Abstract 2012

National Seminar on Conservation, Cultivation and Sustainable Utilization of Medicinal and Herbal Plants 2012
KEY NOTE ADDRESS
SUSTAINABILITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS: ETHNO BOTANICAL APPROACH

Prof. Ashok K. Jain Hon. Director Institute of Ethnobiology Jiwaji University, Gwalior -474011 (M.P.) E.Mail: asokjain2003@yahoo.co.in The sustainability of medicinal plants is essential for the livelihood of a large number of people on this earth. Millions of rural households still use medicinal plants in a self-help mode. Medicinal plants are living resource, exhaustible if overused and sustainable if used with care and wisdom. In various Indian systems of medicines over one and a half million practitioners use medicinal plants in preventive and curative applications. Medicinal plants are potential renewable natural resources. Therefore, the conservation and sustainable utilization of medicinal plants must necessarily involve a long-term programme. As per the data, around a 1000 species of medicinal plants are facing threat to their existence in the wild. In India over 8000 herbal product-manufacturing units are working with a combined annual turnover of over Rs.4000 crores/year. While the demand for medicinal plants is increasing, their survival in their natural habitats is under growing threat. Several medicinal plants have been assessed as endangered, vulnerable and threatened due to over harvesting in the wild.A scientific and systematic approach envisaging interaction between social, economic and ecological systems will be a more desirable one. The threatened medicinal plant species could be best conserved and multiplied by using in situ and other methods.In situ conservation thus serves the purpose of long term survival and evolution of a species, in association with other plant, animal & microbial associates in the Ecosystem. Besides adopting various methods for the conservation of medicinal plants, we have to look in to their intricate relationship with rural and folk people. Since time immemorial a large number of medicinal plants are being conserved by tribal people of India by way of faith, taboos and beliefs. Exploring this ethnobotanical relationship can certainly help in maintaining their sustainability. A good number of germplasms of threatened species are also conserved in various parts of the country.
Sponsored by University Grants Commission, New Delhi
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A through and scientific study in this regard can certainly help in enhancing the availability and unrupted trading of a large number of species. INVITED LECTURE
MEDICINAL PLANT WEALTH OF SIMILIPAL BIOSPHERE RESERVE (ODISHA): PRESENT STATUS AND FUTURE STRATEGY FOR CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION
Arun K. Pandey1 and S.D. Raut2 Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007 2 Department of Wild life & Biodiversity Conservation North Orissa University, Baripada, Mayurbhanj, Odisha-757003 Similipal Biosphere Reserve (SBR), located in the tribal dominated Mayurbhanj district of Odiha, is spread over an area of 5569 sq. km. SBR is inhabited by a number of tribes such as Kol, Santal, Bhumij, Mankidias and Khadias who depend on the forest for their food to medicine. The tract of Similipal hills is an inclined plateau which has risen abruptly from the low coastal plains of the district. Similipal is one of the most natural abodes of a large number of medicinally important plants. viz., Rauvolfia serpentina, Aspargus racemosus, Abrus precatorius, Helicteres isora, Holarrhena pubescens, Hemidesmus indicus, Costus speciosus, Curculigo orchidoies, Centella asiatica, Andrographis paniculata, Terminalia species, Pterocarpus marsupium, Emblica officinalis, Helicteres isora, Dioscorea spp., Cisssus quadrangularis, Curcuma spp. etc. Traditionally the local tribal communities use medicinal plants for the cure of various diseases. During our survey of SBR, we have gathered information about 600 plant species of which 267 plant species are used by the tribal for medicinal purposes. While the demand for medicinal plants is increasing, their survival in their natural habitats is under growing threat. SBR is under intense biotic pressure like shifting cultivation, illicit felling of trees, loss of regeneration potential, and over exploitation of medicinal plants. Energy of the tribals may be channelized for cultivation and propagation of medicinal plants that would help in socio-economic development of the tribal communities living in and around SBR.
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INVITED LECTURE
HAEMORRHOIDS (PILES) A HERBAL SOLUTION

J.N. Govil Ex- Principal Scientist, Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012 (India) Haemorrhoids are the commonest of all anorectal conditions accounting to 38% of the people world over and limited to 8% visits to OPD. It is thought that certain normal vascular cushions exist in the rectum. It is only when they produce some pathological symptoms; they are referred to as haemorrhoids. Several treatment options are available which aim at relieving the symptoms, reducing/ destroying the haemorrhoidal mass. These are associated with several adverse effects and reoccurrence. On the other hand, Natural drugs/ or Herbal medicines are having prolonged history of frequent use and documentation in texts of established systems of medicine indigenous to particular country. There is a great demand for these medicines in the developed as well as developing countries because of their wide biological activities, higher safety margin than the synthetic drugs and lesser costs. In this paper, a number of plant species based on phytoconstituents and their mechanism of action are reported for anti-haemorrhoidal activity. They are more effective due to presence of major phytoconstituents (upto 50-70%), which are helpful by way of haemostasis, wound healing, bowel regulation, anti-inflammation activity, antimicrobial activity, vascular toning, hypolipidaemic activity, immunnomodular activity and regulating constipation and dietary habits. Phytoconstituents like bioflavonoids strengthen the microvasculature and antifibrinolytic activity. Anti-inflammation provides relief in pain, burning and itching due to inflammatory effect. Its component inhibit 5-HT, eicosanoids and prostaglandins. Anti-infective activity due to the presence of tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins and phenolic compounds kill bacteria, fungi, protozoa without disturbing the natural intestinal micro-flora of the host. Wound healing activity accelerates the healing process in anal fissures and other wounds by enhancing collagen turn-over in damaged mucous and tissues. Constituents like anthraquinone and mucilage contents exert laxative action by enhancing and increasing intestinal mucous contents. Emblica offiicinalis (Amla) inhibits hepatic lipid peroxidation and resulted in decrease in the markers of hepatic dysfunction like alanine amine aminotransferase. Thus, they bring dramatic improvements in the treatment of haemorrhoids that check bleeding, improve the bowel function, reduce constipation, improve liver functions, improve the tonicity of blood vessels and hasten the healing process. Also, the present paper is based on literature survey and clinical trials on the ingredients of medicinal plants, used to cure hemorrhoids and related problems
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In brief, major chemical constituents of the herbs and their mechanism of action in relation to haemorrhoidal management have been presented. INVITED LECTURE ACCESS TO BIORESOURCES AND IP PROTECTION: LEGAL ASPECTS OF BIO-PHARMA RESEARCH Surya Mani Tripathi PTTC, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid-Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru-502324, Andhra Pradesh, India Traditional technologies and innovations, adapted to local needs and environment, can provide a viable environmentally sustainable path to economic development. Today, the global herbal market and industry are growing rapidly and access to these plant resources and the associated traditional knowledge has immense commercial and research potential to companies and research institutions. At the same time an increasingly significant economic value of biodiversity, due to biodiscovery, in modern biotechnological revolution has enabled the engineering of desirable genetic traits from useful local species. The successful application of biotechnology tools has had and is having dramatic effects in some areas of pharmaceuticals. These effects are being felt throughout the world in academic, government and industrial communities.However, there is concern that traditional knowledge is sometimes misappropriated, adapted or patented with little or no compensation to the custodians of this knowledge and without their prior informed consent. Lawful and sustainable appropriation of medicinal plants has become important concerns for both scientific community and the public. Further, the application of intellectual property law and biodiversity law to bio-pharmaceuticals has changed the way that scientists exchange materials and ideas and continues to have an increasing impact on the way that scientific research is performed. This impact is substantial in the context of institutional research and international research collaborations. The global regime on IP protection and access to bioresources is governed by international legal instruments including the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS. Several countries and institutions are implementing bio-prospecting/benefit sharing agreements with the private and public sector, based on the opportunities and obligations offered by the Convention on Biological Diversity, and on the new developments in biotechnology and molecular biology, which are rapidly generating new tools and bioproducts. In this process, the definition of policies on access to genetic resources by governments and nations, as bio-prospecting frameworks, are of particular importance for the success of national programs. These activities integrate the search for compounds, genes, and other nature-derived products with the sustainable use of biological resources
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and their conservation, along with scientific and socioeconomic development of source countries and local communities. INVITED LECTURE MEDICINAL PLANTS FROM VINDHYA -SATPURA REGION PRESENT STATUS AND THEIR CONSERVATION Ravi Upadhyay Professor of Botany Government P.G.College, Pipariya (M.P.) Plants were the first medicines, and even as modern humans have developed sophisticated pharmaceutical chemicals to treat illness, medicinal plants remain an important tool for treating illness in most cultures. The World Health Organization estimates that 80% of the worlds population on traditional medicine for their health needs. There is large-scale international trade in medicinal plants, used both for herbal medicine and for the manufacture of pharmaceutical drugs. There is also growing interest in obtaining samples of plant material, or traditional knowledge about plant uses, to explore for new commercial medical products. It has been said that as many as 35 000-70 000 species of plants have been used at one time or another for medicinal purposes (Farnsworth & Soejarto 1991). The scale of international trade in medicinal plants is difficult to assess, because of a paucity of reliable statistics and trade secrecy, but it is growing rapidly. The available report dealing with European imports appears to be by the International Trade Centre, Geneva, in 1982. This report states that 8 countries then belonging to the EEC imported 80 738 tons of 'vegetation plant materials used in pharmacy' in 1980, the biggest importer being Germany with 31 452 tons, followed by France. . In 1980 India was the biggest exporter of medicinal plants to Europe (10 055 tons out of the 80 738 imported). Conservation issues in international trade in medicinal plants for existing products mainly concern those plants which are harvested from the 'wild', which is the case for the great majority of species. Conservation issues arise if the trade threatens conservation of biodiversity or is not sustainable. Biodiversity may be threatened if the trade endangers survival of the species, erodes its genetic diversity or causes loss or degradation of important natural or semi-natural ecosystems. Following the Biodiversity Treaty, there is an urgent need for equitable partnerships to be developed between those involved in developing new commercial products from plants and those responsible for conservation of biodiversity.
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INVITED LECTURE APPLICATION OF PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICINAL PLANT R.S. Sengar, and Kalpana Sengar Tissue Culture Lab, SVP University of Ag & Technology Modipuram, Meerut (U.P.)- 250 110 Email: rakesh.sengar77@gmail.com Medicinal plants are the most important source of life saving drugs for the majority of the worlds population. The use of medicinal plants is increasing worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 80% of the worlds population currently uses herbal medicines directly as teas, decocts or extracts with easily accessible liquids such as water, milk, or alcohol. Although modern synthetic drugs are mostly used in developed countries, the use of herbal drugs in the western world is well accepted, and a continuously high demand for plant material and extracted natural products can be observed. The biotechnological tools are important to select, multiply and conserve the critical genotypes of medicinal plants. In-vitro regeneration holds tremendous potential for the production of high-quality plant-based medicine. Cryopreservation is long-term conservation method in liquid nitrogen and provides an opportunity for conservation of endangered medicinal plants. In-vitro production of secondary metabolites in plant cell suspension cultures has been reported from various medicinal plants. Bioreactors are the key step towards commercial production of secondary metabolites by plant biotechnology. Genetic transformation may be a powerful tool for enhancing the productivity of novel secondary metabolites; especially by Agrobacterium rhizogenes induced hairy roots. This article discusses the applications of biotechnology for regeneration and genetic transformation for enhancement of secondary metabolite production in-vitro from medicinal plants.
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INVITED LECTURE AGROBACTERIUM RHIZOGENES MEDIATED HAIRY ROOT CULTURES: A PROMISING APPROACH FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS Janhvi Mishra Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Hairy roots disease is caused by the infection of wounded higher plants with Agrobacterium rhizogenes. This gram negative soil bacterium transfers a DNA segment (TDNA) from its large root-inducing (Ri) plasmid into the genome of the infected plant. This T-DNA carries a set of genes that encode enzymes which control auxin and cytokinin biosynthesis. The new hormonal balance induces the formation of proliferating roots, called hairy roots that emerge at the wounding site. The hairy root phenotype is characterized by fast hormone-independent growth, lack of geotropism and lateral branching. High stability of the production of secondary metabolites is an interesting characteristic of hairy root cultures. For 25 years, hairy roots have been investigated as a biological system for the production of valuable compounds from medicinal plants. In addition, hairy roots offer promise for phytoremediation because of their abundant neoplastic root proliferation. Recent progress in the scaling-up of hairy root cultures is making this system an attractive tool for industrial processes. Owing to their stable and high productivity, hairy root cultures have been investigated for several decades for potential to produce the valuable metabolites that are present in wild type roots. Recent progress allows a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the transfer of T-DNA into plants, and the integration of new genes into hairy roots has opened the way for metabolic engineering. In the present study hairy root culture has used as source of explant for regeneration of transformed plants of Picrorhiza kurrooa, an important medicinal plant of Himalaya. Shoot tip explants of P.kurrooa produced hairy roots in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium after infection by Agrobacterium rhizogenes (Strain A4). Hairy roots were used as explants to get adventitious shoot formation. These A. rhizogenes mediated hairy roots produced adventitious shoots when cultured on MS basal medium with various plant growth substances (PGSs) supplementation. Transformed shoots were obtained after the callus phase. Callus formed on hairy root gave rise to adventious shoots at a frequency of up to 80%, on MS medium supplemented with 10 M 6-benzyladenine and 5M naphthaleneacetic acid. There was a significant difference in the frequency of adventitious shoot formation for each hairy root line. Plants derived from hairy roots exhibited prolific rooting and had bigger leaf size. The transformed plants were of similar morphotype having higher number of leaves with increased dentations, highly branched root system and absence of leaf wrinkling. The transformed plants showed positive results in terms of their transformed nature. PCR and Southern blot analysis revealed that plants derived from hairy roots retained the Ri TL-DNA. Phytochemical analysis was carried out to assess the amount of bioactive compounds. Amount of picrotin and picrotoxinin content was almost similar to A 4 induced hairy roots (8.6 g/g DW and 49.8 g/g DW, respectively).
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INVITED LECTURE
IMPORTANCE OF QUALITY FOR EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF HERBAL DRUGS IN INDIA

Ashok Kumar Principal Scientist Central Institute for Research in Goat (ICAR) Makhdoom Farah Mathura UP
Interest in medicinal plants as a re-emerging health aid has been fuelled by the rising costs of prescription drugs in the maintenance of human and animal health both .India is rich in medicinal plant diversity. All known types of agro climatic and ecologic conditions are met within India. India is rich in all the three levels of biodiversity-such as species diversity, genetic diversity and habitat diversity. Out of 17,000 plants, the classic systems of medicines like Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani make use of only about 2000 plants in various formulations. There is urgent need to document this fast disappearing precious knowledge system. In present situation , most of herbal drugs are in market have no scientific standardization for quality control , hence, there is urgent need that Indian pharmaceuticals have to stress on various standardization processes to establish their products in the global markets. Standardization starting from production of quality materials, analysis of raw materials for authentication, foreign matter, organoleptic evaluation, microscopic examination, extractive values, chromatographic profiles, marker studies, pesticides residue, heavy metal detection etc. is necessary for standardization of drugs. India is rich in traditional knowledge in treatment of diseases; hence their scientific validation is to be taken up with modern technologies for their acceptance /rejection. There is no fixed protocol for validation. It is often stated that prolonged and apparently uneventful use of traditional medicine, may be a taken as a proof of safety. In such cases, long term toxicity and adverse reactions may not be noticeable by traditional healers. Hence, it may be first started with preclinical trials to study the important efficacy and safety data before actual clinical trials. It is necessary to priorities the thrust areas to obtain the output of research efforts and other resources. Several factors help in determining the priorities. These include the distribution of flora, national or regional disease pattern, availability of modern animal health care etc. In addition we have to keep in mind the global priorities in developing new drugs so as to get a good financial return. Primary health care usually requires comparatively milder medication and the acceptability of herbal medicines for such conditions is also much more. The main considerations should be adequate availability or possible cultivation on required scale, lack of toxicity and ease of formulation. There are some of very important area , which are prioritized by animal scientists such as haemato-protozoan diseases, ectoparastic infestation,, helminthic infections, bacterial diseases , wound healing, mastitis, reproductive disorders, inflammatory diseases, immuno-stimulation , haematinics , growth promoters and coccidiosis etc . Network efforts are required to validated ITks and standardization of developed phyto-pharmaceuticals.
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INVITED LECTURE ORIGIN OF SILVER NANOMATERIALS BY BIOMOLECULES Seema Bhadauria1, M.S.Gaur2, Ramvir Singh Chauhan3, B.S.Kushwah4, Pankaj Gupta5, Manish Dubey1 Department of Botany ,Raja Balwant Singh College,Agra Department of Physics,Hindustan College of Science and Technology,Farah,Mathura 3 Department of Physics, Raja Balwant Singh College,Agra Department of Mechanical Engineering,Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Raja Balwant Singh College, Agra 1 2
The use of biomolecules in the creation of inorganic materials offers an alternative to conventional synthetic methods. Biomolecules are currently used to control nucleation and growth of inorganic nanoparticles. Here we demonstrate the formation of silver nanoparticles in the presence of silver-binding peptides. Examination of the silver nanoparticles by transmission electron microscopy revealed a variety of crystal morphologies such as hexagons, triangles and spheres. The peptides serve to reduce the silver ions in the aqueous solution to metallic silver as well as control crystal growth. The nucleation property of peptides can be used as tool for bottom-up fabrication.
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INVITED LECTURE ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG ACCESSIONS OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA L (DUNAL) THROUGH BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR ANALYSIS. Rajdeep kudesia1, Tawseef Mohsin 1And R.K.S. Rathore2 1.Institute of Basic Sciences, Department of Botany, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi-India. 2. Ex. Head, Department Of Botany, R.B.S. College, Agra. Biochemical and Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses were used to access the genetic diversity among five accessions of Withania somnifera L. (Dunal). In the protein patterns, 24 out of 27 peptide bands were found to be polymorphic with 88.88% polymorphism. Selected 4 RAPD primers generated 156 DNA fragments, 89 of them were found to be polymorphic. The polymorphism generated by the primers were 84.21 %( OPG-09), 40.90 %( OPH-03), 45.23 % ( OPC-08) and 62.5% (OPG-19). UPGMA Dendrogram obtained from cluster matrix revealed two main clusters, wild accessions formed one cluster and the cultivated accessions formed the other. A strong correlation was observed between morphology, biochemical and molecular marker systems. Identification of specific markers in wild as well as cultivated accessions was performed in the present study. In conclusion Withania somnifera showed genetic diversity useful in facilitating development of large number of new varieties through hybridization and transfering of useful genes, thus maximizing the use of such available germplasms as genetic resource materials for breeders. Keywords: Withania somnifera, Genetic diversity, UPGMA, RAPD, Biochemical markers, Molecular markers.
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MANAGEMENT OF ROOT KNOT NEMATODE, MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA AFFECTING CHICKPEA, A HIGHLY PROTEINACIOUS CROP
Bushra Rehman1, Kavita Parihar, Mohd. Ashraf Ganai, Usman A. and Mansoor A. Siddiqui Section of Plant Pathology and Plant Nematology Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002 Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L. is an edible legume of Family- Fabaceae. It is chief source of proteins of millions of vegetarian population. Seeds of chickpea are used in diabetes, leprosy and other skin diseases. This crop has an advantage over other crops with an ability to fix free atmospheric nitrogen and thus reduces the cost of soil fertilizers. This year total pulse production goes down to 14.66 million tons (mt) from 14.76 mt (as per record 2010). This crop is highly vulnerable to plant parasitic nematodes especially with Meloidogyne spp. or root knot nematodes. Chickpea infected with root- knot nematode has been reported in various states of India. A glasshouse experiment was conducted to control root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita 1000 (J2) second stage juvenile per kg of soil affecting chickpea variety Avarodhi. Aqueous extracts of 100g leaves of different plants viz., Azadirachta indica, Melia azedarach, Ricinus communis at different concentrations 20%, 40%, 80% and 100% per kg of soil were used to control the activity of (J2) of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood. All concentrations showed lethal effect on M. incognita with gradual increase in plant growth parameters. Increase in yield was observed with increase in concentration of each respective extract. Azadirachta indica was found to be most effective followed by Melia azedarach, Ricicinus communis in reducing infestation caused by M. incognita. This experiment assure for the promising enhancement of chickpea yield.
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ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF MEDICINAL PLANT SAFED MOOSALI A NEW DIMENSION FOR CROP ENTERPRISE
D.B. Tyagi1, Jaspal Singh2, D.V. Singh3 and Dhiraj Mohan Singhal4 Shri M.S. Degree College Abidgarh Agra (U.P.). 2 CCS, R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra (U.P) 3 CCS, R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra (U.P) 4 Research Scholar, Buldelkhand University, Jhansi Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), natural source of raw material for industrial products offer a great scope to achieve net higher returns. With ever increasing demand of natural products in food, pharmaceutical, perfumery, flavour and cosmetic industries, cultivation of MAPs has now become popular and economically viable proposition. Safed moosali is one of the important MAPs which can be grown successfully in the agro-climatic conditions of Rajasthan and has been gain popularity among the farmers because of high returns as compared to any other field crop. The present study highlights per hectare cost and returns from the cultivation of safed moosali on the farms of different sizes. The study reveals, although the cultivation of safed moosali is very expensive accounted for overall per hectare cost of cultivation of Rs. 297286 being about Rs.168846 and Rs.372294 on small and medium farms respectively but provide the net returns of Rs.1.78 and Rs. 2.15 for the investment of each rupee by the small and medium farmer.
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COMPOUNDS ISOLATED FROM ARTEMISIA ANNUA AS POTENTIAL ANTIMALARIALS

Mohd. Tabish Qidwai1*, Dharmendrapal Singh2 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engg. & Technology R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra KVS Institute of Engineering & Technology, UP, India Malaria is still one of the most widespread and lethal diseases in the world, affecting the tropical parts of the globe. Every year there are more than 500 million clinical cases of malaria and several millions of them are children. Emerging drug resistance and the lack of a functioning vaccine are two main reasons behind the failure to control and eradicate the disease. The four species of Plasmodium are responsible for different forms of malaria. Among these, Plasmodium falciparum causes the most fatal form of malaria, called falciparum malaria. The malaria parasite has developed resistance to most available antimalarial drugs. Several compounds derived from plants (phytomolecules) have been found to be very important antimalarials. Artemisia annua (Asteraceae) is one of over 300 species of the genus Artemisia and the major source of artemisinin, although artemisinin has also been found in small concentrations in A. apiacea and A. lancea. The whole family is recognized as a rich source of terpenes and artemisinin is certainly a distinguished example of an important sesquiterpene found in A. annua, but the genus is also a rich source of hydroxylated and methoxylated flavonoids. Artemisinin was found to be a potent antimalarial drug against P. falciparum. Leaf flavonoids, also present in the tea, have shown a variety of biological activities and may synergize the effects of artemisinin against malaria and Cancer. The combined use of flavonoids with artemisinins might increase effectiveness of artemisinins, but the combination of artemisinins with pyrimethamine, sulfadoxine, and lumefantrine, recommended by the WHO, would still be needed to circumvent malaria recrudescence issues. Artemisinins are most potent antimalarials available, rapidly killing all asexual stages of P. falciparum. Phytomolecules and their derivatives are currently used as ligends against various targets in parasite to circumvent problem of malaria.
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CULTIVATION OF ARTEMISSIA ANNUA IN GWALIOR (MADHYA PRADESH)

