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MlCROFl&E ,REFERENCE -:LtyAte

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A project / df i Volu.pteei%iA Asia

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Ask are $7. in the USA, $14 overseas. I ..' number PB;+188, when ordering. -' 5 mi -- -Available from.:' _ I i .* .' <. National Technicail'Information'Servic'e ,,'.: *' IL %. , ~ 5285 PortRoyal Ro/ad. k USA ~' _. .\' CSpringfield, VA 22161 r i ' ? i r. A -microfiche edition of .this book is.availab.le i; +l-?ree'. to se.rious group/s in developing count,rie=s~~~~. " -.-. * Micro.fiche;available /from: ~ 1: Office' of International Affairs .%' : US De$artment of/.Hous-ing and. Urban Development: i pi DC-'2b410. USA ~ .y * .._ I, e Washi/ngton, j i _.-I _ -,p+ J:T,j,f' ;.\ -r , 1 > " ,g .-" , . $:* *" Reproduction Oaf this mXcrofiche.document in any d . --. .$:: -- form is subject to theYsame restrictions as those .* i, i _ of th'e original document; ' "3, m.j .. -Y .. 1 *-. : '*y ,,:': :, I 7 1 -7 " :\ ' . w., i 1 -_ , e s il 1 / :,_ * : *c I . \ I & y a _ / -), ,'i * r.,* 1 ) ' :i r * ./.._-.-- ii. * ., . /(,. &per copies for accession

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I-+ oo as a Rulldlna Material.a # ,. ,. ,. byi F.A. McClure'o, n _1 Published by: Office of International Acfairs ' , US Department of Housing and Urban . Washington, -DC 20410 USA B ."

Development, .:'

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.. L p, _., ,z _
1: .:+

Of: AGR%.ULTUPE 1 U.S. DEPART&NT .FOREIG&N AGkl.CUL,T(JEAL SERViCE .

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. Reprinted by . DEPARTMENT 0~ H~.uSINGAND URBAN~DEVELOPMENT OFFIC~~OaFINTE~~~TlO~~L AFFAIRS -Wi:iGn&n, D. C. 26410 9

._ _

;i_I

BAMBOO AS A BUILDING

MATERIAL

L c : / I

5%

F. A. McClure formerly Field Service doi&ultant Foreign Agricultqal Service presently ResearchAssociate in Botany ~ Smithsoniap Institutioq
a

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wForeign?Agric&urG ited States Department

S&vi& - , of hLg?icClture

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Renr&.ed

J&,

.i983

$%is publi$@..kas originally prepared and published 6;:; ; - Department of Hous$g and Urban Development y,, .%f Agriculture under -the Point Four _ engaged or interested~ in 4he: ; -_ TC .izmn+ DTI ayhalmtive
,;,

at.,t..&&&&est of the U. S. D.ep.&rtment __ those active15 ._ use of bamboo.

.

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A.u:*cy

uvr

4I

IYIUI--.

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----_

--

,..

of the flUD.st@f>
.-;-

. * . _ -,J, Servf ce, United States Department ~- -;m,-,~$ to use $$hotograph b$ Hoard Dorsett. Edward * Celebes, Fi - ph of th@@orodja *house in the,centr& , II R thefr&g@ec~;, it- was ori&nally published ~$,&vid FairWorld GrimaRouad &y Do&, and pern$sston to reproduce i&Tby Scribners.. I-l. E,.dlehn,,,Vice-~irector,:~ngineerfng ExperiSouth &$&a,~ granted, permission , bullet& B&boo-&&&&ment...of Portland Ce-ment s .; &-&&t,te e&nsfvelvfromms -a----* r gline drawings t&t;beaf MS i J.+,, $1 .-I I&&l C. Pet&prepared @ ~Condrete Structires.. 8 .-. ., i _ (,

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CONTENTS 1

,.,
r

Page . . . .> ; . . . . . . . 1

,,

.., , ~ .

-u7

,,

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* ..

-s - I) ?. , . ,a . .

. ,

2. .h ._ _ ~2 P B .,

:- e .I - Z C,; .<.A-, < ! . ! :

Introduction*. . . . . . -, . . . . . . . . P . . Parts of a House for Which.Bdmboos Are Suitable %.1 . . . . . . . .. :. . Fo,nndation . ,. . . _. . ,. . . . . . . . . . Frame . . . . . . . . . .. , . . . . . . . . . Floors . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . Walls, Partitibns ,I keilings . . . . . . Doors and Windows . ..-. . . . . . f .. .Roof...................:.. Pipes and Troughs. . . . . . .. . . . . . Bamboo Reinforc.ement of Concrete . . Geographical Distribution of Bamboos . Differences Among Species . . . . . . . ; Some jBamboos Used in Housing .-, : . . . Shortcomings of Bamboo and, How to i Overcome Th-em . . . . . .:. ./. . . :. cariable Dimensions . . . . . . .. ,/ . . Uneven Surfaces . . . . . . . . . .. . . . i Extreme Fis sibility . . . . . . . . . . Low Durability . . . . .I. . . . . 1 m . P-reservation . . . ,i . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . / Skiil. Requirements : . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . Tool Requirements . .. . . . . . . / Differentia-tion~dEvaluat&ff-Bf,~Species Collecting Selected i . Specimens References

31 32

. -

. . . . i . . .. c for Identifcation . . . . . . . . . . ; . . . . /,

41 43 .,?4 46, 47 50

-./ * !i

Q .., .

1 d

-*

\,,

have amply de*m,onStrated its claim to a spe-_.-_--cial place in their evdryddy life. As technic& cooperation continues to single out species wit outstanding utility, 7 and $0 te them more widely, along with the old and \the new techniques _. essential to their practical use, the lot of people will defi-

oped

to- a. point

where

bamboos

multifo

^, .I_ ,. !,,...> ., -,,, _ :

bility to -h&an needs ;:it.?r;as few t% pliintkin~dom. In-the OFcident as wellas,,the Orient, the ,peoples in whose , .-. I. _( , I ._ .

-i-

in spare time for sale or -exchange at I ,,c market. If techhiques.of large-scale, mechinized utiljzation can be be velopedy,as., for example,, inthe,manufa6turb (If high-quality papers and * rayon\new industrij es ar&.%ncrgase~$l national. income m&y be be&u .ght .tg underdeveloped L areas. Ii. &with the 3se 1 prospects in view +Ldasone~of +eJ&%It&g thePoint Four pro-.. s,f !

ties the

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;i \ .,f \._d /~ \i

._ - . \ /. ,: ,! i

..

Parts
: ,a -

of a Hduge for
I

Which

Ba?nb&

Are

Suitable
\

Bamboo may;be used parts of-a house.except chimney. Under most bamboo:is actually bujlding materials, such cfment, galvanized iron, yccording to their relative ability, and cost.

as woo and pa

The use of bamboo either as a primary, 1 secondary, or occasional source of building material is common only in areas where suitable bamboos grow in suffitient abundImportance of bamboo in any given -. ~ ante. usually is de+&mined .chiefly by the ,. !, larea ~ economic level of the co\mmon people and other, more

perior knowledge of, and devotion to, the+ \ principles of functional design w,ith an \ awareness of the possibilities. of bamboo \ L \ as a building material of strength and \, beauty. Being an artist as well as an architect, he will appreciate the aesthetic 1 qualities of bamboo and its versatility as , i they have been demonstrated in each area ,, \,: where its use has been lifted to a high plane. Given the right inspiration, the opportunity to travel and tb study the best examples of the use of bamboo in building construction, . and the cooperation of persons who know the bamboos and thb techniques of using _,, them, he will be ab e to synthesize the . B best features of bamboo with the! technical improvements sug- ested by his Western * ,: &background in func i ional design-and so produce for each c ltural area a series .of j designs and plans hat will be a credit to 0.. the architecture of,1 our age. Bamboo has several characteristics that make it a suitable and economical building material for house construction, 1 ----?--as-well as-for-the scaffolding ;iig. 1) that facilitates such construction: 1. ,The natural un,its, or culmsi, as are called, are of a size and shape make handling, storing,.and process;g convenient and ecohomieal. d 2. The culms have a characteristic phys+al-structure that g&s them a high strength-weight ratio. They ar&,.round or nearly so in cross section, and u&ally hollow, with rigid cross walls strategically placed to preventcollapse on bending. Within the culm walls the strong; hard tis.sue.s~ of high tensile strength are most \highly concentrated near the surface. In thi; position they can function most efficiently, both in giving mechanical strength and in forming a firm, resistant shell, 3. The substance and grain.of barnboo, culms make them easy to divide by hand*into shorter pieces (by sawing or 1 (by split-

achieved with ony pf design

barn and a

---Java-, and-Malaysia,&m&owmployedY -varchitecturally~ in ways ihat are distinctive and basically artistic. Cohen indirectly . alludes to,,this recognitiorrbf bamboos The principal post in a .special virtues: Japcnese house characterizesthe house I with regard to quality and construction. Therroof members are trussed to the post, and enable a properlySonstructed house to stand up to earthquakes and tremors. The writer has seen many houses in which the principalpost is of stout bamboo, .or in _ i.. which a stout timber post is..given more Iy \character by being faied witpbamboo. will - It is my expectation pr,qsentlyeappear 0 62 that an architect who combines a su-

i /

---

they that /both

.--.% : , \ , ; _ 1 I -

: (.

.. y W. E. Cohen. Utilization of Bamboo in.Japan, p. 1. Commonwealth of Australia, Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. South.heiboufpe, Au.s$ra.lia. April lcr47,. -\.

