Anthropology 101, Fall 2011 Prof.

Peters-Golden Boas, Franz: Strong proponent of cultural relativism, disagreed with barbarianism coming before civilization Bohannan, Laura / Tiv: Studied Tiv in Nigeria, Shakespeare in the Bush- How the character motivations were salient, when Shakespeare was read to another culture, they interpreted Hamlets behavior irrational because marrying Gertrude makes sense in Tiv culture. Chomsky, Noam: Grammar, proposed universal grammar. Labov, William: Study of rs in department stores. What was his contribution to sociolinguistics? Rs? In language chapter. -Saks = 62%, Macys = 51%, S. Kleins = 20% Lvi-Strauss, Claude / structuralism: Universal pattern to the structure of myths derived from the shared structure of the mind. -Structuralism: We have a natural tendency to think about opposites. -Bridging between opposites, sometimes its a mix of the categories. -Binary opposition (most important characteristics): Good and evil, night and day, left and right -Classify orderly things Marx, Karl: focused on stratification systems. Turner, Victor: communitas collective liminality Weber, Max / Protestant work ethic: Something specific about protestant values that promoted capitalist behavior. --------------------------------------------------------Code switching: Speakers shift from one language or dialect to another Creole: (Majority language in Haiti, lower class language) Diglossia: Two languages within the same society. One language is used for formal use

Third hourly exam REVIEW SHEET while the other is used in informal context. Used for different purposes. French and Creole, Latin and English. Euphemism: Substitution of an inoffensive word for a more unpleasant one. Focal vocabulary: Specialized set of words (Doctor words MRI, CDA, etc) (Press vs. Mash) UGLi, Diag, etc. Grammar: system of rules for language, specifically to syntax and morphology -Make differences in meaning/ordering/structuring of language. Honorifics: terms of respect and used to honor people Hypercorrection: Correcting a mistake that isnt there (sewercide) Kinesics: Study of communication through body movements and facial expressions Lexicon: Vocabulary (20+ words to describe beer in Munich) Minimal pairs: bat and cat, are minimal pairs because only one phoneme distinguishes them. Morpheme: Smallest unit of a word having a specific meaning Morphology: Ways in which the smallest meaningful parts structure the meaningfulness of language Phoneme: Smallest unit of sound that influences memory Phonology: Study of a system of distinctive sounds in a language, ways sound makes distinctions in meaning. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: Different languages produce different patterns of thought. Same with Franz Boas

Anthropology 101, Fall 2011 Prof. Peters-Golden Semantics: The study of meaning of words and expressions. Style shifting: Varying speech in different contexts. Talking to a friend vs. talking to grandparent. Different pronoun use. Syntax: Rules of word order Universal grammar: Basic set of principles and rules that underlie all languages Bourgeoisie and working class/proletariat: Owning the means of production. -Bourgeoisie are the capitalists -Proletariat are the property-less workers/ working class Economic positions in the World System: Core: Dominant position in world system, nations with advanced systems of production Semi-periphery: In between core and periphery in position Periphery: Weakest economic and structural position in world system. Colonialism: Long term foreign control of a territory and its people. Intervention philosophy: Set of ideas used to justify intervening in another culture. Colonialists used to take over native cultures. Art by appropriation and art by intention: Appropriation: Things placed in that category by others, things not intended to be art. Intention: Artist meant it to be art Art as subversive: To undercut power and dominant ideology, related to art and politics, rap music, graffiti, Chinese who were not allowed to speak used dress to send messages. Ethnomusicology: Comparative study of music as an aspect of culture. (Devils Tri-tone) Animism: Beliefs in souls and doubles, two entities inhabit the body, one active during the