Abhishek Kumar Dwivedi ,Garima Bartariya and Pragati Sani Department of Life Science, Jain College Gwalior- 474001, India Artemissia annua (Sweet worm wood) which is native of temperate Asia, now successfully grown in Gwalior region. It has camphor like scent and successfully used in parasite treatment. It has an active ingredient Artemisinin, which is a sesquiterpene lactone used in antimalarial drug. Artemissia tea which is prepared from Artemissia annua leaves is effective in treating malaria. It is considered as ten times effective than any other drug used against malaria. It is also used to treat some breast cancer cells, some forms of prostate cancer and leukemia. The plant requires five to six months for proper growth. The plant can tolerate draught, heat and cold. The plant can easily grow in local gardens with proper drainage. The plantlets were collected from Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra. These plantlets were settled in the garden soil rich in organic fertilizer. The plantlets were planted 20 inch apart from each other. Soil moisture was maintained by proper drainage. Supply of organic fertilizer was maintained in springs. Best growth was observed in fully sunlight exposed plants. This exercise is considering most useful issue so that the Artemissia annua plant can be available to all in their kitchen gardens. The people suffering from malaria can get good result by a descent cup of Artemissia tea.
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INFLUENCE OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON THE VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF BAMBUSA ARUNDINACEA: (AN ECONOMICAL HERB)
Rashmi Vamil1, Aniat Ul Haq1, Neeraj Sharma2, R.K.Agnihotri1, and Rajendra Sharma1 1 Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Khandari Campus Agra Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University Agra-282002 2 Department of microbiology S.N. Medical College Agra Email id: rashmivamil85@gmail.com Bambusa arundinacea is economically important herb and distributed throughout the moist part of India. Important uses of bamboos include paper, pulp industry, fuel, food, feed and house constructions but it also has medicinal properties. Bambusa arundinacea is the source of bamboo manna (tabashir). Bamboo manna used for respiratory diuretic and many other diseases. Bamboos are used in Chinese medicine for treating infections and healing. An experiment was undertaken with an objective to determine, how the vegetative growth of Bambusa arundinacea can be influenced by applying various plants growth regulators IAA, IBA, GA3.Cytokinin exogenously. Two concentrations of PGRs (10m and 100m) were used. Plant growth regulators are the chemical compounds which enhance the plant growth when applied in very minute quantity. Both concentrations (10m and 100m) of all PGRs enhanced the shoot growth. However, 10m concentrations of GA3 showed better results.
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IRRADIATED SODIUM ALGINATE ENHANCES THE GROWTH, YIELD AND ALKALOID PRODUCTION IN OPIUM POPPY (PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM L.)
Moinuddin1, M. Masroor A. Khan2, Zeba H. KHAN2, M. Idrees2, M. Naeem2 and Tariq Aftab2 Botany Section, Womens College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh- 202 002, India 2 Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh- 202 002, India Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is a significant medicinal plant that produces medicinally important alkaloids such as morphine, thebaine, codeine, papaverine and noscapine. Sodium alginate is natural polysaccharide, which promotes plant growth when sprayed on plants in its irradiated (depolymerized) form. A pot experiment was conducted at Aligarh in the natural conditions of net house to explore the effect irradiated sodium alginate (ISA) on physiological and biochemical attributes of opium poppy. ISA was sprayed on the foliage of plants at different concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 ppm). Control plants were sprayed with distilled water. Sodium alginate was irradiated using Co-60 gamma rays at 520 kGy. Foliar spray of ISA significantly enhanced the growth, physiological and biochemical parameters as compared to the control. The highest applied dose (120 ppm of ISA) proved the best for most of the parameters studied. It increased the total content of chlorophyll and carotenoids by 43 and 31%, and activity of NR and CA by 32 and 28%, respectively. 120 ppm of ISA also increased the seed yield and crude opium per plant by 83% and 41%, respectively. HPLC analysis of opium latex (crude opium) revealed that application of 120 ppm of ISA increased the content of morphine by 54.3%, while that of codeine was just doubled.
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TRIACONTANOL INFLUENCES PHYSIOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITIES, YIELD AND ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS OF FENNEL (FOENICULUM VULGARE MILL.)
Nadeem Hashmi*, M. Masroor A. Khan, Zeba Haque Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002 India Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, U.P., India Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) belongs to family Apiaceae, is of high value medicinal and essential oil bearing crop which is used in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. Keeping the medicinal as well as economical importance of this herb in mind, an experiment was carried out in the Net house of the Department of Botany, AMU, and Aligarh.The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with four replications under the greenhouse condition. Plants were sprayed three times with deionised water (control) and three concentrations of TRIA (10-8, 10-6, 10-4 M). The first spray was carried out at 40 days after sowing (DAS), the second and third sprays were applied one and two weeks later. Among the treatments, A foliar spray of TRIA at 10-6 M significantly enhanced growth (shoot and root lengths, fresh and dry weights), physiological and biochemical (Chlorophyll a, & b total chlorophyll, nitrate reductase activity, carbonic anhydrase activity, leaf nitrogen and leaf phosphorus content except leaf potassium content) attributes, yield attributes (number of umbels per plant, number of fruits per umbel, 100-seed weight and seed yield) including the essential oil yield and active constituents of fennel.GLC analysis revealed the major constituents of EO of fennel were trans-anethole (70%), and fenchone (3.6 6.3%). On the basis of data obtained from the present work, it may be concluded that foliar spray of TRIA at 10-6 M is highly effective for growth with increased essential oil yield and active constituent of fennel.
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CULTURE AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF SPIRULINA PLATENSIS IN COW DUNG ASH EXTACT AT DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS TO MINIMIZE PRODUCTION COST
Mohammad Yasin Sofi, Samuel G. Singh and Navdeep S. Bains Department of Botany. St. Johns College, Agra-282002, U.P. P. G. Department of Botany, Govt. Dunger College Bikaner, Raj. Photosynthetic cyanobacterium, Spirulina platensis has been cultivated for mass production in many countries in tropic, subtropical and temperate regions for use in human food, animal feed and for colorimetric use. It is rich source of proteins, minerals, vitamin B12, - carotene and essential fatty acids like gamma linolenic acid. It is one of the most prominent microalgae for the extraction of valuable pigments such as, - carotene, phycocyanin etc. It was found that modified medium i.e. Cow Dung Ash Extract supplemented with CFTRI medium shows great potential for cultivating Spirulina platensis. Spirulina platensis grown in Cow dung ash extract in different concentrations from 10% to 50% in triplicates at pH- 9.0, light intensity 1700 Klux and temperature 35oC under 12/12 light dark period. Harvesting was done after 28 days of inoculation and growth was measured in terms of Chlorophyll- a and other accessory pigments i.e. carotenoids and Phycobiliproteins. It was found that the Spirulina platensis grown in CFTRI medium have high growth and biopigment (Chlorophyll-a, carotenoids and phycobliproteins i.e. phycocyanin, allophycocyanin and phycoerythrin) concentration in comparison to prescribed medium.
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MEDICINALLY IMPORTANT PLANTS OF HOSHANGABAD DISTRICT

Ravi Upadhyay, Sharad Trivedi Upadhyay & N.N. Mehrotra* Department of Botany Govt. Narmada P.G. College, Hoshangabad. (M.P.) *Retired Scientist CDRI, Lucknow. Email-drru12000@yahoo.co.in Hoshangabad has the privilege of being one of the biodiversity rich regions of India. The Panchmarhi Biosphere reserve occupies the major portion of Hoshangabad District. The present paper reports the potential of medicinal plants available in this district along with their regions of availability and cultivation. The paper also reports the state of art report on procurement and trade of medicinal plants from this region, and the species exploited and their status in the forest region.
THE EFFECT OF VERMICOMPOST AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS ON CULTIVATION OF POTATO PLANTS

Deveshwari Singh, Dheeraj Mohan Singhal Uttam Institute of Science and Management, Agra An experiment was conducted using chemical fertilizers and vermicompost having equal concentration of nutrients to determine their impact on different growth parameters of potato plants. Six types of experimental pots were prepared where T1 was kept as control and five others were treated by different category of fertilizers (T2-Chemical fertilizers, T3-Farm Yard Manure (FYM), T4-Vermicompost, T5 and T6- FYM supplemented with chemical fertilizers and vermicompost supplemented with chemical fertilizer respectively).The treatment pot(T6) showed 65% better yield of tuber than control, Besides, vermicompost supplemented with N.P.K treated pots (T5) showed better results with regard to fresh weight of leaves, number of branches and number of tubers per plant from other fertilizers treated plants.
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IMPROVED IN VITRO SHOOT MULTIPLICATION OF SALVADORA OLEOIDES DECNE: A RARE MEDICINAL PLANT OF AGRA REGION
Roshita Shrivastava, R.K. Agnihotri, Naresh Dixit & Rajendra Sharma Department of Botany, School of Life Science, Dr.B.R. Ambedkar University, Agra Salvadora oleoides decne commonly known as pilu, is a important plant having high medicinal, economical, commercial and academic value. This plant is highly salt tolerant and grows in coastal region and on inland saline soil. Therefore, it can be used in erosion control. Seed cake could be used as a rich organic fertilizer in place of chemical fertilizer. Salvadora oleoides is also seeking attraction of various researchers due to the presence of abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in the stem, which is very important material for plant anatomy in the laboratory practicals. Green oil obtained from the seeds of Salvadora, which is used in rheumatic pain and often in child birth. Non-edible oil used in making biodiesel. This plant contains alkaloids, trimethyl amine, - sitosterol and elementally monoclinic sulfur. Many medicinal plants are facing extinction. The market and public demand has been so great; therefore, there is a great extinction risk to much medicinal plant and obviously the loss of genetic diversity. There is a growing need to preserve these plants either in vivo or in vitro. Most of the medicinal plant either don't produce seeds or the seeds are too small & don't germinate in soil. Plant tissue culture is very potential technique for quick large scale multiplication of existing stock of germplasm and for the conservation of commercially or medicinally important rare plant. In view of all above consideration, the current investigation has been undertaken for improvement in the in vitro shoot establishment of plant using different phytohormones. Multiple shoot induction was obtained in the MS medium supplemented with different concentration of BAP + NAA. Maximum percentage of response was observed in 5.00 M BAP and 1.0 M NAA. Callus induction was also made for large scale production of elite plants for industrial purpose. Maximum callusing was recorded in 2.0 M BAP + 2.0 M IAA.
[20]
IMPROVEMENT OF AGRONOMIC TRAITS OF LENTIL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT BY INDUCED MUTATION

*Irfana Haneef, A.H. Khan, Rumana Aslam, Sana choudhary. Cytogenetics and Mutation Breeding Laboratory, Department of Botany AMU, Aligarh 202002 Induced mutations are useful to create variations in a particular genotype without affecting the environment. Induced mutations are useful not only for cultivar development but also as research tools for basic studies since they provide unselected variability by nature and man. This mutagenesis programme aimed at developing plant types and cultivars suited to sustainable agriculture. Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (an alkylating agent) is used in different concentration to create variation in the genotype of Lens culinaris. The result of M1 generation showed that lower concentrations of mutagenic treatment exhibited stimulatory effects on mean values of various agronomics traits i.e. days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, branches/plant, pods/plant, seeds/pod, 100-seed weight and yield/plant. The different variants obtained such as high yielding, tall variant, early maturing etc. are useful for the development of new promising genotype.
EFFECT OF WASTEWATER AND NPK APPLICATION ON GROWTH RESPONSE OF WHITE MUSTARD (SYNAPSIS ALBA L.)
Seema Sahay, ArifInam, AkhtarInam, Saba Iqbal Plant Physiology Laboratory, Aligarh, Muslim University, Aligarh- 202002 In the present study a pot experiment was carried out to observe and evaluate the growth parameters of Synapsis alba L. under the effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer with wastewater treatment and was compared to groundwater (control). For the experiment nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium combination with soil 80 N kg/hac, 30 P kg/hac and 30 K kg/hac respectively was taken into experimental pots. Growth parameters such as shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh weight, shoot and root dry weight were significant at p<0.05. Evaluation of data reveals that all parameters significantly increased in wastewater treatment with N80P30K30fertilization in comparison to groundwater treatment. Thus it was concluded that wastewater application may decrease the fresh water scarcity and environmental pollution by use of wastewater in agriculture.
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EFFECT OF BIOTIC STRESSES ON THE CULTIVATION OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS OF GARHWAL HIMALAYAN REGION
Anuradha Negi, Ashish Tejasvi and Shyam Govind Singh Department of Botany, Agra College, Agra Human have been fighting against a variety of diseases since prehistoric periods. Eventually he developed an indigenous pattern of medicines, which tries to resist the effect of the diseases. The Garhwal Himalayan region have a wide range of herbal products as this region supports approximately 18,440 species of plants. The Himalayan people have close relationship with nature for their basic needs such as food, fuel, fodder, medicine etc. For health care species like Aconitum atrox, Rhododendran arboretum, Curcuma domestica (Haldi) for cuts and burns. Sesamum indicum (Til), Arundinella nepalensis, Chrysopogan montanus, Cyandan dectylon, Heteropogan Contortus and Imperata Cylindrica are generally used as a medicines for the cure of some intestinal diseases and ulcers. Biotic stresses like grazers, soil erosion and fire affects drastically the cultivation of these medicinal plants.
ETHNOMEDICINAL STUDIES OF FAMILY FABACEAE IN FIROZABAD DISTRICT, U.P.

Nitin mittal Department of Botany S.B.L Degree College Mathura U.P India. A survey in Firozabad District has been done for documented ethanomedicianl plants. Tribal in this northern District of U.P. carried out the survey in remote villages of District Firozabad to identify the common and cultivated medicinal plants of Fabaceae and their utilization. The study area selected in Firozabad lies between 2700 and 2724 north latitude and 7766 and 7004 east longitude. It is bounded in north by Etah district, in east by Etawah and Mainipuri, in south by Yamuna River and in the west by Agra district. The climate of Firozabad is characterized by hot summer, pleasant winter and general dryness except during rainy season. The important plants of Fabaceae have been reported, which is used for various diseases. This study is very useful for those who working with herbal plants. Ethno botanical study of family Fabaceae in Firozabad district of U.P revealed that the local community and traditional doctors called Baidhya have been using different parts of plants for the treatment of 20 different diseases viz., asthma, burns, cold, cough, diuretic, diarrhea, diabetes, dandruff, dysentery, fever, hepatitis,
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jaundice, kidney stone, malaria, rheumatism, swelling, scabies, vomiting, worm and wounds.
EVALUATION OF EXTRACTS OF CINNAMOMUM CASSIA FOR POTENTIAL ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Kapil Kumar, Manish Dubey, Seema Bhadauria Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Botany R.B.S. College Agra, India The present effort was made to evaluate the antibacterial activity of bark extract of Cinnamomum cassia against human pathogens. The constituents of cinnamon are volatile oil (Cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, Cinnamic acid, weitherhin), mucilage, diterpenes, proanthocyanidins and posses antioxidant actions which may prove beneficial against free radical damage to cell membranes. Eugenol exhibits the antiseptic, anesthetic, anodyne and cytotoxic effects. Cinnamaldehyde and cinnamon oil vapors are potent anti-bactirial compounds. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) were analyzed for determination of antibacterial activity against pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus & Escherichia coli. The strains that showed resistance against the maximum number of antibiotics tested were selected for an antibacterial assay. In a test using 1 and 0.5 mg/disks, cinnamaldehyde revealed potent inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus & Escherichia coli. At 1 and 0.5 mg/disk, growth of was significantly inhibited, whereas weak or no inhibitory activity was obtained against Staphylococcus aureus & Escherichia coli. Salicylaldehyde exhibited moderate growth-inhibiting activity, but little or no inhibition was observed from treatments with cinnamyl alcohol, trans-cinnamic acid, and eugenol. In contrast, tetracycline and chloramphenicol significantly inhibited growth of all test bacteria as low as 0.01 mg/disk. These results may be an indication of at least one of the pharmacological actions of C. cassia bark .This study concludes that Cinnamomum cassia may be effective in reducing the number or preventing the growth of pathogenic bacterial flora e.g., Staphylococcus aureus & Escherichia coli.
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SOME TRADITIONAL HERBAL REMEDIES USED BY LOCAL INHABITANTS IN BHARATPUR DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN
Shailendra Kumar* and A.K.S. Chauhan,** *J.L.N. (P.G.) College, Etah- 207001 ** D.S. College, Aligarh- 202001 The ability of human beings to exploit natural resources to its advantages has been the main factor that made humans the most successful organism in the planet. By trial and error, experimentation and even by intuitive methods, human communities have developed knowledge and practices for utilizing the bioresources. Such knowledge and practices are known as traditional knowledge. It has been nourished and nurtured by the community and freely exchanged among the communities for generations. The present paper includes 20 angiospermic plants used by local inhabitants tradionallly in the treatment of asthma (Datura metel L., Croton bonplandianus Baill, Justicia adhatoda L., Musa sapientum L., Pergularia daemia (Forsk.) Chiov, Tinospora cordifolia (L.) Merr.), Bronchitis (Ocimum tenniflorum L.) and cold, cough and whooping cough (Acacia nilotica (L.) Del., Barleria prionitis L., Bombax ceiba L., Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br., Croton bonplandianus Baill., Cuscuta reflexa Roxb, Martynia annua L., Melilotus indica (L.) All., Musa sapientum L., Ocimum tenniflorum L., Psidium guajava L., Rungia repens (L.) Nees, Salvia plebeia R.Br., Solanum surattense Burm.f., Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. Ex DC.) Wight & Arn., Tinospora cordifolia (L.) Merr.) and Coronopus didymus to kill and remove the germs from wound.
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PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIDERMATOPHYTIC ACTIVITY OF ECLIPTA ALBA L.

Javid Iqbal Pandith and B. Geetha Singh Department of Botany, St. Johns College, Agra, U.P. The potential for developing antimicrobials from plants appear rewarding as it will lead to the development of a phytomedicine to act against microbes. Plant based antimicrobials have enormous therapeutic potential as they can serve the purpose with lesser side effects that are often associated with synthetic exploration of plant derived antimicrobials. In the present study Eclipta alba, was taken for studying the presence of active principles like alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, phenols, flavoinoids, anthraquinones, terpenoids and steroids etc for its application in modern system of medicine. Results obtained revealed that the maximum number of phytocompounds were found to be present in the n-hexane extract, and showed the presence of eight phytocompounds among nine tested and the least four phytocompounds were found in aqueous extract. A maximum of 71.42% inhibition in the mycelia weight of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and 58.13% inhibition to Microsporum gypseum at 2:5 concentration ratios has been observed. Whereas a minimum of 42.85 and 34.88% inhibition in the mycelia growth of Tricophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum at 2:5 concentration ratios has further being observed respectively. It can be concluded the plant species is found to be more antifungal at its higher concentration, however the lower concentration also shows promising results.
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ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF NANOSILVER SYNTHESIS BY GREEN EXTRACT OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

Manish Dubey1, Seema Bhadauria1, R.K. Gautam2 and V.M.Katoch3 1. Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, R.B.S. College, Agra, India. 2. School of Life Sciences, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Khandhari campus, Agra, India 3. Secretary to Govt. of India, Department of Health Research & Director General ICMR, New Delhi, India. Nanoparticles are being viewed as fundamental building blocks of nanotechnology. The most important and distinct property of nanoparticles is that they exhibit larger surface area to volume ratio. The most effectively studied nanoparticles today are those made from noble metals, in particular Ag, Pt, Au and Pd. Metal nanoparticles have tremendous applications in the area of catalysis, optoelectronics, diagnostic biological probes and display devices. Among the above four, silver nanoparticles play a significant role in the field of biology and medicine. Among the various methods like sol-process, micelle, sol-gel process, chemical precipitation, hydrothermal method, pyrolysis, chemical vapour deposition, bio-based protocol etc., biobased protocol is the most important and eco-friendly production method. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles by plant extracts is currently under exploitation. The bioreduction behaviour of various plant leaf extracts in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles was investigated employing UV/Visible spectrophotometry, XRD (Xray diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) with Energy Differection Patern (EDX) and Transmition electron microscopy (TEM). In the present study we report that a excellent antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticle against Grampositive and Gram-negative bacterial strains by zone of inhibition method. However, the mechanism of bactericidal actions of silver nanoparticles is still not well understood. In a previous report, silver (soft acid) has a greater tendency to react with sulfur- or phosphorus-containing soft bases, such as R-S-R, R-SH, RS or PR3. Thus, sulfur-containing proteins in the membrane or inside the cells and phosphoruscontaining elements like DNA are likely to be the preferential sites for silver nanoparticle binding. SEM imaging studies revealed that silver nanoparticles physically damaged the bacterial cell and ultimately led to cell death.
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EFFECT OF PESTICIDE TREATMENT ON GROWTH OF TOMATO

Manisha Gautam, Shefali Poonia Department of Botany, D. N. College, Meerut. E-mail: gautammanisha06@gmail.com Pesticide use in agriculture in the second half of last century has produced certain benefits, including a decrease in the percentage of household income spent on food and an increase in food quality. Tomatoes constitute an important agricultural crop and are an integral part of the human diet. They are the second most consumed vegetable after potatoes. Effect of different concentrations of endosulfan on different varieties of tomato was determined by comparing the growth of tomato plant grown under controlled supervised field trials.
EFFECT OF RSC OF IRRIGATION WATER ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF LEMON GRASS.

Manoj Pratap Singh, A.P. Singh and S.K. Chauhan Department Of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra-283105. A field experiment was conducted at the experimental Research farm R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra during 2009-10 and 2010-11. The experimental soil was sandy loam having pH 8.1, ECe 2.2 and organic carbon 0.32%. The experiment comprising five levels of RSC i.e. control 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 me/l was conducted in randomized block design with four replications. The results revealed that the all growth characteristics i.e. plant height, no. of tillers per plant and dry matter recorded significantly higher in RSC 5 and 2.5 me/l compared with control (no RSC). The other treatments reduced the yield in application of RSC water 4 7.5 and 10 me/l. The oil content (%) and oil yield kg/ha was recorded at 0.64 and 0.61 in RSC 5 and 2.5 me/l and oil production 72.7 and 78.9 lg/ha in RSC 5 and 2.5 me/l, respectively.
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AYURVEDIC (HERBAL) HEALTHCARE OPPORTUNITIES AND TOURISM PROMOTION- INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