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& ting). \ tools:

No dostly.machines, only simple L . are ,.required. ,, 4. .. The natural surface of most ba,m-,,O boos is clean, hard, and smooth, with an * attF&tive color when the culms are prop.; erlycmatured tin?d seasoned. 5. Bamboos have little*waste, and no : 1
.

attaohed

to hardwoods,

certain

ciriumstahces,

,f bamboo I : , , p: ,.

posts

$nstead of a conventional foundation for . : low-co&f houses may be seen in -both hem-! ispheres (fig. 2). Wriless they are treated with somkreffective fungicidalpreservative, last more-than two or three years onythem

lection of materials for of structural elements,

tl?e the

: ., , .;

:,~, *

These

tip

cuts

nlayF,e

used

in

,; mn/da\ioni and tye roof P. is-the part of : :.

* I
In the Far East lashings are commenly * more rarely from rattan. bamboos yieid bT+ittle or the bark ofcertain be uses for lashings. iron wire, mmostof it

i, )I 1/

for

empirical;kn&lboo.craftsmen in variqus cduni the ;most highly recommended selection and use of availHoweyer, a resourceful perexperience in building may &uggest sound .and useful modconventional procedures.

Spacing specifitatidns must be worked out loc&lly for the bndividuaP species of bamboo . and the size of culmQ&sed. The flodr *dovering may be made bfsmall whole culms, stri-ps , or bamboo boards made. * by opening and flattening out-whole culms (figs. 8, 9, and lo). Whenthe.floor%onsists of-bamboo boards, jt is gengrally,fastened down My the ube of thin strips of bamboo secured to the supporting members by thongs, w.ire jashings, or small nlils, accordlng to local preference and the materials available (fig. 6, B). 2

. r

_ :

= c j

Walls,

Partitions

,,.2eilingZ

The construction ,of bamboo wa.115 issubject to infinite variation, depending on*the strength required.(for resistance to natural forces such as hurricanes and earthquakes), the protection desired from rain and ordinary wind.s,/and the need for light and ventilation. Eithe whole cu-lms or.longiLdinal halves may 6 e used, and they may be applied in . i / eith.er horizontal or vertical array, They function more effectively, however, when

, j

^ .)

: #

walls ir;ade of conventional stone, rammed earth, or adobe bricks. : Another form of wall construction,per.haps more widely used, ;s known in Peru

--.I---

are

attached,

they

provide

a suitable

base

If window openings are provided, they may-be framed with b$mboo or%ood. windows ace left unglazed and unscreened. Closure m,a:r be provided i&the form of a

00 mattilg

or

palm-leaf

thatch.

Win-

ported by a light framework of bamboo. pales. In the..Philippine Is la.nds , and .generally in the Far East, where suitable bamboos are plentiful, the partitions and even the outer

generally considered unhealthful. Actually, the closing of houses at nightis justifiable on other, more realistic, ground: it prevents the entrance of mosquitoes, rats, bats, and other unwelcome visitors. Permanent wind

Because of their high strength-weighf ratio, bamboos are used to excellent advantage for stru~tt~ral..eIenients in roof con6, A). In designingthe r&$; struction (fig. <account must be taken of the nature -and weight of the roof coverming to (be used, <. whether it be grass or palmleaf-thatch, halved bamboo culms (fig: lq), bamboo.. split from larger culms. Bamboo matting

kitchen

fife.

Beckwiths photographof.the Q-in-central Cele,bes (see frontispiece) IS another striking illustra- tion of.the,use of bamboo in roof architec-

Edward

,, ,-:: j

Delta

ourou, Tonkinois

Pierre. &es .. Publications

Paysans du de 1Ecole

airchild,

The

World

Grows

*Pipes

and Troughs
.*

The culms of certain bamboos, w-ith diaphragms removed, serve admirably hs. ition+of pipes and tro halves of bamboo cums Y very satisfactory eave troughs. Where

Where

a barrel6r cistern for rainfall is heavy-, they-are the water from the roof to, in order to avoid excessive

I:$:.: .::

with the,diaphr!rgms *removed make suitabl;. .Lcohduits for bringing whter for domeT$e use -fyyt_s_l. sour cq i to tile hou~~-b~&v~<y~ ---=--:f$+~ .. . jIi:;... ., ; 1, I ,-.

19). In Japan, closed-pipe water.sysare constructed of bamboo but it is difficult to make the joints leakproof, Underground drainage maybe effected by means of bamboo pipes of simple con0 structron. T.he steps in preparing the bamboo for such.use,,ar!k. (1) halving the culms, i (2) removing th&d&phragms from one half to-make the lower..section of the drain pipe, (3) cutting notches in the edge of the other half to permit the free entrance of water, * (4) treating the two halves with preservative (5- to lo-percent pentachlorophenol *in light oil), (5) placing them together again . in their original relation, and (6) binding . them together with wire: Sch drains may be .extended to ,any length by\ lacing the L smaller tip end of one pipe &to the larger basal end of the succeeding onerr, To be suited for the uses just &scribed, the bamboo culms should have a dia&e-$,er .., _ large enoughto give therequired carry&g ( .-. ccipacity, and the walls should be thick eno&&, to prevent collapse under use. v

(fig, terns very

Bamboo
I. ,_ . boo

Reinfoxement

df

Concrete

,. ,: : ,: .:; . ,.

Published references to the use of bamin reinforcing cement concrete strut. ,>,.-tures or parts thereof indicate that the practice has been followed to some extent locally, !. for some d.ecadkat least, in theFar East j (China, Japan,, and the Philippine Islands). During the 1930s several, experiments were * . /: carrPed.out in Europe, pariicularly in Ger7: ,: many and Italykto,test the performance of - - cement concrete beams reinforced with bamI. boo.;-: . The . I , , , * ._ _.. I ._ i most I;// .,;/A ,,l < recent. comprehensive, . and

readily available information on the subject is to be found in the report of a series of experiments carried out by and under the direction of Profes,sor H. E. Glenn: Two important sections of this report are quoted here,in entirety:?/ q H. E. Glenn. Bamboo Reinforcement of Portland Cement Concrete Structures, pp. 123-127. Clemson College Engineering Experiment Station. Bul. 4. Clemson, S. C. 0 May 1950. .

,i ,r 7 , ,,, -._ :.I ,. I. .* .:,. : ..,: ;--. . ,. -. 2 : : .-.C ,, .i. ,i ,I ,. ..

Summary of Conclusions Fr,oni Results of Tests. Bamboo Reinforced Concrete

on Beams

I i 2!,

conclusions as indicated from the Below is givens sum me-+nLthe results,oftests on the various beams included in this study. P 1. Bamboo r,einforcementiikdncrete beams-does not prevent the failure of txeconcrkte by crao,king at loads materially,%n excess of those. to be excected fr&n:an unreinforced member having the same *I. d&e& ions, ,Tz* .:c ,,

+ 1 3. ,t S< -,A 3 I !! ~1/ mm--m-;---. ~- 7. : I : j ! i II / /, , , . b :I : u . 8 / ;: :: I . .. . ///

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2. Bamboo reinforcement in concrete beams does increase the load ca&ify of the m,ember at ultimate dailure considerably above that to be ekpected from an unreinforced member having ti,e same dimensions. . 3. =I& load capadity.ohba&boo reinforced concrete bgams increased increasingpercentages of the bamboo reinforcement up to an opti. I: with mum valae; 4,) This opt&urn ;alue -occurs when Yhecross-sectiona! area of the --~ -ldngitudinal bamboo-_ reixifoicement, was from three to four percent of -.. , %mcross-Laectionalarea OX the concrete jn the member. r,r,ze-: $. The load required td cause the failure of concrete beams rein- forced with bamboo was from four to.fiv,e times greater than that. re quired for concrete,members hav-$rgequal dimensions and.wkhno re----./, .. . inforcement. ,. 6. Concrete beams with fongitudinal ba.mboo reinforc;ment may be afely loads from two to three times greater than concrete members having the same dimensions and T . &rns reinforced .with.unseasoned bamboo show d capacities than do equal sections reinforced with This statement w>as valid so long as the bamboo. o had not dried out andseasoned while encased in thg . , the load was apbljed: unseasoned untreated bafnboo was used as the longitudinal; thei,

