I read a number of articles, most of which were very useful.

S + V + O.......... ( Reduced Adv. Clause)

13.APPOSITIVES
An appositive is a noun phrase that explains or rephrases another noun phrase. S, Noun phrase, + V + O +...... Noun phrase, S + V . S, together with/ along with/ accompanied by/ including + Noun phrase, V ( ng t chia s t hay s nhiu ty thuc vo ch t S pha trc ) EX : The National Road, one of the first highways in North America, conected the East Coast to the Ohio Valley. (appositive following a nown The National Road) EX : A famous frontiersman, Buffalo Bill operated his own Wild West Show. (appositive before the subject - Buffalo Bill). S, Noun phrase, + be + no longer + ...../ S, Noun phrase, + V + no longer

Noun phrase=A/An/The.....+ Adv + Adj. + Noun Note: Adv of degree: extremely, very, rather, quite, fairly, pretty. Adv of manner Adj. + ly Adv-ly: beautifully...... Ex: an extremely nice girl a terribly wrong test or a completely right test

14.INVERSIONS
14.1. Not only/ No longer/ Not untill/ Not once/ At no time/ By no means/ Nowhere/ Never/ Seldom= Rarely/Scarcely/ No sooner/Hardly/ + auxiliary verb + S + main Verb...... ( Auxiliary verbs : do/does/did . ) EX: Not once was he on time. 14.2.Only in (on, at, by,..) + noun phrase/Only once/Only recently + auxiliary verb + S + main V... EX: Only in an emergency should you use this exit. 14.3.Only if/Only because/Only until/Only when/Only after/ + S+V+O + aux.V+ S +main V... EX: Only when she is satisfied is the sale considered final ( o ng v sau ) 14.4. So + Adj. or Participle (VING/ VED) + auxiliary verb + S + V...... EX: So rare is this coin that it belong in a museum. So confusing was the map that we had to ask the police officer for dicrections. 14.5. Preposition + noun phrase + main verb + S EX: Off the coast of Califonia lies the Channel Islands. (The channel Islands lies off the coast....) I. Hardly had + S + V3/ed + O when S + V2/ed + O........ No sooner had + S + V3/ed + O + than S + V2/ed + O........

15. CLAUSES/ SENTENSES = S + V + O

A simple sentence consist of one clause a. S + V. ( No Object ) Ex : She slept soundly. b. S + V + O . Ex : She is eating dinner now. c. S + V + I.O + D.O Ex: She gave him a special gift. S + V + D.O +for/ from/to + I.O Ex : She gave a special gift to him. * buy ... for * borrow/ get = learn/ protect/ prevent from * give = offer/ write/ send/ tell/ show/ bring = take = pass = hand/ lend/ teach.. to .. D.O : Direct Object ( ch vt ) I.O : Indirect Object ( ch ngi ) II. A compound sentence consist of two independent clause joined by a conjunction such as (and, but, or,....) EX: The man took a vitamin pill, and he drank a glass of orange juice.

III. A complex sentence consist of an independent clause (called the main clause) and a subordinate (dependent) clause. Subordinate clause may be adverb clauses, noun clauses, or adjective clauses. EX: 1/The man took a vitamin pill because he had a cold (adverb clause) 2/ I didnt realize that she was here. ( Noun clause) 3/ The man who is sitting next to you now is my teacher. (Adj. clause)

16.ADJ. CLAUSE:
16.1. The + Noun (people) who + V +....+ main Verb......(Who Subject) 16.2. The + Noun (people) whom S + V +....+ main Verb......(Whom Object) 16.3. The + Noun (people) whose + Noun + S + V +.... + main verb. (Whose Possessive) The + Noun (people) whose + Noun + V +....+ main verb .. 16.4. The + Noun (things) which + V + main Verb......(Which Subject) 16.5. The + Noun (things) which + S + V + main Verb......(Which Object) 16.6.Noun (things) Preposition + which + S + V + main Verb......(Which Object of Preposition) EX: That is the top. I will write on it. That is a topic on which I will write (write on) - The + Noun (Place) + where + S + V + ....+ main Verb...(Where adv of place) EX: He is the site where the bank plans to build its new headquarters. - The + Noun (Time) + when + S + V + .....(When adv of time) EX: This is the hour when the children ussually go to bed. * When which/ that/ whom are used as objects in relative clauses, they can correctly be omitted. EX: The painting Ms. Wallace bought is very expensive. (Which omitted) * The + Noun (people) who + V + to/in... + main V ... Noun + to/in.. whom + V + main Verb.... Ex: The man to whom I am talking is my teacher. * In which where (it depends on the verb & preposition).

