EET471: ICP SIGNAL COMPONENT DETECTION ALGRORITHM

ICP Signal Component Detection Algrorithm

Michael Jones, Student Member of IEEE, and Audio Engineering Society
AbstractThis paper presents an algorithm for the detection of Inter-Cranial-Pressure, ICP , signal components. This simple algorithm uses heart-rate, signal amplitude, and inter-beat intervals to detect, and classify the A, B, C, andD components of the ICP signal.

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HeartRate = max|P SD[xlp (window)]| The ICP signal is quasi-periodic. This is accounted for in the third stage; where the signal, xlp , is broken up into n- second, non-overlapping windows. The power spectral density, P SD, is used to estimate the heartrate in each of these windows [1]. The The heart-rate is the frequency with the largest magnitude in the P SD. Figure 2, shows what PSD looks like for a window segment.

I. I NTRODUCTION The detection of the specic signal components for any biomedical signal, such as an EKG, or ICP, has many clinical applications. The amplitude, morphology, periodicity of specic signal components can give medical professionals a wealth of information regarding patient health, history, and current status. Digital signal processing algorithms that are developed to detect these components have a wide range of practical applications in the medical community. This is especially true if these algorithms can be implemented in medical devices. This paper presents an algorithm for the component detection of an ICP signal [1]. This algorithm was chosen for its simplicity. II. A LGORITHM OVERVIEW The algorithm, as seen in gure 1, consists of ve stages. The rst two stages pre-process the signal to prepare it for the detection process. This pre-processing consists of the de-trending, and smoothing of the data, via. ltration. The remaining stages are processing stages. The third stage scans the signal with a non-overlapping window, and nds the patients heart-rate. The last stage uses the inter-beat interval of the heart-rate to detect and classify signal components, within the n-second window being viewed. Each step is explained in detail below. 1) x IIR High P ass F ilter xhp In the rst stage of the algorithm original signal, x, is detrended by using an IIR highpass lter with a cutoff frequency of 0.5Hz. Biomedical signals usually contain a large DC component. DC components can be introduced into the signal by the physical movement of transducers by clinicians. This DC component must be removed to analyze the signal further. 2)
xhp IIR Low P ass F ilter xlp

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xlp IIR Low P ass F ilter xlp1 max = xlp1 max = x(n) : x(n 1) < x(n) > x(n + 1) min = xlp1 min = x(n) : x(n 1) > x(n) < x(n + 1) To (n) = max(n) max(n 1)

Each windowed segment of xlp is ltered with a lowpass IIR. The cutoff frequency of this lter is determined using the heart rate returned by the P SD . The maxima, and minima of this signal is then found using a two simple peak detection algorithms [2]. The values returned for maxima, or minima can then be used to nd the inter-heartbeat distance, dened here as To . 5)
B = xlp (n) : peak[xlp min(n)) : xlp (min(n +
T o(n) ))] 2 T o(n) )] 2

D = xlp (n) : peak[xlp1 max(n) : xlp1 max(n + A = xlp (n) : minima[D(n) : D(n + C = xlp (n) : minima[B(n) : B(n +
T o(n) )] 2 T o(n) )] 2

The second stage of the algorithm uses a lowpass IIR lter with a cutoff frequency of 10Hz to smooth the detrended signal, xhp . This ltration removes any quantization error introduced during the sampling process. The resulting smoothed signal, xlp will be used in the next stage for spectral analysis.

The th stage of the algorithm uses decision logic to determine the A,B,C, and D points of the de-trended, and smoothed, signal, xlp . This is accomplished by recursively searching for maxima, or minima, between designated index ranges within each period. The logic for this step can be visualized by referring to gure 3. It can be seen that the certain ICP components can be located by looking between maximum and minimum points of the signal, xlp1 . A simple error-correction algorithm creates the respective component index when no peak, or minima, is detected. To is used to determine where this point should be. This can be seen in gure 4. The A, B, C, and D index values are related, and applied to the original signal, x(n), see gure 5. III. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION This algorithm was tested on three different test signals. It performs very well for ICP signals of healthy patients. The algorithm does a poor job of detection on the highly erratic

EET471: ICP SIGNAL COMPONENT DETECTION ALGRORITHM

Fig. 1.

Block Diagram of Algorithm process

Fig. 5. Example of Peak detection by the algorithm. All points are identied

Fig. 2. xlp .

5 second window of PSD from smoothed and detrended signal,

Fig. 6. Poor detection due to erratic signal. Reducing maller windows this problem can be reduced somewhat

Fig. 3.

The smoothed and de-trended signal, xl p, plotted against xl p1.

signals of trauma patients, see gure 6. Over detection, under detection, and misplacement of signal components due to the error correction algorithm occurs. Further improvements to the decision logic, and error correction part of the algorithm could be made through implementation of a nearest neighbor algorithm [1]. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author would like to thank Heath Kocan for listening to my obsessive ramblings, and for trying to read my over caffeinated writing on many a white-board. Sometimes two brains are better than one. Sometimes . . . . . . R EFERENCES
[1] M. Aboy, C. Crespo, J Mc.Names, and B. Goldstein, Automatic Detection Algorithm for Physiologic Pressusre Signal Components, 3rd ed. PSU, OHSU, Oregon, USA. [2] Mateo Aboy,EET472:MATLAB Tutorials, OIT, Oregon, USA.

Fig. 4. This gure shows the replacement of undetected B components in the ICP Algorithm