Altaf Ahmad Lone Institute of Tourism & Hotel Management, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Agra. E-mail: lone.kasibtz73@gmail.com; 09027741544 Plants/herbs are the sources of medicine from the very ancient times. Ayurveda treatment is one of the oldest forms of remedies. In India it has been under practice since Vedic period and is fast growing tourism factors in India. However, the old practices have been reconfigured due to various cultural, institutional, social and political reasons, which resulted to emergence of a new form of Ayurveda, that emphasis on more adequate practices of healing and attention to wellness and spirituality. People are increasingly coming under this practice of treatment and getting positive solutions in an effective way. The emergence of this concept lead to the development of health resorts or beauty farms in India. These centers are offering cure against many diseases, refinement and transformation practices, yoga and meditation classes, skin and beauty care massages, and more. This paper focus on the available medicinal treatments and procedures for which oversea patients pursue Medical Tourism in India. It also brings on the comparison of India with US and UK with respect to the treatment procedure costs.
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EXTRACTION OF MULTICLASS PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN CARROT (DAUCUS CAROTA) AND TURNIP (BRASSICA RAPA) VEGETABLES
Devendra Kumar*, Neelam** and Virendra Pal Singh** Department of Chemistry, Institute of Basic Sciences, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Khandari, Agra-282002. **Neelam College of Engineering and Technology, Agra. Multiclass pesticide residues, viz. endosulphan, cypermethrin, monocrotophos and chlorpyriphos have been extracted in carrot (Daucus carota) and turnip (Brassica rapa) vegatables by using gas liquid chromatography. In the sample of carrot four pesticides, endosulphan, cypermethrin, monocrotophos and chlorpyriphos and in turnip two pesticides endosulphan and cypermethrin were detected. The concentrations of the detected pesticides were determined from the area of the peaks. The concentration of the detected pesticides were well below the maximum residue limit ( MRL) values but continuous consumption of such vegetables even with moderate contamination level can accumulate in the receptors body and may prove fatal for human in the long term.
EFFECT OF PAECILOMYCES LILACINUS AND TRICHODERMA SPP. ON MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA INFECTING ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS
Dania Ahmed, Hisamuddin And Merajul Islam Robab Department of Botany Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh -202002 Email: daniaahmed7@gmail.com An efficacy test of Trichoderma spp and Paecilomyces lilacinus was conducted against root rot fungus Macrophomina phaseolina on Antirrhinum majus (dogflower) .In the absence of biocontrol agents there was a reduction in growth parameters viz. shoot length, root length, fresh weight of shoot ,fresh weight of root, dry weight of shoot ,dry weight root and chlorophyll contents. Application of all the three biocontrol agents Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma viride and Paecilomyces lilacinus improved the plant growth parameters and suppressed infection caused by M. phaseolina.
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BALANCE USE OF PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZER IN INCREASING THE GROWTH AND PHYSIOLOGY OF CHILLI IRRIGATED WITH WASTEWATER
Sayma Samreen, Saba Iqbal, Arif Inam Environmental and Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, A.M.U. Aligarh Email: samreensayma@gmail.com A pot experiment was conducted during winter season of 2009-2010 in the net house of the department of Botany, A.M.U. Aligarh to study the comparative effect of wastewater and groundwater on the physico-morphological characteristics of chilli cv. Pusa Jawala. Crop was supplemented with four basal doses of phosphorus with the rates of 0, 45, 60 and 75kgPha1 with a uniform basal doses of nitrogen and potassium with the rates of 60kgNha1 and 50kgKha1 respectively. Data recorded at 30 and 60 days after sowing. Wastewater irrigation resulted significant increase in plant fresh weight and dry weight, shoot and root length, leaf area and leaf number, chlorophyll content, and nitrate reductase activity. Among phosphorus doses P60 along with wastewater proved best for growth and physiology. Thus it may be concluded that wastewater reduce the demand of fertilizers and it may be used profitably for the cultivation of chilli.
EFFECT OF VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF NAA ON SEEDLING GROWTH OF COWPEA AND CLUSTER BEAN IN SALINE CONDITION
Neha Sharma and Udai pal Singh Department of Seed Technology, R. B. S. College, Agra A pot experiment was conducted to assess the germination percentage of Cowpea (Variety Ammul - 51) and cluster bean (varieties Moco and Kamini) at different levels of growth regulator NAA as 50ppm, 100ppm, 150ppm and 200ppm in saline condition. There was 24 treatments and were replicated three times. The pots were filled with 2.0 kg of saline soil having 8.3 pH. The results revealed that the percentage germination was delayed and declined with increasing levels of NAA. Out of all tested varieties only variety Kamini of Cluster bean could be rated as salinity tolerant as treated with 50ppm NAA.
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EFFECT OF WASTEWATER IRRIGATION AND NITROGEN RATES ON GROWTH PHYSIOLOGY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF CHILLI (CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.)
Saba Iqbal, Arif Inam and Seema Sahay Environmental and Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, A.M.U. Aligarh Email: Saba.iqbal5067@gmail.com A pot experiment was conducted during khareef season of 2008 in net house of Plant Physiology, department of botany, Aligarh Muslim University, A.M.U. to study the comparative effect of wastewater and groundwater and three different rates of nitrogen (0, 30, and 60 kgha1) along with a constant dose of phosphorus (60kgha1) and potash (50kgha1) on growth photosynthesis and yield of chilli cv. Pusa jawala. The data recorded 30, 60 and 90 DAS. Wastewater irrigation resulted significance increase in shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh weight, shoot and root dry weight, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, chlorophyll, fresh and dry weight of single fruit, fruit length and yield. Wastewater met the irrigational characteristics, being well within the permissible limit. Among the nitrogen doses N30 along with wastewater proved best for the growth physiology and yield. Most of the growth parameters increases from first to last sampling stage but physiological parameters were slightly decrease from 60 to 90 DAS. Thus it may be concluded that wastewater reduced the demand of fertilizers and it may be used profitably for the cultivation of chilli.
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NEMATICIDAL POTENTIAL OF ORGANIC ADDITIVES FOR THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA IN BOTTLE GOURD
Kavita Parihar1, Bushra Rehman, Mohd. Ashraf Ganai and Mansoor A. Siddiqui Section of Plant Pathology and Plant Nematology Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (U.P.) Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria, Molina Standl. belongs to family Cucurbitaceae is a popular vegetable grown almost all the year around and having medicinal value. The pulp of the fruit is considered emetic, purgative, antioxidant, immunomodulatory and cardio tonic agent and works as coolant, diuretic, antibilious in curing various diseases. Plant parasitizing nematodes are attack on bottle gourd and causes huge yield losses. Most of these losses are attributed by genus Meloidogyne spp. Chemical control of nematodes is often used but it is a costly method and most of the nematicides withdrawn from the market in lieu of environmental risk. The use of organic additives, being a good substitute of hazardous pesticides, is one of the practical approaches for sustainable management of root-knot nematode. Therefore, the objective of study was to evaluate, the antagonistic effect of organic additives on infection of bottle gourd caused by Meloidogyne javanica, under glasshouse conditions. Fresh chopped leaves were mixed with soil before inoculation of bottle gourd with second stage juveniles (J2s) of M.javanica. Soil treated with Datura stramonium (100g) leaves were found most effective in reducing the reproductive potential of populations of M.javanica and increased plant growth parameters viz., length, fresh weight and chlorophyll content. However, the other plant species viz., Argemone mexicana, Lantana camara, Parthenium hysterophorus and Withania somnifera were also effective and significantly reduced the root-knot development as compared to control.Thus, the use of organic additives viz.,plant parts can reduce root-knot diseases, nematode multiplication and enhance the plant growth.
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EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CICHORIUM INTYBUS L. (ROOT AND LEAF) FRACTIONS AGAINST ESCHERICHIA COLI
Renu Verma and Ashish Rawat Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Agra (UP) Cichorium intybus L. is a medicinally important plant that belongs to the family Asteraceae and it is a small aromatic perennial herbs. It is a perennial herb of 1.0 to 1.8 m height with a deep dandelion type root and bright blue flowers. Chicory is one of the earliest known and most widely used raw materials for manufacturing of coffee substitutes. The leaves of chicory plant can be used as salad as they are rich source of vitamin A & C. and also micronutrients. Chicory root is reputed to be a blood detoxifier, tonic, and decongestant of the internal organs. The whole plant contains a number of medicinally important compounds, such as inulin, esculin, volatile compounds, flavonoids and vitamins. In the present study, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of the root and leaf extracts of chicory against pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli) by in vitro agar well diffusion method. The aqueous and methanol extracts showed maximum antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli. The methanol and acetone root and leaf fraction of Cichorium intybus L. was found to be the most effective against the tested pathogen.
DIVERSITY IN MEDICINAL PLANTS IN SUR SAROVAR, KEETHAM (AGRA)

Devendra Pal Singh L.M.S College Ishra Nagar, Sakit (Etah) India exploration was started even before the publication of Species Plantarum by Linnaeus in 1753. Information about the occurrence, structure and use of medicinal plant were known earlier as the time of the Vedas. The present study was carried out the study of medicinal plants of Sur Sarovar of Agra. Sur Sarovar Wild life Sanctuary is a very close to Agra. It has a variety of medicinal plants like herbs shrubs and trees. The large number of medicinal and herbal plants should be conserved in this area.
Sponsored by University Grants Commission, New Delhi [33]
STUDY THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN METABOLISM ON PIGEON PEA STERILITY MOSAIC DISEASE
R.K. Singhal and Anjali Dutt Department of Botany, Meerut College, Meerut Pigeon pea (Cajanus Cajan) is an important crop of family Leguminaceae. Growth and yield of the crop is greatly affected by mosaic virus. Diseased leaves of pigeon pea had higher level of total nitrogen then healthy leaves. In diseased leaves increased levels of nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, amide nitrogen and protein nitrogen were observed but ammonical nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen were found to be decreased. In diseased leaves at all stages both free and bound amino acid levels were found to be increased. Free amino acids like valine, Lucien, and arginine were observed in higher concentration in young diseased leaves. But these were found in lower concentration in older diseased leaves.
EVALUATION OF LEAF EXTRACT OF SOME MEDICINAL WILD PLANTS ON THE GROWTH AND SPORULATION OF PAECILOMYCES LILACINUS
Rushda Sharf, Hisamuddin and Merajul Islam Robab, Abbasi, Ambreen Akhtar Department of Botany Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh -202002 Email: rush.khan09@gmail.com A test was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of leaf extract of some plants on the growth and sporulation of Paecilomyces lilacinus .For the purpose five medicinal wild plants were selected. Effect of leaf extract was assessed at different time intervals. After 24 hrs no mycelial growth was observed in oxalis corniculata while the maximum in Stellaria media(1.13cm) and minimum in Chenopodium album(0.5cm).After 120 hrs the maximum colony formation was observed in oxalis (9.17cm) and the minimum colony formation in Euphorbia pulcherima (8.17cm).The maximium number of spores/cm2 was observed in Eclipta prostrata (8.8 x 106) and minimum in Stellaria media (2.6 x 106).
[34]
CHANGES IN GROWTH, YIELD, PHOTOSYNTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS, ENZYME ACTIVITIES AND ESSENTIAL OIL PRODUCTION OF FENNEL (FOENICULUM VULGARE MILL.) UNDER GROWTH REGULATOR TREATMENTS
Zebah. Khan, M Masroor A. Khan, Nadeem Hashmi Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) belongs to family Apiaceae, is of high value medicinal and essential oil bearing crop which is used in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. Keeping the medicinal as well as economical importance of this herb in mind, an experiment was carried out in the Net house of the Department of Botany, AMU, Aligarh .The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications under the greenhouse condition.This study was conducted to assess the effects of triacontanol alone and in combination with gibberellic acid on growth attributes, photosynthetic attributes, physiological and biochemical attributes, essential oil content and yield of Fennel. At 30 days after sowing. The plants were sprayed with either TRIA or different combination of TRIA and GA3. Among the treatments, a foliar spray of 10-6 T + 10-6 G significantly promoted the values for most of the growth (shoot and root lengths, fresh and dry weights), physiological and biochemical (Chlorophyll a, & b total chlorophyll , nitrate reductase activity, carbonic anhydrase activity, leaf nitrogen and leaf phosphorus content except leaf potassium content) attributes, including the essential oil content and yield characteristics (number of umbels per plant, number of fruits per umbel, 1000-seed weight and seed yield). On the basis of data obtained from the present work, it may be concluded that a combined spray of TRIA and GA3 (10 -6 T + 10-6 G) on fennel plant is highly effective for productivity with increased essential oil content.
[35]
RESPONSE OF ARTEMISIA ANNUA L. TO VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES

Tariq Aftab1*, Masroor A. Khan2, M. Naeem2, M. Idrees2 and Moinuddin2
1
Division of Germplasm Evaluation, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Pusa Campus, New Delhi - 110 012, India 2 Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh- 202 002, India
Being the worlds most severe parasitic infection, malaria causes more than a million deaths and 500 million cases annually. Artemisinin, isolated from Artemisia annua L., is a sesquiterpene lactone containing an endoperoxide bridge and its derivatives are effective against multi-drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains, without any reputed cases of resistance. Since 2001, artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are recommended by the World Health Organization. Different ecosystems are affected by different abiotic stress factors, and to a differential extent. Abiotic stresses influences survival, biomass production and accumulation, and secondary metabolite formation of most of the plants. Stresses like heavy metal, salinity, drought are the most common of them all. In order to evaluate the response of different abiotic stresses, experiments were conducted on Artemisia annua during 2007-2011. In one experiment, it was noticed that boron toxicity negatively influenced the growth and photosynthetic capacity but increased antioxidant enzymes and artemisinin content. However, exogenously applied methyl jasmonate counteracted the ill effects of boron toxicity and further enhanced artemisinin content. Likewise, salt stress also reduced the growth, biomass production and photosynthetic rate but increased artemisinin concentration in the affected plant. Salicylic acid was proved effective in reverting the negative effects of salt stress and increasing artemisinin concentration too. Heavy metals like aluminium and cadmium were also tested and results showed that they also increased artemisinin content apart from reducing growth and biomass of the plants. Exogenous nitric oxide, however, was very effective in mitigating metal toxicity and improving artemisinin production in Artemisia annua.
[36]
EFFECT OF SEED SIZE AND SEED COAT COLOUR ON SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING VIGOUR OF ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS (L) MOENCH
Mohd. Athar and Udai Pal Singh Department of Seed Technology, R. B. S. College, Agra. Seeds from each one of the four varieties, i.e., Arka Anamika, Vijeata, Parvani Kranti and Hari Rani of Okra are graded into following six grades according to their size and seed coat colour. (A) Big seeds with dark green colour. (B) Big seeds with light green colour. (C) Normal size seeds with dark green colour(D). Normal size seeds with light green colour. (E) Small seeds with dark green colour and (F) Small seeds with light green colour. Seed size and seed coat colour appears to play an important role towards its seed quality. A and B graded seeds seemed to be more vigorous as indicated by their higher germination percentage and larger shoot and root length than the other graded seeds. Among A and B graded seeds the first one is significantly better than the later one.
INTERACTION BETWEEN MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA, PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS AND BACILLUS SUBTILIS AND ITS EFFECT ON PLANT GROWTH OF GLYCINE MAX L.
Ambreen Akhtar; Hisamuddin; Merajul Islam Robab; Abbasi and Rushda Sharf Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, U.P. India Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are known to enhance growth and vigor of various plant species. Application of Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. significantly reduced infectivity rate of Meloidogyne incognita on Glycine max. Growth parameters in terms of shoot length, root length, shoot fresh and dry weights, root fresh and dry weights and numbers of nodules per plant were found significantly increased in the plants treated with the two bacteria as compared to control. Maximum inhibition of root knots (42.79 per plant) was observed in plants inoculated with M. incognita and simultaneously treated with 20 ml of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis.
[37]
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF MAGNESIUM SULPHATE AND SODIUM SULPHATE ON GROWTH OF OKRA AND TOMATO
Rajeev Lochan and Udai Pal Singh Department of Seed technology, R. B. S. College, Agra Seed germination and early seedling growth of Okra (Varieties Laxmi- S 54 and Sungrow- S - 51) and Tomato (Varieties Rupali and Vaishali) were investigated under the influence of different concentrations of Magnesium Sulphate and Sodium Sulphate individually as well as in combined form. Results indicates that in all the parameters studied i. e. seed germination percentage, seedling length and seedling fresh and dry weight, among all the varieties Sungrow - S - 51 of Okra was the best performer.
METAL STATUS OF MSW REFUSE SOILS OF MEERUT CITY

Yashwant Rai & A. K. Shukla D.N. P.G. College, Meerut The metal concentration in sewage sludge and municipal solid waste compost depends on several factors such as origin and treatment processes of Bio solids with ions (cations / anions), improve soil fertility and increase plant production with the availability of metals, can be reported from the organic compost in soil properties, such as pH, redox potential, CEC, EC moisture / water holding status etc. Sewage sludge increases the solubility of metallic ions. It has been reported in experiments that organic matter is one of the factor that govern the solubility of metals in soils. Therefore, an effort was made to study the presence of heavy metals with organic matter and other physiochemical characters of MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) soils of different sites of Meerut city. In Atomic Absorption studies of toxic soils of different sites, it was observed that toxic heavy metals are already present in control soil sample- (Ni, Pb, Cd -1.98, 2.60, 0.28) might be due to the cause of excess application of chemical spray of fungicides, insecticides, weedcides. The availability of these toxic elements was significantly found much greater in Urban waste sites of studied samples (12.20-24.00, 10.73- 25.30, 1.30-2.83 in Pb, Ni and Cd in moderate toxic soils). However, in industrial sites of Partapur soil much higher metallic contents were significantly reported might be due to the heavy deposition of toxic waste of industrial activities.
[38]
GROWTH AND DRY MATTER PRODUCTION OF ASHWAGANDHA (WITHANIA SOMNIFERA L. DUNAL) IN RELATION TO APPLICATION OF GIBBERELLIC ACID
Rajkumar Department of Horticulture, R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra and Punnet Kumar, SMS (Hort.) Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Datia, M.P. Ashwagandha or Asgandh (Withania somnifera L. Dunal) is an important medicinal herb cultivated in several regions of India on about 4000 ha land. Its leaves, roots, and seeds are used in number of ayurvedic and unani medicines. The GA3 has been found having varies uses in regulating plant growth and dry matter. An investigation was, therefore, carried out to ascertain the effects of GA 3 treatments on this valuable crop at Raja Balwant Singh College, Bichpuri, Agra during 200405. The experimental plan consisted of 0, 100 and 200 ppm concentrations of GA 3, applying each at 30, 40 and 60 days after transplanting as foliar spray on 30 days old transplants. The growth parameters viz. plant height, diameter of main stem, number of green leaves per plant, plant spread, number of primary branches and their length, fresh weight of plant biomass and root systems were recorded the highest with GA3 sprayed at 45 days after transplanting. Likewise, the dry matter contents of leaves stems and roots were also the maximum with 200 ppm GA3 sprayed at 45 or 60 days after transplanting.
[39]
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF GIBBERELLIC ACID AND INDOL ACETIC ACID ON SEEDLING OF ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS L.
Meena Devi Yadav and Udai Pal Singh Department of Seed Technology, R. B. S. College, Agra Three different varieties of Okra ( Royal Nepal, Indo Japan and Laxmi S54) were treated with three different concentrations i. e. 10 ppm, 20 ppm and 30 ppm of growth promoter (GA3) and growth inhibitor ( IAA). Results showed that increasing concentrations of Ga3 promotes all the parameters studied and variety Royal Nepal was the best one among them. IAA showed the inhibitory effect in the case of all the three varieties but variety Indo Japan was the poor performer as all the growth parameters studied are concerned.
MANAGEMENT OF SALT AFFECTED SOILS AND USE OF SALINE WATER IN AGRICULTURE (ICAR)
S.K. Chauhan, R.B. Singh, P.K. Sishodia, and R.S. Chauhan R.B.S. College, Bichpuri Agra (UP)- 283105, India Corresponding authors email: coolyash 40@ yahoo.com A field experiment was conducted during 2002-2004 in Saline Water Management Project experimental farm R.B.S.College. Bichpuri, Agra. The evaluation their tolerance to saline water irrigation and Stalinization pattern in sandy loam soil. The salinity levels of irrigation water were BAW (best available water), 2, 4, 6 and 8dS/m. The significant reduction flower yield was observed at Eciw>4dS/m.The relative yield reduction in the crop was same in two consecutive years The average relative yield at Eciw 2,4,6 and 8 dS/m over BAW was 96,85,73 and 61% respectively. The soil salinity (ECe) increased with Eciw levels because of higher addition of salts through irrigation. The ECe (010cm) was monitored to be 1.7,2.1,2.5 and 3.5 dS/m with , respectively marigold and the respective values were 2.7,4.4,6.8 and 8.6 dS/m at harvest time of crop.
[40]
A STUDY ON NP NUTRITION ON GROWTH AND FLOWERING OF AFRICAN MARIGOLD (TAGETES ERECTA) CV PUSA NARANGI GAINDA
1
Anand Swaroop and 2Punnet Kumar
Department of Horticulture, R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra 2 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Datia, M.P.
Marigold is one of the most commonly grown flowering herbs holding medicinal importance. Its leaf paste is used externally against the boils and carbuncles, while the leaf extract is a good remedy for earache. The flower extract is a good purifier to cure bleeding piles, eye disorders and ulcers. A study on nutrition of this crop, thus, holds vital significance for marigold growers. An experiment was, therefore carried out during 2004-05 on N and P2O5requirements of Pusa Narangi Gainda under field conditions at Raja Balwant Singh College, Agra. The crop has been significantly responsive to inorganic nitrogen @ 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1. However, the most luxuriant plant canopy and flowering were attributed to the combination of 200 kg N and 80 kg P2O5 per hectare.
EFFECT OF GIBBERELLIC ACID AND KINETIN ON EARLY SEEDLING GROWTH OF SOYABEAN

Lakhendra Singh and Udai Pal Singh Department of Seed Technology, R. B. S. College, Agra A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the early seedling growth of five different varieties (PK-472, J.S- 44, PS-564, Pant Soya- 1092 and Pusa- 16)of soyabean under influence of different concentrations (10, 20, 30 and 40 ppm) of gibberellic acid and kinetin, not only individually but in combined form also. Results indicated that among all the varieties variety Pant Soya 1092 showed the best performance when the growth parameters such as germination percentage, seedling length, seedling fresh and dry weight are investigated. Among all the treatments 20 ppm concentration of gibberellic acid had influenced all the varieties to show good performance in early seedling growth experiments.
[41]
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TOXICITY STATUS OF SOIL COMPONENTS OF MUNCIPIAL SOLID WASTE REFUSE
Yashwant Rai and A. K. Shukla D.N. P.G. College, Meerut E-mail: yrbotany@gmail.com Urban waste production has been increasing with the pace of population and urbanization. In N.C.R region, a thousand tons of wastes are being produced in open waste land areas known as refuse. Refuse contain a considerable amount of organic compost matter. Organic compost produced from urban waste after containing the relative low amount of mineral elements, heavy metals may act as productive manure to nourish field soils.Industrial waste along with MSW refuse is responsible for environmental pollution in NCR region. In India, industrial waste have been considerably increasing in the of industrial units including tanneries, metal, cyanides, dyes, paints, electroplating, battery waste, effluents of factories etc. Its have a major potential for generating hazardous waste of which 5.2 million tones are still disposed on land. It is obvious from the results of physic-chemical properties, organic matter contents and toxic metallic ions present in refuse soils inferred to support the relative toxicity pattern is high, medium. Moderate toxicity increases PH, CEC, water status, C,P,K,N, Total organic matter and a considerable accumulation of heavy metal ions Pb, Ni& Cd in refuse MSW-sludge organic compost. However, in the excessive toxic sites (IW, JRN, T.P.N.W etc.) PH level decline to acidity, lower CEC, water status, EC. However, organic metallic contents (I.W., TPNW) were apparently quite high in comparison with moderate sites. (IW, JRN, T.P.N.W etc.). Toxicity pattern was statically signified in order of moderate <Medium> High.
[42]
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT INHIBITORS ON THE INFECTIVITY OF THE TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS
Shyam Govind Singh, Ashish Tejasvi and Anuradha Negi Department of Botany, Agra College, Agra The present study was taken up to evaluate the effect of some plant virus inhibitors like growth regulators (Indole acetic acid, Indole butyric acid, 2,4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and Gibberellic acid) and aqueous extracts of some plant species lke Ocimum, Onion, Garlic, Guava, Thuja and Neem were used to find out their effect on infectivity of the tomato spotted wilt virus in vitro. The antiviral activity was tested on indicator plant Chenopodium amaranticolor. All inhibitors responded differently on indicator plant and they were effective in reducing the infection of TSWV. The percentage reduction of TSWV by IAA, IBA, 2,4-D and GA were 86.06, 7534, 99.14 and 94.66 % respectively at different concentrations. Aqueous plant extracts showed a reduction in the infectivity of the virus ranges from 10.20- 96.63 %. It was also observed that all inhibitors show an increased inhibitory effect with the increase of their concentrations.
AN ETHANOBOTANICAL GARDEN TRANSFORMED INTO HOME KITCHEN GARDEN

Beauty Saha Das, Ashok K. Agarwal, P.K. Mathur Deptt. of Botany, B.S.A. College, Mathura Indian history tells us there are many magical herbs which have marvelous medicinal properties. Traditionally these herbs are used throughout the country especially in tropical regions. They can be grown easily without any efforts in the home kitchen garden. These herbs keep the people healthy and cure from different ailments. Recently five herbs of different provinces have been grown in the kitchen garden at Mathura District. After three years trial it has been observed that these herbs can be cultivated profusely in this region. These herbs are namely-Enhydra fluctuans, Bacopa monnieri, Hydrocotyle asiatica,Hygrophila spinosa and Andrographis paniculata. They can be used as house hold medicine as well as a source of rejuvenation. They are good source of iron, minerals and antioxidants.
[43]
EUCALYPTUS CITRIODORA HOOK. LEAF LITTER EXTRACT ON IN VITRO DECOMPOSITION OF WHEAT STRAW BY CERTAIN MICROFUNGI
Ashish Tejasvi, Shyam Govind Singh and Anuradha Negi Department of Botany, Agra College, Agra The effect of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook. leaf litter aqueous extract on in vitro decomposition of wheat straw by four test fungi was studied under present investigation. Four test fungi taken for wheat straw decomposition were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus flavus and Trichoderma lignorum. T. lignorum was found best decomposer of wheat straw in vitro followed by A. niger, A. terreus and A. flavus. Eucalyptus leaf extract was found to have a positive effect on in vitro decomposition of wheat straw by A. terreus and A. flavus. The stimulation of 7.5 % and 20.1 % was observed by A. terreus and A. flavus respectively for wheat straw decomposition. On the other hand eucalyptus extract showed an inhibitory effect on in vitro decomposition of wheat straw by A. niger and T. lignorum. A percent inhibition of 6.4 % and 38.5 % was recorded by A. niger and T. lignorum respectively for wheat straw decomposition.
STUDY THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF PRIMING IN VEGETABLES CROPS

Birendra Singh and Udai Pal Singh Department of Seed Technology, R.B. S. College, Agra. Seeds of Tomato (Variety SL- 7), Brinjal (Variety- Kashi Sandesh) and Okra (Variety-VRO 6) were evaluated to study the physiological effect of hydro priming and osmopriming. The physiological evaluation of seed quality parameters indicated osmopriming to be superior to hydro priming in effecting seed invigoration. The extent of enhancement was subjected to the initial vigour of the seed lot. Hence Brinjal seeds which were of poor quality recorded unfavourable results during priming, owing to development of fungal growth. For the medium vigour seed lot (tomato) and high vigour seed lot (Okra), priming was found to cause significant enhancement of vigour and planting value.
[44]
MICROPROPAGATION OF AONLA (EMBLICA OFFICINALIS VAR.)