17.REDUCED (SHORTENED) ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

17.1.Present participles (V-ing) are used to reduce adjective clauses that contain active verbs (active meaning) * NOUN, WHICH/.....+ V + O, MAIN VERB + O NOUN, VING + O, MAIN VERB + O EX: Minnesota, which joined the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state. Minnesota, joining the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state. Or joining the Union in 1858, Minnesota became the thirty-second state. 17.2.Past participle (V3/ed) are used to reduce adjective clauses with passive verbs (passive meaning) EX: William an Mary College, Which was founded in 1693, is the second oldest university in the United States. William an Mary College, founded in 1693, is the second oldest university in the United States. *NOUN, WHICH/.... + BE + V3/ED + O, MAIN VERB + O NOUN , V3/ED + O, MAIN VERB + O 17.3. Noun (people) who + V +... + main V ... NOUN + VING + O + MAIN VERB + O Noun (people) who + be V3/ed +... + main V ... NOUN+ V3/ed + O + MAIN VERB + O 17.4.Noun (things) which + V + main V ... NOUN + VING + O + MAIN VERB + O Noun

(things) which + be V + main V ... NOUN + VING + O + MAIN VERB + O 17.5. S1 + V + O, S2 + V + O (S1=S2) V-ing + ..., S2 + V + O ( S as person V-ing) S1 + V + O, S2 + V + O (S1=S2) V-ing + ..., S2 + V + O ( S as thing V3/ed )

18.CLAUSE WITH IT
18.1. IT + BE + ADJ + FOR SOMEONE + TO + V1 EX: It is important to be punctual for appointments. 18.2. IT TAKE/TOOK + SOMEONE + TIME PHRASE + TO + V1 EX: It takes him a long time to learn a language. 18.3. IT WAS IN + ADVERBIAL TIME + THAT + S + V + O (Noun clause) EX: It was in 1959 that Alaska became a state. 18.4. IT WAS PROPER NAME/ S. PRONOUN + RELATIVE CLAUSE EX: It was Jack who did most of the work It was she who came to class with this news 18.5. IT BE THE FIRST/SECOND+ time.. S + HAVE/HAS + V3/ED + O. Ex: It is the first time I have seen you. 18.6. IT BE SAID/BELIEVED that S + V + O or S + BE + SAID/BELIEVED.... TO V(BE) + O Ex: It was said that he was a superman. Or He was said to be a superman. 19. NEARLY/ALMOST + ADV-LY.

20.NOUN CLAUSE: SUBJECT or OBJECT

20.1. SUBJECT: WH/H-WORDS + S + V +.... + SINGULAR VERB + O Ex: What you want is unknown 20.2. OBJECT: S + V + WH/H-WORDS + S + V +.... (What, where,....., How....) Ex: Nobody knows what you want. 20.3. WITH THAT: OBJECT Say , know, understand, think, believe, hear, feel, rumor + That + S + V + O (NOUN CLAUSE)

S+

* (THE FACT/ THE REASON) + THAT + S + V + .....+ MAIN VERB + (NOUN CLAUSE)

21.PARRALLEL STRUCTURES:
ADJ ADV NOUN VERB and but or as well as ADJ ADV NOUN VERB

VS/ES V2/ED Have Be + Ving Will/ Can + V1 V + to + V1 Wh/H word +S + V has/had+V3/ED

VS/ES V2/ED V3/ED

V-ing

V1

V1

Wh/H word +S + V

22. PASSIVE VOICE : S(things) + Be + V3/ED .......By +.....+ O 23. CAUSTIVE VERBS: - S + MAKE(S) + SOMEONE + V1..... - S + HELP + + SOMEONE + V1..... - S + LET + + SOMEONE + V1..... - S + PERMIT/ ALLOW + SOMEONE + TO + V1 ... 23.1. S + MAKE(S) + IT + ADJ + FOR + SOMEONE + TO INFINITVE + ....... 23.2. S + MAKE(S) + ADJ + O.C (OBJECT COMPLIMENT) 23.3. S + MAKE(S) + SOMEONE + ADJ..... 23.4. 24. NOUN (things) of NOUN: the flow of liquids

VING 25. OF THE MANY/NUMBER (TWO/...) + NOUNS/ES = ONE OF (ONLY ONE) + NOUNS/ES 26. OUT (PREPOSITION) OUTER (ADJ) : OUTER SPACE

IN

INNER

27. S + V + ADJ./ADV-LY + ENOUGH + (FOR S.O)+ TO INF S + V + ENOUGH + NOUN + TO INF (V1) 28. WHATEVER + TYPE/KIND/SORT + OF + N + V ...., S + V + O 29. S + V + FROM + TIME/PLACE...+ TO + TIME/PLACE S + V + FROM ONE + SINGULAR NOUN + TO + ANOTHER PREVENT/PROTECT .......FROM........ PREFER + N/VING ........TO N/VING 30. NO/NOT 30.1. NO : OBJECT - S + HAVE/HAS/HAD + NO + SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN/ PLURAL NOUN - THERE + BE + NO + SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN/ PLURAL NOUN 30.2. NO : SUBJECT SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN + VS/ES + O NO + PLURAL NOUN + VPLURAL + O 30.3.NOT: S + AUXILIARY VERB + NOT + MAIN VERB + O. - S + HAVE/HAS/HAD + NOT + ANY + SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN/ PLURAL NOUN - THERE + BE + NOT + ANY + SINGULAR UNCOUNT NOUN/ PLURAL NOUN * NOT HAVING + NOUN HAVING + NO +NOUN 31. BY MEANS: BY BUS/....... or ON FOOT. THAT IS + NOUN IS THAT (=MEAN THAT) + S + V + O. 32.