i; .<I ,,; i -. . _ ,, ...,

concretewhen When

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absorption of moisture from the wet concrete, andthis swelling-action often caused longitudinal cracks in the iconcrete, thereby lowering the load capaiity ofthe~members. These SW& cracks were more likely to . occur in members, where the percentage of bamboo reinforcement was I -/ high. This ter$ency was lessened by the use of hjgh early strength con! ,, ,y<;, 3. ; * * .drete. : i The load,capacities of concrete members reinforced with barn 3. boo vary with the dimensions of the members. , * & 2 10. The unit stress in the longitudinal bamboo reinforcem,ent in : concrete $rnembers decreased with increasing percentages of reinforce-3 -__... -* ~. ~ment. tensile strength of the bamboo in bamboo r-einforced 11. The ultimate ; ooricrete members was not affected by changes ip the cross-sectionali . .. area of the members so long as the ratio of bre3dth to depth was con/stantbut was dependent upon the amount of bamboo used for reinforce. -. .a.ment. D *,$8 . .J;, , 3 having the percentage of bamboo reinfbrce. jsj&g _,.. . ,l.& Members 4,-i. ___I.- -; __.are capable of producing tensile tment\(bet&.en three and four r _----- ., -. stresses in the.bamboo,of from 8:OOO to 10,000 pounds per square inch. 13. In designing concrete members reinforced with bamboo, a safe tensile stress for the bamboo of from 5,000 to 6,000 pounds per square j I ._ ---. , 2 .inch may: be used. 14. concrete members reinforced. with seasoned bamboo treated with a brush coat of asphalt emulsion developed greater load capacities , ;i 1 than did equal sections in which the bamboo reinforcement was seasoned i . untreated a,r unseasoned bamboo. I/ / 15; When soaspned bamboo treated with a brush coat of asljhalt _ emulT$on was useil,as the longitudinal reinforcement in concrete mem* .,: bers,/there was some tendency for.the concrete to develop-swell cracks; i I -. _ especially when t,he per,centage of bamboo reinforcement was high, .: 2 ,,E . 16. Care should be exercised when using asphalt emulsion as a waterproofing agent on seasoned bamboo as an excess of theemulsion 1i x on the outerperimeter of the culm might act as a lubricant to materiL, /,i ally lessen the bond between the concrete and bamboo. 1 -. ., .. -- / l?. Concrete members reinforced with unseasoned sections of barnI 1,,, .,i ; h b/oo culms, which had been split along their horizontal axes, appeared !> i .--?~, ;i , , $o develop great$rloa,d capacities than. did equal sections iii which the > , i -. .,reinforcement consisted of.unseasoned whole.culms. a -5 - P. .,.! 18. Concrete members reinforced with seasoned sections of bamn:-, ._. 1. : ,_ /boo culms,;whi,ch had beerisplit along their 1. with a brudhcoat of asphalt !. 2 . -* 1 load capacities than did/equal sections in whish the 1I : J.. I split seytions !of seasoned > 19; When, splitsect&ns. .m 1_ were,used as/the reinforcement_iii-& concrete beam, longitudinal cracks, .I . .,,, ,: , action of the bamboo. apeeared in-the conc$ete due b the swelling it : cracking-of t,hem,cozcrete was pf~s-ufficient.Yinten,sityias. to virtually . . the load capacities of the members. i - ._ ~~.-,~ , <O. 3~ When unseasoned bamboo was used as the reinfo>cqment in a 11; c . : ,; concrete member, the bam,boo sdason;ed and shrank overs peri,od of _- .7 This seasoning action of the bamtime while encased in the c0ncr.et.e. ..boo materially lowered the effective bond betweenthe bambooand conL Crete withs resultantle i o : ,. ..s-- 21. Increasing the ,: - <; _.. z. ,, .

>

t -8 : .

:.

; . ,I' : ., f I I "

_'

reed with se,asoned bamboo treated /. with me-thylolureadid not develop greater .loa.d capacitiesthan did eq&l sections in which the bambob reinforcqment yas seasoned culms tre . *L. ^ , emulsion. pith a-brush coat oj E asphalt ~-~ 23.. The load ca Lpacities;idr concrete members reinforced with nseasoned, seasox&d or zia%oned and treated bamboo culms, were iBrcecreased by using split bamboo dowels as-the diagonal tension rein high. ment along the sections of the beams where the .v.ertical shear wa un24. The load capacitifs for concrete memb&rs reinforced wi i seasoned, seasoned or seasoned and treated split sections of bamboo wereGreased by-the use, of.a combination .of split dowels and the bending up of the upper rows of the split bamboo -from the bottom of hhe beam into the ton and covering-ihm~eXioncof3he beams tiherelthe ver, ticdl shear was high: : 25. Ultimate failure of bamboo reinforced concrete memb, i rs usuI arlly was caused by diagonal tension failures even though diagonal tenm * _ sion reinforcement was provided. c
b

.,.

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vi \,

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1; ,:(-_

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...

26. A study of the deflection data for all ?he heam specimens tes@d indicated; . (a). Thitthedefleition-s of the beams when tested follo&ed a fairly accurate straight l@e variation until the appearance of the first in. the concrete. (b).Immed,iately follov;~~~igah~.~_first cr.ack, there wasp pronounced :.. flattening of the deflection curve (probably due to local bond slippage) followed, by anotherperiod of fairly accuratestraight line variation, but This at a lesser slop$, until ultimate f$lure of the memb;~Sr occurred. flattening of the deflection curve was more pronouncWlGn,the members \ where the amount of lo$itudinal bamboo reinforcei-nent was--s,mall. ?\T.(c) In allcasesnotpd-, the deflection curve h,ad,a-lesser-,slope,after.. :the appearance of the first, crack in thg concrete, even though Kigli per-,

----_---

--___.-- __..~_
observed when the beh$l&r of member: under flexure and hav&g tee 1 that of equal members having rectangular .:I. were _ ...

pronounced,vcriations bambooreinforced concrete area%jth

A. LA .,, I.:

.~ ._.__.
in*cLrrPd-concrete members tinder flexure and con--.---sisiing of tee,.sections~ wer,e no more effect-i$e than were equal zectangular sections,, provided the breadth of-the ~~ern. ofthe \teeri sect,iqn waL.equal, to that of the recta%gular.sec,tion.:and the effective .depth of , L:

.,i; ..*:

, *,1 ,, :

.: Dision Recommended

and Con&ruction for Bamboo

Principl& Reinforced tl& use. Bs the

_ . ..Concrete, of whole r,einforcing ~ culms

...I._...-+ .,---. -.

_ In .i mi aortant

concrete ,&id seconda*

.*
InFrete slab?

members, mended members,

of &hole

.nia?e.r$,l; ' f
!

I-

I!
I+

green,*@qeasoned,

The c~&+ 30~riot

$5 , .--5. ., m -x

&fou!thT;of I.,.. a&rich. WEen~pos&ible, the bja\mboo*us.eii as , 1 -A members, subje.ct;t~flexur~, should be cut 4~ &in,.c$&&ete m three weeks to on& month before __ +--==--. -).) 1 ,, _

-.

renounced

browri

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/ -

* : /-j_ ! _. , L .

color sho Id be selected for use from a native bamboo&rove. This pracP tite will .msure that the culmq selected a.re.at-least three years old. * hen thoroughly seasoned whole bamboo culms are to be used as orcement in important concrete members subject to flexure, e of waterproofin$is recommend&+ 4.; When seasoned sections of bamboo split culm c arc-to be used as the reinforcement in recommendedfor the bamboo in However, for slabs and secondsections are of a size as to.allow with a clear distance of from 14 to 2 insplints and between *successive layCrs, the use of unseasoned sections of b,amboo is recommended provided hGh early streng-th cement is used.*In no case should the s@it bamboo sections have a width in excess of three-fourths of an inch,

_. &,2r-

__ .

..

.;-:* :1. 1.i ._ ..: k , 1

... ;

.,

_ ,

: _ , .

_:

,.

.e -.

cr.et&membe*rs.reinforqed

with

conventional

steel

is

recommended

for

the desS.gn of concrete members reinforced been recbmmended for the allowable unit for the modulus

---width in the cal+atiogs. .3+. 10, Some of the important characteristics oncrete members re&forced vl;ith.bamboo on &c,h future research ould be done include : (a); Use-otthose%j%c,ies o~~~rnbd~~-w~~e-in~ulus of elas-- ticity!ii higherthaq th+of the species used in&hese experiqnts. reinforcement. $ bamboo c&-q asthe are such that the bambuo will. be * completely? seasonedtihile encased in concrete, I ,,i (d) Mqre,wact da.fa on the bond between cqncrete, and bamboo, * -(e) Tha-use of othe r waterproofing agents than those used in these .;&sts to insur.e aga&fthe swellinn*act.ion .of seasoned bamboowhen

with bamboo. Values have bond stress between concrete stress in the longitudinal bam of elasticity for bamboo.These a concretemember also recommended ,ignoring the flange * * -.

Severe ix :the. bamboo riinforc*ement

1imitations;must of non-load-bear-l

.,

-iFi members., such as wall-pctnels and floors. rest~ngion well-compa.&ted earth, has more to ie,c,ommend it, from the prac$ical point of viecV, th?n the bpmboo ieinforcement of loadibearin& members.;of ai strut?ture. irhe lay .reader w& finh:.an admirable on, pse of bamboo ,for reinforcing in the appendix of,an article; by V. D. strength of -bamboo (see bib!!:

.Giogra@xicaL
_c y::I I
,- Bamboos

Distribution

of Bamboos

,,,

-.

extends from Indiato China on the main- . occur as more or less promu land, and from Japan to Java among the in the natural vegetation of-; islands., Some 20-odd spe5ie.s of bamboo many~$arts -of-the tropical, subtropical, and : ,. Z. teregioits of the .worldi from halve been reported .fr om the little-known mild tempera .,o -; :. seq.level to altitudes of more than 13,bOO- flora of Africa, and many of these areused -I : ~, : ,. !. p..i by .the nativepeoples for house consfruction. fd%t;.wherever astitable c,ombination of .--_ ,. :,..- V~-iXblogical f&ors~pre.vailsq Their ..- natural . The Islana of Madagascar, whose flora is Y _,; -, .- . di&tri$pkio? more fully knqvn, has been.found to have is yery uneven,1 both as. to abunmorejnative species of bamboo than are id&e-andYvariety ,of kinds in-a given area. Y kno.wn to .occur in the whold of Africa ._.. Aus; Through thiz agen.cy of m.ap)-the distribution ,, : s -of ,bamboo has been greatly; tralia has perhaps a hylf-gozen nativ$ species; c ; .~ -. Europe none+. In the Wes$&n yemisphere, ;-probably has been I g $6; zm&gtime; ind.&i$actudl !, the natural distribution of bamboos extends , A...,. Howfroms.outhern United Statesto Argentina :y. extent of it has not -be,& su&&ed. . and Chile. _. ome -200 species s &e natiy-e to. -4 5 q -+ ev& ,.) some of the mosf, valuable species have, not-betitid,istributed,to bny important but the),are vq-S$hevenly distrib-, .* .- :.L1,. :. 1 $&is area; to be done ~to%ak~ i 3 ute& &ter&, and, much remains Mapybof the recor.dedg&cie-s are ireiy . - ! i the~e;;no~~,~erip$allykiiown and available. 1 .: imperfkctly known; and some .kinds have been 1 ~b$i;(e. &.etiteJt cc&e&zap-on of, bdmboo&.. -. recorded _ .:. under more than one name, b-ut the ,-: . ;;-_ and. the -highest--de~eiopment-o&their-use,. k.nown .bqmboo-!_&a o~~thiCG%~~~$<b~b~y i . ;are. to, beifo&d: onthe so&he-astern, borders> totals more than 700 specie?, cla.ssifiz<WOin -~ + . I ; . ofA-sip.-a&d;on adjdqe~nt islands; This $?.ea. about SU,dktinct..genera.. t;

i~~nt &ments

-* .