Vishnu Singh and Seema Bhadauria Microbiology and Nanotechnology Research laboratory, Department of Botany, R.B.S. College, Agra Aonla, belongs to the family Euphorbiceae is one of the important minor fruit crops of our country. In India, it is called by various names such as Aonla, Nelli, Amla, Amlika, Dhotri, Emblica and Usuri. The fruit is highly nutritious and is the richest source of vitamin C among the fruits next only to Barbados cherry. It is also the richest source of pectin which is mostly useful in making jam and jellies. Medicinally, it acts as coolant, refrigerant, diuretic and laxative. It is the basic constituent of Chyavanaprash and Amrit Kalash, the Ayurvedic It is also used in tannin and dyeing industries.The area under aonla is increasing day by day due to its popularization as a medicinal plant and also its potential for better adaptation to diversified soil and climatic conditions. There is great demand for genuine true-totype planting materials in order to optimize production of quality fruits by micropropagation. Micropropagation is the growing of plants from meristematic tissue or somatic cells of superior plants on nutrient suitable media under controlled aseptic physical conditions. Micropropagation of Emblica officinalis var has been developed by using nodal explants. The nodal explant has been observed by using MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium. It is the best media for shoot proliferation. In vitro shoot multiplications were obtained successfully from shoot tips of Emblica officinalis by placing explants into solidified medium (MS medium) supplemented with 0.01 mg/l NAA and 0.1 mg/l IBA or IAA and 1.0 mg/l kinetin. It was concluded that lower concentrations of all cytokinin studied were better for lateral bud proliferation and that IBA was better than kinetin in the production of lateral branches. No growth regulators were required for shoot growth and elongation. The shoots rooted best on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l IBA. Plantlet survival after transfer to soil was more than70%.
[45]
USED OF MEDICINAL PLANTS AS A FOOD PRESERVATIVE AGENTS REMAIN SAFE AND UNSPOILED
Surendra Pal Singh and R.B. Sharma Division of Nutrition Feed Resource & Products Technology, Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG), Farah, Uttar Pradesh, India E-mail: surendrapalcirg@rediffmail.com Preservative agents are required to ensure that manufactured foods remain safe and unspoiled. Antimicrobial properties of essential oils (EOs) reveal that Gram-positive bacteria are more vulnerable than Gram-negative bacteria. A number of EO components have been identified as effective antibacterials, e.g. carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid, having minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) at higher dilutions in vitro. EOs comprises a large number of components and it is likely that their mode of action involves several targets in the bacterial cell. The potency of naturally occurring antimicrobial agents or extracts from plants, ranges of microbial susceptibility and factors influencing antimicrobial action and their antioxidative properties, aimed at food preservation, are reviewed in this article. Methods employed for estimation of inhibitory activity, mode of action and synergistic and antagonistic effects are evaluated. The potential value of these agents as natural and biological preservatives is considered.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF EMBLICA OFFICINALIS

Prabhat Rai Department of Botany, R.B.S.College, Agra Present investigation carried out on antimicrobial potential of aqueous, methanol extracts of Emblica officinalis (amla) against human pathogenic bacteria viz., Bacillus cereus, Bacillus fusiformis, Staphyllococcus aureus and Escherchia coli. The well diffusion technique was employed. Aqueous extract of Emblica officinalis exhibited potent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus with (17mm) zone of inhibitory growth. However, the methanol extract showed maximum activity against E. coli with (15mm) zone of inhibition. Thus, the present study suggests that the best antibacterial activity was found in aqueous extract as compared to methanol extract.
[46]
IRRADIATED SODIUM ALGINATE ENHANCES THE GROWTH, YIELD AND ALKALOID PRODUCTION IN OPIUM POPPY (PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM L.)
Moinuddin1, M. Masroor A. Khan2, Zeba H. KHAN2, M. Idrees2, M. Naeem2 and Tariq Aftab2 Botany Section, Womens College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh- 202 002, India 2 Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh- 202 002, India Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is a significant medicinal plant that produces medicinally important alkaloids such as morphine, thebaine, codeine, papaverine and noscapine. Sodium alginate is natural polysaccharide, which promotes plant growth when sprayed on plants in its irradiated (depolymerized) form. A pot experiment was conducted at Aligarh in the natural conditions of net house to explore the effect irradiated sodium alginate (ISA) on physiological and biochemical attributes of opium poppy. ISA was sprayed on the foliage of plants at different concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 ppm). Control plants were sprayed with distilled water. Sodium alginate was irradiated using Co-60 gamma rays at 520 kGy. Foliar spray of ISA significantly enhanced the growth, physiological and biochemical parameters as compared to the control. The highest applied dose (120 ppm of ISA) proved the best for most of the parameters studied. It increased the total content of chlorophyll and carotenoids by 43 and 31%, and activity of NR and CA by 32 and 28%, respectively. 120 ppm of ISA also increased the seed yield and crude opium per plant by 83% and 41%, respectively. HPLC analysis of opium latex (crude opium) revealed that application of 120 ppm of ISA increased the content of morphine by 54.3%, while that of codeine was just doubled.
1
[47]
HOLOPTELEA INTEGRIFOLIA AS A POTENTIAL ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT AGAINST AN OPPORTUNISTIC HUMAN PATHOGEN, PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Showkat Ahmad*1, Rajendra Sharma1, Surabhi Mahajan2, R.K. Agnihotri1, Ankur Gupta2
1 2
Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Khandari Campus, Agra
Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Khandari Campus, Agra
Pseudomonas aeruginosa an opportunistic, nosocomial pathogen of immune-compromised individuals, typically infects the pulmonary tract, urinary tract, burns, wounds, and also causes other blood infections. The aqueous and ethyl acetate bark extract of Holoptelea integrifolia was tested for its effectiveness against an opportunistic human pathogen, P. aeruginosa at different concentrations, using Cephotaxime as positive control. The antibacterial potential of the extracts was evaluated by Disc diffusion method. The findings revealed that ethyl acetate was the best extractive solvent for antibacterial properties of the bark extract. The plant bark extract showed considerable activity against the test pathogen at 200 and 100mg/ml concentration. The activity decreased with the decrease in concentration of the extracts. The Activity Index (AI) for aqueous and ethyl acetate bark was found to be 0.625 and 0.750 respectively. The results reveal that studied plant is potentially a good source of antibacterial agents & support the traditional applications of the tested plant.
[48]
EFFECT OF HORMONAL PRIMING WITH SALICYLIC ACID, ABSCISIC ACID AND ASCORBIC ACID ON GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF TRITICUM AESTIVUM UNDER NORMAL AND SALINE CONDITION
Udai Pal Singh Department of Seed technology, R. B. S. College, Agra Seeds of four different varieties (HD- 2329, LOK-1, PBW-343 and PBW154) were hormonal primed with three different concentrations (10, 30 and 50 ppm) of three different growth regulators (Salicylic acid, Abscisic acid and Ascorbic acid) under saline and normal condition. Seed germination percentage, seedling length, vigour index as well as seedling fresh and dry weight were the growth parameters which were investigated. Data from the results showed that hormonal priming with 50 ppm Ascorbic acid and 50 ppm Salicylic acid increases the ability of wheat to grow successfully under saline conditions whereas hormonal priming with ABA was not effective in inducing salt tolerance.
MORPHOLOGY OF TRICHOSANTHUS SPECIES IN AGRA REGION

Omprakash Verma Department of Botany R.B.S.College, Agra Genus Trichosanthes L. of tribe Trichosantheae, subtribe Trichosanthinae, family Cucurbitaceae include 100 species. The geographic distribution of the genus indicates either an Indo-Malayan or Chinese Centre of origin. The present investigation revealed that there are two species of Trichosanthes i.e. T.anguina (cultivated) and T.cucumerina (wild) found in Agra region. Trichosanthes anguina (snake gourd or serpent gourd) is usual cucurbits with long, white spackled fruits that actually in morphology resembles with snake and is widely grown as a vegetable in India. Roots and seeds are used to expel worms and to treat diarrhea and syphilis. T. cucumerina is a wild variant with short fruits and resembles with T. anguina. The cultivated variant with elongated, snake-like fruits and used for treatment of various stomach diseases.
[49]
INVESTIGATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL, HISTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF PEDALIUM MUREX IN RELATION TO THEIR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Vinay Daboriya Department of Botany, R.B.S. College, Agra E-mail: vianydbr@gmail.com The present study was carried out on Pedalium murex plants growing at Agra and their adjoining area. Pedalium murex is a branched succulent herb grows up to 40 cm in height. Leaves simple, opposite, fleshy, serrate or crenate; flowers bright yellow, solitary and axillary; fruits 4 angled with horizontal spines from the angles. P. murex has been traditionally used for the treatment of puerperal diseases, digestive tonics, ulcers, fevers, wounds other ailments and general debility. The preliminary phytochemical screening of methanol fruit extract revealed the presence of various phytocompounds including, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, steroids, cardiac glycosoides and saponins. Phytochemical studies facilitate new discovery for the synthesis of more potent drugs. The trichomes were present on the upper as well as lower surface of leaf. The trichomes are generally globular head, nonglandualr or glaundular and straight. The trichomes were responsible to secrete histochemical compounds like starch, cellulose, pectic substances, essential oil tannins and callose. Antibacterial agents are effective in the treatment of infections of their selective toxicity that is they have the ability to injure or kill an invading microorganism without harming the cells of the host. Antibacterial activity of fruits of P. murex were studied using aqueous and methanolic extracts against gram positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Bacillus fusiformis and Staphyllococcus aureus) and gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) using standard (Tetracycline). The results were analyzed by using zone of inhibitions and it was observed that gram positive bacteria showed more antibacterial property as compared to the gram negative bacteria.
[50]
IMPACT OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES

Manisha Gautam, Shefali Poonia Department of Botany, D. N. College, Meerut E.mail: gautammanisha06@gmail.com In view of current food production we must accept the fact that small quantities of pesticides residues will be present in our food supply. The significance of minute quantities of these chemical residues in food over an extended period of time is a much debated question and has become a problem for man to face in controlling the total insult to his environment. Since some of the pesticides and their terminal products are reported to be hazards therefore, these have aroused considerable concern for the authorities responsible for its check and control. Detection of large number of residues in food, water, soil and by develop countries have caused deep concern for everyone. To protect human and animal population from the toxic effects of these pesticides and their breakdown products and to keep the environment free from them, strict surveillance and monitoring at national level and for export is urgently needed.
ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS OF DISTRICT FIROZABAD

P K Mathur, Kalpana Singh and S K Kataria Department of Botany, B.S.A College, Mathura A survey on the ethnomedicinal plant of district Firozabad was done and plant species belonging to 62 genera and 71 species were reported, which are being used by the local people for the treatment of various elements. The doses are prepared by using extract of leaves, fruit, root, bark and whole plant. Plant species are also used to prevent abortion, fever, gastric and respiratory problems, antidote for scorpion and snake bite, sun stroke, cough, dysentery, jaundice and sexual impotency. Majority of the plant sps belonging to family mimosoideae, liliaceae, papaveraceae, brassicaceae, apocynaceae, poaceae, asteraceae, euphorbiaceae, papilioneaceae and myrtaceae. Among these 60 plant sps belongs to dicot and 3 to monocot, out of these 43.66% are tree species, 22.54% shrubs, 29.58% herbs and 2.47% creepers. The %age of plant parts used is 22.54% fruits, 45.0% leaves, 12.60% roots, 11.27% bark, 8.45% seeds and 8.45% stem, 4.23% whole plant and4.23% flowers, 1.41% buds, 5.63% juice, 2.82% latex and 2.82% oil. The studies are useful for those who are working with medicinal plants.
[51]
"LEAD INDUCED ALTERATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AND SOME BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN TRITICUM AESTIVUM"
Swati Shrotriya*, Udita Tiwari,* Rajneesh Agnihotri** and Rajendra Sharma *Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Science Department of Botany, School of Life Science Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Agra (U.P.) Lead is one of the major heavy metal and is considered as one of the dangerous environmental pollutant. Soil contaminated with lead decreases in crop productivity, therefore, causes a serious problem for agriculture. This investigation was carried out to determine the effects of lead nitrate on germination and physiological characteristics of wheat seedling, root and shoot. Wheat seeds were grown in the pots in the concentrations viz. 10, 30, 60 mM of lead nitrate. Germination percentage, plant growth and some biochemical parameters were studied in response to lead nitrate in both seedlings and plants. The results showed that germination Time, root and shoot length, and seedling dry weight decreased with increasing doses of lead nitrate. However, the root, shoot growth and chlorophyll are also affected. Biochemical studies revealed that seedling protein content and carbohydrate content at all concentrations variable as compared to the control. Moreover, increased accumulation of proline content at all concentrations was also observed.
INDIGENOUS LOCAL PLANTS USED AS TRADITIONAL FOLK MEDICINES

P.K. UPADHYAY Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, R.B.S. Collage Bichpuri, Agra The survey on indigenous uses of local medicinal plant has been undertaken in a five villages of Bichpuri Block, Achhnera, Tehsil, District Agra,U.P. The survey revealed that there is no qualified Doctor in these villages and the majority of the population is very poor. They generally depend on the traditional folk medicines for curing disease. A questionnaire was prepared regarding enquiry for home treatments of various discussions on the basis of their acquired traditional Knowledge. The medicinal and herbal plants: Aloe, Ashwgandha, Giloy, Isabgole, Chirchita, Bel, Satavari, Safed musli, Ginger, Lahson, Sada Bahar and their parts are used in the various forms for the medicines. The traditional knowledge of villagers is very high as compared to the Ayurvedic doctors.
[52]
CADMIUM INDUCED ALTERNATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN HORDEUM VULGARE

Ravinder kaur1, Udita tiwari 1, Rajneesh Agnihotri2, Rajendra Sharma2 1 Department of Biochemistry School of Life Sciences, 2 Department of Botany School of Life Sciences DR.B.R. Ambedker University Agra. Cadmium is non essential element that negatively affects plant growth and development. Plant growth,pigment compostion, protein, carbohydrate , proline reducing power assay, enzyme estimation and uptake of heavy metal were determined for Hordium vulgare in response to cadmium stress at different concentration(viz 10 ,20, 30 mM) . The plant exhibits a decline in growth, chorophyll content , protein and carbohydrate with cadmium. More accumulation of cadmium of different concentration (viz 10, 20, 30mM ) were observed in roots than in shoots or leaves in Hordeum vulgare by atomic absorption method . cadmium different concentration( viz 10 ,20, 30 mM) stress was observed by proline estimation.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF LEAF EXTRACTS OF NICOTIANA TABACCUM L. Sachin Kumar Department of Botany, R.B.S. College, Agra-282002.
The present study investigates the antibacterial activities of aqueous, methanol and ethanol leaf extracts of Nicotiana tabaccum L. against four pathogenic bacteria i.e. Bacillus cereus, Bacillus fusifomis, Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of N. tabaccum were evaluated by disc diffusion diffusion method. The plant showed significant antibacterial effect against all the tested bacteria. The methanol extract was more effective against Bacillus fusiformis, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium. However, aqueous leaf extract performed least antibacterial activity against all the tested bacteria. The results in the present study suggest that the methanol extract of N. tabaccum leaf can be used in treating infectious diseases caused by the above tested bacteria.
[53]
ETHNOMEDICINAL ASPECTS OF CAPSICUM ANNUM OF AGRA REGION

Lokendra Yadav and P.K. Yadav Department of Botany Agra College, Agra The ethnomedicinal applications of the Capsicum annum used primarily as spices and condiments among the indigenous peoples of the Agra were examined. This species belonging to Solanaceae family was found to have varying applications in ethnobotany and ethnomedicine. The studies indicate that the indigenous people have also developed different methods for collecting, processing, using and conserving these valuable plants and their products. The indigenous people used this species as ethno medicine for the treatment of cold, fever, dysentery, malaria and gonorrhea etc. The fruits and seeds of capsicum are highly pungent. They are used as stimulants and enhancing the circulation of blood especially in cold conditions. Powdered chilies are mixed with palm oil in treating cuts, wounds and dog bites. For the treatment of gonorrhea, a mixture of hot soup and powdered mixture of unripe fruits of C. frutescens is to be taken for five days.The contribution of this study is towards the understanding, documentation and safeguarding of indigenous knowledge.
PLANTS USED FOR CUT, CURE AND WOUND BY KOKANI TRIBES OF DHULE DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA
Govinda, O. Chaudhari and S .K. Kataria* Department of Botany, Smt N .N. C College, Kusumba-424302, Dhule, Maharashtra *Department of Botany B. S. A. PG, College, Mathura, (U.P) The present study was carried out by field trips in Konkani areas especially in Sakri taluka of Dhule District, Maharashtra. A was study made through questionnaire, personal interviews and conversation of villagers, observed that the several Plants like, Acampe praemorsa, Xanthium indicum, Leonotis nepetifolia, Synadenium grantii, Ziziphus oenoplia, Mangifera indica, Tridex procumbans Euphorbia hirta and their parts and leaf extracts were used in to cure cut and wounds.
[54]
MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF CONVOLVULUS MICROPHYLLUS (CONVOLVULACEAE)

Sweety Singh1 and Shipra Sharma2
1 2
Department of Botany Narain College, Shikohabad-205135 Institute of Home Science, Khandari Campus Agra-282002
Convolvulus microphyllus commonly known as Shankhapushpi belongs to the family Convolvulaceae comprises about 200 species, which is cosmopolitan in distribution. Some species of Convolvulus are problematic weeds, which can swamp other more valuable plants by climbing over them, but some are also deliberately grown for their attractive flowers, however some other species are globally threatened. Convolvulus microphyllus is a small prostrate herb with whitish pinkish flowers. The leaves are linear to oblong, small, sub-sessile, flowers are funnel-shaped, axillary and pedicellate. The whole plant of Shankhapushpi possesses medicinal properties. The plant contains alkaloids convolvine, convolamine, phyllabine, convolidine, confoline, convoline, subhirsine, convosine, and convolvidine along with scopoline and -sitosterol. This plant is also used in the treatment of disorders, such as hypertension, hypotension, anxiety neurosis, stresses etc. The plant is reported to be a prominent memory-improving drug. It is used as a psycho-stimulant and tranquilizer and reduces mental tension. This is also helpful in fighting ulcers that are formed in the body due to glycolproteins and mucous secretions, improving the nerve tissues and bone marrow quality.
[55]
FLORAL MORPHOLOGY AND POLLINATION BIOLOGY OF BAUHINIA VARIEGATA L. (CEASALPINACEAE) GROWING AT AGRA
Anil and Prabodh Shrivastava Department of Botany D.S. College, Aligarh Bauhinia variegata L is a large, moderate sized deciduous tree, attains a height up to 10 meters and commonly known as Kachnar. It is belonging to family Ceasalpinaceae and found in most tropical and subtropical areas. The present investigation deals with floral morphology and pollination biology of this tree. The plant produces flower in the month of March and extended up to September. The flowers are 5.8cmx4.5cm in size, conspicuous, bright pink or white in colour, actinomoprhic, complete, pedicellate, bisexual, and hermaphrodite and arranged in auxiliary raceme type of inflorescence. There are five sepals, green in colour and corolla consists of five petals which are white or pink in colour. There are 4.5cm long stamens having 1.5x2.0 cm size of anther with 3.4 cm long filament. The pistil is well differentiated into stigma, style and ovary. The average length of pistil is 5.0 cm. The white or pink flower of B. variegata invites a variety of insects during flowering period. The insects were mainly honey bees, Mormon butterfly, Bamboo Carpenter bee, Wasps, Hawk moth, Humming bird and Parrot. These insects belong to different orders viz., Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hemiptera. On the basis of visitation rate, pollen loads on their body parts honey bees were found to be the most significant pollinators. Therefore, the present study suggests that the floral morphology is played an important role to attract variety of insects that helps in pollination and enhances the fruit-seed set percentage.
[56]
SCREENING OF PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA (NEEM) Prerna and R.S. Sengar
Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology. Meerut-250110(U.P) One third of the world population relies mainly on plants and plant extracts for health care. Azadirachta indica known as a neem in the Indian subcontinent is widely grown traditional and useful medicinal plant. Biologically active ingredients such as Nimbidin, Nimbin, Nimbolide, Gedunin, Azadirachtin, Mahmoodin, Gallic acid etc. make its each and every part useful in all kind of skin diseases and other illness. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration value of 5 mg/l was obtained with Azadirachta indica against S. Typhi when it was subjected to in vitro antibacterial assay against human pathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Staphylococcus aureus Klebsiella pneumoniae,, Pseudomonas aeruginosa employing cup diffusion method. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed for the detection of alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, tannins and reducing sugars. Thin layer chromatography was also performed using solvent system chloroform, methanol and water (10:10:3) to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of Azadirachta indica leaves against certain bacterial strains causing dental carries . The phytochemical screening of the leaf extracts was performed. The strains of four human pathogenic bacteria causing dental caries are Micrococcus albus, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aerogenosa. Disc diffusion method was performed to check the antimicrobial activities of petroleum ether extract, chloroform extract, methanol extract of neem leaves. significant inhibition was shown by all the leaf extracts. Comparative study of the results obtained from both the methods indicates that the Chloroform Extract shows better antimicrobial activity against desired strains. All the extracts showed concentration dependent activity comparable with the reference Drug Streptomycin.
[57]
NMR METABOLOMICS AND ANTICANCER POTENTIAL EVALUATION OF AN AYURVEDIC FORMULATION ON LIVER CANCER CELL LINE
Gaurav Sharma1, Rama Jayasundar1, Shyam S Chauhan2, Thirumurty Velpandian3 1 2 Departments of NMR, Biochemistryand 3Ocular Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. E-mail: gauravsharma.aiims@gmail.com NMR based metabolomics is emerging as an important tool for comprehensive profiling of phytochemicals. Ayurveda, the indigenous medical system of India, has a long history of usage of medicinal plants and its formulations are usually polyherbal in nature. KanchanaraGuggulu (KG) is a polyherbal formulation which is indicated and used for treatment of cancer in ayurveda. The present study aims at NMR metabolic profiling of aqueous extract of KG and also evaluate its cytotoxic effects using MTT [3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. The latter was carried out on both the conventional hydroalcoholic (water: ethanol) extract and the aqueous extract of the formulation. Both the extracts showed significant cytotoxicity with inhibitory concentration (IC50) 81.47g/ml (hydroalcoholic) and 78.17g/ml (aqueous). 1D proton and 2D TOCSY spectra were obtained on 700 MHz NMR spectrometer (Varian, USA). Deuteratedtrimethylsilyl propionate (TSP) was used as an external reference. The spectrum showed resonances from sugars (-glucose, -glucose), fatty acids, glycerol, amino acids (alanine, glutamate, glutamine, proline, threonine, tyrosine, valine), organic acids (citric acid, formic acid, -amino-butyrate, malic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid) and also metabolites such as choline, glycerol, inositol, -hydroxy butyrate, indoxl sulphate and p-hydroxy benzoic acid. Further studies are in progress to evaluate the anticancer potential of this formulation using flow cytometry.
[58]
NEW APROACH OF RETROELEMENTS IN THE MEDICINAL PLANTS