S + BE + SAID/THOUGHT/KNOWN/BELIEVED/RUMORED + THAT + CLAUSE TO BE.... 33. FOR + NOUN + OF NOUN AND NOUN (COMPARED), S + V + O. 34. LIKE UNLIKE + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE, S + V + O. S + V + O + LIKE UNLIKE + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE. S + V + O + AS (JUST AS) A CLAUSE. * S + FEEL LIKE + VING ........... 35. S + APPOINT + SOMEONE + AS + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE (CAREER). S + THINK OF/ABOUT + ONESELF + AS + NOUN/NOUN PHRASE (CAREER): as morden citizens 36. S + V + O + IN THAT + S + V + O (IN THAT POINT) 37. HUNDREDS/THOUNDSANDS/MILLIONS/BILLIONS/... + OF + PLURAL NOUN 38. NOUN + AS YOU/WE KNOWN + S + V + O EX: English as we know it is not hard to study. 39. MAYBE = PERHAPS BECAUSE + A CLAUSE/ BECAUSE OF + NOUN PHRASE 40. A/AN + .......+ ADJ. ADJ. ADJ...... + SINGULAR NOUN. EX: A four month old baby

41. ALLOW: 41.1. S + ALLOWS/ALLOWED + VING + .......EX: The teacher allows speaking loudy in class. 41.2. S + BE (NOT) + ALLOWED + TO + V1....EX: He is not allowed to smoke here

42.INFINITIVES
42.1. S + V + to infinitive + O (infinitive as object of a verb) EX: She forgot to read the directions. She pretended to cry or She pretended not to know how to eat dog meat. 42.2.To infinitive + O + singular V ......... (infinitive as subject of a verb) EX: To read the directions is important. 42.3. To/in order to + infinitive + O, S + V + O (Purpose) EX: To learn how to cook, she took lessions. 42.4. It + Be + Adj + (For someone) to infinitive (infinitive after to be + Adj.) EX: It is important to read the dicrections. 42.5. S + be + the first..........+ person + to be + V3/ed......... EX: John Glenn was the first American to obit the Earth. 42.6. S + be + the first ......+ person + to be + V3/ed............ EX: Roberta was the first person to be asked to speak at the meeting.
43.

GERUNDS PREPOSITION (in, on, at, about, with, without,...) + Ving

43.1. VING + NOUN PHRASE + VS/ES (Simple present) + O. (Gerund as subject of a verb) EX: Playing chess is enjoyable. 43.2. S + V + (Preposition) +VING + NOUN PHRASE. (Gerund as Object of a Verb) EX: He enjoy playing chess. 43.3. S + V + N + PREPOSITION + VING +NOUN. (Gerund as Object of a Preposition) EX: He passes the time by playing chess. 43.4. S + V + PREPOSITION + MY /YOUR/OUR/THEIR/HIS/HER/....+VING +..... EX: We objected to her cutting class last week. 43.5.S + V + PREPOSITION + PROPER NAMES +VING +..... EX: We objected to Alices cutting class last week. 43.6.VING + NOUN PHRASE + VS/ES + O. 43.7. Not + VING + NOUN PHRASE + VS/ES + O. Singular S (PLEASE GO TO ENCLOSED SHEETS OF GERUNDS)

Gerunds: VING
I. Defination: The gerund is a Verb + ing form used as a noun. It can function as a subject, subject of a complement, object, object of a preposition. EX: 1) Writting essays in English requires practice. (Subject) 2) My hobby is collecting stamp = Collecting stamp is my hobby. (subject of a complement) 3) I like skiing (Object) 4) She is afraid of walking alone at night (Object of a preposition) II.

Formation: (S hnh thnh ca Gerunds) Preposition Noun and preposition Gerund Adjectives and Preposition Verbs and Preposition Idoms and Preposition Verbs 1. Gerund sau gii t : Gii t + VING EX: Before going to school, he stoped by at his friend house. By listening, he quickly picked up the language. 2. Gerunds sau cc danh t nht nh kt hp vi gii t sau: Choice of (la chn)/ Posibility of ( Kh nng)/ excute for (xin li)/ reason for(l do)/ intention of (xu hng)/method for (of) (phng thc) EX: She h no excuse for behaving in that matter. Accustomed to(quen vi)/afraid of (s)/amazed at (ngc nhin)/interested in (quan tm)/ fond of (thch)/tire of(chn)/ tire from(mt)/ good at (gii v)/bad at(d v)/successful in(thnh cng)/capable of(c th)/Busy with(bn rn)/excited about(hi hp)/ against/be or get + used to/..... EX: The chidren are excited about going on holiday. Approved of: Chp thun Give up: T b Be better off: tt hn Put off: Dp tt, tr hon Worry about: Lo lng v - think of = think about : Ngh v - depend on = count on = rely on: l thuc vo - succeed in: thnh cng - insist on: ni n, i

3. Gerunds sau cc tnh t nht nh + gii t sau: Be + Adj + Prep + VING (Gerund)

4. Gerund sau cc ng t nht nh + Gii t sau:

5. Gerund sau cc thnh ng c nh:

- keep on = go on = carry on: tip tc Look forward to: mong ch, ngng mong Its no use: mt cng, khng c li Its worth: xng ng - take to: quan tm - cant help: Khng trnh khi, khng th khng