L.

a-

'b,i

,_ w"ra ;

I Bamboo scaffolding +e l.-1s us&d in constructing zn apartment house in Cali, ColomIn strsngth and 'durability bia. bamboo is we.ll-suited for the for edonomy-it is prob. purpose; ably unequaled. ' .

--From supp.ortLngposts" to rafters'and this .eott-age in the Ec'uadoran lowlands is made enti'relyof native.bambpo, Guadua angustifolia. The pzsts may serve for&-five years; _ in serviceable condition the siidingl may remain ,...for decades. ., @ : i ./ a .. , : I 1 '. ._.. e 'j 'I ..

T . -

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1:.I

*L Figure 4. - - Fr-Rework of this hous&!nder construct&n in Java is hardwodd; but raf+.ers, sheathing, ,halls &d partitions may be scaffolding; and even the,la$$er are bqboo. cove-red with bamboo matting, probably ma&e; from species of Gigantochloa, commonly used / in Java for- this purpose. (.Photos by Dorsktt.) :.

*.

-.

of a peasant's cottage in Colanbia. Figure .S.-- Bamboo is used for the- frame strud/ture Walls,,'and partitioris will be made of bamboo'hoards. In fact, all materials but the which, produces culms in> roof the<& will come from the native &a i' a angu stifolia, tK of tools are required. use -47 t only the simplest sizes and form So suit&d to direct '$., 3 -/ / _ ,' ,I5

1,

. 1

i-gure.6,-.DetGls df ,ba@bmo c6ns.truction:A,, fitting and bigding )ints ii roof and iran+;, B, fittin=g atid &$ingbamboo boardsof saddle joint; E and- r, bsi of inset block! to support horiFonta1 tiring: elements; G *ani g, ;u se of stump.of;branch at node of post .*, >r,$tont,al loadibe.aring elements. I . . ,
.: ? -._ --. -c\ .* . . 1. ., \ . ._ _ i

culms at floor; s and loadto,$upport .

/ .

TENON S/DE V/EW _ 0 O.UTY

KEY OR

JOINT FINE

FOR WORK

HEAVY

DOU.ELE

BbTT

TIED

JOINT

..,

memberondhed,

---. _ JOINT FOR OF .SMAiL LARGE CilNNECilON MEMBERS. MEMBERS --St3 i -.

_:.. .-

-P v/n,? binding

.I

CONNECTION TO ROUND

OF

BAMBOO , \\i I

PINS.ETC.

* 1.

..-

SINGLE

and

similar

usei

is HOfftZONTAL

SECTION

.,
.used in build.i"ng with bamboo. d

,'

Figure *8.--An ax. with a iellgreased bit is used in Ecuador for Each no.de making bamboo boards. is split in several places; then with one long split, the culm is Not used for spread wide open. boards is the thick-walled basal part of the culm.

step in making a Figure 9. -- Final removing diaphragm bamboo board-fragments from the newly openeda machecu 1m. It may be done with or .with an adze orda as here, __/I shov,@like curved spud. ;E%ig-handled,

i /

Figure IO. --B&boo boards stand ready for use. The making of 5/ ese boards i is a well-devepped trade in both Ecuador and Col,ombia; and the- finyshed -product mj&t , well become an expor,t item. -5 j /

a . Figure 1 l!. -;Wail s paneled in -native bamboo in horizontal feature o.f this artistically designed but rather costly . Ecuador. The roof covering is eternite. --====-i a. * ,3 *

array are an attractive weekend cottage in Guayaquii, -/ ,_ i , ,j c _-,, . 9 19 7

( I( d II
f., 1. f&b ,* ! ,, \ ..;+ p: b I ., ,, _ --Tim e ;* 9;-;: i .I .) \ Y , : T.,,

strips construction common bamboo,

support and $ktect called bajaie&e-in Bambusa

an-adobe wall in El Salvador?, many Latin American countries.

.L In b

! \

SPRUNG

STRIP.

CO~NSTRUC~ION

,.

Economical altemotive

/I

,W
P

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I ----

Fi-&re 14 --Barnbob hoiise, bu<iyed ui by> .balsa log&, lies anchzs.+ in & E-*ado&an ~__. ,,mX%dk 11 s: are made of bamboo\ boards, wa &3.;the .J,eaf-thatched I%&f is held in &a%. # bamboo-~~de-is;re.s_t_ing across the c.omb. ), \,. * .: -, rl \.

->+

river. by _1

. -.
A.

.._

Figurk 25s. --Bamboo boaryls. provia&--.a sturdy $nd:economical b&e for the &ement sthccol that covers the outer wtiQs X%bis~lKspit~l~ at Manta , Ecuador .. .

. . ._ -_- -- _.__ _-._1 -1

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.-

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,-

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Figure ' houses 1 :;

16.-- Hinged to the heat

panels of,matting woven and rains of the .Tropics.

fran

thin

strips I

of-b*

. : I / I i

help

to adapt <' 23

- ..>

*'

Figure 17.--A young \ Th plays his bamboo o&&\-again&t a background of bamboo mattirig . Such matting is a popular Gal-l.coverin& throughou<southeastern Asia: it is dight in both .color and weight, d;es <no-&%a-in, and is easily cl&aned. (Photo by &ate ) ' . ^

*
. I

-Figure 18.--A pioneer settler in eastern pq?ru has made&-&bin-&or uritk-mRtprlal-that came easily to hand--culms of awild bamboo, Guadua SJ. / / 3 i

Figure i9 .--Roof ,tiies of this . Colombla,.as weil-as the troughs water system, arC halved culms ahgtistifolia, the common native of Colombia and Ecuador,

laul(;dry in of its of Guaduabamboo

#3

_.
. .

.,

>

I----

Figure of the

20. --Tile --covers the roof of this b&.o house in &at&ala. wall are made from culms of Bambusa vulgaris.

-3 Ibe boardk \ i:-

Z6

A-

8 Figure 21 .--Bamboo is standard material for roof in the , ,-? timber rural houses of Caldas Department, Colombia. It combines lightness, strength, and hurabil#ity and, being locally abundant, costs but little. I*

.;

,,

Figure 22 .--The structure of th.is bamboo roof is typical in Caldas Department, Colombi .a: The uniformity has grown out of long years of use: ever since colonial times, bamboo has been the preferred building material in the area. :i ii. : iJ ,c? :.y a

I . i I

ii.i .: I i

. I

&I among different ba&oos,as seen in the nodes, internodes,i~'+ FigurA 23 .--Some contrasts and-branches'df the culms: E, Bamb . usa arundinacea, a thick-walled bamboo with infl-ated nodes and h,er%y, solitary, -thorny lo-r branches. ,B, Bhyllostachvs bambuthin-walled b$mbo&~ with inflated nodes and paired~branch.' I -__soidea, 'amoderate-ly i, '. of 'which the ,i$ternode isflattened and shallowly grooved. es, above -the -insertion ,G. BambusaPvulgaris, aTmoderately thick-wa~led~bambeq-~~-infl-at~odes,dormant' _ ". branchbids ,below, and pr0minen.t. branch cotnp&ments above. D, Bambusa textilis, ;. bamboo with cyiindrical internodes; noninftatedn=ared at the '. 'I'-a thin--wa,!led I.. I ,sheatb .sc&; branch-buds * lacking at the lovr nodes and tardily developehabove. 'I 1,,.-~., E~~Schl~zos~achj&. lumampao, a' thintwailed bamboo with cylindrical internodes;' ,' &inflated \aodes; no- ,buds 'at lower nodI.~_~,ender, subequal, -easily

i s P

for splitting heavy culms. .A, cross of iron,or hardwood bars Figure' 24. --Devices I : (about--l in,ch thi'ck) supported, by posts (about 4 inches thick and3 feet) high) firmly '; ~ with a~~:a_,~_r,wo pairs of splits are opened at right angles to.aach a in g~uylcl ::."~ other--at .the t-op.end of the c,ulm;: these.are held.open with wedges -unti$ the culm.is .' the culm is then pushed and pulled,; -by hand, in the -p-La& in position on the cross;, by the arr&'(adapted fromSalcedo)i---B--a~ wedge for-. (:. ' .,: fi, block-with ,$ingl,e.and paire;? st~<ed~s'%r mounting polittina quartered culms. slightly-closer to- .- _ , ~-~ . djacent, f'ces of the paired:wedges shouldbe ..~__. A at t,he cutting edge ,,t,han at the back. ' I' 1 ,- -7. .

