ISS REVIEW

Irrational thinking (Catastrophic)- Involves unrealistic appraisals of stress that exaggerate the magnitude of one s problems. Coping- Coping refers to the efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress. Coping Strategies- Active coping, planning, suppression of competing activities, restraint coping, seeking social support for instrumental reasons, seeking social support for emotional reasons, positive reinterpretation and growth, acceptance, turning to religion, focus on and venting emotions, denial, behavioral disengagement, mental disengagement, alcohol-drug disengagement. Constructive coping- Refers to efforts to deal with stressful events that are judged to be relatively healthy. Involves confronting problems directly, taking the effort, based on realistic appraisals of your stress, involves learning to recognize and manage disruptive emotions, learning to exert control over potentially harmful behaviors. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross model on death: DABDA Denial- Denial, shock, and disbelief. Anger- Why me? Demanding, hostile, difficult. Bargaining- Ask for favors to postpone death (GOD) Depression- Depression is a signal of acceptance that the process has begun. Acceptance- Taken care of unfinished business, stop fighting the inevitable. ABC Model- Created by Albert Ellis A. Activating event: The event that produces the stress. I.E: Automobile accident, cancellation of a date, delay. B. Belief system: B stands for your belief about the event; represents your appraisal of stress. Ellis says that people often view minor setbacks as disasters, and engage in catastrophic thinking. If they take B. and think of it in a positive manner, they can change C. C. Consequence: Consequence of your negative thinking. When your appraisals of stressful events are highly negative, the consequence tends to be emotional distress. Most important thing about ABC- People believes that A causes C, but in reality B causes C. Beliefs control emotions. Alcohol video (Don t have a clue what it was about..) Carl Jung (Collective unconscious + Personal unconscious) -The self is composed of the persona and the shadow. You want the two to overlap; if not it can lead to different personalities. Shadow- The hidden, ugly traits/feelings that we cannot admit to ourselves. Ex: Jealousy. Persona- A mask; covers up the shadow. -Anima(for men, they have a woman within) and Animus(for women, they have a man within.)

Jung believed in balance, and that everyone was bisexual. Society forces us to become masculine or feminine. He justified it by stating that we have undifferentiated sex organs as fetuses. Collectivist/Collectivism- Involves putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one s identity in terms of the groups one belongs to. Individualistic/Individualism- Involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group memberships. Parenting styles: -Authoritarian- (Low acceptance, high control) Low emotional support with rigid limits. Consequence: ??? -Authoritative- (High acceptance, high control) High emotional support and firm, but reasonable limits. Consequence: High self esteem. -Neglectful/Permissive Indifferent- (Low acceptance, low control) Parents are uncontrolling, unresponsive; can lead to child neglect. Consequences: no trust, low self esteem, drugs, no discipline. -Permissive/Permissive Indulgent- (High acceptance, low control) The cool mom; I love you so much that I won t punish you, because you d be mad at me. Warm and accepting, imposes few rules. Consequence: Spoiled! Self esteem- Refers to one s overall assessment of one s worth as a person. It s a global evaluation that combines assessments of various aspects of one s self concept, each of which is built up from many specific behaviors and experiences. (Do you describe yourself in negative terms?) -People with high self-esteem are confident, taking credit for their successes in various ways. -People with low self-esteem are more negative, confused, less clear, contradictory views of themselves; more susceptible to short term fluctuations. Self concept- Organized collection of beliefs about self. The beliefs shape social perception, are developed from past experience, and are concerned with one s personality traits, abilities, physical features, values, goals, and social roles. Self efficacy- One s belief about one s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes. Represents people s convention that they can achieve specific goals. (You may have high self efficacy when it comes to making friends, but low self efficacy when it comes to speaking in front of a group.) High narcissism > Negative evaluation > perception of high threat> high aggression Low narcissism >Negative evaluation > perception of low threat> low aggression

Chapter 7 Stereotypes- Widely held beliefs about a group of people. They are categorized by regions, and they are time bound. Why do we use stereotypes? Our brains are programmed to categorize; it s simple. Snap judgments- based on little information and preconceived notions; automatic. Systematic judgments- more controlled processing, involves forming impressions of others in a variety of situations; take the time to get a better impression. Confirmation bias- Looking for things in people that confirm your belief about them. Self-fulfilling prophecy- Expectations about a person affect their behavior. Boys do better at math Compliance- You give into conformity, but you don t really agree with it. Yielding social pressures in public, though private belief has not changed. Bystander effect- individuals are less likely to help when there are others present. Someone else will do it. Katy Genovese story.