- cant stand = cant bear: khng chu c Its no worth: Khng xng ng There is no + VING - cant resist: Khng th chng li - what a nuisance...!: Phin qu

Be busy: bn

- Its much use: rt c li

EX: We are looking forward to seeing you soon. 6. Gerund sau cc ng t nht nh Admit: tha nhn Miss: b l Risk: Liu lnh Deny: ph nhn Avoid: trnh xa quan - delay: hon li - regret: ly lm tic - appreciate: hiu r, nhn thc - postpone: tr hon - enjoy = fancy: thch - like/love - practise: thc tp - resent: bc tc - finish: hon hnh - quit=stop: ngng - consider: xem xt=involve: lin - recall: nh li, nhc

Mind: phn i, kh chu nh Resume: ginh li

- try: c gng Pardon: tha li

- dislike: Khng thch - forgive: tha th - tolerate: khoan hng, tha th - prevent from: ngn nga - Discuss:tho lun - mention: cp - understand: hiu - Defer: chu theo - recollect: thu gom li

Detest=hate: ght, gh tm Recomend: gii thiu, dn d Imagine: tng tng

EX: He practises speaking English everyday. 7. Gerund or infinitive after certain verb (Gerund hoc Infinitive sau cc ng t nht nh) sau: Begin=star: bt u Dread: lo s *Stop: ngng Allow: cho php Dislike: khng thch Mean: c ngha l Regret: tic - like/love: thch, yu thng - intend: d tnh -*remember: nh - Agree: ng - Attemp: n lc=*try: c gng, th - Permit: cho php - study: hc -Propose: ngh - continue: tip tc - prefer: thch hn - Hate: ght -*forget: qun - advise: Khuyn bo - Leave: ri i - plan: d tr - neglect: sao lng Cant stand=bear: khng th chu ng

*: Tt c cc ng t phn 7 c dng 2 cch (Gerund & Infinitive) m ngha khng thay i, ngoi tr 4 ng t c du * EX1: He started studying after dinner = He started to study after dinner: sau ba ti, anh y bt u hc. EX2: She stopped studying English She stopped to study English (C y khng hc ting anh na C y ngng lm mt iu g hc ting anh) EX3: I remember locking the door before I left I remember to lock the door before I left (ti kha ca ri by gi ti nh r vic ny Ti nh v vic kha ca trc khi i kha) EX4: I tried helping her but she failed I tried to help her ( ti th gip b y ti c gip b y)

III. Function of Gerunds ( Chc nng ca Gerunds) 1. Gerunds as Subjects: Gerunds nh l ch t 2. Gerund as Subject of complement : VING + V + O or VING + O + V + O EX: Worrying is not going to help OR Worrying about it is not going to help you S + V + VING + O or VING + O + V + O EX: My hobby is collecting stamps OR Collecting stamps is my hobby OR seeing is believing Lu : Nu chia th hin ti n th ng t lun chia hnh thc s t (be: is/was) 3. Gerund as Object EX: I like swimming 4. Gerund as Object of preposition: EX: She is fond of working with animals 5. Gerund as a possessive adjective or noun: EX1: Possesive Adj : Your being right doesnt mean my being wrong (Adj + Gerund) EX2: Possesive noun: My father walking improves his health (Nouns Gerund) S + V + Prep + VING + O. S + V + VING

DIRECT SPEECH AND REPORTED = INDIRECTED SPEECH (Noun Clause in Conversation)

I. STATEMENTS IN REPORTED SPEECH: Cu tng thut dng xc nh: Nghin cu k cc cu sau y ri a ra cng thc v qui lut chung: EX: 1) Direct speech: Reported speech: 2) Direct speech: Reported speech: She say to me : I am ill today She tell me (that) she is ill that day 1 2 3 4 5 6 She said to me : I am ill today She told me (that) she was ill that day 1 2 3 4 5 6

Rules: cch i cu trc tip sang cu tng thut (cu gin tip) theo s th t sau: 1. i say to thnh tell hoc said to thnh told 2. B du hai chm (:) hoc du phy (,). 3. i du ngoc kp thnh ch that (c th b c) 4. i i danh t v tnh t s hu cch trong ngoc kp thnh: Ngi th nht: I, me, my, mine / We, us, our, ours: Cng ngi vi ch t ca ng t gii thiu Ngi th hai: you, your, yours Cng ngi vi tc t ca ng t gii thiu Ngi th 3: She, he, they, it: Khng i, gi nguyn. EX: She said to me I hope you will.....

She

told

me Hin ti

(that)

She

hoped

would.....

