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2010 KPTrumble

MSE 230

HW2 Solutions
01/22

1.

[101]

[011]
(a)

(111)

[111]

[110]

Spring 2010

(b) The dot product of two vectors


(directions)uandvis,
uv=||u||||v||cos,
where is the angle between the two.
Any direction that lies in a plane is
perpendicular to the direction normal to
theplanesothattheirdotproductwillbe
zero, which provides a convenient check
thatagivendirectionliesinagiveplane.

Consider [111] [1 01] :

1 (1) + 1 0 + 1 1

cos =

=0

1 + 1 + 1 (1) + 0 + 1

[110]

[011]
[101]

Notice that the dot product of [111] with


any <101> in which one of the direction
componentsisnegativewillbezero.

2.(a)FCC
2a0

2a0
a0

a0

a0

2a0

{100}

{110}

BCC

a0
a0

2a0

{111}

2a0

a0
2a0

Thedrawingsaretoscalewithrfcc=rbccsuchthata0,bcc= a0,fcc(2/3).

2a0
2a0

2010 KPTrumble

(b)

fcc:

bcc:

{100}

{110}

{111}

2/a02

2/(2a02)

2/(3a02/2)

1/a02

2/(2a02)

(1/2)/(3a02/2)

For fcc, {111} is the most densely packed, in fact the highest possible planar packing density, close
packed. The fractional area of atoms can be obtained by multiplying the number (of atoms)/unit area
abovebytheareaofawholeatomontheplane.Forfcc{111}thisworksoutto0.907.Forbcc,{110}is
the most dense, with a fractional area of 0.833. Remember, we only count whole atoms or atoms
centeredontheplane.

(c)

(d)

fcc:

bcc:

(010)(020)intheUCshownleft

<100>

<110>

<111>

1/a0

2/(a02)

1/(a03)

1/a0

1/(a02)

2/(a03)

Analogous to the planar density in part (b) the lineal density can also be expressed as the fractional
lengthinterceptedbyatomsinthehardspheremodel.

(e)
FCC {111}

HCP basal plane

2010 KPTrumble

3. (a) From the Bragg eq., if the diffraction angle 2hkl is decreased, the corresponding dhkl must be
increased proportionately for a fixed n. So the lattice parameter, a0, will increase. This result is
consistentwiththeslightlylargeratomicradiusofZncomparedtoCu.Thecrystalstructureremainsfcc
buttheslightlylargerZnatomspushesthecopperatomsapartabit.

(b)

n = 2dhkl sin hkl


Thelatticeparametercanbedeterminedfrom
thexraydiffractionresultsandusedto
calculatetheunitcellvolume(=a03).

a0 = d111 3 =

3
2sin 111

ForpureCu:

a0, Cu =

0.1542 nm 3
= 0.3616 nm
2sin(43.34 /2)
Zn

Forthebrasscontaining25%Zn:

a0, Cu -25%Zn

MUC,Cu =

Cu =

0.1542 nm 3
=
= 0.3654 nm
2sin(42.87 /2)

Thecorrespondingunitcellvolumesare:
VUC,Cu=(0.3616x109m)3=4.728x1029m3
VUC,Brass=(0.3654x109m)3=4.879x1029m3

4AWCu 4 63.55 g/mol


=
= 4.220 x 10 -22 g
NA
6.023 x 10 23 /mol

4.220 x 10 -22 g
= 8.93 g/cm3
4.728 x 10 -22 m3

MUC,Brass =

3AWCu + AW Zn (3 63.55 + 65.39) g/mol


=
= 4.251 x 10 -22 g
NA
6.023 x 10 23 /mol

Cu -25%Zn =

4.251 x 10 -22 g
= 8.71 g/cm3
4.879 x 10 -22 m3

Cu

Thebrassisalittlelessdensethanpurecopper;
thevolumeincreasesmorethantheaverageatomicmass.

ThepureCuunitcellcontains4Cu
atoms. The brass unit cell also
contains 4 atoms, but Zn atoms
have substituted for of the Cu
atomsinthisbrasscomposition(25
at.% Zn). The Zn atoms are
distributed randomly in the brass
but, on average, each unit cell
contains1Znatomand3Cuatoms.
In the unit cell above, if all the
other atoms not shown were
copper it would represent a
composition of 0.125/4 = 3.1
atomic%Zn.

(c)

75 mol Cu 63.55 g/mol = 4766 g Cu and 25 mol Zn 65.39 g/mol =1635 g Zn gives 6401 g Cu + Zn
1635 g Zn
x 100% = 25.5 wt% Zn at.% composition as atomic weights of Zn and Cu almost equal
6401 g total

2010 KPTrumble

4.(a)Considera1.0000cmcubebasisofiron,whichaccordingtothedensityvaluegiveninAppendixB
(7.85 g/cm3), would have a mass of 7.85 g. The thermal strain (change in length per unit length) on
heating890Cis,

L
= 1.18 105 C -1 (890 C) = 0.0105
L0

sothebasisvolumewouldexpandto(1.0105cm)3=1.0318cm3.Sincemassisconservedinthebasis
when it expands, the density decreases to 7.85 g/1.0318 cm3 = 7.61 g/cm3, for a change of 3.1% or
3.1%decrease.

(b)Note,thehintintheproblemstatementwaswrong;Imverysorryaboutthat.Thecorrectstatement
is:APFdensity=specificvolume1(=volume/unitmass)1.

SincetheAPFisproportionaltodensity,thedensitychangeis,

0.74 0.68
x 100% = +8.8%
0.68

Theactualchangeispositive,butsmallerthanthis.Weeffectivelyassumedthattheatomicradiusisthe
same in the two structures at the transformation temperature. Xray diffraction measurements show
theatomicradiusislargerinfccthanbcc,sotheincreaseindensity(decreaseinvolume)isnotasgreat
asifequalsizespheressimplypackedabittighter.

(c)Usingmassconservationagainandtherelation,volume/unitmass=1/density,thevolumechangeis,

1
0.74 0.68 x 100% = 8.1%
1
0.68

andtofirstorderthisis3timesthepercentagelengthchange,whichisthus,2.7%(2.7%decreasein
length).

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