Sugandha Singh Lecturer, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra Genomes have been considered stable but with the advent of newer molecular techniques, it is deduced that considerable amount of fluidity exists within the genome of almost all the organisms. This fluidity is contributed by the presence of mobile genetic entities present within the genome called transposons. They affect the expression of the gene in which they are inserted and also affect the gene expression of nearby genes. The transposable elements on the basis of their molecular structure and mechanism of transposition can be grouped into Class I and Class II elements. Class I elements have similarity with retroviruses, hence, also called as retroelements or retrotransposons. They transpose via an RNA intermediate utilizing copy and paste mechanism, hereby, increasing the copy number of the element in the gene. Class II elements transpose via DNA intermediate using cut and paste mechanism, hence, copy number does not increase in the gene. Considering the large fraction of retroelements in plant genomes, these elements might have played an important role in evolution and organization of genomes.
[59]
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF OCIMUM SANCTUM L. Garima Bartariya, Abhishek Kumar Dwivedi, Department of Life science, Jain College, Gwalior (M.P.) Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) is an aromatic plant belongs to family Lamiaceae. Tulsi is cultivated for religious and medicinal purposes and for its essential oils. It has post digestive effect and hot potency. The seeds, leaves and roots of tulsi have great medicinal value both externally as well as internally. A variety of biologically active compounds have been isolated from the leaves including ursolic acid, apigenin & luteolin ect. Based on the local importance & uses of the plant an attempt has been made to assess the antibacterial property of the plant. For the experiment ethanol extract was prepared by soxhlet method, which was applied on selected bacterial species viz. E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis, B.thuriginesis, Salmonella typhi. The intensity of effect was higher against Bacillus and Staphylococcus species as compared to others. This result support the view for the potential use of the antibacterial property of the foliar extract of the plant to improve healthcare. The present review suggest the therapeutic value of Ocimum sanctum and the use of this plant for human & animal disease therapy & reinforce the importance of the ethnobotanical approach as a potential source of bioactive substances. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF SCALE INSECT ABGRALLASPIS NARAINUS (HOMOPTERA: COCCOIDEA: DIASPIDIDAE) IN RLATION TO THE CONSERVATION OF ALOE VERA
RajVir Singh Ojha Department of Zoology R.B.S.College, Agra
The neem is a tropical evergreen tree native to Indian sub-continent. It has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for more than 4000 years due to its medicinal properties. Most of the plant parts such as fruits, seeds, leaves, bark and roots contain compounds with proven antiseptic, antiviral, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer and antifungal uses. In spite of the medicinal uses, it has great potential in the fields of pest management and environment protection. Neem is a natural source of eco-friendly insecticides, pesticides and agrochemical. The present study investigated the effect of aqueous leaf extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica) and neem leaf powder on scale insect (Abgrallaspis narainus). Both the leaf extracts and leaf powder sprayed on Aloe vera at regular interval up to 10days with different concentrations. Applications were in two stages: one at leafy stage and other at flowering stage. The leaf extracts of neem inhibits the growth of scale insect as well as their life cycle. The high quantity of leaf extracts significantly reduced thepopulation of scale insect. Furthermore, the aqueous leaf extracts having high activity to control the scale insects.
[60]
RESPONSE OF MARIGOLD CROP UNDER SALINE WATER IRRIGATION CONDITION OF WESTERN PART OF U.P.
S.K. Chauhan, R.B.Singh, P.K. Sishodia and R.S. Chauhan Management of Salt Affected Soils and Use of Saline Water in Agriculture (ICAR) R.B.S. College, Bichpuri Agra (UP) - 283105, India Corresponding authors email: coolyash 40@ yahoo.com A field experiment was conducted during 2002-2004 in the experimental field of Salinity project, R.B.S.College, Bichpuri, Agra for the evaluation of crop tolerance to saline water irrigation and Stalinization pattern in sandy loam soil. The salinity levels of irrigation waters were BAW (Best available water), 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS/m. The significant reduction of the flower yield was observed from ECiw4 dS/m.The relative yield reduction in the crop was almost same in two consecutive years; the average relative yield at ECiw 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS/m over BAW was 96, 85, 73 and 61% respectively. The soil salinity (ECe) increased with ECiw levels because of higher addition of salts through irrigation. The ECe (0-10cm) was monitored to be 1.7, 2.1, 2.5 and 3.5 dS/m respectively and the respective values were 2.7, 4.4, 6.8 and 8.6 dS/m at harvest time of marigold crop.
THE INFLUENCE OF EDAPHIC FACTORS ON REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF CHLOROPHYTUM BORIVILIANUM

Bulbul Kaushal Department of Botany, R.B.S. College Agra. Chlorophytum borvilianum Santapau & Fernandes is as important herbaceous medicinal herb and its naturally occurring in the in the forests of M.P. and Gujarat states of India. It belongs to family Liliaceae. It is perennates by fleshy roots attached in the soil for about 7 months. The present experiment was done in the baked earthen pots of 25cm size to study the effects of 5 varying components of potting mixture on sprouting, growth and flowering behavior of safed musli. The components under comparison were ordinary soil (T1), FYM (T2), NPK (T3), Chambal sand and humic acid (T4) and vermicompost (T5). Under the agroclimatic conditions of Agra region, chambal sand and humic acid are the most favorable components in the potting mixture for cultivating safed musli. Vermicompost is most favorable for enhancing the reproductive characters of it.
[61]
DEMAND OF ORGANIC POULTRY PRODUCT IN AGRA CITY SATYENDRA PAL SINGH AND SAYANIKA BORAH
SMS (AH&D), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Raja Balwant Singh College, Bichpuri, Agra (U.P.) Research Scholar, Department of extension education, PAU, Ludhiana (Punjab) Corresponding author e-mail: singhsatendra57@gmail.com Poultry is one of the fastest growing segments of the agricultural sector in India with an average rate of 8 to 10 per cent per annum. As a result, India is now the worlds 3rd largest egg producer (next to China, India and USA) and 5 th major producer of broiler chicken meat (after USA, China, Brazil and Mexico). The poultry sector contributes about Rs. 33,000 crore to national GNP and likely to reach to about Rs. 60,000 crore in the next five years. With a turnover of more than 352 billion rupees, this sector provides direct and indirect employment to over 3 million people in the country and has great potential to create employment opportunities. In spite of spectacular growth in poultry sector in the last four decades, there exists huge gap between availability of egg is 46 against the requirement of 180 eggs. Similarly, against the yearly per capita requirement of 11 kg of meat, only about 1.8 kg poultry meat is available per head. Therefore, to meet the domestic requirement, there is a need for head. Therefore, to meet the domestic requirement, there is a need for about 4 times increase in egg production and six times in meat production. Agra district of Uttar-Pradesh was proposively selected for the study as it has the more profitable of poultry farming business. The Agra city most popular for Taj Mahal a world monument and also other monuments. There are many hotels and enormous tourists come around the year comprising local and foreigner tourists. In this area is also increase in population growth, changing life style, shifting of food habits, rapid urbanization, increased per capita income, increased awareness on health, increase in size of young population, etc., are contribution towards more demand on poultry products in Agra city. Mostly foreigner tourists are demand in especially organic poultry product viz., eggs and chicken. If taken into account the domestic requirement of organic poultry products (egg and broiler meat) in Agra city. There is existence of huge production gap of organic poultry products in the district. In the study area current market scenario, the poultry products are cheapest source of animal protein of high biological value. This increased demand of organic poultry products is expected to create more self employment rural and urban areas in the district.
[62]
MEDICINAL VALUE OF CAPSAICIN OBTAINED FROM CAPSICUM PLANT

Harsh Deep Yadav and P.K Yadav Department of Botany, Agra College Agra Capsaicin is the active component of chilli peppers, which are plants belonging to the genus Capsicum. It provides a variety of health and medicinal benefits. Plants contain capsaicin as a protective mechanism to ward off predatory animals and protect the fruits. It is an irritant for mammals, including humans and produces a sensation of burning in any tissue with which it comes into contact capsaicin and several related compounds are called capsaicinoids and are produed as a secondary metabotites by chilli peppers, probably as deterrents against certain herbivores and fungi. Capsaicin is present in large quantities in the placental tissue (which hold the seeds), the internal membranes and to a lesser extent, the other fleshy part of the fruits of plants in the genus capsicum. The seeds themselves do not produce any capsaicin, although highest concentration of capsaicin can be found in white pith of the inner wall, where the seeds are attached.Because of the burning sensation caused by capsaicin when it comes in contact with mucous membranes, it is commonly used in food products to give them added spice or heat(piquancy). In high concentrations capsaicin is also cause a burning effect on other sensitive areas of skin .it is corrently used in topical ointments, as well as a high-dose dermal patch (trade name Qutenza), to reliene the pain of peripheral neuropathy such as postharpetic neuralgia caused by shingles. It may be used in concentration of between 0.025% and 0.075%. it may be used as a cream for the temporary relief of minor aches and pains of muscles and joints associated with arthritis, simple backache, strains and sprains. Capsaicin cream is used to treat psoriasis as an effective way to reduce itching and inflammation.
[63]
MONTHLY AND SEASONAL VARIATION OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SEWAGE WATER SAMPLES, DAYALBAGH, AGRA, UP
Pragati Saini 1 (*), Ajay Kumar2 Garima Bartariya1, Abhishek Dwivedi1 and J.N.Shrivastava3 Department of Biotechnology Jain College, Gwalior (MP) India Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, ITM University, Gwalior (MP) 3 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, DEI, Dayalbagh, Agra (UP) India
2 1
In present study, an attempt has been made to study the pollution level of waste water by analyzing the physico-chemical parameters of collected sewage water sample. The water samples were collected over a period of one year from March 2006 to February 2007. Sewage water samples were collected from Prem Nagar, Dayalbagh, Agra. The physico-chemical characteristics {colour, turbidity, pH, acidity, alkalinity, hardness, total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solid (TDS), DO, BOD, COD, organic carbon & ammonical nitrogen} of the samples were studied monthly & seasonally. The colour of sewage water was observed dark yellow and other physicochemical parameters except DO showed maximum values 44 NTU, 8.9, 110.0, mg/l, 260.0 mg/l, 868 mg/l, 2675.0 mg/l, 865.0 mg/l, 1810.0 mg/l, 93.0 mg/l, 244.0 mg/l, 178.8 mg/l and 40.32 mg/l in June respectively but DO was maximum (9.6 mg/l) in February. The minimum value of acidity, alkalinity, hardness, TS, TSS, TDS, organic carbon & ammonical nitrogen were observed 72.5 mg/l, 190.0 mg/l, 840.0 mg/l, 2081.0 mg/l, 822.0 mg/l, 1259.0 mg/l, 144.0 mg/l and 21.28 mg/l respectively in October respectively. The value of turbidity & pH were minimum (14.0 NTU & 8.0) in February, BOD (72.0 mg/l) & COD (226.0 mg/l) in September and DO (3.6 mg/l) in June. As well as in seasonal distribution, the maximum value of physicochemical parameters except DO, turbidity and pH were observed in summer followed by winter and minimum in monsoon. DO was recorded maximum in winter followed by monsoon and minimum in summer. Turbidity & pH were found maximum in summer followed by monsoon and minimum in winter.
[64]
ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTAIL OF BARK EXTRACT OF TECTONA GRANDIS AND KIGELIA PINNATA USED IN AYURVEDIC SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
Manoj Kumar and Lalit Pal Singh Department of Chemistry R.B.S. College, Agra, U.P., India Tectona grandis is a large, deciduous tree up to 40 m tall with grayish bark and belonging to family Verbenaceae while Kigellia pinnata is a medium to large tree, up to 45m tall with dark grayish bark and belongs to family Bignoniaceae. The timber value has been well known from decades. The bark of both trees used in the treatment of human ailments i.e. piles, leucoderma, dysentery, anemia, wounds and sores. The present study was meant to characterize antibacterial potential of bark extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonieae by well agar diffusion method. The methanol bark extract of T.grandis inhibited the maximum growth of S.aureus with (15mm) zone of inhibition while minimum activity was observed on K.pneumonieae (10mm). The methanol bark extract of K.pinnata inhibited the maximum growth of K. pneumonieae (14mm) while minimum activity was seen on S.aureus (9mm). The values were higher than standard used in this study. Thus, the bark extract of these plants can be used as novel drug.
PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATIONAND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF FRUIT EXTRACT OF TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS

Vinay Daboriya Department of Botany R.B.S.College, Agra The antibacterial activity of various fruit extract of Tribulus terrestirs was tested against four human pathogenic bacteria: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus fusiformis, Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus by using paper disc agar diffusion method. The methanolic and aqueous fruit extracts showed significant response to all the pathogens, while acetone and hexane extract showed poor activity against the tested bacterial pathogens. The methanolic and aqueous fruit extracts were found to contain phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, steroids, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, tannins and phenols. The acetone and hexane extracts were showed the presence of some phytochemical compounds viz., tannins, phenols, and alkaloids. Thus, the present study suggests that the aqueous and methanol extracts were more active in comparison to other extracts and can be used for the treatment of various human diseases caused by the tested bacteria.
[65]
CHRYSANTHEMUM GROWN UNDER SALINE WATER IRRIGATION CONDITION S.K.Chauhan, P.K. Sishodia and R.B.Singh
Management of Salt Affected Soils and Use of Saline Water in Agriculture (ICAR) R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra (UP) - 283105, India Corresponding authors email: coolyash 40@ yahoo.com A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years 2002 to 2004 in Management of Salt Affected Soil and Use of Saline Water Project (ICAR) at Research farm Raja Balwant Singh College, Bichpuri, Agra. The salinity of irrigation water were BAW (Best available water), 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS/m. The soil of experimentl field was sandy loam having pH 8.1, ECe 2.1 and organic carbon 0.31%. The chrysanthemum flower yield significant reduction observed in Eciw>4dS/m in two year as well as pooled data. The average relative yield at Eciw 2, 4, 6 and 8dS/m over BAW was 99, 95, 88 and 78%, respectively. The soil Stalinization increased with Eciw levels because of higher addition of salts through irrigation given by the crop. The ECe (0-10cm) was monitored to be 1.8, 2.3, 2.4 and 3.4 dS/m with Eciw 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS/m, respectively. And the respective values were 4.4, 6.2, 9.6 and 12.1 dS/m with Eciw 2, 4, 6 and 8dS/m respectively at harvest of chrysanthemum crop showed higher yield potential even through it faces higher salinity stress. ETHNOMEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF MORINDA CITRIFOLIA
Mahesh Singh, Jyoti Gurjar, Avinash Jain, Rohit Sharma, Sarita tyagi, Renu Sharma, Poonam yadav, Kumar Mukesh and Preeti
Department of Botany, R.B.S. College, Agra Morinda citrifolia is a tree belongs to family Rubiaceae and commonly known as noni. It is believed to be native of Southeast Asia and widely distributed throughout the Indian subcontinent and Pacific islands. The plant has been known for its therapeutic properties throughout the India. As we know that herbal medicine has provided a mode of healing in a wide range of ailments and has been shown to be a cheap and effective source of medicine. The rural or folklore peoples are continuously used this plant for the treatment of various local diseases. The fruit and leaves have been used for treating arthritis, diabetes, high blood pressure, menstrual difficulties, boils, tuberculosis, broken bones, deep cuts and sores. The juice from fruit was found to be high in vitamin C, vitamin B-complex contents.
[66]
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN PROTECTED AREAS OF INDIA

Poonam Yadav1, Harsh Deep Yadav, AnuradhaYadav, and P.K .Yadav
1
Department of Botany, Agra College, Agra Department of Zoology, Agra College, Agra
Conservation has the management for the benefit of the life of the plants and animals. It has been recognized through the world, conservation of biowealth and genetic resources is essential for providing security to the food system of any country. Different goals have different implications for the elements and extent of biological diversity that must be maintained : (i) the present and potential use of elements of biodiversity as biological resource, (ii) the maintenance of the biosphere in a state supportive of human life and (iii) the maintenance of biological diversity perse, in particular of all presently living species. We may not be able to foretell today as to which species may be needed when and for what purpose . in order to protect Indias biodiversity it is high time, adequate steps are initiated to protect and conserve the biological species. Establish a mechanism, such as a national panel on biodiversity conservation; preferably with in the conservation of biological diversity. Definitely then our nation (India) will achieve a desirable target as a regulation designated by the General Assembly of the United Nations the Year 1994-2003 is the international Biodiversity Decade.
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EFFECT OF SALINE WATER ON FENNEL CROP GROWN IN SEMI-ARID CLIMATE CONDITION

S.K.Chauhan, R.B.Singh, P.K. Sishodia, and R.S. Chauhan Management of Salt Affected Soils and Use of Saline Water in Agriculture (ICAR) R.B.S.College, Bichpuri, Agra (UP) - 283105, India Corresponding authors email: coolyash 40@ yahoo.com A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years 2005 to 2007 in Management of Salt Affected Soil and Use of Saline Water Project (ICAR) at Research farm Raja Balwant Singh College, Bichpuri, Agra. The salinity of irrigation water were BAW (Best available water) ,2,4,6and 8dS/m. The fennel crop was grown in winter season . The fennel crop adversely affected by saline irrigation. The significant yield reduction was noted at Eciw 6 dS/m in cluster bean in one year and Eciw 4 dS/m in fennel. The average relative yield at Eciw 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS/m over canal were 96,80,67 and 58% ,respectively. That fennel is more sensitive to saline water irrigation than cluster bean. The soil salinity build-up increased with salinity of water and number of irrigations, during crop period, decreased with depth and was quite low in lower depths, whereas in 2006 the salinity was high through the profile probably because of less rain fall, which resulted in low leaching and also forced to provide saline irrigation to meet the crop water requirement. Since fennel was grown with bed method, ECe status in channel and ridge was determined. The salt status at bed was higher because of movement of salt to dry zone. In channel the ECe at surface was almost same because of rains few days ahead of harvest but it increased in lower death with the salinity water.
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ROLE OF TISSUE CULTURE IN THE PRODUCTION OF MEDICINAL PLANT

R.S. Sengar, Shalini Gupta and Kalpana Sengar Tissue Culture Lab, SVP University of Ag & Technology Modipuram, Meerut (U.P.)- 250 110 Email: rakesh.sengar77@gmail.com Plant cell and tissue culture play important roles in the production and genetic manipulation of medicinal plants for improved varieties. In vitro propagation of medicinal plants with enriched bioactive principles and cell culture methodologies for selective metabolite production is found to be highly useful for commercial production of medicinally important compounds. To improve yields metabolic engineering higher plants offers promising perspectives, but requires the understanding of the regulation of the secondary metabolite pathways involved on the levels of products, enzymes and genes, including aspects as transport and compartmentation. In vitro propagation of medicinal plants with enriched bioactive principles and cell culture methodologies for selective metabolite production is found to be highly useful for commercial production of medicinally important compounds. To improve yields metabolic engineering offers promising perspectives, but requires the understanding of the regulation of the secondary metabolite pathways involved on the levels of products, enzymes and genes, including aspects as transport and compartmentation.
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TULSI CROP GROWN UNDER SALINE WATER IRRIGATION CONDITION OF AGRA REGION. S.K. Chauhan, R.B. Singh, P.K. Shishodia
Management of Salt Affected Soils and Use of Saline Water in Agriculture (ICAR) R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra (UP) - 283105, India A field experiment was conducted on Research farm of Management of Salt Affected Soils and Use of Saline Water in Agriculture (ICAR), R.B.S.College, Bichpuri, Agra (UP) during kharif 2005 and 2006 for Tulsi crop. The experimental field soil was sandy loam having pH 8.2, ECe 1.2 dS/m, organic carbon 0.25%, available N 185 kgha-1 available P 14.8 kgha-1 and available K174 kgha-1. The salinity levels applied in the experiment were BAW, 2, 4, 6 and 8dS/m. The fresh biomass yield of tulsi declined with saline water irrigation and the significant yield reduction was recorded at ECiw 4 dS/m with increasing salinity levels. The average relative yield of tulsi was 97, 89, 83 and 77% at ECiw 2, 4, 6 and 8dS/m, respectively. It may be noted that the yield reduction in the tested range of salinity was not very steep for tulsi crop.
RESPONSE OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS LEVELS ON ROOT YIELD AND DRY MATTER SYNTHESIS OF RADISH (RAPHANUS SATIVUS L)
Jagvir Tiwari , VishwaNath , Brijesh Kumar Department of Horticulture, R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra. Radish (Raphanus sativus Linn ) is one of the ancient root vegetable crop grown all over the country. It is native to china and comes under family roots which are eaten raw as salad or cooked as a vegetable. The edible roots and leaves are rich source of fiber carbohydrates, Calcium phosphorus, potassium sodium and vitamin - A thiamine nicotinic acid and vitamin- C etc. Both roots and leaves are prevents constipation increase appetite and are also useful for patients suffering from piles, lever troubles enlarged spleen and Jaundice. The plant growth root yield as well as quality of radish is very much affected due to nutrients application. In view of above facts an investigation was carried out at agricultural farm of Shri FH (P.G.) College Nidhauli, Etah during the year 2007-2008. The experiment was laid out in Randomized block Design (RBD) consisting 16 treatment combinations including 4 levels of nitrogen (0, 50,100 and 150 kgha -1 ) and phosphorus ( 0,30, 60 and 90 kgha -1) on the basis of data recorded during experimentation , it was concluded that maximum root yield (328.23 q/h ) was recorded with application of 50kg nitrogen along with 90kg P2O5 per ha. However, the maximum root dry matter (6.67%) found in N1P2 (50kg nitrogen with 60kg P2O5 perha) treatment combination.
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EFFECT OF SALINE WATER ON FENNEL CROP GROWN IN SEMI-ARID CLIMATE CONDITION

S.K. Chauhan, R.B. Singh, P.K. Shishodia and R.S. Chauhan Management of Salt Affected Soils and Use of Saline Water in Agriculture (ICAR) R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra (UP) - 283105, India Corresponding authors email: coolyash 40@ yahoo.com A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years 2005 to 2007 in Management of Salt Affected Soil and Use of Saline Water Project (ICAR) at Research farm of Raja Balwant Singh College, Bichpuri, Agra. The salinity levels of irrigation water were BAW (Best available water), 2, 4, 6 and 8dS/m and the crop was grown in winter season. The results showed that fennel crop was adversely affected by saline irrigation and the significant yield reduction was noted at ECiw 4 dS/m in the crop. The average relative yield at ECiw 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS/m over best available water were 96, 80, 67 and 58%, respectively. The soil salinity build-up increased with salinity of water and number of irrigations, during crop period, decreased with depth and was quite low in lower depths, whereas in 2006 the salinity was high throughout the profile probably because of less rain fall, which resulted in low leaching and also forced to provide saline irrigation to meet the crop water requirement. Since fennel was grown with bed method, ECe status in channel and ridge was determined. The salt status at bed was higher because of movement of salt to dry zone. In channel the ECe at surface was found almost same because of few days ago rains came at the time of harvest, but it increased in lower depths with the salinity water.
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EFFECT OF RSC OF IRRIGATION WATER ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF LEMON GRASS

Manoj Pratap Singh, A.P. Singh and S.K. Chauhan Department Of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra-283105. A field experiment was conducted at the experimental Research farm R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra during 2009-10 and 2010-11. The experimental soil was sandy loam having pH 8.1, ECe 2.2 and organic carbon 0.32%. The experiment comprising five levels of RSC i.e. control 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 me/l was conducted in randomized block design with four replications. The results reveled that the all growth characteristics i.e. plant height, no. of tillers per plant and dry matter recorded significantly higher in RSC 5 and 2.5 me/l compared with control (no RSC). The other treatments reduced the yield in application of RSC water 4 7.5 and 10 me/l. The oil content (%) and oil yield kg/ha was recorded at 0.64 and 0.61 in RSC 5 and 2.5 me/l and oil production 72.7 and 78.9 lg/ha in RSC 5 and 2.5 me/l, respectively.
ISABGOL (PALANTAGO AVATA FORSK) AFFECTED TO VARIETIES AND POTASH LEVELS IN SANDY LOAM SOILS OF AGRA REGION
S.B.Singh, Vishuanath and S.K. Chauhan Deptt. Of Agronomy, R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra-283105. A field experiment was conducted during 2007-08 at Agricultural Research farm R.B.S. College, Bichpuri,Agra, to evaluate the effect of potash levels on Isabgol varieties. The experimental soil was sandy loam having pH 7.9, low in organic carbon (0.31%), and available N(186 kg/ha) , medium in available P (13.8 kg/ha) and K (220.0 kg/ha). The experiment was conducted in Randomized block design with three replications. The experiment consisted three varieties i.e. Gujarai-1 (G-1), Gujrat-2 (G-2) and Haryana-5 (H-5) and four levels of potash (Control, 20, 40 and 60kg/ha). The yield attributing characteristics of isabgol i.e. No. of spike/m row length, length of spike (cm), No. of spike /plant, No of seed /spike, seed weight/ spike (gm) and test weight (gm) were significantly higher in application of 40 kg/ha
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potash compared with 0 and 20 kg/ha. The yield of isabgole significantly higher in (11.19 q/ha in G-1 compared with G-2 (10.2q/ha) and H-5 (7.8 q/ha) respectively.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDY OF MAARKANDESWAR RESERVOIR, MAINPURI DISTRICT, U.P.