5. i th ca ng t trong ngoc kp nu ng t gii thiu qu kh (said/...) nh sau: Qu kh Simple past (walked) Past progressive (was walking) Past perfect (had wwalked) Past perfect progressive (had been walking) Conditional present (would walk) Conditional perfect (would have wwalked) Khng i Simple present (walk) Present progressive (is walking) Present perfect/simple past (has walked/walked) Past progressive (was walking) Simple future (will walk) Conditional present (would walk) Past perfect/ Conditional perfect

6. i vi t ch thi gian hoc ni chn sau: Direct Now Today This morning Tomorrow Yesterday Ago This These Here Come Next week/month/year Last night /week/month/year The day before yesterday The day after tomorrow A year/....ago 1. YES/NO QUESTIONS: S + say/said + to + O, Auxiliary verbs + S + V1 + ..........? S + ask/asked/..... + O + if + S + V + ..... Lu : Reported Then That day That morning The following day/the next day/the day after The day before / the previous day Before That Those There Go The next week/month/year The night /week/month/year before Twos day before In two days time A year/...before

II. QUESTIONS: Cu tng thut dng cu hi. C 2 dng cu hi:

* O = me, you, us, them, him, her * Axiliary verbs ( tr ng t): am, is, are, were, was, can, might, must, will, do, does, did,.... 2. WH/H QUESTIONS: S + say/said + to + O, WH/H + Auxiliary verbs + S + V1 + ..........? S + ask/asked/..... + O + WH/H + S + V + ..... EX: I said, Where are you going now, Mary I asked Mary where she was going then EX: She usually says to me, What time is it now? She usually asks me What time it is then.

Rules: Gm 8 bc: 1. i say to thnh ask/wonder/want to know/inquire 2. B du phy (,) 3. i du ngoc kp thnh If (liu) /whether (c..khng) nu dng 1 (YES/NO question). Cn dng 2 th WH/H question gi nguyn: what/who/where/when/why/how/..... 4. i cc i danh t hoc tnh t s hu cch ging nh dng cu xc nh (Xem phn 4/I) 5. Chuyn ch t ln trc ng t thnh cu xc nh 6. i th ca ng t trong ngoc kp (h th) nu ng t gii thiu qu kh (Xem phn 5/I) 7. i cc t ch ni chn hay thi gian (Xem phn 6/I) 8. i du chm hi (?) thnh du chm (.). Lu cc im ht sc cn ch : a) Tr ng t must khi chuyn sang cu gin tip phi dng had to, nhng must not vn l must not (nu mang tnh cm on). Need not (neednt) i thnh did not have to. EX: The teacher said: You must do the exercises carefully The teacher said that we had to do the exercises carefully. EX: The girls said, You neednt come with us if you do not want to The girls said that =asked me I did not have to come with them if I did not want to. b) Th qu kh trong cu trc tip khi chuyn sang cu gin tip khng thay i nu ngha ca n r rng. EX: Tom said to me, My mother died of canser in 1985 Tom told me his mother died of canser in 1985. c) Th hin ti khng thay i nu ngha ca n l chn l, iu hin nhin. EX: He said, The Earth revoles around the sun He said that the Earth revoles around the sun. d) Khi ng t gii thiu th hin ti n/hin ti tip din/hin ti on thnh/ tng lai hon thnh Khng h th v cng khng thay i cc trng t ch thi gian hoc ni chn, ch i cc i t nhn xng. EX: The door says/ is saying/has said/will say, You have to stay here The door says/ is saying/has said/will say that I have to stay here.

III. COMMANDS: DNG MNH LNH THC. GM HAI LOI 1. Positive commands: mnh lnh thc dng xc nh S + say/said to + O, V1 + O +...., please S + ask/asked... + O + to V1 + O +.......... EX: She said to Bill, Please wait for me here She asked Bill to wait for her there. 2. Negative commands : Mnh lnh thc dng ph nh S + say/said to O, Dont/Never + V1 + O +......, (please) S + ask/asked... + O + not to/never to +V1 + O EX: She said to me, Dont touch anything in this room now, please She ordered me not to touch anything in that room then. EX: The officer always says to his men, Never turn your backs to your enemies today The officer always commands his men never to turn their backs to their enemies that day Rules:

1. i say to thnh ask/advise(khuyn)/order(ra lnh)=command/ beg(van xin)/ warn(cnh bo) / request( ngh)=suggest. 2. B du phy (,). 3. B du ngoc kp () 4. Nu cu trong dng mnh ln xc nh th i thnh to+V1 , b please (nu c). Nu cu trong ngoc kp dng mnh lnh ph nh th i thnh Not to/never to +V1, b please (nu c). 5. i cc i danh t hoc tnh t s hu cch (xem phn 4/I) 6. i trng t ch thi gian hoc ni chn nu c ( Xem phn 6/I) Lu : Hai dng cu mnh lnh thc khi i sang cu gin tip khng h th, lun gi nguyn V1 (nguyn mu), ch thm to hoc not to/never to +V1.

GET IT IN YOUR MIND!

SENTENCE STRUCTURES FOR LEVEL B

together with 1. Singular S, along with accompanied by as well as Ex: The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight. Singular S 2. Non of the + + Noun phrase, singular Verb + O......

Singular V Non-count noun + singular verb + O........ Plural count noun + Plural verb + O........ Ex: Non of the counterfeit money has been found. Non-count N singular verb Non of the students have finished the exam yet.

3. No +

Singular N & Non-count noun + singular verb + O........ Plural noun + Plural verb + O........ Ex: No example is relevant to this case. No examples are relevant to this case. 4. a. Neither + Noun + Either b. Neither + Noun + Either or or nor + Singular noun + Singular verb + O........ nor + Plural noun + Plural verb + O........