_ .I!--

//.-

j*

.. *\

of moderate-s>ze culms to make withes for weaving gure 25. --S$litting d lashing. Quartering a culm; A, st-arting four breaches at upper end; driving a hardivood, cross along-the breathes to complete the, splitting. dividing quarters radia,lly, making center splits first. .D, splitting dial divisTons tangentially; the hardeouter (convex) st.ripTis best, and P9nft--p-ithy+i n neL(- conoav-&-str+&,asuall~y d&carded. EC long- ~~ ndled knife used for C_ and IJ some workers hold a strip, of. If amboo on e blade to add..tom.its effective thickness when they wish.:to~speed _ tthe work. . e I c(~,, 2 \: p.- sac &: j_\ I . __ _ I. .\ / d 8, , * I

. i--

*,

?,

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\,,

.,

...-, -; ,: i .::*, 3 -?

* As with, steel, bricks, cement;,stone, c ,*clay, tirnberwoods, or any other building dmaterial, it*is necessaryto think of the . bamboos in terms of individual and distinct kinds, each characierized by a, combination n of propertieip&culiar to itself (fig. 23). Certah

,._ combindtieZse prop&ties are useful fok identification; certain ones must be .. takeqinfo account. in evaluating the suita.L, .,c, , bility,of ind.@dual kinds for one purpose or 8.: --_ ;.-another . . ..:,$re are some of the properties ,::,,,-f,, \ , ,,\.%. :.-,,I \ r::: r / .,:; ,,, .-. that:detiriYd;ime the best use of a ,given bam;.;; -, ,:, :~11 3 .,i>* - ,. boo .and t@,:$elative value of available kinds ?-,,,. ..~ L. .. ,,_ I . for a givenpurpose: \ * 7. ., D . 0 : I I.5.. .+- (; ,. I. Ave,4age dimensions of culms 1 ,?- *- (_ /._ .G , y.2 2. Tap&r, of culms ,!j;.:.. ,x,7.<. r ,. I 3.. Straightness of.culms ~.; 4. Size and distribution, of branches _ a .] . .. .<;;;.;. . I 3; :. 5. Lep_gth of culm internodes .$ii, ., 1, y 6. ,Shape and proportioti,of interiodes ::?,.,,* . . ;,_:: .. , ,.. 7.. Thicknes? of the wood (culm.wall) ;-c;-, , ,, -. . ,( , L a i:.,. ,.,,(. ; _ :i .!. ., b.,;, I~:-;\ ------ -1 . .T,i; y,: / j I I.-. ., .y;:: 1, :;,x. .:;. -., .\ ..

8. *.ielative.&oportions and distribution of different &sues (bundles and paren, chyiria) in th8 wpod (which affgct the properties.listed under 9 and 10) 9. .Density,:and strength of the wood 10. Splitting qualities of the wood -il. ,~uscep~il%lity,to fungi and wood? eatinginskcts. ,, e - c -Specifications for bamboos are not yet j stqndarized on a wide geographical scale. : --Within any bamboo-using community, however, thq- .&lose observer will find that.where f there is a choice of several species, cerpurposes .I tain ones ~$11 be used for certain with great regularity. And where tlier6 are established bamboo markets, many of the bamboos offered are found to be c,laasified . into more or iess wel.l-defined:grades with distinctive names. Such markets, and. the . local,artisans who -work in bamboo, are ., sources of much useful information not to bee found anywhere in print. , i I

.^

,I;) .:-.

., \

\,

Sotie \ _

Barnb&bs

Used

in,Hoy

. As far as-ve know,, most of the bamboos ose of those who wishto :I of greatest usefulnes-s and greatestversack of the best bamboos in < 5 tility for building construction-come from a :+I-- * ty, the vernacular names o ;.fe,w groups af related species, Falled gen- ,;?i-%?: r than thelLatin. Latin ..r--. __ ,.ZI L . era; The,se genera are -&rundinaria, Barn; $:- .? re generally rnoie* useDendrocalamus; @ ! .* fulV in correlating info%maeion *found& the 1. n r.;c Phyllostachys, literature. :__ In this section, which sets for,h I Schizogtachyum.in,the Eastern Hemi , some of the most useful species, with their 1 Guadu,a and Chusquea in the locations, sizes, and uses, both Latin and , ere._l>c 4s not-to,z%ay, vernacular names are given inspfar as they Y 1,;: :th<t aM-of-thF&~~~&zeful s&Ties-&, fo<nd are available.

.:., ,,.,

..I r_ ._. / ;/. : ,,,

alpina: L Alpine Bamboo, Bamb& Alpina.( Italian). ~.__ Z-A:. Kenya; A-b-yssiiiiia,Sudan,~Congo, Uganda, Tanganyika;. : _; . 8,000lO;ObO ft. *Abundant in grge%tarias. ---__.1.- ,. \ Culms : 60 ft.,by 4 in.; commonly 45-50 ft. by 2g in.; rather _ thin-walled.. .p :. s -I I Uses: .General. -, 8.. : - O2. Frundinaria callosa: Uskong. Uspar,-Spa (Khasia).. Y t, IND-IA: E. Himalaya~and,l$li6sia~ Hills,,Assam; to 6,500 ft. . . ! k (1
I

X-

-I:-,-Arundinaria--

D <. .,.I

lpng

thatch.

Gti :

_~
Garr;;:Gorwa, Spikso; Ning&lo, Kewi,

,-;Tham,

-..
Utham, r \. I

ia inffrr$edia:

Nigala: __ _

(Nepal)-,+~armi~.k-(-~p.ch~~~-~~ti.~~. I

r 1 - -

8.

9.

10. .

11.

12.

1; 13.

,. .

14.

15.

I Arundinaria mannii: Beneng (Khasia). \ INDIA: JaintiaHills, Assam; to 3,QOb ft. Culms: To 30 ft. by l/2 in. Withes for binding frames of native houses. Uses: Kevva, Keva, Sampit (Naga). Arundinaria prainii: INDIA: Khasia, Jaintia, and Naga Hills: to 9,500 ft. Culms: Slender. of native houses.. Uses : Lath for walls Maling (Nepal),, Phyeum Miknu, Mheem, Arundinaria racemosa: Pheong, Pithiu. NEPAL and INDIA (Sikkim): 6,000-12,000 ft. ft. by 7/10-l in. c&-Is : 5-15 Roof construction and matting for native houses. Uses: .Arundinaria spathiflora: Ring&l, Garu, Dee-Ningal. INDIA: N..W. Himalaya; 7,000-9,000 ft. Culms: 23-30 ft. ,by l$ in. Uses: House construction. Arundinaria wightiana: Chevari. ..INDIA: Southern and western parts; especially abund.ant on the Nilgiris. .-. lo-15 ft. by 1 in. GuLms: .- / -_, Uses : Matting. ..! T@rr$&~boo,Berua, Kata, Koto (Assam), Bambusa arundinacea: Ily, Mulu .(MaMyx Bans, Behor Bans (Bengali), Mulkas, Vedru (Telugu).(Mundgay (Bombay). INDIA .- Pantr epic in cultivation. Culp-& To 75 ft. by 6 in\; c&mmonly rather crooked; only modvery thorny. bii erately strong and durable: lowers 1 Uses: General. f i Bambusa-balcooa: Balku Bans (Bengali), aluka (Assam), Borobans, Sil B&ua, Teli Barua, Wa J .h, Beru, Betwa. ,. INDIA: Assam, lower Bengal, and Bihar. 1 li s @ulms: 50~70 ft. by 3-6 in. .Uses; :. General; kest and strongest for building purposes 2. . (Gamble). \ Bambusa blumeana: Buloh Duri (Malay), Kida (Semang), Bambu ix INDIA;-INDO.I _ 1

.i

---T.
\\ * , \\ ..$

_ . --sl. < _ ._ i ,! >

__ I .,.Uses: Genefal. 16. Barn-b&a .khasi.ana: Serim, Tyrah (Khasia). INDIA: Khfsia and Jaintia Hills, Assam, and Manipur; to 4,000 ft. Culms : 3 -40 ft. by l-1. 2/5 in. \.\\ i s eral. US~%L~~ I Bamhusa multiplex: Hedge Bamboo, Silver L-daf Bamboo, Ngau Kan \x \ Chuve). .>A. * I -INA: ,Kwangtung;. to 1,000 ft.: now virtually pantropic in culf&tion. _/. Culms$*~30 ft. byi in.i-*~- internodes long, thin-walled; resistk. ant to Dinoderus, the powder post beetle. Uses: Sheathing for roofs, wattle-and-dbub wallconstruction. -.(Jamaica. f -~_ -...I >

, 1 ----- .-

-, .~ 1. ._,., .i 18 .., ? :* .I I, ... ;~., ,Z.,., _.,.I ; , \ ;_ j : 2 .:_ J.,

- .., _*

Mahl, Paoshi-ding-ying, Jotia, Peo-bans, Wa-malang, Sering-i 0 jai. INDIA: Lower Himalaya from the Jumna to Assam and E. Bengal, and Sikkim; to 5,000 ft. dulms: 20~40 ft. by lb-3 in.; internodes 15-18 in.; wood strong, straight, hard-, much esteemed. Uses: General. Bambusa polymorpha: Kyathaungwa (Burmese), Betua (Assam),, , Jama Betua (Bengali). INDIA (E. Bengal) and BURMA: To 3,500 ft. Culms : SO-SO. ft. by 3-6,.in. . considered one of the best bamboos for walls, Uses: General; floors, and roofs of houses (Watt). Wong Chuk,.Mit Chuk (Chinese). 20. Bambusa textilis: Southeastern provinces. New cultivated in the United :._ CHINA: a,:.. States (Georgia, F$orlda, and California) and Puerto Ricio. .* internodes longish; w.ood rather ,thin. CuJms : I To 40 ft. by2 &.; .*. ( Uses: Withes for binding house frpes; matting ?or walls. __ 21. Bambusatulda: Tulda, Jowa, DyowgB+ans, Mak, Makor, ,Kiranti, MatxPeka M.frtenga, Wati, Wamuna, Wagi, Nalbans, Deobans, Bijuli, Jati, Jao, Ghora, Theiwa, Thaikwa.. INDIA (ce.ntra1.E. Bengal and Assam) and BURMA:.-f;lost common r 1 ;i-. b-amboo e of the riee_~co&itry. 7 pi 20-70 ft. by 2-4 in. IV