Prashant Mishra, Amita Sarkar and Arun Kumar Singh Department of Zoology, Agra College, Agra, U.P. -282002, India Studies on the physico-chemical characters of the Maarkandeswar reservoir were done for a period of one year from January to December 2008. This study was carried to determine whether this reservoir safe point for local medicinal plants and migratory water birds and other animals also who depend on it. The parameters analyzed include the physical parameters such as temperature, colour, total solids and chemical conductivity. The other parameters estimated are pH, bicarbonate, carbonate, alkanity, dissolved oxygen, biological Demand Oxygen. Presence of nutrients such nitrate, silicate, iron, calcium, magnesium, sulphate, chloride, sodium and phosphate.
STUDIES ON ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA AGAINST CANDIDA ALBICANS AND ASPERGILLUS NIGER USED IN AYURVEDIC SYSTEM OF MEDICINE
Arun Kumar and Samaypal Singh Sisodiya Department of Botany Agra College, Agra The present investigation was carried out during 2008-09 to study the antifungal activities of Withania somnifera against C. albicans and A.niger. The plant has been used ethno medicinally for the treatment of various human diseases. The fresh leaves were collected, washed and dried for three weeks under shade. The leaf extracts were prepared using two solvent i.e. methanol and ethanol for the determination of antibacterial activity by measuring of zone of inhibition. The leaf extracts showed significant activity on fungal pathogens. The maximum zone of inhibition (20 mm) was recorded in methanol solvent extract on Candida albicans however; the minimum (12mm) activity was recorded in ethanol solvent extract on Aspergillus niger. It is concluded that the methanol solvent was better solvent for the extraction of natural substances which cure various human remedies. The plant is found in wild form and declining in natural habitats due to various agro climatic factors. Therefore, the present study suggests that there is need of advanced studies
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for the conservation of threatened and rare medicinal plant at Agra. The results are encouraging but scientific scrutiny is absolutely necessary before being put in practice.
CHRYSANTHEMUM CROP GROWN UNDER SALINE WATER IRRIGATION CONDITION IN AGRA REGION
S.K. Chauhan, P.K. Shishodia and R.B. Singh Management of Salt Affected Soils and Use of Saline Water in Agriculture (ICAR) R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra (UP) - 283105, India A field experiment was conducted at the research farm of Management of Salt Affected Soil and Use of Saline Water Project (ICAR), Raja Balwant Singh College, Bichpuri, Agra. The salinity of irrigation water were BAW (Best available water), 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS/m. The soil of experimental field was sandy loam having pH 8.1, ECe 2.1 and organic carbon 0.31%. The significant yield reduction in the chrysanthemum crop was observed at ECiw >4dS/m in all the two years as well as pooled data. The average relative yield at ECiw 2, 4, 6 and 8dS/m over BAW was 99, 95, 88 and 78%, respectively. The soil Salinization increased with ECiw levels because of higher addition of salts through irrigation given in the crop. The ECe (010cm) was monitored to be 1.8, 2.3, 2.4 and 3.4 dS/m with ECiw 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS/m, respectively, and the respective values were 4.4, 6.2, 9.6 and 12.1 dS/m and at the harvest of chrysanthemum crop showed higher yield potential even through it faces higher salinity stress.
CYTOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE ROOT EXTRACTS OF PARTHENIUM HYSTEROPHORUS ON ROOT TIPS OF PISUM SATIVUM L.
Sanjay Kumar Dixit Department of Seed Technology, R.B.S. College, Agra The mitotic effects of the root extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus on the root tips of Pisum sativum were investigated. The results of this study showed that several chromosomal abnormalities including stickness of chromosomes (both at metaphase and anaphase), c-metaphase, logging chromosome and stick bridges. The trend of the results showed that more inhibitory effect on mitosis with more pronounced chromosomal aberrations. The root extract of P. hysterophorus was found effective at concentrations of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.8%. The extract was
Sponsored by University Grants Commission, New Delhi [74]
found to accumulate metaphase and could thus be of immense help in cytological work.
STUDIES ON THE ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS OF GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUM)

Anjana agnihotri, Kapil Kumar, Seema Bhadauria Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, R.B.S. College Agra, India Garlic (Allium sativum) has an important dietary and medicinal role for centuries. It is a large annual plant of the Liliaceae family. Garlic (Allium sativum) is one of natural plant which possesses variety of biological properties like anti-tumor, anti-hyperlipedemic and anti-microbial etc. The present study tested the methanolic extract of garlic in vitro for its antibacterial activity. The extract showed concentration dependent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Methanolic extract of garlic was prepared by maceration method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was performed by using 7H9 middle brook broth dilution technique. MIC of garlic extract was ranged from 1 to 3 mg/ml; showing inhibitory effects of garlic against Staphylococcus aureus. Alternate medicine practices with plant extracts including garlic should be considered to decrease the burden of drug resistance and cost in the management of diseases. The use of garlic against Staphylococcus aureus may be of great importance regarding public health. Conclusively, Garlic has antimicrobial properties against S. aureus. It has both a bacteristatic and bactericidal activity when tested in vitro using crude preparation of garlic. Therefore, garlic may be used successfully for treating food poisoning causative agent like S. aureus. Further in vivo studies are necessary. More importantly there is need for detailed scientific study. Also another study will be needed to establish the exact component or pharmacological standardization and clinical evaluation in garlic.
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STUDY THE EFFECT OF GIBBEELLIC ACID ON THE GROWTH OF WHEAT Chander Sekar and Sanjay Kumar Dixit Department of Seed Technology, R.B.S. College, Agra
The present investigation was designed to evaluate the effects of different concentrations (100ppm, 500ppm and 1000pm) of Gibberellic acid on the growth parameters i.e. seed germination and seedling vigour. The positive response on seed germination was recorded in three different varieties i.e. RR-21, Pusa-44 and PBN343 of wheat. The minimum % of seed germination i.e. 30% was recorded in 100ppm where as 35% seed germination in 1000 ppm and 90% seed germination was recorded as higher in 500ppm as compared to the control. The vigour index was also calculated to evaluate the promotive effect of all three varieties of wheat.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MOISTURE ABERRATIONS INDUCED BY TWO HERBICIDES (METREBUZIN AND GLYPHOSATE) IN VICIA FABA L.(FABACEA)
Subash Kumar and Sanjay Kumar Dixit Department of Seed Technology, R.B.S. College, Agra The present investigation provides a comparative account of different concentrations (10ppm, 20ppm, 30ppm, 50ppm and 100ppm) of metrebuzin and glyphosate on mitotic aberration, seed-germination, seedling survival and mitotic index in Vicia faba L. variety major. The control plants were normal while as treated ones showed significant alterations. The mutagens caused dose dependent decrease in seed germination, seedling survival and mitotic index. The cytological study revealed various types of mitotic aberrations among them the dominant were fragments, stickiness, precocious separation laggards, bridges, disturbed anaphase etc. stickiness and fragments were more frequent as compared to other types.
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TO STUDY THE COMBINED EFFECT OF HEAVY METALS (LEAD AND NICKEL) ON GROWTH PARAMETERS IN BROAD BEAN (VICIA FABA)
Virendra Upadhyay and Sanjay Kumar Dixit Department of Seed Technology, R.B.S. College, Agra This study was carried out to determine the effects of heavy metals (Pb and Ni) on seed germination and seedling survival in Vicia faba. The results showed that enhanced concentrations of heavy metals, decreased the germination percentage and deleterious to carry seedling growth (root and shoot length). The most toxic effect on seed germination was seen with the application of Ni (20ppm)was observed and only 40% germination recorded, while 95% germination was seen in control on the other hand, a similar tendency was determined with seedling growth.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN METABOLISM ON PIGEON PEA STERILITY MOSAIC DISEASE
R.K. Singhal and Anjali Dutt Department of Botany, Meerut College, Meerut Pigeon pea (cajanus cajan) is an important crop of family Leguminaceae. Growth and yield of the crop is greatly affected by mosaic virus. Diseased leaves of pigeon pea had higher level of total nitrogen then healthy leaves. In diseased leaves increased levels of nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, amide nitrogen and protein nitrogen were observed but ammonical nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen were found to be decreased. In diseased leaves at all stages both free and bound amino acid levels were found to be increased. Free amino acids like valine, Lucien, and arginine were observed in higher concentration in young diseased leaves. But these were found in lower concentration in older diseased leaves.
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CULTIVATION OF ARTEMISSIA ANNUA IN GWALIOR

Abhishek Kumar Dwivedi, Garima Bartariya and Pragati Sani Department of Life Science, Jain College Gwalior- 474001, India Artemissia annua (Sweet worm wood) which is native of temperate Asia, now successfully grown in Gwalior region. It has camphor like scent and successfully used in parasite treatment. It has an active ingredient Artemisinin, which is a sesquiterpene lactone used in antimalarial drug. Artemissia tea which is prepared from Artemissia annua leaves is effective in treating malaria. It is considered as ten times effective than any other drug used against malaria. It is also used to treat some breast cancer cells, some forms of prostate cancer and leukemia. The plant requires five to six months for proper growth. The plant can tolerate draught, heat and cold. The plant can easily grow in local gardens with proper drainage. The plantlets were collected from Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra. These plantlets were settled in the garden soil rich in organic fertilizer. The plantlets were planted 20 inch apart from each other. Soil moisture was maintained by proper drainage. Supply of organic fertilizer was maintained in springs. Best growth was observed in fully sunlight exposed plants. This exercise is considering most useful issue so that the Artemissia annua plant can be available to all in their kitchen gardens. The people suffering from malaria can get good result by a descent cup of Artemissia tea.
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NUTRITIVE AND MEDICINAL VALUE OF SOME INDIGENOUS ROOT VEGETABLE

Arun Kumar Singh and Arvind Kumar Singh* Department of Zoology, Agra College Agra, U.P.-282002, India Department of Botany, R.B.S. College Agra,U.P.-282002,India* The root vegetables (i.e., tubers, corms, bulbs, rhizomes and true roots) include such root foods as wild onions, blue camas, spring beauty, yellow avalanche lily, bitterroot, balsamroot, silverweed, springbank clover Rhizomes of certain Ginger like species, viz. Alphinia officinarum Hance, A. galanga willd., A.calcarata Rocs and Kaempferia galanga Linn. have high medicinal value belonging to family Zingiberaceae. These rhizomes have a good nutritive value also(150.50 cal per 50g) and are quite rich in protein and carbohydrate, but low in fat. Rhizomes of A. officinarum and A. calcarata have high iron content with a moderate and balanced content of carbohydrate, protein, fat and crude fibre. Rhizomes of A. galanga are lowest in fat content but richest in carbohydrate. A. calcarata is lowest Mn, Ni and K but richest in Ca and Na. Study shows the biologically important metals Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ca and Na to be sufficient in rhizomes of K. galanga. All these studied materials have a moderate to good antimicrobial activity.
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EFFECT OF ZINC SULPHATE ON GROWTH, FLOWERING AND FRUITING OF CORIANDER (CORIANDRUM SATIVUM L.)
Anuj Kumar Pachauri, S.V.S. Rathore, Vishwa Nath and Brijesh Kumar Department of Horticulture R.B.S College Bichpuri, Agra. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L) is most important spice comes under umbellifereae family. It is cultivated in all parts of India for its green, soft and fragrant leaves and mature seeds. The leaves and seeds are rich source of minerals and vitamins such as Calcium, Phosphorus, Iron, Vitamin A and C. it is also important for medicinal purpose. The seeds of coriander are generally chewed to correct foul breath. Roasted seeds are useful in dyspepsia. A poultice with barley meal added to it the seeds of coriander are applied to chronic ulcers and carbuncles. The juice of the fresh plants is used as an application to erythema. It is useful as carminative and antipillious diuretic, tonic, stomachie, refrigerant and aphrodisiac. Beside all other essential elements for plant growth and development. zinc is most important for proper vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting . It is also helpful to synthesis of certain growth hormones. Keeping these facts is mind an experiment was conducted at the agriculture farm of R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra. The trial was laid out in R.B. D. keeping, 16 treatment combinations. (4 conc. of ZnSo 4 viz. 0%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% and 4 stages. 30, 40, 50, 60, days after sowing) which was replicated 4 time. The result indicates that significantly maximum plant height (170.09cm) and fresh weight of plant biomass (101.31gm/plant)) were recorded with application of 0.4% Zn So4 at the 60days after sowing.
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UTILITY OF HERBAL PLANTS IN HEALTHY FOOD PRODUCTS

Vishwa Nath, Brijesh Kumar, Manoj Pandey and S.B. Singh R.B.S. College Bichpuri, Agra India is endowed with rich flora because of the extreme variation in geographical and climatic conditions prevailing in the country. It was natural, therefore that plants have been used since ancient times for the treatment of ailments. The traditional systems of medicine (Ayurveda, Sidha, Unani and Homeopathy etc.) together with folklore system continue to serve a large portion of the population inspite of the advent of modern medicines. In recent years the growing demand for herbal products has led to a quantum jump in volume of plant materials treated within and across the country. Recently, the development of food products by supplementing with herbal ingradients is important from nutritional and therapeutic viewpoint. The production of such type of food product is more economical and profitable in the interest of health. The main sources of herbal ingredients are only the edible medicinal plants, which are available in rural areas. Some edible medicinal plants like Stevia, Safed musali, Mulhathi, Brhami, Lemongrass, Tulsi, Ginger, Neem, Mint and Cardamom etc. can be used to manufacture food products. Various dairy products such as salted buttermilk, whey Vit., Flavored milk, Ginger based Ice cream, Herbal candies, Herbal tea, Medicinal ghee, many kinds of herbal beverages, punchamrit, etc. these products helps in curing of physiological disorders, certain diseases and other inborn defects of metabolism in children, young ones and old person.
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RADIOMIMETIC EFFICACIES OF SOME AYURVEDIC MEDICINES ON THE ROOT MERISTEMS OF LILIUM CANDIDUM
Mukta Gangwar Department of Botany Bareilly College, Bareilly E-mail-mukta.2412@gmail.com The objective of this paper is to review the literature regarding Withania somnifera (commonly called ashwagandha), widely used herb in ayurvedic medicine. Studies indicate that ashwagandha possesses anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antis tress, anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory hemopoetic and rejuvenating properties. It also appears to exert a positive influence on the endocrine, cardiopulmonary and central nervous systems. In ayurvedic medicine there is a class of herbs, including WS, known as adaptogens or vitalizers. Adaptogens cause adaptive reactions to disease, are useful in many unrelated illnesses, and appear to produce a state of non-specific increased resistance (SNIR) to adverse effects of physical, chemical and biological agents. Its mutagenic efficacies were studied on root meristems of Lilium candidum. Several aberrations were noticed and these were directly or indirectly related to malformation of nuclear or cellular proteins leading to chromosomal anomalies. These affect the vigour and vitality due to production of free radicals in cell system. Although ashwagandha has been used successfully in ayurvedic medicine for centuries, the excessive uses of herb cause fatal effects. The metabolic behavior of the herb is studied to create awareness among the society and to stop an undue application of these medicines unless they are required essentially.
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RECENT ADVANCES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR ENDANGERED PLANT CONSERVATION

Jyostana Yadav*, Lokendra Yadav and Arun Kumar *Department of Botany, Chitragupta Degree College, Mainpuri, U.P. Department of Botany, Agra College, Agra, U.P. The present paper describes the recent advances of biotechnology in the conservation of endangered plants. The loss of plant genetic resources has made necessary the development of new ex situ conservation methods. Among ex situ conservation methods the most common are cultivation in botanic gardens, seed storage. Although cultivation in botanic gardens is an efficient way to conserve endangered species ex situ, it is limited in time and space and it has to overcome acclimatization and accommodation problems. However, there are a large number of threatened species, which produce immature, sterile or recalcitrant seeds that quickly lose viability and do not survive desiccation; hence conventional seed storage strategies are not suitable. Biotechnological tools like in vitro culture, cryopreservation, and molecular markers offer a valuable alternative to plant diversity studies, management of genetic resources and ultimately conservation. .
RESPONSE OF LEMONGRASS (CYMBOPOGAN FLEXUOSUS) UNDER SODIC ENVIRONMENT

Manoj Pandey, Yogesh Singh, Javed Ali and Kirti Chaubey* Department of Agriculture Chemistry and Soil Science R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra (U.P.)-283105 *Department of Botany, N.D. College, Shikohabad Lemon grass (Cymbopogan Flexuosus) is an important aromatic crop and has gained considerable economic importance as its essential oil is being used in the formulation of different blends of perfumes, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and beverages etc. The field experiment was conducted during rainy seasons in 2010 at R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra. To study the effect of RSC water on the growth, herbage yield and quality of lemon grass was the total herb and oil yield of lemongrass was significantly reduced by the application of sodic water as compared to tube well water. The concentration of Na was significantly higher and that of K, Ca and Mg lower in the shoot tissues of lemongrass irrigated with the sodic water than with the tube well water .The result indicated that RSC water adversely affected
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the response of lemongrass. In general higher RSC (15me/l) showed more detrimental effect on plant growth, herbage yield oil content.
EFFICACY OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT FOR GARLIC ( ALLIUM SATIVUM ) IN AN ALLUVIAL SOIL
Javed Ali, Manoj Pandey, Brijesh Kumar and Kirti Choubey* R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra- 283105 *Department of Botany, N.D. College, Shikohabad Garlic is a good export crop. The bulbs (rhizome) serve as a condiment as well as flavoring substance. Its powder makes excellent condiment used extensively. It is used a carminative and gastric stimulant in the preparation of various medicines. Garlic embodies antibacterial properties and is hence made use of both to cure intestinal disorder and various infectious diseases. Garlic bulb is used as a medicine to cure cough as well as fever. It also relieves rheumatism, clears chest and augments lungs. The juice is used as rubefacient in dermal ailments, as ear-drops in ear-ache as well as in colic and flatulence. Garlic plant has germicidal properties and excises an inhibitory influence on gram-negative germs of typhoid Para typhoid enteritis group. Garlic is strongly antiseptic, taken internally; it destroys worms and externally, rids the skin parasites. A field experiments were conducted during rabi season of 2009-10 in an alkaline (pH 8.1) alluvial soil at farmers field, Panwari, Agra to test the suitability of different integrated nutrient management options involving NPK ( 50 % and 100 % recommended) FYM (10 t/ha) and Azotobacter for garlic production. All the treatment combinations with organic and inorganic expect treatment where garlic seedlings were inoculated with Azotobacter, recorded higher garlic bulb yield over control. The garlic bulb yield in 50% NPK was at par with that of 10 t FYM/ha with or without Azotobacter. Azotobacter inoculation has not resulted any significant increase in yield over 50% NPK treatment. The highest garlic yield of 36.7 and 35.9 t/ha was obtained with 100 % NPK + FYM + Azotobacter which was at par with 100% NPK alone, thus indicating that addition of organics over and above 100% NPK did not improve yield. All integrated nutrient management options resulted in higher fertility status of the soil in terms of available N, P, K and S over control. There was consistent improvement in the fertility status of the soil with the addition of higher nutrient inputs through organics and inorganics. It can be concluded from the study that FYM @ 10 t/ha can substitute 50% NPK requirements of the crop without affecting the bulb yield. Azotobacter inoculation, although improved soil N status, could not improve the garlic bulb
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yield. There was slight improvement with Azotobacter only when it was applied along with FYM.
CHROMOTOXIC BEHAVIOR OF TRIGONELLA FOENUM GRAECUM

Dr. Shalini Saxena and Dr.Somesh Yadav Lab. of Cytogenetics, Bareilly College, Bareilly (243001) E mail ID - someshyadav28@gmail.com The seeds of Fenugreek are used as spice in India as well as in Middle East counties very commonly. The seeds are also utilized in the treatment of dysentery, diarrhea, dyspepsia, and cough, enlargement of spleen, rickets and gout. Now a days fenugreek seeds are used as antihyperglycaemic. As a part of safety evaluation of novel ingredients for use in blood glucose control, the potential genotoxicity of fenugreek seeds extract has been evaluated using Allium cepa, Allium sativum and Vicia faba as test assays. The aqueous seed extract of Fenugreek (100 ppm,250 ppm,500 ppm,750 ppm and 1000 ppm) has been tested on root meristems of, Alliumcepa, Allium sativum and Vicia faba with a treatment period of 2, 4 and 6 hours. The results revealed that the aqueous seed extract of Trigonellafoenumgraecum was mitodepressive in all the used concentrations and durations of the treatment in the entire three plants. Maximum decline in mitotic index was recorded in A. cepa followed by A. sativum and V. faba respectively. Aqueous seed extract of fenugreek also induced many chromosomal aberrations. Metaphase and anaphase were highly affected phases of the division. Disturbed metaphase, polarity abolition and tetra polar anaphase were observed during the study. Above results indicate that there is a need of awareness before using fenugreek seeds as antihyperglycaemic agent or as a folk medicine and a scientific dose must be prescribed to check its overdosing.
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RESPONSE OF NITROGEN AND POTASSIUM ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF TURMERIC (CURCUMA LONGA) IN ALLUVIAL SOILS
Javed Ali, Manoj Pandey and Vishwnath Department of Agriculture R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra- 283105 Turmeric is one of the five most important spices of India. It is cultivated mainly for its aromatic and medicinal underground rhizomes. Turmeric is use for flavoring and coloring of various dishes on domestic scale as well as in food and agriculture industries. It is also used in preparation of cosmetic goods and medical drugs. A field experiment was conducted during rainy season at farmers field Nagla Mirzapur, Agra with four levels of nitrogen (0, 50, 100 and 150 Kg N/ha) and three levels of potassium (0, 45 and 90 Kg K2O/ha) to evaluate their effect on the yield and quality in turmeric. Result revealed that application of 100 Kg nitrogen and 90 Kg of each potassium per hectare under alluvial soils of Agra increased the productivity of turmeric with enhanced accumulation of N, P and K contents as well as cur cumin contents in rhizome. The fresh rhizome yield of turmeric increased from 219.2 to 440.9 q/ha and curcumin increased from 4.86 to 7.10 percentage with the application of 100 kg N and 90 kg K2O /ha.
RESPONSE OF TURMERIC TO POTASSIUM AND NITROGEN APPLICATION IN ALLUVIAL SOILS

Javed Ali, Manoj Pandey and Uday Kumar* Department of Agriculture Chemistry & Soil Science, * Department of Agronomy, R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra-283105 Turmeric is one of the five most important spice of India. It is cultivated mainly for its aromatic and medicinal underground rhizomes. Turmeric is use for flavoring and colouring of various dishes on domestic scale as well as in food and agriculture industries. It is also used in preparation of cosmetic goods and medical drugs. A field experiment carried out with three levels of potassium (0, 45 and 90 Kg K2O/ha) and four levels of nitrogen (0, 50, 100 and 150 Kg N/ha ) to evaluate their response on the Yield, quality and uptake of N, P and K in turmeric Cv. During 2010. Result revealed that application of 80 Kg of each potassium and 100 Kg nitrogen per hectare under alluvial soil of Agra increased the productivity of
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turmeric with enhanced accumulation of N, P and K contents as well as curcumin contents in rhizome.
CONSERVASTION AND CULTIVATION OF ARTEMISIA ANNUA L IN SEMI ARID ZONE OF AGRA

Pragati Dixit Department of Botany R.B.S. College Agra. Artemisia (Artemisia annua L.) is an aromatic and medicinal herb of family Asteraceae. It is grown for its aromatic and medicinal leaves that yield artemisinin. Artemisinin is found to be effective medicine for the treatment of malaria. Moreover, herbal tea prepared from dried leaves is widely used for treatments of malaria, bronchitis, bilharzias and various type of cancer. Besides, it has great potential but its production is not supported by research recommendations carried out in India. The productivity of the crop is known to be affected by numerous factors such as soil fertility, temperature, geographical condition, variety, harvesting time, and population density and fertilizer application. Furthermore, planting time, irrigation requirement, and fertilizer requirement, effect of location and drying condition should be studied for obtaining high yields of Artemisia. The present study revealed that the relationship of Artemisia annua yield with density, N, P and K fertilizer applied amount was studied in climatic conditions of Agra. Reasonable planting density and fertilizer application could improve the vegetative growth and yield of A. annua.
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PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION AND ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF EVOLVULUS ALSINOIDES USED IN INDIAN HERBAL MEDICINE
Bhavana Department of Botany, R.B.S. College, Agra E-mail: bhavanaphd@rediffmail.com Evolvulus alsinoides L. (Convolvulaceae) is a morning glory plant and commonly known as shankhapushpi. This plant is widely used in Indian herbal medicine generally in Ayurveda and useful to promote intelligence, enhance memory and retention, especially for school going children. The preliminary phytochemical screening of methanol leaf extract showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phytosterols, tannins, terpenoides, cardiac glycosoides and essential oil. However, aqueous leaf extract failed to show any phytocompounds. Leaf extracts were prepared using aqueous and methanol solvent for the determination antibacterial activity. Disc diffusion technique was used to assess the antibacterial potential of plant from different sources against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aureuginosa). The diameter of zone of inhibition was taken as an indicator of antibacterial effect. The present study showed a strong inhibitory effect of methanol extracts of E. alsinoides on most of the gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria. It is therefore suggested that there is need of advanced studies to the conservation of this medicinal herb in this region.
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GENETIC DIVERSITY IN WILD POPULATIONS OF TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA

Yugal Pratap Singh Department of Botany, R.B.S. College, Agra Tinospora cordifolia (Menispermaceae) is large, glabrous, deciduous, climbing succulent shrub, abundantly found in hedges and spread over the trees. It has been traditionally used in Indian Ayurveda system of medicine. The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method was used to study the genetic diversity and relationships of T.cordifolia accessions in the germplasm collection of various districts Uttar Pradesh. RAPD analysis of four accessions collected from four districts (Agra, Firozabad, Mathura and Etah) of U.P. using one primer (OPC-6) gave a total of 37 clear polymorphic bands which showed genetic diversity. Estimates of genetic similarities were obtained by the Jaccards similarity coefficient, and a final dendrogram was constructed with the un-weight pair group method using arithmetic average. RAPD-based genetic similarity varied from 0.2000 TO 0.60000, with a mean of 0.209. Cluster analysis using genetic similarity divided the accessions into two main groups suggesting that there are genetic relationships among all the accessions. The diversity in T.cordifolia observed by using the highly polymorphic markers obtained by RAPD, which were found to be an efficient tool to characterize the genetic diversity. So we need to conserve this important plant using ex situ as well as in situ method.
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ETHNOBOTANICAL USES OF PYROSTEGIA VENUSTA

R.K. Singhal and Anjali Dutt Department of Botany, Merrut College, Merrut. Pyrostegia venusta belongs to family Bignoniaceae is native to the Brazilian Cerrado. A gorgeous climbing plant with vibrant orange trumpet shaped flowers. Flowers hang down in mass trusses creating a stunning effect. The Orange Trumpet Creeper originates in South America and will grow well in most areas of Australia, as long as it frost free. In traditional Indian medicine, the Pyrostegia are used as a general tonic as well as a treatment for diarrhea, vitiligo, cough, and common diseases of the respiratory system related to infections, such as bronchitis, flu, cough and cold. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of a methanolic extract of flowers of Pyrostegia venusta. Thus, results supported previous claims of the usefulness of these plants in traditional therapies and suggest that these plants may be useful in the treatment of disorders that induced sickness behavior, such as flu and cold.
DIVERSITY OF ADHATODA VASICA NEES (MEDICINAL HERB)

Saroj Singh Department of Botany, R.B.S.College, Agra Adhatoda vasica Nees (Acanthaceae) is commonly known as vasaka or adulsa. It is small, evergreen, sub-herbaceous bush and grows abundantly in open plains, especially in the lower Himalayas upto 1300 meters above sea level. The present study shows that the leaves are glabrous, opposite, lanceolate and 10-16 cm in size. The flowering occurs during a period between Octobers to April. The flowers are arranged in spike terminal type inflorescence. The flowers are small, bracteate, perfect, zygomorphic, hermaphrodite, hypogynous and sessile. The flower consists of five sepals which are green in colour. The corolla consists of five petals which are white to yellowish in colour. The stamens are five in number usually antipetalous and dehiscence of pollen grains through longitudinal slits. The pistil is well differentiated into stigma, style and ovary. Generally, the two types of stigma are present in plants like dry and wet stigma. The wet type of stigma is observed in this plant with hollow style. The ovary is superior, green with axile placentation.
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BIOTECHNOLOGY AND THE CONSERVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANT WEALTH

Akhilesh Kumar Chauhan Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Agra, U.P., India The present study deals with the role of biotechnology in conservation of our medicinal plant resources. India, with its diverse ecological conditions, rich ethnic diversity and a strong traditional knowledge base, accounts for over 60,000 plant species representing 12% of worlds known botanical diversity and 8% of flowering plant diversity. More than 9,000 species are employed in the preparation of herbal drug formulations. Additional demands are being made by the cosmetic, herbal drug formulations and nutraceutical industry. Eighty percent of the industrys requirement is sourced from the forests. There is no reliable assessment of the volume or value of the herb-related trade in India. Collection is mostly unscientific and destructive, causing irreversible damage to the precious natural resources. The global plant based drug trade is projected around US$ 62 billion with a 7% annual growth rate but Indias share is just 2.5% and almost one-fourth that of China. When so, there is a growing realization that demand is fast outstripping supply, putting an unreasonable pressure on our wild phytoresources. This has already placed certain medicinal species at risk. Ongoing conservation efforts in the country are directed towards both in situ and ex situ approaches. In situ measures are, of course, ideal. It is also possible to preserve propagules variety of depositories broadly referred to as ''gene banks''. Long term preservation is possible under liquid nitrogen in cryobanks. The gene banks specifically devoted to the conservation of medicinal and aromatic species of the country.
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SYNTHETIC SEED TECHNOLOGY-A POTENTIAL APPROACH FOR PLANT CONSERVATION

Shiwali Sharma and Anwar Shahzad* Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh- 202 002, U.P., India * Corresponding author: shahzadanwar@rediffmail.com, ashahzad.bt@amu.ac.in Progress in the biotechnological research during the last two decades has provided a great scope for the improvement in crops, forest trees and other important plant species. Plant propagation, using synthetic seeds has opened new vistas in the field of agriculture. Synthetic seed technology is a highly promising tool for propagating transgenic and seedless plant species, polyploid plants with elite traits and plant lines that are difficult to propagate through conventional methods of propagation. Delivery of synthetic seed also alleviates issues like undertaking several passages for scaling up in vitro cultures as well as acclimatization to ex vitro conditions. Optimization of synchronized propagule development followed by automation of the whole process (sorting, harvesting, encapsulation and germination) can enhance the pace of synthetic seed production. This technique brings the advancement of biotechnology to the farmers in a cost effective manner by shortening the conventional selection procedure of recombination breeding. Cryopreservation of encapsulated germplasm has now been increasingly used as an ex vitro conservation tool with the possible minimization of adverse effects of cryoprotectants and post-preservation damages. Through this technique germplasm exchange between countries could be accelerated as a result of reduced plant quarantine requirements because of the aseptic condition of the plant material.
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DIRECT SHOOT REGENERATION FROM MATURE EXPLANTS OF TECOMELLA UNDULATA (SMITH) SEEM AN ENDANGERED MEDICINAL PLANT
Anwar Shahzad and Arjumend Shaheen Plant Biotech Lab, Department of Botany Aligarh Muslim University Email: ashahzadbt@amu.ac.in Tecomella undulata commonly known as rohida belonging to the family bignoniaceae is a deciduous or nearly evergreen tree species of arid or semi arid regions of India. Its wood, known as desert teak, is durable and highly valued for engraved furniture, carvings, turnery and toys. Plant parts are used for the cure of syphilis and eczema and the bark possesses mild relaxant, cardio tonic and chloretic activities. Biochemical analysis indicated that T. undulata leaves have oleanolic acid, ursolic acid and betulinic acid, compounds that are strong HIV prohibitors. Traditionally in Musakhel, Pakistan its flower is used for hepatitis. In the present study a new protocol for micropropagation of endangered T. undulata through direct shoot regeneration from mature explants of ten year old tree species has been developed. Explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of different cytokinins either singly or in combination with various concentrations of different auxins. Best response was achieved on higher concentrations of 6- Benzyladenine (BA) where direct regeneration of axillary shoots with a high frequency was observed. For further elongation of shoots and decrease in leaf fall GA in combination with optimized BA concentration gave best results. Rooted plantlets produced, using the optimized protocol, were acclimatized successfully and transferred to green house conditions.
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MICROPROPAGATION STUDIES ON ALBIZIA LEBBECK THROUGH NODAL EXPLANTS DERIVED FROM AN OLD TREE
Anwar Shahzad and Taiba Saeed Plant biotechnology laboratory, Department of Botany Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (U.P.) 202 002 E-mail: ashahzad.bt@amu.ac.in There are so many herbal medicines either individually or in combination which are being used in various medical treatise for the cure of different ailments. Albizia lebbeck commonly called as siris tree is one of them used in ayurvedic and unani system of medicines. A. lebbeck has number of therapeutic uses. The plant contains saponin, macrocyclic alkaloids, phenolic glycosides and flavonols. In Ayurvedic medicine, it is considered as an antidote against all type of poisons. It also has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrhoeal, anxiolytic and nootropic activity. Considering its medicinal importance an attempt was made for its multiplication under in vitro conditions. Nodal segments derived from 25 year old tree were inoculated on MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of BA, Kn and TDZ. Maximum number of shoots (8 shoots per explant) was observed on BA (10 M). Further multiplication was obtained on MS medium augmented with BA (10 M) + GA (0.5 M). Best rooting was obtained on half strength MS medium supplemented with IBA (2.5 M). Rooted shoots following acclimatization in green house were successfully transferred to soil.
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INDUCTION OF VARIATIONS IN TRIGONELLA CORNICULATA BY BASE ANALOGUE 6-AP (6-AMINO PURINE) AND THEIR DETECTION WITH RAPD ANALYSIS.
Towseef Mohsin Bhat*, MYK Ansari, Alka, Mutation Breeding Laboratory, Department of Botany Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002-India. We investigated the effect of 6-AP on induction of variations in (Trigonella corniulata L) Fabaceae in three consecutive generations (M1 to M3). Three distinct variants at 0.8% concentration were generated. These variants were subjected to cytological analysis where 6-AP induce chromosomal aberrations such as univalents, multivalent, stickiness, laggards, bridges etc which reflects in its potency to generate point mutations. These variants were further analyzed using RAPD profiles, which differentiate the variants genotypically, on the basis of occurrence of new bands and disappearance of old bands in combined RAPD profiles. The results clearly indicate that high concentrations of 6-AP induce base addition and substitution, resulting in variations in Trigonella corniculata which are used to increase the genetic diversity.
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION ON SEED GERMINATION OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANT

Suman Verma Department Of Botany, Meerut College, Meerut Seed germination is important factor for the survival of all plant species which requires so many environmental condition. First seed should be viable and non-dormant second seed must be planted under suitable conditions. For the successful germination of seed, favourable environmental conditions are required as temperature, light conditions etc. Few medicinal plants are taken for experiment
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eg.Ricinus, Jatropa, Withania are cultivated in lab at different temperature ranges between 20-40 degree celcius and in variable light conditions, results optimum growth is takes place at temperature between 30-35 degree Celsius.
COMPARATIVE HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SOLANUMNIGRUM, STEVIA REBAUDIANA AND FOENICULUM VULGARE INFECTED WITH MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA.
*
Merajul Islam Robab; Hisamuddin; Abbasi; Ambreen Akhtar and Rushda Sharf. Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, U.P.
Glasshouse experiment was conducted to study the abnormalities in root anatomy of three different medicinal herbaceous plants in the department of botany, A.M.U., Aligarh. Solanum nigrum, Stevia rebaudiana and Foeniculum vulgare plants were selected to find out the comparative histopathological studies after inoculation with Meloidogyne incognita. It was found that the second-stage juveniles of M. incognita penetrates the young roots of all the three plants in the zone of differentiation and induced giant cells in the regions of vascular differentiation. Increase in the size of giant cells, proliferation of vessel elements of xylem strands, cortical and xylem parenchyma cells, repeatedly dividing parenchyma and pericycle were observed more or less in all the three plants. From the study it is revealed that there were fewer galls on S. nigrum followed by S. rebaudiana and F. vulgare. The gall size was largest in F. vulgare and smallest in S. nigrum. The number of giant cells complex of F. vulgare ranged from 5-12 where as on S. nigrum it ranged from 2-7. The giant cells abnormalities in structure of vascular elements were more pronounced in F. vulgare and were not so much apparent in S. rebaudiana and least in S. nigrum.
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SOCIAL AWARENESS OF ETHNOBOTANY- A NEED OF THE DAY IN INDIA

Ashok K. Agarwal, S.K. Kataria and Bineet Chaudhary Dept. of Botany, B.S.A. College, Mathura Ethno medicine is a sub field of medical anthropology and deals with the study of traditional medicine: not only those that have relevant written sources (e.g. Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine), but especially those, whose knowledge and practices have been orally transmitted over centuries. India is a home of several important traditional system of health care like Ayurveda. This system depends heavily on herbal products. Several millions of Indian households have been using through the ages nearly 8000 species of medicinal plants for their health care needs. Normally, about these medicinal plants and their uses have been learnt from ancestors. It has been observed in the villages that the use of herbal medicine for curing certain diseases is quite common and besides medicine-men, many elderly persons know about the use of herbal medicines. The growing disinterest in the use of the ethno medicinal plants and its significance among the younger generation will lead to the disappearance of this practice. Thus it is the need of the hour to take necessary steps on scientific basis by which educated younger generation should be encouraged and made aware to protect, cultivate these valuable herbal plants and their potential usage in treatment of different ailments, before they get lost due to the impact of modernization and growing use of allopathic medicines.
HOUSE HOLD KITCHEN- A HUB OF ETHNOMEDICINE

Bineet Chaudhary, Ashok, K. Agarwal, Ashok Kumar Singh and Sandhya Agarwal Deptt. of Botany, B.S.A. College, Mathura Spices and aromatics are the very heart of Indian cooking. Spices have always been believed to have healing and magical qualities. Indian spices offer significant health benefits and contribute towards an individuals healthy life. In the Indian kitchen they add flavors and nutrients to dishes or recipes without fat or calories. Many researchers have attempted to explain why hot spices are pleasant to taste. Stimulatory sensation of nerve ending on the tongue is being provided to cooked food and perhaps this property motivates their wide usages. The release of
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endorphins (the bodys natural painkillers), thus provides pleasurable and even euphoric sensation.
HYPOTENSIVE AND SEDATIVE ACTIVITY FROM THE MEDICINAL PLANT OF RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA BENTH. (SARPAGANDHA)
Dr. R. B. Singh Research Scientist B UGC, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Khandari Campus, Agra 282002, U.P. (India) E-mail : rbsinghugc@gmail.com Plant of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. belongs to Apocynaceae family and commonly called as Sarpagandha. It occurs in Northern Himalayas, Eastern & Western Ghats, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Andaman Islands, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, China, Indonesia, Lao, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, Java, etc. It is an erect, evergreen shrub about 15-45cm in height and found in moist deciduous forest. Rauwolfia, Reserpine, Rescinnamine, Indole, Ajmaline and Ajmalicine alkaloids extracted from roots of plant. The Rauwolfia therapy for the treatment of hypertension has promoted extensive chemical investigation. Recently the isolation and structural elucidation of Reserpine alkaloids possessing pronounced hypertensional and sedative activity. Pharmacological and clinical comparison between Reserpine and an alkaloidal extract indicated that Reserpine could not account for all the hypotensive and sedative activity of this fraction. Now we report on another highly active alkaloid, Rescinnamine, the 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid ester of methyl reserpate. Isolation of Rescinnamine from its natural sources was effected by benzene soluble portion of the alkaloidal extract after removal of Reserpine by crystallization from methanol and separated by paper chromatography on acid washed alumina. An amorphous fraction was obtained which was crystallized from benzene, yielded Rescinnamine alkaloid as fine needles, m.p. 2382390C. Pharmacological tests on Rescinnamine shows it to have hypotensive, bradycadic and sedative activity similar to that of Reserpine alkaloid. Sarpagandha plant has been used for the treatment of snake bite, mental illness, control of hypotensive and sedative blood pressure.
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APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM IN PLANT CONSERVATION

Abbasi, Hisamuddin, M.I.Robab, Ambreen Akhtar And Rushda Sharf Department of Botany, Aligarh MuslimUniversity, Aligarh
Plants have been a great source of survival for mankind. Besides being source of food, fodder and shelter, they are used in virtually all cultures as a source of medicine. It is to be estimated that 25000 effective plant based formulations used in folk medicine and known to rural communities all over India. Despite increasing use of medicinal plants, their future seemingly, is being threatened by complacency, concerning their conservation. But the plant conservation programme is a complex process that requires several sets of studies. Now days, Geographical Information System (GIS) is a rapidly expanding and evolving tool used for spatial (shape, spaces and arias) analysis for many different and varied fields. It has been an important part of conservation and habitat rehabilitation efforts all over the world. GIS used to asses conservation boundaries, legislatively designated areas, land protection status classes, cover type and locations of rare plants and also in the study of geographical distribution of species in space and time.
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PROMOTIVE EFFECT OF GAMMA IRRADIATED SODIUM ALGINATE ON SEED GERMINATION OF EUCALYPTUS (EUCALYPTUS CITRIODORA HOOK.)
Akbar Ali1, M. Masroor A. Khan1, Mohd. Idrees1, M. Naeem1, Masidur Alam1, Nadeem Hashmi1, Moinuddin1 and Lalit Varshney2
1
Advanced Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, India. 2 ISOMED, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai -400085, India.
The genus eucalyptus (Family Myrtaceae) is a large genus of evergreen aromatic trees. Eucalyptus citriodora is a medicinal tree having an important source of essential oil with biological activities such as antimicrobial, antifungal and antiinflammatory. Need of its escalated oil production is increasing; Therefore, we developed a new technique. Biologically active oligosaccharides, derived from gamma irradiated polysaccharide such as sodium alginate, have been known to act as signal molecules that regulate growth and development as well as biochemical reactions of plants by regulating gene expression. Sodium alginate, irradiated by Co60 gamma rays, elicits plant growth promoting response in various plants. Seed vigour is an important aspect of seed quality. An experiment was carried out to elucidate the effect of irradiated sodium alginate (ISA) on germination characteristics of Eucalyptus citriodora .This experiment was conducted under controlled condition. Seeds of Eucalyptus citriodora were treated with different concentrations of ISA viz. deionized water (control) and UN (un-irradiated 30), IR (irradiated) 30, 60, 90, and 120 mg L-1 . The experiment was assessed on the basis of various germination characteristics. Un-irradiated sodium alginate gave equal value to the control for all the studied characteristics. Of the four ISA concentrations, 90 mg L-1 showed the best response and gave the increased value for most of the parameter studied viz. percent seed germination (44.44), shoot length (108.44%), seedling fresh weight(62.07%), vigour index I(184.63%) and vigour index II (149.93%) among various tested concentrations of ISA. Of the four ISA concentrations, 90 mg L-1 proved to be the best concentration compared to the other concentrations of ISA.
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EFFECT OF SOWING DATES AND SEED RATES ON PRODUCTION POTENTIAL AND ECONOMICS OF ASHWAGANDHA IN AGRA REGION
S.K.Shiroti, S.K.Chauhan and S.M.Sawarkar Deptt.of Agronomy, F.H. (PG) College, Nidhoili Kalan, Etah (UP). A field investigation was conducted during kharif season 2009-10 and 201011 at Agra region at Nidhoili Kalan Etah. The soil was sandy loam having pH 7.8 and ECe 1.5 dS/m and organic carbon 0.38% and well drained. The study the effect of sowing dates and seed rates were carried out in Randomized Block design with four replications. In the experiments four date of sowing i.e. D1, D2, D3 and D4 and three seed rates S1, S2 and S3. The results obtained that the maximum root yield was found in D1 (877.1 kg/ha) and minimum D4 (551.1kg/ha). The seed rates so significant the maximum root yield was produced in S3 (828.1 kh/ha) and minimum S1( 535.2 kg/ha) respectively. The interaction of seed rate and date of sowing was not significant in two years as well as pooled data.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF OCIMUM SPECIES: A MEDICINAL PLANT OF AESTHETIC IMPORTANCE