Ex: Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today.

Ex: Neither Jack or Bill is going to the beach today. 5. V-ing + Singular verb+ O........( V-ing: Gerund as Subjects) Ex: Writing many letter makes her happy. 6. a/. A number of + Plural noun + Plural verb (A number of=Many) Ex: A number of students are going to the class picnic. b/.The number of + Plural noun + Singular verb ........ Ex: The number of days in a week is seven 7. a/. S (person do the action) + need + to-infinitive + O........ Ex: His friend needs to learn English well V-ing b/. S ( an inanimate object as S: Vt v tri, v gic) + need + tobe + V 3/ED
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+ ......

Ex: The grass needs cutting or The grass need tobe cut

c/. S + Be + in need of + N...........(be in need of = need) Ex: He is in need of money 8. a/. Who + VS/ES + O ? Ai lm g mnh? Ex: Who loves her? b/. Who + auxiliary verb + S + V + O ? Mnh lm g ai? Ex: Who do you love? 9. When Where How Why Ex: Where do you live? + auxiliary be do/does/did

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+S+V+O? 10. a/. S + V + question word (When....) + S + V + ........ (Embedded questions) Ex: We have not find out where the meeting will take place. b/. Auxiliary + S + V + question word + S + V +......? Ex: Do you know where the meeting will take place? as if 11. a/. S + VS/ES (present) + as though as if b/. S + V3/ED (past) + as though + S + had + V3/ED (past perfect) Ex: He looked as if he had seen a ghost. (He didnt see a ghost) 12. S + V2/ED + O, S + would + V1 ............... Ex: When he was young, he would swim once a day. 13. S + used to +V1 + O......(thng thng: ch mt thi quan trong qu kh) Ex: When he was young, he used to swim once a day. (past time habit) 14. a/. S + be + used to +Ving+ O......(quen quen vi, BE chia hin ti hoc qu kh l ty ) Ex: Mary is used to reading books everyday. b/. S + get + used to +Ving+ O......(dn dn lm quen vi, t t quen vi....) Ex: Mary gets used to swimming everyday. Note: Be used to = Be accustomed to but Get used to = become accustomed to + S + V2/ED (past) ......(.....nh th l.......) Ex: He acts as though he were rich.

Would rather .....than.......: thch ...... hn 12. a/. S + would rather + V1 + N + than + Noun. Ex: Peter would rather drink Coca-Cola than orange juice. b/. S + would rather + V1 + O + Adverb of time + than + Adverb of time (present). Ex: Jim would rather go to class tomorrow than today. c/. S + would rather + have + V3/ED ...+ than +..... (past). Ex: Jim would rather have gone to class yesterday than today.

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 Would rather that: thch ...... hn 13. a/. S1 + rather that + S2 + Verb in simple form ( Present subjunctive) Ex: She would rather that he take this train. (take gi nguyn mu) b/. S1 + rather that + S2 + V2/ED +.....( Present contrary to fact) Ex: John would rather that it were Spring now. (It is not Spring now) c/. S1 + rather that + S2 + had +V3/ED +.....( Past contrary to fact) Ex: John would rather that Jack had gone to class yesterday. ( Jack did not go to class yesterday). Note: Negative form:
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Would rather not + V1 Would rather not have + V3/ED Would rather that .....+ not + Vnguyn mu

Prefer .....to...........: thch......hn........ 14. a/. S + prefer + Noun + to + Noun Ex: He prefers football to tenis. b/. S + prefer + Ving + O + to + (Ving) + O Ex: He prefers playing football to watching film. 15. S + would like + to V1 + O. (would like: thch) Ex: I would like to visit Japan. Had better Should 16. S + ought to Be supposed to Ex: You should study tonight. 17. a/. S + must + V1 + O....... (........ phi......: no choice) Ex: You must study tonight. b/. S + must + be + N....... (........ chc c l ......: not sure) Ex: He must be a doctor. c/. S + must have + V3/D + O....... (........ chc c l ......:a logic conclusion in the past) Ex: It must have rained last night. (It probably rained last night). 18. S + have to + V1 + O .......(......phi..... = must). Ex: He has to call his insurance agent today. (complete obligation). 19. S + V + the same + (noun) + as + noun/pronoun Ex: My house is the same height as his. 20. S + V + different from + Noun Ex: Their teacher is different from ours. 21. a/. S + V + Adj/Adv + enough + (for someone to + V1.......) Ex: It is not cold enough for you to wear a heavy jacket. + V1 + O ..........(............nn......: some choice)

