MSE 230

1.(a) Materials MainClassification Aluminum Metals Glass Ceramics Polyester Polymers (b)Manypossibleanswers.Heatcapacityandthermalconductivityarelessimportant,buttheyplay rolesinhowmuchheatisrequiredtocoolthecontainerandhowfastitcanbecooled(especiallythe thickerglass).AlthoughglasshasaboutthesamedensityasAlandovertwicethatofPE,thethickness ofglassrequiredforadequatemechanicaldurabilitymakestheglasscontainerasignificantfractionof theweightofthesystem,incontrasttotheAlandPE.Transportingthatextraweightconsumersmore energy,butiftheglassisreused,thisenergycostissomewhatcompensated,especiallycomparedtothe PE,whichislesslikelytoberecycledthantheAl.DespitetheTVcommercialsabouthowgreatplastics are,werecycleonlyasmallfractionofthem.Adequatestrengthisnecessary,incasethefullcontainer isdroppedonthefloor,forexample.Stiffnessalsoplaysarole;thelowstiffness(highflexibility)ofthe PEcontainerallowsittobeemptied(function)bysqueezing.Ontheotherhand,youknowyouhaveto bereallycarefulinthisregardwhenliftingandpouringafull2Lbottleofpop.Opticaltransparencyisa bigpartoftheappealoftheglassandPErelativetotheopaqueAl.Corrosionresistanceisobviously important.TheglassandPEareintrinsicallycorrosionresistantsincetheyarealreadycompounds (already"reacted"chemically),whereastheAldependsonathinepoxycoating(alsoapolymer)onthe inside,otherwisethecitricacidwoulddissolvetheAlandfoulthebeveragetaste. 2. All the density values are from CallisterAppendix B, except for Brick. I googled density of common brick and found a respectablelooking source SImetric.co.uk (at least they use SI units).Itgave1922kg/m3forcommon red brick which sounds like the stuff Purdue is made of! The precision (1 part in 1922, almost 0.05%) is not justifiable, so I took 1900 as a reasonableestimate. Examplecalculation,forbrick:

HW1 Solutions 01/15

Spring 2010

Material Steel Al-alloys Ti-alloys Polyethylene Polypropylene Wood Concrete Glass Brick

Annual Production (tonnes/yr) 9 x 108 2 x 107 9 x 104 6 x 107 4 x 107 2 x 109 2 x 1010 7 x 107 5 x 107

Density (kg/m3) 7850 2700 4500 950 900 500 2400 2500 1900

Annual Production (m3/year) 1 x 108 7 x 106 2 x 104 6 x 107 4 x 107 4 x 109 8 x 109 3 x 107 5 x 108

9 10 8 tonnes 1000 kg m3 m3 = 5 10 8 year tonne 1900 kg year

(thisunderstatestheprecision,but4.7x108 overstatestheprecisionbymuchmore)

Commentonresults(plotnextpage):Logscaleisnecessarytoshowthelargedifferences.Concrete, woodandsteelarethehighestonmassbasis.Brickreplacessteelinthirdplaceonavolumebasisdue tothehighdensityofsteel.Whetherornotweproducemoresteelorbrick,dependsonwhichbasis youuseforcomparison.

3.TMandcrystalstructuredatafrominsidefrontcoverofCallister. Elastic Modulus (GPa) 70 100 210 14 44 330 205 350 CTE (C-1) x 10-6 23.1 16.5 11.8 28.9 24.8 4.8 14.4 4.5
W data point actually at 350

TM (C) 660 1085 1536 327 649 2617 1495 3410

Str fcc fcc bcc fcc hcp bcc hcp bcc

Fe(bcc) Co(hcp) Al(fcc) Cu(fcc)

Mo(bcc)

W(bcc)

Al Cu Fe Pb Mg Mo Co W

Cu(fcc) Pb(fcc) Mg(hcp)

Thedatashow trends:ETmandCTE 1/Tm. We should not expect the data to fit perfectly smoothlines.Withincreasingattractiveenergy (covalent, ionic, metallic or weak) the bonding energy "well" becomes deeper, corresponding to a higher melting temperature. As the well becomesdeeper,itswallsbecome:(1)steeper, correspondingtoahigherelasticmodulusthe energy rises more per unit distortion (strain) from the equilibrium spacing, and (2) more symmetrical about r0, corresponding to a decreaseinthermalexpansioncoefficientthe timeaverageinteratomicspacingincreasesless perdegreetemperatureincrease.

Pb(fcc) Mg(hcp) Al(fcc) Cu(fcc) Co(hcp) Cu(fcc) Cu(fcc) Fe(bcc) Mo(bcc) W(bcc)

 4.(a)Thereare6atomsinthestandardhcp unitcell,eachat47.88amu(=g/mol), foraunitcellmass,

MUC =

6 atoms/UC 47.88 g/mol 6.02 10 23 atoms/mol

Thevolumeoftheunitcellisthearea ofahexagonofsidelengthaandheightc,

VUC =

3 3 2 a c = 1.0600 1028 m 3 2

foradensityof4500kg/m3or4.50g/cm3.(b)ThedensityofcommerciallypureTiisreportedin AppendixBas4.51g/cm3.Thedifferenceismostlikelyduetothepresenceofasmallamountof impurities,upto0.5wt%ofatomsotherthanTi,allowedinthespecification"commerciallypure"Ti. TheaverageatomicweightofimpuritieswouldneedtobeonlyslightlyhigherthanthatofTiinorderto accountforthedifference.