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Dendrotalamus asper: Bultih Betoqg, B.Pa&hing (h.bix b )&uur DelingPetung, Jijdng Betung, Prjng Petung *(Jav&), [Sakai), ,,~atuen~FPerirrg!~etung Awi Betung, ,Bitung (Sudlin), ugh Curran, Jr.). , (Sumatra), Bont.ong (P.I., MALAYSIA: In java;.to and througwut.the archipelago . i < to Luzon, P.I. Much planted. , . _ I ---l. ,: Culms: To 100 fti by 6-8 in;;%short lowzr internodes ;kryth&k*. . walled.. , i * Uges : Gene.r,al. j .27. Dendrocalamus brand&ii: Kyellowa, Waya, Wa&u (Burme.s*e), Wakay T, Waklu. $ern slopes of Pegu Yoma. andMartaban Hills; to 4;400 ft.) and BURMA: . , . K C&-IS~ 60-120 ft. by 5-8 in. .: *s 1 . -- Uses:. Gmeral. (Burma), Wdrra (Assdm). . 28. Dendr,ocalam&giganteus : Wabo INDIA:, Calcutta,,nor.thwards tz- Tenhsse;im, ./Burma, Ceylon. ,.< Culms: 80-100 ft.by 8-lo-in \* I f !I -+ Usesz-==.General., * Wab&myetsdngye ~(~Burme;e$;Chye Dendr ocalamus hemiitoniii iii~(lk&pi+) ) Pao_(Lepcha). Kpkwa (Assam), e = f b Pecha (Bengali), To&y! (Mikis), -Wan,oke (Garo). 26. INDIA and- BURMA: N.E. Hix%alajrk., ~,As.saxri Valley, &as& Hills Sylhet, east to upper Burma!; an&west to Sutlej. The common bamboo of the Darjeeling Hills, Terai, etc.<-much aultivqted. 12-2p in, Icing; sor;lew,hat Culms: 40-60ft. by 4-7 in:-; internodes : - - . goft and relatively thin-walled; ._ 1 . .-.. _.. General; not highly esteemed. . u

.. . .w

l*

in.;

internodes I 0

-18-20

in. .

Iong~;%plls. _ . .a

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<. ,..$. .: !. q-_. ?.--.. I>-;:. _; .. ;,,:, . . .; -, ,. . .

$. . :L. c .m-.--

.e C, 1.

Uses: General; $ot highly esteemed -as building, materigl, but II used when better kinds are not .availableI (Watt):. 32. Dendrocalamus memb,ra,na&us.: Wa-yti, Wayyai, WaLi+u, Wapyu ., . ,. ,-. - (Malay): 0/ . ;.ti INDIA and BURMA: Moist forests dt low elevations,. - ,Culms: -To -70 ft. by 4 in .;,,,internodos 9-15 in. long; ,wood %. : ,,, : . . . l/4-3/8.in.thiik.

:; internodds,thick-walled.

strono

/ i _ .,. _. ,

,! ;. , I .

.:

.. P _ J. -_ l-f

.( I, 1. \...>.j _ .h. _ ,z i. . 3:. .*,! _,, 1if .?^ ._1 ;i .. . P

;;.:,., -i

7.. . :,,.: x . flS. 2. y;-

_ I

., _

50ii-60/rt,by 5-7 in./ Culms: General;: r .A Uses: Male Bamboo, Bans, Bans Kabrin: Bans 3-5,. Dendrocalarrms strictus: Khurd, Karail, Mathan, M.at,\Buru Mat, Salis Bans, H&a, .. f Vadur, Bhiru, Kark, KaI Mungil, Kibi Bidaru, Radhanapai vedru, kauka, Myinwa.. I I _ and BURMA: On all moderately dry hills exyept in N. and ,& INDIA SE. Bengal and Ass-am. . =I J l, ,+!T k 30-50 ft;;by1-3 in.; veryOstrong; often solid. \I _, Culms: p Uses*: Gener& _ L .. 36. Gig&tochloa apus: -3. D. Tang%, Bamb~~~~~Tg;~~~~,D~~gi D. Pring, Pring Apes,, P. Xpoos, P. Apoos, T&iii(Java),

I i
I.

>\
. Ff
.! I

up to 26 in. .

long;

.wood

l/4.I

._
*

L-

..:z

8. I

,-.

-.

.,-

Wabray. INDIA (A&Sam.,

Q.

Chittagong)

and@URMA.\

/-

~*

5; , yeneral. ochloa v.erticilla&:: Whorled x, 1 Pring.Soorat,(Java)Y Andong A. Liali, A. Soor af (Sundw). ,. . : JAVA. ,

3,

amboo,

Bamboo

Andong

(M&lay

Ke \7 es, Awi*Andong. \, .

A.

Gam$ng;

ellow bamboo

stripes;..,, in

;hort; ., 0 41. Guadua &plexifolia::-Cauro v--mm--me-e . . -. --*e-i(Nicarigua; M6squif). -

wood

of

en&al; the least desirable of the listed, ;,es : purpose,. but,much used in Nicaragua. .I :; .Guadua annustifolia:Guadua. * j .,.an+PERIJ. . internodes relat&ely rd 90 fti bg 6;ip.;~ in.&&. __ &eral;

-------i--cf ----60

-$

by 4 in.;.

internodes.rel6tively~hbrt,

lower

i .. -

up <

1 .*

short;

&,ood

needs,

the best *O&I and most versatilespecies of those $r eps of -&uador* -and G olombia where ccurs .& $ponta.neouS~ stands +de,q$ate to supply ,it, is used-to, aremarkable extent-in house Con.-

\, - ._

.I

i ii I . . ... * 1(1 g . _ I L 0 D : .$ .

-struction. In fact, so&e of this bamboo is used in r L a every house in such areas. Many structures are br 1 1t almost i \ entirely of it. stance This bamboo apparently has a relatively high re observed to both rot fungi and wood-eating insects. It has be n with repeatedly that ordinary hardv?oods used in conjuno _ damthis bamboo have hid. to be replacedbecause of.insl origiage whiIe the bamboo still remains serviceable. Tl 100, in nal untr atedssiding, consisting of boards of this bh 4sl epart. a 40-year-old plantationhouse at Pichilingue in the conmeht of Los Rios; ,Ecuador, was still in a serviceat to be I d&ion in 3945, l&g after the hardwood floors had he r.eplacedbecause of insect damage. --

r ly

-.

INDIA

and BURMA. 50-70 ft. by

d L l$-3 in.;

.-.. ,,
--.., I

-._ w-.x . .

ii,,, ,...$ I<.,

>. -xi-.
I,

I.
c

;3.-,; . -+,, ,;.:, . N,,, ,:

: 1

,. 3 ,

;. : -: .__ :-, :; 7 -.

.,

.: r : : _ _ _,

To 50 ft.: by J in.;. inte.rnodes,l&g, th.in-walled.. -. ., .y.;-, Uses Lath, mattbg, iithes u tying frbmes & huts. .50. Schitostach&m .hhinanense: Thng Chuk (Chiirese)., a .: CHINA: Hainan IslAnd. c .,.< Culmd! To l-00 ft. by cih.;. internodes<? 14ng, thin-walled. . 8 .. _ Us,es: Lath; ma.@ng. 5 1. Schiaostachyum lima:Bolo...Baxacay.(teste Hunh Curran:,Tra). -- ----Y PHIJZIPP~INE mNDS;,--lXZ&, -ca,a,: Culr ns: .25-30 ft. by 1 in.; internodes very long, thin-wallid. . A,Uses: Mattidg, shingles, thin lath. ., _. 0 52. Schizostachyum lumampao: Lakap (Bosayan), Tamblang (Biia-an). ,,PHILJPP~NE ISLANDS: Luzon. . C.ulms:. To 60 ft.-by 3 in.; very straight; 40 ft. to first branch; .ZL ihin-walled. . ,.- .$ * -. Uses:Bo~rds,*shixi7gles, {teste Hugh Curran,$Jr.),. ._ Tcinostachyuin dullooa: Dulpoq (Assam), .P+ksalu, Pogslo, Wadroo, 5% D F1 _ , . Gyawa; -, :-. INDIA: Assam. Culms: ,20-!0 ft.,by,l-3 in.; mte+nodeS to 4d in. long; thin-, L
.

Culrrs:

. .

,.I

* .I

, 1. :*

I.ath~
-----,

mnttino
---.-.~,, _ L

r,:: : . :, ., . ,

* ..*

.~._

55.

Ptachys olivers: : Thqnawa (Bprincse); Maitong INDIA and UPPEF L BURMA? ,To,2,000 ft. : is: 36-80 ft. by i,-2i;n.; greatly in request! -_ .; uses:, General. _. \/ Thyrsoitachyi siameniis: Kvatinn-wa. nsi 25-4d ft. bay lk-3 in .; v&ystrong.and straight;

~Kach$.).. ri (Gamble).