b/. S + V + enough + Noun Ex: Do you have enough sugar for the cake?. 22. a/. Because + S + V + O, S + V + O (or Because there +be + S......) Ex: Because there was a traffic jam, the students arrived late. b/. Because of + N/noun phrase, S + V + O.... Ex: The students arrived late because of the traffic jam. 23. a/ . S + V + ....+ so that/in order that + S + V.....( ........) Ex: He studied very hard so that he could pass the test. b/. S + V + .... + to/in order to + V1 +..... Ex: He studied very hard to pass the test. 24. a/. S + V + so + Adj/Adv + that + S + V.....( .....qu..... n ni.......) Ex: The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more. Note: i/. S + V + so + many/few +plural count noun + that + S + V....... Ex: He had so many children that they formed his own baseball team. ii/. S + V + so + much/little +non-count noun + that + S + V....... Ex: The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat. b/. S + V + such + a/an +Adj + singular count noun + that + S + V......(...qu.. n ni....) Ex: It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors = S + V + so + Adj + a/an + singular count noun + that + S + V...... Ex: It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors c/. S + V + such +Adj + plural count noun/non- count noun + that + S + V...... Ex: This is such difficult homework that he never finish it. CAUSATIVE VERBS: Nh, bo, bt ai lm g cho mnh. 25. a/.S + have + someone + V1 (verb in simple form) + O. (Active) Ex: Mary had John wash the car. b/. S + get + someone + V1 + O. (Active) Ex: Mary got John to wash the car. c/. S + have/get + something + V3/ED (verb in past participle) + (by someone). (passive) Ex: Mary had the car washed by John. 26. S + make + someone + V1 + O.........( bt ai lm g) Ex: The robber made the seller give him the money 27. S + let + O + V1.......(.....cho php.......) Ex: The teacher let the student leave class early 28. S + be + scared of + Ving + O. Ex: She is scared of living on her own in such a big city. 29. S + reminds + someone + of + Noun /Ving...... Ex: That picture reminds me of the time when we loved each other.

1. It takes/took somebody + time + to infinitive ........ (Ai mt bao lu lm g....) 2. S + be + such + (a/an) + noun or S + be + so +adj + (a/an) + noun . .....nh th..... 3. S + need not + have + V3/ED + O......L ra khng cn phi..... 4. Time clause: a/. Since + S + V2/ED + O ....., S + have/has + V3/ED + O....... Khc vi It + be + time + since + S + V2/ED.......( Since i khi c th b i) b/. As soon as + S + have/has + V3/ED + O, S + will + V1 + O........ 5. Superlative ......+ S + have/has + ever + V3/ED..........nht........ tng......... 6. Noun Clause (........that): S + say/believe/know/rumour......(that) + S + V........ It is said/believed/known/rumoured/reported that + S + V...Ngi ta ni/tin/n/bo co rng.... Hoc S + be + said/.....+ tobe + .......
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7. S + had better + V1 + .......= It would be advisable for Sb. + to do Sth. 8. S + find that + S + V.....nhn thy rng...... 9. S + find + Sb. + to-infinitive.......Nhn thy ai ...... 10. S + happen + to-infinitive..........tnh c............. 11. It happens/ed that S + V......... 12. Not until + S + had + V3/ED + O + did + S + V1 + ........(Lun o ng v sau) 13. It was not until + time + that + S + V2/ED ..........mi cho n.........th.... Or S + did not + V1 + O + until + time (time clause). The only/first/last + Noun + who/which + V (usually V2/ED) + be + Noun........ 15. S + spend/waste + time + Ving + O.......... 16. S + apologize to + Someone + for + keeping + someone + waiting. Xin li v ai i 17. Leave + Sth. + Ving..................... 18. It + be + stupid = silly = foolish/shy/careless + of + someone + to do + Sth...... Ai tht kh/e thn/bt cn lm g............ 19. S + be tire of + someone + Ving......Khng thch ai lm g 20. S + be + busy + Ving....... 21. S + find/found it + adj +V1 /Ving......nhn thy tht............ 22. S + see + someone/living things + V1/Ving....... 23. S + see + Sth. + V3/ED (by....) 24. S + shake hands with someone........bt tay vi ai..... 25. S + make friends with someone....kt bn vi ai.... 26. Let + someone + V1 + Sth. or Let + Sth./yourself.....+ be + V3/ED...... 14. The only/first/last + Noun + to + V1 + O + be + Noun........

MAKE: LM, SN XUT, CH TO RA 1. Make cake 2. Make noise 3. Make a promise = promise : Lm bnh

: gy n : ha hn 4. Make trouble 5. Make difference 6. Make progress = progress 7. Make money = earn momey : gy phin toi : khc vi

: tin b : kim tin 8. Make a speech 9. Make a mistake 10. Make decision = reach decision : son bi c, din vn : phm li

: a n quyt nh make up ones mind : quyt nh DO: LM, THC HIN 1. Do ones best = try ones best 2. Do homework/housework : c gng ht sc

: lm bi tp v nh/ cng vic nh 3. Do exercise 4. Do + Someone a favour = help someone : tp th dc

:gip ai 5. Do a job/work 6. Do shopping = go shopping 7. Do business : lm vic : mua sm : kinh doanh EXPRESSIONS 1. Write a good hand 2. Take pot-luck : Vit ch p

: c g n ny 3. Take (a) pride in 4. Take cold 5. Show zeal for 6. Say not so 7. save ones breath 8. Ask me another : t ho v : cm lnh : t ra st sng vi, t ra nhit tnh vi : ch c ni th

: lm thinh : khng bit, ng hi ti na 9. Bear/keep in mind 10. Come to life 11. Come true 12. Do good 13. Do ones needs 14. Refuse for good : Ghi nh, mang trong tm tr : Ci t hong sinh : tr thnh s tht : lm vic thin, lm phc

: i v sinh : kh nng t chi I very much hope you learn all by your heart!