Third hourly exam REVIEW SHEET day and then sleep. Vital to each other, if double leaves the body permanently, the person dies. Usually related to pre-modern religion Cargo cults: Melanesia, building airstrips -Postcolonial, acculturating and revitalizing society -Syncretism: -Worship of flagpoles due to European worship of flags and flagpoles Communitas: Bond of solidarity among liminal people. Functions of religion: Religion Belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces. Core Functions: Intellectual/ Cognitive function- search for order and meaning Emotional Functions: Explanation for misfortune, provides comfort, allay fears and reduce anxiety, exercise control Social Functions: Establish and maintain social order and a set of moral beliefs. Promote social solidarity. Kwakiutl: Pacific NW. Ways of saying snow. How does language structure the way we see the world? (Franz Boas) Liminality: One of the phases of entering a religion. After separation and before incorporation, liminality is the threshold phase. Magic: Supernatural techniques used to accomplish specific goals. Employed most in situations of greatest uncertainty. Mana: Sacred impersonal force in all objects Myth: Traditional, often sacred, narratives vs. rituals that are social acts Revitalization movements: Reaction to oppression or rapid cultural change, Social movements that occur in times of change (takeover). -Intensification of religious ideas to revert to old ways.

Anthropology 101, Fall 2011 Prof. Peters-Golden Jesus preached religious doctrine while Middle East was still under Roman rule Rites of passage and their stages: Phases: Separation, liminality, incorporation Syncretism: Blending of cultural influences emerging from ongoing contact. (Cultural, especially religious, mixes, emerging from acculturation). Cargo Cults Taboo: sacred and forbidden. Prohibition backed by supernatural sanctions. -Melanesia: high chiefs had so much mana that touching their body or possessions was forbidden for commoners. Social construction of illness: What counts as illness, what counts as normal behiavior. PMSbecame a disease over time when it was recognized as one. Historical influences in the development of: 4 Influences: 1) Biological Anthropology: Biocultural perspective 2) Early Ethnographic Fieldwork: ethnographers studied all these methods of healing, and formed a large body of the different methods. 3) Culture and Personality School: National character Cross cultural study of mental illness -How is this interaction between culture and biology working on a larger scale 4) International Public Health movement after WWII: International body of healing, at first failed because they didnt recognize that not everybody had the same beliefs about health. Couldnt give shots because some cultures didnt want foreign fluids in them. Medical anthropology: The application of anthropological theories and methods to questions of health, illness, medicine, and healing. Alternative gender roles: Intersex: Neither unambiguously male or female

Third hourly exam REVIEW SHEET Xanith: Oman, impotent, effeminate Neither man nor woman. Attractiveness judged by standards of woman. Hijra: India, practice emasculation, dress and act as women, do not fill traditional male roles. Remove genitalia sometimes Two-spirit role: Native American: they have two spirits, man and woman who inhabit the body. Nadle: Navajo, viewed as spiritual beings Guevedoce: Dominican Republic, treated as girls until puberty Feminization of poverty: Women bear the burden of inequality p434 ---------------------------------------------------------

Culture Sketches Haiti: language use: Creole and French. French seen as an elite language because the elite class speak it. Ojibwa: religion: Grandfather- Other-thanhuman beings, can take the form of different things. They share their blessings and knowledge, come to people when theyre dreaming. The ones who interact with them cannot discuss their interactions with the grandfathers. Kaluli: gisaro, Steven Feld and birdsong: How do they see birds in terms of cultural values. Birds have different pitches, which are analogies for different aspects of religion. How do they use birdsongs to express their views of the world? Ju/hoansi: gender roles: Very egalitarian system, what are the influences and consequences of this?

Anthropology 101, Fall 2011 Prof. Peters-Golden -Girls movement for herding more limited than boys -High rate of divorce to show power in women -Lower rate of HIV in tribe because women were able to discuss the importance of wearing a condom or refusing sex. --------------------------------------------------------Films Life and Debt: How it relates to the world systems chapter. IMF intervention philosophy, with a hidden agenda. Graffiti Verit: Subversive art Exam: 15 MC Fill in the Blank 5 defs out of 10 40 points of short answers

Third hourly exam REVIEW SHEET