. . 1

/ e

.un-

. I

i 1, _ I1

The follotiini, IS that aie

two uscd.,in

x&xIygrasses, though buiidinn hauses.

not, trui L qarade

<amboos,

yield

Giant, R+d.:(Hitchcock), r$ +tcndihg into milder

Coheta

(El

Saltado@ zone i

pa~rts ,pf$he

temperate

,.I , !--i ,

i: 1. ;

For

convenience, the fore in the followin speiziaiioed

particular numbers ~<rd.apta-tion, 19, 21, 0, to 2?; 26-,28, 17:22;.24, 30-46, 25,

uses in house construction. refer ,to the species just i g8;54, 4.1, 44-4& 55: 5 54-57; -~ -~-, _-

The _ listed.

..;I -.i
.i I

,_ e Roof + covering: Tiles, 13-15, 19,.23,26-3~.,~7-40, .., 14, 16, 18-34, 36-56; 4 3! 7, 1.4-40, 42-48, SO-52., 28; 31, 32; 39-43, 48; 42, 41, 48; \ - 1. \ ~ *

54,

55;57.

--Y 28, 21-i-23: 54,55. 13-15; 19, 23j 27; . :27-31; 28, 30, c 26728, 30, 31, \ . 34,.37-44, 48. 31, 34, 37-44, 48: 33-43: ., 45, i 46, _ 48, 1 . 31, 33-35; .37-43,-45, -

1.5, 19, 2i;

30,

___

-2

.-

. __

Shortcomings,of

Bamboo

and

How

--to Chercome ~I_~~~~~

The& _--_

x
ms, may -ay be split

_
55 . ...-:.. CC

..

nature

and

peculiarities

of the. building .

ma-

Extreme
With the

FiS sibility
exception of thickiwalled barn.

A.

I.

, ,.

Preservdtion
their culms to ininsects. Although -+> . :. a - 5, .ve a relatively., probably exists. Both+&arch%n&themoisturecontent c .. . .*. .1 : . .1. 01 tne wooa vary wrtn me specres ana witn the age oftithe culm, especially during the first . . .. . i .,yearsor two _ _ .,_ so. The starch.content .. may lncbease-~r..de.cr-ease, from the-base to the tip of the culm.3 Any reduction of the starch or moistuie,s or both, tends to reduce the incidence of attack by wood-eating insects. It hasbeen found.at the Federal Experiment Statibn in Puerto Rico that clumpycuring the culms isa natural and,effective means. -~~ of .~-~duSing itnelr susceptibiiity. ,lnc~es~~~ &al steps of this procedure --R-position it and , I follow: --. in fungi

:>.--: . -rl.!,_..., ; ,< :

T,y=-=j.::-;--. ;.. ,,, :a,: . ,; : -..;; )

\. moisture -.._ :. q; ._ content A.: of the 1.. I Sever woo

__ Y._ .I

-:

it in an upright once ent (1:20).mixture

I&patting of DDT

or

a. stick

thruit ...

intf,the

lower-

..

end,

raise - Y. .=.

each . :

culm _.

off- the ./

ground

to,

,_,

zc~~ti~n

should

be obs.erved

to pre-

,_is

suggested tentatively --:-Eff~~~~~i-:py:bte~t~~n .against decay, whether

as a starting point. :of b&mboo CuJmS * =5-----..-.A ~JI storage or m,ser-

~I -.:.,( : : ;-. .. ,,:, -. _. 1 ,c ,,

.,,. . .I ; , -_ :. ,. ;,;.

., ,I .,

Skills _t,

equihnents
J. weavpng bamboo and matting: Making bamboo :, ... .-.... .. .Making..bam~oo.-.naii~ . ?pttices, ..j sh,@gJes. and d wattling, I dowels. _ I

rs
:. I _,

..

(/ ::>, ;1.-.-L..! .,,>, .- ,/. I_ :,, ,I: i, ,, ,s, ,f,, -+: ..,., .,.,.. +.. .I (,,.

Theski& required in building with barn,,, b&oar< the basic ones of the builders trade:. tog,ether tiith others that-relate particularly to t~-e-peculiaritie-s-of-.bhI;flboo--a:5 a-mat-efial...: ,,ere these-. .

and other techniques will be treated These fully in a general .work on bambdoufilization now under,preparation. In most~areas where.bamboo suitkble uilding purposes occurs in

for

z. .._-,.

&se&es with these meiiand nd to work with them ;n getting d.o-$,-both;-in the workshop building Site. _

..

> T.

is ndtorious for its duljing effect bn,edeed tools. T>his ef: lect .is due to.the * F. ;:c --- --O-~-~~~r ;; .-. ? -:silica.w-ith which, the tissues are more or i. ,, .: .ie .si, heavily impregnated. The effectiveness :+:, of Y edged tools will be maintained at a. higher & -7zm-, ,level, andthe time consumed in sharpening il1.b.e greatlyreduced, if tools made of .. -_ .~ molybdenum steel or an..equally,,dard alloy . ,-i qc can be secured forw0rkin.g bamboo. j L2L-., .. IF -.--The+to-cxls essential tobujlding with barn?o,are relatively few and-si-m-ple.,& fact ; ,. ,-L:--* ., many -a bamboo .house has been\ built -with no i ; .- ,, .more -.I tools than a machete. But wherever _, _ the ,use of bamboo %s:to be~,refined or elab:i..,
I -----.---

.,3 ,,> :,.1.:: .

:

:
lf3kmhc-m

.
:

[Y

,, .

.r additional tools are rerated to a h y extent, quired. So e~~of these may have to perform work &lai to the processing of bamboo an-d, for thi reason, would not be available at the sour es of standard carpentry tools. The Chinese tuband bucket-maker-who uses bamboo as is raw material requires an ar_ ray of som i thirty different tools and gadgets,

__ . .*.-

.~ I. .

. .

. \ i felling and culms, aqd cut- le-ngths; removof diaphAragms d .. -. ;=i-.I p . s

., Miscellaneous and trimming .- ting them_ io ing fragments

; .. . .. . . . .. . Felling
annth.

culms,

removing

Large Xvith

size; \ 18 &nd be=4 A

ample 24 teeth de locally,

supply .oei

of inch.

..

- . ; . I

;
:levat& culms

^
,and hoiding ~ May

% follow-

_~

,,i!. *,i)i.:I

,r

/c ,A

$T,,&dz q

. . , , .,;

. . , . 1 . . Removing diaphragm-fragments and.. .1.7.. soft : ::.I.:-:: - excess ._. at basal end of bamboo

Standard wood ity stee!.

design;

best-qual.. ..I.

generally a
:. /( _.. ., , . _ I, . . --L ,, $:. y.. . !.. .Q,j ,::; ?,? ,( ), ,.. : ,, ._

available. Curved ifront bent); . and l$-inc.6 bits. * . Best steel bit.
-5

Gouge
5 _

. . .:

:-

., Chisel .

e . , . . .I. . . Removing diaphragms to (8 make troughs and drain pipes from split or opened culms. --% . . . I 1, , holes in culms to ac-. . ._. . . . . . . ..Making comodate lashings for end ties; . i.

l-inch \ ,.

steel (molybdenum if available); 3/4-inch

.x. l ..m

\--*

__

;. ,.. ,~,i. .. :;,; -!,__ ,,(, ,,-, , -.

:i; :,,:

i:.

, . .. .. ,.( .

3 ;,-,; :
. 1 7.

.Wood _, ,-, ..

rasps., ., *. iin

. . . , . , . Leveling node:.

prominent i -

culm ,:. sblitting of

Large side., dium, See

size, with.one fiat one convex; coarse; and fine teeth. sketches, .fig. 24. -

me-

. -. I

Solittin%

. . ;..

. * . Facilitatmp.

the

i ,

.,.

Solittinn

knives

. . . ..,+, .[a)

For

split&g

small

culms:

(a)

Short

handle;broad

blade

__,

is

a collective

term

here

in-

should

do so because

thP

different

kinds

of -7-----_,

..-. .

\ ~1 ..

g.

Restudy (1). . (2)

(3)

structures and odjects~%Zidu-of @m&o0 with a view toConfirming or eliminating listed.uses a&~ reported by the bamboo workers. : Ascertaining the actual .and .r,elative durability of the various kind.s in use as building.&&erial; causes sible means of increasing durability of way first, either by~improved design of bamboo, or by the use of Listing the characteristics -...__ .. r various uses.
I