Uma Sharma, Rajendra Sharma* , Ashok K. Agarwal and Surbhi Mahajan* Deptt. of Botany, B.S.A. College, Mathura *Dept. of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Khandari campus Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Agra In the present study the antibacterial activity in the leaf and stem extracts of two species of Ocimum were evaluated, viz. O.sanctum and O.basilicum against pathogenic bacterial strains Citrobacter freundii and Micrococcus luteus. The aqueous as well as organic (ethanolic) extracts of the leaves and stem were found to possess strong antibacterial activity against the range of pathogenic bacterial strains as revealed by agar disc diffusion method. The ethanolic leaf and stem extracts shows wider zone of inhibition in comparison to aques extract. The leaf extract shows high degree of inhibition against pathogenic bacterial strains in comparison to stem extracts. Hence, these plant species can be used in the treatment of infectious disease caused by resistant microorganisims
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ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SOME COMMON FOOD PLANTS Shalini Sharma, Ashok K. Agarwal, Shradha Gaur, Bineet Chaudhary Dept. of Microbiology, B.S.A. College, Mathura
Fruits and vegetables are important protective food and highly beneficial for the maintenance of health and prevention of diseases. They contain valuable various medicinal and therapeutic agents. Antioxidants are chemicals which block the aging effects of free radicals unstable molecules (linked with heart diseases) naturally occurring in the human body that damage living cells. Antioxidants are the chemicals that can delay or inhibit the oxidations of lipids or other molecules by inhibiting the initiation or propagation of oxidizing chain reaction. Researchers have found that food plants are high in wide variety of helpful antioxidants. Plant phenolics have primary anti oxidant activity. Phenolic compounds from food plants of spinach, beetroot, carrot, tomato, pomegranate and peanuts show strong antioxidant activity.
EFFECT OF PRE-SOWING SEED TREATMENT WITH VITAMINS B1B2 B6 AND C ON GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA (LINN) DUNAL.
Sudha Rani, S.H.Afaq*P.K.Mathur Department of Botany *Department of Ilmul Advia Tibbiya college, P.G Dept. of Botany B.S.A. college Mathura. An attempt was made to test whether improvement in seed germination percentage and seedling growth in Withania somnifera (Linn) Dunal., attained by us in an earlier in vitro experiment, could be confirmed in pot culture by Pre-sowing seed treatment with vitamins B1B2 B6 and vitamin each five concentration (0,250, 500, 750 and 1000ppm) According to a factorial randomized design most of data signification (P=.05). Vitamins improved seed germination percentage in general, recorded at weekly intervals up to 28 days after sowing root length, shoot length, total length, fresh weight, dry weight, and productivity index were recorded in maturation (150 days after sowing)of plant. Considering all the studied parameters, vitamin B2 proved slightly superior all three vitamins (B1, B6 and vitamin C). Among the concentration 500ppm proved optimum for most parameters. The interaction effects of vitamin B2 with 500ppm proved most effective.
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CONTRIBUTION OF MADHUCA LONGIFOLIA (MAHUA) FLOWERS USES IN FOOD ITEMS OF GARHWAL REGION OF NORTHERN HIMALAYAS
Santosh Kumar Rajput and R. B. Singh* Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Khandari Campus, Agra-282002 *Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Khandari Campus, Agra 282002, U.P. (India) E-mail : rbsinghugc@gmail.com Madhuca longifolia plant belongs to family- Sapindaceae are commonly called as Mahua. The uses of natural resources are need for the hour for sustainable livelihood. Present study mainly deals by the observation method that the Mahua flowers are available in households of rural and tribal peoples of Garhwal region of Northern Himalayas. These rural and tribal peoples were collecting the Mahua flowers during the seasons and store for culinary purpose. On the festivals, the Mahua flowers uses as a sweetener in stuff roti and pumpkin sweet pakoda, sweet sauce, Tamarind Mahua chutney, etc. Mahua flowers are contributing its sweetness and also enhance the texture and flavor. It provides soluble fibers, micronutrients and anti oxidant. Mahua recipies are delicious low cost and have low glycemic index than sweet preparation made out of sugar. Such type indigenous recipies are needed to be popularized to sensitize people with this locally available natural food and remove the misconcept about this golden asset of the region. Mahua flowers are widely used for the preparation of alcohol liquor and the activity which is prohibited by the Government.
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EFFECT OF LEVEL OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF ONION (ALLIUM CEPA L.
Shiv Kumar, Yatendra Singh, Ajay Singh and Balwant Singh Department of Horticulture Raja Balwant Singh College, Bichpuri,Agra(U.P) Onion (Allium cepa L.) a member of family Liliaceae, is one of the commercially important bulbous vegetable crop, grown widely in India. It is consumed as salad, pickle, chutney and cooked form besides being used as flavoring agent in several processed edible product. The bulbs are also dehydrated to produce onion flakes and powder. It is rich source of minerals, carbohydrate, protein and vitamins. It has tremendous medicinal uses like against in rheumatism some throat cases, jaundicspleenic enlargement, dyspepsia , malaria fever. The present investigation was conducted during Rabi season at Research farm, Department of Horticulture, R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra to find out the effect of level of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth, yield and quality of cv.NASIK-53 in Randomized Block Design with four level of nitrogen (0,100,200 and 300Kg /ha) and four level of phosphorus (0,50,100 and150Kg/ha) i.e.16 treatment combinations replicated thrice. Observation on various parameter revealed that vegetative growth and quality of onion were significantly increased with level of nitrogen and phosphorus. The maximum plant height (56.50cm ), fresh weight of tops per plant (30.81gm),fresh weight of bulb (68.55gm),length of bulb (5.49cm)and yield of bulbs (328.33q/ha)were recorded by level of 300kg N /ha along with followed by 100kg P2O5/ha. However, the maximum diameter of bulb (7.43cm) was obtained under 300kgN along with 50kg P2O5/ha
[104]
BRASSINOSTEROID-MEDIATED ENHANCEMENT IN GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS, PHYSIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES, ESSENTIAL OIL PRODUCTION AND ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS OF MENTHA ARVENSIS L.
1
M. Naeem*, 1Mohd. Idrees, 1M. Masidur Alam, 1Tariq Aftab, 1M. Masroor A. Khan, 2Moinuddin
1
Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002 India 2 Womens College, Botany Section, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002 India * Email: naeemgaur@gmail.com 28-homobrassinolide (HBR) has recently been established as potent plant growth promoting substance. It enhances growth, productivity and quality of plants via improving various physiological processes both under stressed and normal conditions. Out of a large number of essential oil bearing plants, mint (Mentha arvensis L.) constitutes the most important source of therapeutic agents used in the alternative systems of medicine. Mint plant has marvelous medicinal and aromatic values. Aiming at enhancing the growth, yield and quality of this medicinally important plant, a pot experiment was conducted under natural net house conditions at the Botany Department, AMU, Aligarh. The effect of various concentrations of HBR [10-0 (control), 10-8, 10-7 and 10-6 M] was explored on growth and other physiological attributes, herbage yield, content and yield of essential oil, and active constituents at 100 and 120 days after planting (DAP). Foliar application of HBR enhanced growth and other physiological attributes, herbage yield and the yield and content of the active constituents (menthol, L-methone, isomenthone and menthyl acetate) of mint at both the stages, with 10-7 M of HBR proving the best. This treatment significantly increased herbage yield by 60.6%, content and yield of essential oil by 40.6% and 105.5% over their respective control at 120 DAP. Next higher concentration of HBR (10-6 M) exhibited no further increase in the values of the attributes studied. Whereas, 10-6 M was slightly inferior to 10-7 M of HB; but it always proved significantly better than the control.
[105]
TRIACONTANOLAMELIORATES GROWTH, NUTRIENT ASSIMILATION, ESSENTIAL OIL CONTENT, CROP PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF ZINGIBEROFFICINALEROSC.
Minu Singh Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India Triacontanol (TRIA) is a saturated long-chain alcohol that is known to have a growth promoting activity in a number of plants when applied exogenously. However, the information is meagre and no work has been done so far regarding its effects on Zingiber officinale Rosc. (ginger), a medicinally important spice plant and one of the most heavily consumed dietary substances in the world. With this in view, a hypothesis was designed to address whether foliar application of TRIA could enhance the growth, productivity and quality attributes including essential oil content of ginger. The plants were sprayed with five concentrations of TRIA viz. 0, 10-7.0, 10-6.5, 10-6.0 and 10-5.5 M at 25-day intervals. Among the applied treatments, foliar application of TRIA at 10-6.0 M proved optimum and significantly enhanced plant height, leaf density, number of tillers per plant, fresh and dry weights of shoot and rhizome, total chlorophyll content, leaf and rhizome N, P and K content and rhizome carbohydrate and protein content analyzed at 120 and 180 days after planting (DAP). This treatment also produced positively significant effect on oleoresin and essential oil contents as well as on number of primary and secondary fingers per plant and rhizome yield per plant. However, at the highest concentration applied (10-5.5 M TRIA), all the parameters were significantly inhibited. Thus, the use of foliar application of TRIA, especially at a concentration of 10-6.0 M might be considered suitable for promoting the production and quality of ginger crop.
[106]
RESPONSE OF ARTEMISIA ANNUA L. TO VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES

Tariq Aftab1*, Masroor A. Khan2, M. Naeem2, M. Idrees2 and Moinuddin2
1
Division of Germplasm Evaluation, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Pusa Campus, New Delhi - 110 012, India 2 Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh- 202 002, India
Being the worlds most severe parasitic infection, malaria causes more than a million deaths and 500 million cases annually. Artemisinin, isolated from Artemisia annua L., is a sesquiterpene lactone containing an endoperoxide bridge and its derivatives are effective against multi-drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains, without any reputed cases of resistance. Since 2001, artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are recommended by the World Health Organization. Different ecosystems are affected by different abiotic stress factors, and to a differential extent. Abiotic stresses influences survival, biomass production and accumulation, and secondary metabolite formation of most of the plants. Stresses like heavy metal, salinity, drought are the most common of them all. In order to evaluate the response of different abiotic stresses, experiments were conducted on Artemisia annua during 2007-2011. In one experiment, it was noticed that boron toxicity negatively influenced the growth and photosynthetic capacity but increased antioxidant enzymes and artemisinin content. However, exogenously applied methyl jasmonate counteracted the ill effects of boron toxicity and further enhanced artemisinin content. Likewise, salt stress also reduced the growth, biomass production and photosynthetic rate but increased artemisinin concentration in the affected plant. Salicylic acid was proved effective in reverting the negative effects of salt stress and increasing artemisinin concentration too. Heavy metals like aluminium and cadmium were also tested and results showed that they also increased artemisinin content apart from reducing growth and biomass of the plants. Exogenous nitric oxide, however, was very effective in mitigating metal toxicity and improving artemisinin production in Artemisia annua.
[107]
DEMAND OF ORGANIC POULTRY PRODUCT IN AGRA CITY

Satyendra Pal Singh and Sayanika Borah SMS (AH&D), Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Raja Balwant Singh College, Bichpuri, Agra (U. P.) Research Scholar, Department of extension education, PAU, Ludhiana (Punjab) Poultry is one of the fastest growing segments of the agricultural sector in India with an average rate of 8 to 10 per cent per annum. As a result, India is now the worlds 3rd largest egg producer (next to China, India and USA) and 5 th major producer of broiler chicken meat (after USA, China, Brazil and Mexico). The poultry sector contributes about Rs. 33,000 crore to national GNP and likely to reach to about Rs. 60,000 crore in the next five years. With a turnover of more than 352 billion rupees, this sector provides direct and indirect employment to over 3 million people in the country and has great potential to create employment opportunities. In spite of spectacular growth in poultry sector in the last four decades, there exists huge gap between availability of egg is 46 against the requirement of 180 eggs. Similarly, against the yearly per capita requirement of 11 kg of meat, only about 1.8 kg poultry meat is available per head. Therefore, to meet the domestic requirement, there is a need for head. Therefore, to meet the domestic requirement, there is a need for about 4 times increase in egg production and six times in meat production. Agra district of Uttar-Pradesh was proposively selected for the study as it has the more profitable of poultry farming business. The Agra city most popular for Taj Mahal a world monument and also other monuments. There are many hotels and enormous tourists come around the year comprising local and foreigner tourists. In this area is also increase in population growth, changing life style, shifting of food habits, rapid urbanization, increased per capita income, increased awareness on health, increase in size of young population, etc., are contribution towards more demand on poultry products in Agra city. Mostly foreigner tourists are demand in especially organic poultry product viz., eggs and chicken. If taken into account the domestic requirement of organic poultry products (egg and broiler meat) in Agra city. There is existence of huge production gap of organic poultry products in the district. In the study area current market scenario, the poultry products are cheapest source of animal protein of high biological value. This increased demand of organic poultry products is expected to create more self employment rural and urban areas in the district.
[108]
MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS GROWN UNDER SALINE WATER IRRIGATION CONDITION IN SEMI-ARID ARES
S.K.Chauhan and Seema Chauhan* Management of Salt Affected Soils and Use of Saline Water in Agriculture R.B.S.College, Bichpuri, Agra-283105 *R.B (PG, College) Woman Campus, KalindiVihar, Agra In arid and semi-arid areas where rainfall is very little and soils are also, problematic in nature. Good quality water is also, not available and ground water too is brackish containing high salt levels, unsuitable for conventional crops, therefore, the utilization of these type of lands and water can be promoted by growing salttolerant crops. The possibility of raising medicinal plant species in such soils could be viable as some of these may have adaptability to soil salinity and sodicity of wide range. The trade in aromatic and herbal medicinal products is estimated to involve about Rs. 600 crores per annum in India. To meet the internal consumption and for earring foreign exchange, the production of these commodities is required to be increased. The main problem however, lies in sparing fertile lands for cultivation of aromatic and medicinal crops due to the simultaneous high pressure to produce more food fiber, fodder and other agriculture commodities. A viable alternative could be the utilization of cultivable wastelands including the salt-affected soils to raise these crops
[109]
IN VITRO AND MASS MULTIPLICATION OF HIGHLY VALUABLE MEDICINAL PLANT BACOPA MONNIERI (BRAHMI)
Sudhir Sharma, Barkha Kamal*, Jugendra Singh, Sudhir Chauhan and Sarita Arya** Tissue Culture Discipline, Botany Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun (Uttarakhand). *Plant molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh Post Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Research, Balawala, Dehradun (Uttarakhand) **Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Division, Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur (Rajasthan)
Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst (Scorphulariaceae) commonly nown as Brahmi or Nirbrahmi has originated from India. It is a genus of spreading herbs, commonly growing in damp and marshy places throughout India, ascending up to an altitude of 1320 m, and it is a small creeping, glabrous, succulent, herb rooting at nodes. It is an ancient and renowned medicinal plant with legendary reputation as memory vitalizer. In the traditional system of Indian medicine (Ayurveda), Brahmi is classified as medhya rasayana, that is, a drug that is supposed to counteract the effects of mental stress and improve intelligence and memory function. Brahmi is found to be effective in cases of anxiety and neurosis. It possesses antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity. It is also used to treat asthma, insanity, epilepsy, hoarseness, enlargement of spleen, snake bite, rheumatism, leprosy, eczema and ring worm, it is also used as a diuretic, appetitive and cardio tonic. In a recent study, B. monnieri was placed second in a priority list of most important Indian medicinal plants evaluated on the basis of medicinal importance, commercial value and potential for further research and development It is also well known to contain steroidal saponins Bacoside A and steroidal saponins Bacoside B. Some other constituents present in Brahmi are alkaloids brahmine, herpestine etc. A protocol has been developed for micropropagation of Bacopa monnieri (L) Wettst, a medicinal plant of high commercial potential with legendary reputation as a memory vitalizer. Nodal segments containing axillary buds were surface sterilized with 0.1% solution of mercuric chloride for 5 min and were inoculated aseptically on culture medium, axillary bud break was achieved in 100% of cultures in semisolid MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l BAP. These proliferated in vitro axillary shoots were excised and cut into groups of shoot clusters and subcultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l BAP for shoot multiplication. 100% in vitro rooting was obtained when shoot clusters were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.15 mg/l IBA. The rooted plantlets were hardened, acclimatized and successfully established in field.
[110]
IN VITRO SHOOT MULTIPLICATION THROUGH SHOOT TIP OF JATROPHA CURCAS L: A POTENTIAL BIO-FUEL AND MEDICINAL PLANT
Sudhir Chauhan, Reetu Sharma, Neelima Rathi, Sudhir Sharma, Jugendra Singh & Sarita Arya* Tissue Culture Discipline, Botany Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun- (Uttarakhand) *Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding Division, Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur (Rajasthan), Email: sudhirfri2005@gmail.com Jatropha curcas of family Euphorbiaceae is today viewed as a challenge species that can reduce the burden of importing diesel for the country. It is a tropical species, has naturalized in India in several areas and is only cultivated as hedges around cultivated fields in a semi-wild condition. It is a shrub or small tree commonly known as Ratanjot or physic nut with stem upto 20 cm diameter and upto 6 meter height. Jatropha curcas oil has been reported as an efficient substitute fuel for diesel engines. There is no emission of sulphur dioxide, carbon monooxide and smoke in curcas oil exhaust gas. Biodiesel can be used in any automobile brand which has been approved for its use by the manufacturers without any modification to the engine or accessories. Biodiesel is better in fuel consumption, horse power, and torque and haulage rates as conventional diesel. The oil is present mainly in the kernel. The oil content varies from 38 to 45 %. The seed oil contains about 21% saturated fatty acids and 79% unsaturated fatty acids. The seed oil productivity is very low at present since it has never been improved for oil crops and the basic knowledge for domestication is quit limited.The extracts are used in folk remedies for cancer. It is reported to be abortifacient, anodyne, antiseptic, cicatrizant, depurative, diuretic, emetic, hemostat, lactagogue, narcotic, purgative, rubefacient, styptic, vermifuge, and vulnerary, physic nut is a folk remedy for alopecia, anasorca, ascites, burns, carbuncles, convulsions, cough, dermatitis, diarrhea, dropsy, dysentery, dyspepsia, eczema, erysipelas, fever, gonorrhea, hernia, incontinence, inflammation, jaundice, neuralgia, paralysis, parturition, pleurisy, pneumonia, rash, rheumatism, scabies, sciatica, sores, stomachache, syphilis and tetanus etc. In short we can calculate the suitability of Jatropha as biodiesel & its uses as it thrives on all type of soils , needs minimum input and management , has many medicinal properties as well , low gestation period , rapid growth , not browsed by animals .Being rich in nitrogen ,its seed cake is excellent source of plant nutrient acting as biofertilizer. Bio-diesel is pollution free & in this way open new dimensions for employment. Its unique feature is that it is 10 % built in Oxygen which helps it to burn fully.
[111]
MEDICINAL PROFILE OF A SCARED DRUG IN AYURVEDA: CRATAEVA RELIGIOSA A REVIEW

Sudha Bhadauria*, Jugendra Singh** and K.P. Singh Department of Botany, R.B.S. College, Dr. B.R. A. University, AGRA- INDIA ** School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi E-mail: bhadauria.sudha85@gmail.com Crataeva religiosa is one of the herbal drug in urolithiasis, belongs to the family capparidaceae. The drug is well known for its various pharmacological properties like diuretic, antiinflammatory, laxative, antioxidant, antioxaluric, hepatoprotectant, lithonotriptic, antirehumatic, antiperiodic, antimycotic, contraceptive, antipyretic, antilithitic, antihelminthic, rubifacient and vasicant properties. The bark of the Crataeva religiosa is useful in the urinary disorders and kidney stone remover. The crude drug contains an active principle lupeol, a triterpenoid which is mainly involved in the pharmacological activities of this plant. The plant part used for the medicinal purpose includes Leaves, stem bark and Root bark. These parts are commonly applied to regulate equilibrium among Vata, Pitta and Kapha in Ayurvedic system while the stem bark is used to promote the appetite and to decease the secretion of the bile in unani medicines. Plant is used ethnopharmacologically as diuretic, laxative, lithonotriptic, antirehumatic, antiperiodic, bitter tonic, rubifacient and counterirritant. The bark is used in the urinary disorders including kidney and bladder stones, antiemetic, and calculous affections and as an antidote in snakebite. C. religiosa is valuable in treating vata (blood flow, waste elimination and breathing), Pitta- (fever and metabolic disorder) and Kapha (joint lubrication, skin moisture, wound healing, strength and vigour, memory loss, heart and lung weakness and weak immune system. A preparation called 'Varunal' contains Crataeva in combination with Eclipts, Picrorrhiza, Achillea, Cichorium, Solanum, Arjuna, and Cassia seeds is used against hepatitis, edema, ascites, urinary stones and arthritis. The bark is contraceptive and cytotoxic and useful in kidney bladder stones, fever vomiting and gastric irritation. Roots and bark are laxative and lithontipic and increase appetite and biliary secretion. Leaves are used as externally rubifacient and used in rheumatism. Leaves are given internally febrifuge and tonic.
[112]
DILLENIA PENTAGYNA ROXB: AN ENDANGERED MEDICINAL TREE

Reetu Sharma, Sudhir Chauhan, Neelima Rathi and I.D. Arya Tissue Culture Discipline,Botany Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun (Uttarakhand) Dillenia pentagyna Roxb belonging to family Dilleniaceae is a medium sized, deciduous endangered tree species. The plant is found almost throughout India. A medium-sized deciduous tree with ascending branches and fluted stem. Leaves very large, oblanceolate, coriaceous, acute, strongly serrate; lateral veins very prominent. Flowers yellow about 4 cm across, appearing profusely in fascicles of 3-8 from leafless branches. Fruit globose, 0.5-2 cm across, very acidic.Plant is used in tuberculosis, fistula, sores, carbuncle, neuralgia, pleurisy and pneumonia. Barks and leaves are used for the treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery in RemaKalenga. Bark is used for blood dysentery.Various parts of this plant are used by the tribal and folk communities of Vindhya region of Madhya Pradesh for the treatment of different ailments and diseases, viz. delivery (bark), bone fracture (leaf), body pain (root), piles (leaf), diabetes (bark), diarrhea and dysentery (bark), etc. Fruits are cooked as vegetable and also used for making chutney.Root decoction (20-25ml) is given in case of body pain twice daily till cure. In case of diabetes, one teaspoon bark powder with water is given three times a day for three months. Bark powder is also given for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery, three times a day till cure. Bark decoction is given to woman after delivery as a tonic and also used for bath to check the infection. It is applied on head once a week for hair growth and to check baldness. Leaf paste is applied on cuts and wounds twice daily and is also applied on bone fracture once a day till cure. The leaf poultice is used in bleeding piles two times a day. In skin diseases and body pain decoction of leaves is used to bath once a day till cure. Leaf powder is given to woman for the treatment of breast cancer twice daily till cure. A cot or bed is made from the wood which is used to reduce body pain but the cot should be prepared in one day.
[113]
GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF JATROPHA CURCUS IN REALTION TO COMMERCIAL VALUE

Uday Pratap Singh, Vishnu Singh and Seema Bhadauria Department of Botany, R.B.S.College, Agra Jatropha curcus is commonly known as Ratanjyot belongs to family Euphorbiaceae. It is believed to be a native of South America and Africa. It is found in almost all the tropical and subtropical regions of world. In India Jatropha curcus is found in almost all the states and generally grown as live fence for protection of agricultural fields. It is small evergreen, nearly glabrous tree or soft wooded shrub, 3-4 meters tall. It produces flower from April to May. Fruit is usually a capsule, 2.55.0 cm in diameter. Seed is ovoid-oblong, dull brownish black and the oil is an environmentally safe, cost effective and Renewable source of non conventional energy as a promising substitute to hydel power, diesel, kerosene, LPG, coal and firewood etc. it is also an ideal plant for afforestation of wasteland under both irrigated as well as rainforest condition. The oil has been used by rural areas as fuel for cooking and motive power. The bark is rich in tannin and yields a dark blue dye. The tender green leaves are fed to tasar silk worms sustaining a small scale silk industry in rural India. The leaves also yield a dye and latex which has many medicinal used that could support potential pharmaceutical industries. Considering its wide spectrum of utility and prospects of this growing in wastelands without competing with other crops J. curcus was selected for cultivation practices with different nitrogen supplemental sources like vermicompost, FYM, Azotobacter, organic adjustment. The treatment applies with seed of this plant. The best seed germination and seedling growth shown in vermicompost treated seed. Thus, the present study suggests that the cultivation of this valuable plant may be possible in the climatic condition of Agra with above organic fertilizers and its provide more number of seeds for the commercial as well as medicinal value.
[114]
MEDICINAL AND DECORATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THUJA OCCIADENTALIS (CUPRESSACEAE)

Kashmir Kumari Ojha, Seema Bhadauria and Rajendra Shrama Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Dr. B.R.Ambeadkar University, Agra Thuja occidentalis is an evergreen coniferous tree, in the cypress family Cupressaceae, which is widely cultivated for use as an ornamental plant known as American Arbor Vitae. The endemic occurrence of this species is a northeastern distribution in North America. It is thought to be the first tree of that region to be cultivated in the area in and around Europe. An evergreen tree with fan-like branches and scaly leaves. The tree is often stunted or prostrate. The bark is redbrown, furrowed and peels in narrow, longitudinal strips. The plant, usually as a tincture, is used in folk remedies for benign skin tumors, cancers, condylomata (of penis and vulva), excrescences, fungous flesh, neoplasms, papillomas, plantar warts, polyps, tumors, and warts. Reported to be anaphrodisiac, diaphoretic, diuretic, lactagogue, and laxative, arbor vitae is a folk remedy for burns, colds, consumption, cough, debility, distemper, dysentery, dysmenorrhea, fever, gout, headache, inflammation, malaria, paralysis, rheumatism, swollen extremities, toothache, and worms. It is commonly used as an externally applied for the treatment of warts ringworm and thrush. It is cultivated for the purpose of decoration in gardens and historical places.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF NYCTANTHES ARBORTRISTIS: A MEDICINAL PLANT

Radha Singh and Gunjan Dhakre Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences Dr.B.R.Ambedkar University, Agra Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn. belonging to family Oleaceae is a well known medicinal plant. The stem bark extracts of the plant were tested for their antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method. The test organisms were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans.The methanol extract was found to have both antibacterial and antifungal activity whereas the aqueous and ethanol extracts possess only antibacterial activity. These activities of plant were due to the presence of various phytochemical compounds. Further, there is needed to be isolation, identification and characterization of phytocompounds for the new and effective drug formation.
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National Seminar on Conservation, Cultivation and Sustainable Utilization of Medicinal and Herbal Plants 2012

KEY NOTE ADDRESS

SUSTAINABILITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS: ETHNO BOTANICAL APPROACH

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HAEMORRHOIDS (PILES) A HERBAL SOLUTION

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IMPORTANCE OF QUALITY FOR EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF HERBAL DRUGS IN INDIA

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COMPOUNDS ISOLATED FROM ARTEMISIA ANNUA AS POTENTIAL ANTIMALARIALS

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CULTIVATION OF ARTEMISSIA ANNUA IN GWALIOR (MADHYA PRADESH)

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MEDICINALLY IMPORTANT PLANTS OF HOSHANGABAD DISTRICT

THE EFFECT OF VERMICOMPOST AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS ON CULTIVATION OF POTATO PLANTS

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IMPROVEMENT OF AGRONOMIC TRAITS OF LENTIL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT BY INDUCED MUTATION

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ETHNOMEDICINAL STUDIES OF FAMILY FABACEAE IN FIROZABAD DISTRICT, U.P.

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EVALUATION OF EXTRACTS OF CINNAMOMUM CASSIA FOR POTENTIAL ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

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PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIDERMATOPHYTIC ACTIVITY OF ECLIPTA ALBA L.

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ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF NANOSILVER SYNTHESIS BY GREEN EXTRACT OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

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EFFECT OF PESTICIDE TREATMENT ON GROWTH OF TOMATO

EFFECT OF RSC OF IRRIGATION WATER ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF LEMON GRASS.

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AYURVEDIC (HERBAL) HEALTHCARE OPPORTUNITIES AND TOURISM PROMOTION- INDIAN PERSPECTIVE

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DIVERSITY IN MEDICINAL PLANTS IN SUR SAROVAR, KEETHAM (AGRA)

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RESPONSE OF ARTEMISIA ANNUA L. TO VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES

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METAL STATUS OF MSW REFUSE SOILS OF MEERUT CITY

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Anand Swaroop and 2Punnet Kumar

EFFECT OF GIBBERELLIC ACID AND KINETIN ON EARLY SEEDLING GROWTH OF SOYABEAN

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