IEEE PEDS 2005

Design and Implementation of a Hybrid Series Active Power Filter

Department of Electrical Engineering National Yunlin University of Science & Technology Touliu, Yunlin, Taiwan, R.O.C Email: huacc(Miiyuntech.edu.tw
Abstract-This paper presents a single-phase series active power filter, which adopts the structure of shunt combination of passive filter and active power fdters, thus is suitable for compensating voltage type harmonic producing load and the voltage distortion by the load terminal in the power system The proposed scheme detected both source current and load voltage to calculate the reference signal of the compensaton voltage, the proposed method provides voltage harmonic elinmnation for power system The digital signal processor (TMS320F240) controller is used to implement the control method. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed hybrid control is verifledfrom the experimental results.

Chih-Chiang Hua

Chih-Wei Chuang Department of Electrical Engineering National Yunlin University of Science & Technology Touliu, Yunlin, Taiwan, R.O.C Email : g92l2706(Qvuntech.edu.tw
series active power filters adopted a control approach of detecting source current [11]. In this control approach, if the resistance k is larger enough, then the series active power filter aimed to act as a "harmonic isolator". But it's really difficult to select a suitable k to get a good compensation result while keeping the system stable. As to the control approach of detecting load voltage, although it has no stability problem, but the distortion of the source current caused by the source voltage harmonic can not be suppressed through the series active power filter. Therefore, this research adopted the hybrid control approach- combining the two control approaches of detecting source current and load voltage together [12]. Thus, it keeps the advantages of two control approaches and it can overcome their respective disadvantages. A DSP (TMS320F240) controller is used to implement the control approach, and to achieve the reduction of the harmonic current and compensation of the load voltage for the better power quality in the power system.
V S(

Keywords: Passive filter, Series active powerfilter.

L. INTRODUCTION In recent years, power electronic equipments and nonlinear loads are widely used in power systems and are bringing about serious harmonic problems. In order to reduce the harmonic poured, a passive LC filter was adopted in the past. But it has many disadvantages, such as large size, resonance phenomenon and that the source impedance greatly affects the filtering characteristics [I]-[3]. For this reason, active power filters have been proposed and developed in recent years. Conventionally, there are two kinds of typical active power filters, one is shunt active power filter, and the other is series active power filter. The shunt active power filter injects compensating harmonic currents into the power system to cancel the harmonic current components in the load so as to make the source current into sinusoid. Thus, the shunt active power filter is suitable to compensate for the current type harmonic-producing load, but it can not improve compensation for the voltage type harmonic-producing load

Zs

(a)The rectifier circuit for voltage typ harmonic load

C K HifE3 R

Vs
(b) The rectifier circuit for current ty

l
R

[4], as shown in Fig. 1. Owing to most of AC to DC converters used a shunt capacitor on the dc side, and it has changed the characteristics of harmonic loads. In order to deal with the voltage type harmonic-producing load, we adopted a series active power filter to solve these problems [4]-[10]. There are two types for structure of the power compensator,: current type source inverter and voltage type source inverter. In current type source inverter, it needs an inductor which is large and heavy, therefore we usually adopted the voltage type source inverter. The compensation result of the series active power filter relies on the control approaches for the reference signals. Most

Fig. 1 The rectifier circuit for voltage type and current type harmonic loads

hanionic load

II. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

Fig. 2 shows the configuration of the series active power filter. The passive filter is connected in parallel with the voltage type harmonic producing load, and it consists of 3rd and 5th LC passive filters. The passive filter parameters are given in Table 1. The isolated signal-phase transformer is connected in series between the ac source and the passive filter. The series active power filter consists of three main parts: a signal-phase full-bridge voltage source PWM inverter,

0-7803-9296-5/051$20.00 2005 IEEE

1 322

a dc side capacitor and a high frequency LC filter. The inverter is used to supply the harmonic compensation voltage. The dc side capacitor is a device to store and release energy. The high frequency LC filter at the output of the signal-phase inverter is used to remove high frequency switching ripple by the inverter.
Table 1 Circuit parameters of passive filters

elements
gvalue

Lp3
1

Cp3
1

Lp5

20mH
Uc
ll L

40 tF
14

1 15mH

im L.