GII T WITH 1. Agree with 2. Begin with : ng vi

: bt u 3. Communicate with 4. Compare to/with 5. Compete with/against : lin lc vi

: so snh vi : cnh tranh, ua i vi 6. Comfier with 7. Comply with 8. Contrast with/to :lm lng tng, bi ri, m h : tun theo, chiu theo

:lm tng phn vi 9. Cope with 10. Correspon with 11. Finish with 12. Help with/in 13. Disgust with = hate 14. Interfere with/on :i ph, ng u :tng ng vi, phi hp vi, giao thip = th t :hon tt : gip

: cm ght : gy tr ngi, quy ry 15. Interface in 16. Mix with 17. Be occupied with : xen vo, can thip vo : dnh dng, giao thip, hp tc

: chong, chim ch 18. Part with 19. Please with 20. Quarrel with Sb. / about Sth. : chia la, t bit : hi lng vi

: ci nhau vi ai/ v ci g 21. Reason with 22. Satisfied with 23. Threaten with : vin l l : hi lng vi, lm mn nguyn : e da, lm cho ai s VERBAL PHRASE 1. Take down 2. Take in : tho xung, ghi chp, s nhc, gim, h

: mi vo, a vo, tip n, gm c 3. Come to 4. Break up 5. Beak down : n, ln ti, hi tnh li, tnh ng : v tng mnh, gii tn, chia ly, st l

:p v, kit sc, v n, b ph sn 6. Break in 7. Break off 8. Make out 9. Make up 10. Put on weight : nh b, tp : gii hn, hy b, th tiu, ri ra : t, xc minh, gii thch, nhn ra : Gm c, cha ng, bao hm

: ln cn, mp ra, bo ra 11. Turn down : gp, gp xung, b, li, bc b

GII T TO 1. Be accustomed to 2. Be amount to : tp cho quen vi

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: ln n, ln ti 3. Appeal to 5. Attach to 6. Attend to 7. Belong to 8. Challenge to 9. Compare to / with 10. Be condemn to ( to death) : ku gi, cu cu : gn, dn, tri, buc : ch n : thuc v 4. Apply to Apply for: ng dng, p dng Hi xin vic

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: thch , thch thc : so snh vi : kt n, kt ti ( t hnh) 11. Confess to 12. Confine to 13. Consent to 14. Convert to 15. Entitle to 16. Listen to 17. Mention to 18. Object to (Vt) Object to (Vi) : th nhn, th ti : Giam gi, giam cm : ng , hi lng :bin i, i : cho ta ( tn sch) : lng nghe : cp n

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: phn i, chng i : ght, khng thch 19. Occur to 20. Prefer to 21. Reply to 22. Respond to : xy ra, tnh c, ngu nhin : thch....hn : p tr, tr li

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: phn ng li, p li 23. See to 24. Submit to 25. Surrender to : chun b : chu phc tng, trnh, a ra kin

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: u hng 26. Turn to 27. Refer to 28. Look forward to : Bin thnh, tr thnh, ha thnh : lin h n, m ch n

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: trng mong VERBAL PHRASE 1. Put up with Sb. 2. Put up = to raise = to hold up : chu ng ai

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: ging, cng () 3. Put Sb. up 4. Put out = to extinguish 5. Put on take off 6. Put down = to write = to copy 7. Put off = to postpone = to cancel = call off : cho ai tr li : dp tt (la)

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: mc vo ci ra : ghi chp : hon li

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8. Put away = to store Sth. in it

: ct i

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GII T AT 1. Attend at 2. Amuse at/by 3. Arrive at/in 4. Be astonish at/by : tham d, c mt

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:lm bun ci : n ( mt th trn,...) : gy ngc nhin 5. Call at = stop 6. Exclaim at 7. Glance at 8. Guess at 9. Knock at 10. Look at 11. Point at/to 12. Shock at/by : ngng li : la to : nhn lt, nhn thong : on : g vo (ca,....) : nhn vo :im vo, ch vo

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: b xc ng bi 13. Stare at 14. Surprise at/by 15. Wonder at/about : nhn m m : gy ngc nhin

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: t hi v, ngc nhin v 16. Work at/on 1. Account for = Explain 2. Ask for/of : lm vic ti GII T FOR

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: gii thch, ct ngha : hi v 3. Act for/on 4. Appologize for :hnh ng v

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: xin li v 5. Blame for 6. Beg for 7. Call for 8. Charge for 9. Exchange for :mng, chi v : khn cu, van xin v : gi, n tm

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: tnh gi, i tr :i ra 10. Hope for 11. Look for 12. Mistake for 13. Mourn for/over : hy vng : tm kim

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: phm li lm v : than khc, thng tic 14. Pay for 15. Prepare for 16. Provide for : tr lng, tin : chun b

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: cung cp 17. Search for 18. Thank for 19. Vote for Sb./on Sth. 20. Wait for Sb. / Wait on Sth. : lc li, tm kim, thm d : Cm n v

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: B phiu bu ai, b phiu v ng c : i ai/ i iu g

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