V,t63

iS 2

L SIJF W j
IJ

S2J

S4

Fig. 2 Configuration of the hybrid series active power filter

111. THE COMPENSATION PRINCIPLE In the structure of the series active power filter, if source voltage VL replaces the rectifier load voltage, then we can obtaine the equivalent circuit ofthe series active power filter as shown in Fig. 3. Uc is used to denote the output compensation voltage of the series active power filter, Zp is the equivalent impedance of the shunt passive filter; Zs stands for source impedance, while Vs, and V5h(n) denote the fundamental and harmonic component of source voltage (Vs), respectively; isl and ish(n) denote the fundamental and the harmonic component of source current is, respectively. V,, and Vm(n) are the fundamental and the harmonic component of load voltage VL. The relation of the Vs, is and VL are given by:

VS

[s

- _VS ]

VL -

sI

n=3.5

i S,,(1)
VIA(n)

n=3.Ssh~ z
I

+ It

-_
|

I
I

VW.ft)

-F

L|1

/0n

Fig. 3 Equivalent circuit of the hybrid series active power filter In order to effectively calculating the compensation voltage Uc, there are two kinds of forms: detecting source 2OiF 2current and detecting load voltage. About the detecting source current compensation, if the series active power filter can be equivalent to a resistance k. Then working at nth-order harmonic component, the series active power filter is considered as a controlled voltage source producting the compensation voltage Uc:

Cp5

C0

Re

(2)

Uc (n) = k * ish (n)

|+

Under this assumption and using Fig. 3, for the nth-order harmonic component current Ish(n) is given by:
Is, (n)
lh k +Zs(n)

Cd

Vh

(3)

if k >> Zs(n), then

Ish (n)

sh n

~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~(4

From the above analysis, if the resistance k is larger enough, I5h(n)hO and we have is = is,. Therefore, controlling the series active power filter to let k plenty large can make the

current flowing into source change into a sinusoidal wave that

does not include any harmonics. So, the larger k can obtain the better compensation. But it's really difficult to select a suitable k to get a good compensation result while keeping the system stable. This is the drawback points of the control approach of detecting source current. About the detecting load voltage compensation side, according to the voltage type harmonic compensation characteristic. In order to keep the load voltage hold a sinusoidal wave, so we define the compensation voltage Uc can be equivalent to the harmonic voltage Vlh(n) following into the load terminal, i.e.
Uc (n)=- V (n) (5) Under this assumption and using Fig. 3, for the nth-order harmonic component current Ish(n) is given by: VAIZ( (n) - U, (n) - Vlh (n) V sn sn (6)

(1) n=3,5

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From the above analysis, if there is no distortion in the source voltage, then there is no harmonic component in the source current is and the voltage wave which is input to the load terminal becomes sinusoidal, too. Although this control method has no stability problem, but the distortion of source current i, caused by the source voltage harmonic can not be suppressed through the series active power filter adopting this control approach. So this paper adopting the hybrid control approach combining the two control approaches of detecting source current and load voltage together. Then, from the above analysis, the reference compensation voltage of the series active power filter adopting the hybrid control approach can be represented as:
* uc (7) i* (n) Vlh (n) From (7), we can get the relation with Is4(n) and k at nth-order, i.e.

2;zRC
BW

(9)

and power quality is

1I 2- R2 R,

fo

(10)
R

Input
C

R
+

output
R

=k

V,*(n)-Uci(n).Uszt").Vtlh() VA Is*(n)Z = Z" U" J nZ. n ik Vsh k(n) V,h (n) Vh (n)
V *(fl)-Ucn)-Va(n) , ,
=

Fig. 5 The band pass filter circuit

7~
some

Vs^(")
+k

Z4

(8)

To design this circuit, if Q is greatly, then the bandwidth and the resonance frequency in opposition to narrow, and the resonance character of around the cut frequency becomes sharper. Fig. 5 is shown as the spectrum of the fundamental
wave.

.i

In the above equations, the hybrid control approach keeps advantages of the two control approaches and it can overcome their respective faults. So, the system can compensate for the source current distortion caused not only by load harmonic voltage but also by source voltage distortion.
I.
0

.F
300 350 400 450

Fig 6 Frequency spectrum ofthe findamemal wave

P so

100

150

200

250

fIlH.)

Fig. 4 Block diagram of the hybrid control scheme for the reference compensation voltage

IV. CONTROL APPROACH The block diagram of the hybrid control scheme for the reference compensation voltage is shown in Fig. 4. From (8), the compensation voltage Uc is including the harmonic component of the source current and the harmonic component of the load voltage. Therefore, the control approach must accurately calculate the harmonic components and supply the reference voltage to the series active power filter in order to generate effectively. Then, this paper adopted the band pass filter to obtain the fundamental component in the source current and load voltage, the circuit is shown in Fig. 5. Then the resonance frequency is

The fundamental wave of the source current and the load voltage can be obtained by the band pass filter, respectively. Then, the harmonic component are obtained by the source current and the load voltage to subtract there fundamental component, respectively. So, the compensation voltage UC can be defined to the harmonic current Ish(n) to multiply k and then subtract the harmonic voltage V,%(n). Fig. 7 is shown as the operation principle of generating PWM signal. The inverter used the series active power filter is a voltage source PWM inverter. And, its switching devices are composing of four power MSOFETs. In order to keep the dc side voltage is a constant So, the error voltage between the dc side capacitor of the reference value Vd&(ref) and the feedback value Vdc first passes a voltage controller and then is added from the compensation voltage Uc. Then, the total compensation value is the reference value to compare with the feedback value Uc.

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Fig. 7 Principle of generating PWMsignal

V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

U1(dswI>~ ~ ~ ~R
W~~~~~

(20A/div,ms/div)

46 S
compensation

(20A/div,/v

(20A/

To verify the performance of the series active power filter adopting the control approach of detecting source current and detecting load voltage, a prototype of the series active power filter was manufactured as in Fig. 3, and tested in a signalphase system. The voltage type harmonic-producting load used in experiment is a full-bridge rectifier circuit with a large capacitor on its dc side. The dc capacitor C. is 4700pF and the load resister R& is 16.67Q. The other major parameters are as follows: The rms value of source voltage is I IOV; switching devices of the inverter are four power MOSFETs, which are all International Rectifier's IRFP460; the dc voltage Vdc=250V and the filter inductor Lf =1.4mH; switching frequency is 20 kfIz. During experiment, a Tektronix TDS714L oscilloscope was used to record waveforms. Fig. 8 shows the frequency spectra of the source current before start of the series active power filter. Apparently, the source current exists in serious distortion. After the series active power filter adopting the hybrid control approach is tumed on, the source current and its spectrum are shown in Fig. 9 and Fig. 10. From Fig. 9 and Fig. 10, it can be seen that after compensation the source current approximates to a sinusoidal wave and its harmonic content decreases greatly. Fig. I I shows the load voltage before compensation. After the series active power filter adopting the hybrid control approach is turned on, the load voltage and its spectrum are shown in Fig. 12 and Fig. 13From Fig. 12 and Fig. 13, the load voltage becomes a sinusoidal wave and its harmonic content decreases greatly, too. According to the experimental results when adopting hybrid control approach, the performance of the parallel combination of series active power filter and passive filter is greatly improved.

Fig. 9 Load current, passive filter current and source current after

(20A/div,Smgsdiv)

11e

If Fig. 10 Source current and its spectmu after compensation ,/

(2OdB/div,lOOHz/div)

(20JV/div,5rsrdiv)

..............

.21dB/divIOOHz-div)
Fig. 11 Load voltage and its spectrum before compensation

~ ~ ~
. Z

.....
,.

....

<J

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(200v/div,5sa'div)
(20OV/div.5Snatdiv)

(20A/di.rmsldiv)V

(200V/div,5ms/div)

(2OdB/div-IOOHztdiv)
Fig. 8 Source current and its spectnim before compensation
Fig. 12 Source voltage, load voltage and APF voltage after compensation

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[2]

...../ VL..........

'200V/div,5ms/div)

- 20

i.

[3]
[4]

[5]
.......

:VL Sp.ectrum

[6]

Fig.

M#

\q ,ti*, (20dB/di 13 Load voltage and its spectrum after compensation

(200/div, - Hz/div:

(dBi0

Ozdiv)

[7]
[8]
[9]

[.CONCLUSIONS

H. Akagi, "New Trends in Active Power Conditioners," IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 1312-1322, Nov 1996. W. M. Grady, M. j. Samotyj and A. H Noyola,"Survey of Active Conditioning IEEE '.Power LineVol. 5, no. 3, pp. Methodologies," 1990. Trans. Power 1536-1542, July Electronics, F. Z. Peng, "Application Issues of Active Power Filter," IEEE Industry Application Magazine, September/October 1998. S. Srianthumrong, H. Fujita and H. Akagi, "Stability Analysis of A Series Active Filter Integrated with A Double-Series Diode Rectifier" ,IEEE Trans.on Power Electronics, Vol. 17, pp. 117-124,, Jan. 2002. M. Aredes, K. Heumann and E. H. Watanabe, "An Universal Active Power Line Conditioner," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp.545-551, 1998. H. Fujita and H Akagi, "The Unified Power Quality Conditioner: The Integration of Series and Shunt-Active Filters," IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 315-322, 1998. J. W. Dixon, G. Venegas and L. A. Moran, "A Series Power Filter Based on a Sinusoidal Current-Controlled Voltage-Source Inverter," IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 44, No. 5, pp. 612-620,

The series active power filter is connected between the ac source and the harmonic source. It can be considered as the controlled voltage source to supply a compensation voltage for the harmonic source. Therefore, the series active power filter is suitable for compensating for the voltage type harmonic source. The compensation result of the series active power filter greatly relies on the control approaches for the reference paper, signals. In thissignals. a hybrid control approach is adopted. In this approach, the reference signal of compensation voltage needed by the series active power filter is obtained by detecting both source current and load voltage. The digital signal processor (TMS320F240) controller is used to implement the control method. According to the experimental results when adopting hybrid control approach, the performance of the parallel combination of series active power filter and passive filter is greatly to improve the harmonic current from the voltage type harmonic producting load and the voltage distortion by the load terminal in the power system.
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