mixtures caqcause much trouble. -j Make spepimens fo; permanent preserFragmentary ?jecimti& collected (vation: jusp. for identifica;loi, I-frequently hastily, +rn out to represent .n\ew species or new Sych specimens, Often too fragr cords. $ mT,ntFry.to be identified with confidence but * .: . too\intriguing to discard, may be more of a . bamboo an,d distinguisking i-m othe-ti ;>. * -burden thsn a help. kinds. ?rH, reproducti\;e stru&ures are ,:.,, : .,To ident$fy;a bamboo with c&onfidence,, one tradifionally requkcd for identifying barn/ +% ,. : 1 , should have ias coihplete a representatioq as .bods -and many other .plaats, but veietative .::. ; .( ;,; possible-&by specimens, photographs, 0; de- sfructures haire. proved to be a practical ;. ..i . I_ , scriptioxis-of *he following s$rti&ures,:i Cuih,A! , basisfor field identification of bqmboos: : ..)...: (P ..sheathS, leafy twigs, branch complement, j ,the average clump of bhmboo presents tr ;Ti- ,,. ;: ji./_ ; flow6Zr.S -culm nodes:, and internodes and rhizomei. only once, after nianjr .$&a+ df 9. + -ii. ._ ., qeeds, atid seedlings -: . .. Flowering-bianche$$ ..! .gio&h. 8 \j ihrill add greatly to the value &dqsefulness ..iI?ever mjx ma+&1 from tvJ,o d&t&g D. of thP dpecimen. Seedlings aa-&all $a& ..m:-:.-.plqnts under the same r+umber on the. a&-. *z. may be pressed enfire. s6mpt<on that they, .represe?t thd same bamd .. ~ .!,bo. (Be wa$y le,st you col&ct, under pne I i R,.,. I. --. ,! : ; ) ,Gulm Sheath&. Gdllect:at least ,ten Sulm shea$bs, complete and in , * @ Litidn. preferably from nodes aboke th& fifth node&f a mature-, ..o .yq. _ 2 __ v. d p-p; ,,7 : : x i I ; -:,;>, I - : ,: ;&<, sr&ed)Fulm; if /p&sible,-collect also se& from mid-icuim &d&s. II, ,..I Presg f&t. ark .&t&,n6de&mber and Coll:Gior numb If too ldrRe,i *. .,-the :pres&, cut or fdld tolOr by J5 .inches or less; ;. ,**- a sheath wi*hhdu&breaking it, let it roll ,- $&..cann&s@re&d pies&$ Tie paper over tips,.of unpressed shegths to : parts....~~.~.~ist~nt &i?aths may be left Attached to a 4W ,te-Yqtigth,; diied; and sent in thue. Young. sheaths, if,slef;;der _-. .~ lenough to dry rkadily by artific,ial heati n-fay be sent iri whole. yhk more i 1. the serik and-ar-lay of culm sheaths collected. the mbre rel

Our goal is the -rec.ognitjon and delinea-, ._ . ..( .tion of the distinct entities with, whichwe. ,,, : as botatiical tinits and as poten-my (, : , E are to.deal, 1,. :I tial spurces of u$eful riw mater&l-s. To, s

3.

@; :: _ .:

Qnzltide

&E,a$d

little

ieaves,,

young

and. old:

heqlthy

,.!

>

I.

-, I(

Ipper-

surface,

sgme

the.

lqtier.

f -.
. .,

*.

I t: c

ca.rXed if space is limited.. Additional specimens, from lower an j, __--. :l -=r+ nf *~~~~,>;e,desirable but not necessary. Culm. nodes, and internodes are c&s and Internodes. * : by a.segment of mature-sized culm .embracing nodes 4 , .:,. ,. Mark with node and colle \, tor and, the.internode between. Cuf back.branches, if any, to b inches: Segment may be commodateglimited space, or to fadi.lita.te,drying. Obtai at lea.st one compl$te e$xnple &a rhizome; Rhizomes. facilities permit, it i preferable to obtain two d.r more units attached t togetherto show t$-pical branching habit. Wash and trim roots. Mark .. -, or -tag withcollector &umber. A sketch or. photo, showing proportions -. .._ ,in place of an actual Specimen if facil-and branching habit, c ill wve !, , . ities are, limited. ; . -* !,L. . Flowering Brhn Psent): Collect as long a seAes of ,flow-, i ering branches as possibleto showrange of variation in habit, leafiness, \ I stages of dqvelopment, hnd so faith. Seek fruits (matufe frets usually : _Yr fall q;ickly) and put some in folded paper to call attention to them and ; _ I , i >,,.,- J_ prevent 10.s.s.~ Distribute specimens thinly .between thick drier@; ichange .;- ;i , _., often to.$rry. prompt19 ahd prevent b+eaking up of spikelets. Unless ab.. ?:;.A .y =, do not pile dried specimens tog-ethe-i solutely-F cessary tosave paper, I j D but keep them in original fold&s to.avoid%erious damage to spikelets. , .p ,. ,., : Pug single. example .of Iopg, fragile -s&kelets (qrthrostylidium) in s.ep: I:, ( F il \ . ._ ,I (, _ -, garate envelopeor fqldedp~per-topn~.~~~coir~ct floret:count. . ._ 5. L. ,::;;,, _ __ . --.. Seedling$. Special search sh,ould be ma& forseedlings under and _ .. I In case pf doubt*as.t,b their:identity, seedlings I, . near flowe@g bamboos. -4 .._.. =- :.. , should be given a separate collector number from that of the supposed parent plant, but gross-reference-should-be mhdiin nbtes,,setting ;fdrth : i . :r.. :i aThe seedcstiI1 attpched.fo ..:evide,nce of their suppos&l gelationsh&. .I _, 4. -. 1 _ >ery small see&ings ,is. &fficie.nt for identifi,&tidn if,kept-intact, : . qp* ,~. ;;. i. .-~,,<:... _^. ii - . -. ,I shownqn availab1.k map, so that it &an be -.:._-&dec&ns that ca&& be. pressed -.. -.___ . ..-. ial handling. Among these 2 found again, (6),hatdtat-, (7) local$names. 7:

,: , ._

-_

;bm

.Iarnknlarits.

. ence-t&hotos. Photobraphs

sketches. a?& useful

&id. fo~

so forth showing

if the

. . ---... .

i&nt.qor

making+xecii+iens

of them:

,* L

.
d

i.!

a.

Selected
I

Refkrehqks
10

, ,
..
II B

: i ;, ;-

..

.? ..Bau&n, .,. .- ..,

. .

, I VeisucheGber die Elastizitgt ujd Festigheit von Bambus R. des Vefeines deutscher! Ingenieure 56: 229-232. . . . Zeitschraft Illus. 1912. . Bond, P. S. Some Experi.ments in the Use of Bamboo for Hasty Bridge. Constructjon. U. S. Army.Corps of Engin.,-Prof. Memo. 5: 593~6b2. Bor, N.
\-:---.-,

0 :

List
, -.

of the
---.

Grasses
,_ --

of,Assam.

Indian

Forest

Rec.,
.-

new

series

.. j

* -I . -.< : o- I * * * .a .,/.

.a

.,. . il .I

_ , r > * _

Broersma, G. Editorial apropos van der Woudos article on building i 0 materialsJ i OSR News (mvthly publication of Organization of Scientific R&search for Indonesia) 3i dl*, ,195I. j -,, 2, is Brown, W. H., and Fischer, F. Philippine Bamboos. In W. H. Brow _I (ed.), M inor Products of Phiiippine Forests. Philipplze Dept. .Ag$+; . _ and Nat?.Res., Bur..Fore?try Bul. 22: v. 1, pp. 249-310. Illus. 1920. Burkill. I. H. Dictionarv of the Economic Products of the MalavePenink ,I Car&s; E. G.Les.Bd#lbusacegs. Illus. Paris, 1913. , .

bT . .

\-

PTF

,-. /E.

,i ;_ I i-.v*, ., ..I: .

.,;,:.

Cohe$;W. E. , Utilization of Bamboo in Japan. Australi Commonwealth ---.i..:,..~~~-~~$ci. and Indus. Res; 6rgan.T Div. F&rest Prod.. South Melbocrn*.-.__-_, .,/ -: , 8 0. .. April 1947, .[Mimeograph,edJ -. Austr+ib, _. : C&oat, C.h., et Lemarik: Ch. Catalogue des.Produits de IIndochine, . -. _ .ap. 196-209. Published by the .Government of Indochina, origin0. .* ally i.# fascicles in Bulletin Economique de-lrndochine. Illus. 1919-21. -._-_ . Deogun, P. N. Silvicultiire and Management of the Barn&o Dendrocala:,,ri?$s strict& Nees, Indian Forest. Rec., .new serjes (SiI%icultur.e), . . -. .~
,.. 1. AILUI, a,-. i

.,:.J
.

nan,

E. :Les

Bambo,us

en Afriq$e.

Congo

.(Rev.

Gin.

Colonie

..

, :.. i * . .

..mbn

,, J. C.. ..Testing;. Bending and %%%Iinnine Bamboo (&mbusa

Compress.ive sninosa Roxb.

Strength of the .Comi I., Philinnine Iour..

l

-.

Illus. New; York, 1930. .IIllus. New. York, 1938.f - Great:East. Ilius: New York,. 1943. Illus. New York, 1947. Ann. Roy. Bot. Card. (CaluaI of Ix&ah T&be&. Zded. London aid New York.

1 : 1

:/;,I, Sfrv:, Forest v. Prod. Lab., j,, ,

-:.. _, .-

3d ed.,

1, 285-293. I

r----s"--

__.__ : .

Illus.
Limaye;

1876. .V. D. Bamboo.Nail&@The-r Indian,Forest.Rec., new series

lad-4 a,--. .' .. {;

Manufacture

and 3.

Holding 12 pp.. Indian For;\ _ ---I: P

b( tiletion).No.
{Dendrocalamus.

\ /..: _

D . .L __ I.

,_

Strength ,, .+. ester 78: 558-575.,.

of Bamboo

strictus).

Illus.

1942:

\\

--. ---.

I
---

... : /

~,;,:;.4L ._
,( : (b,h, ;.

.
-* .

I
n

.,, .: 3, 1 c,-:: ;: .?; ,<.. : .:I: .c. . 5 ,< __A i: ,. :n, ^l>*- I i. I;,, b 1 I. ,, ;.. :.: -B~ : ., : :-. ,/- ,-*.:, .

.. ~

Marrero, Josi.. Utilinacidn de la Cans Guadua on Ecuador: eaqibbeun _\ -. 145-151, Illus. 1944. Foresis 5: 1 --.. \ _,McClure, F.-A. Bamboos for Fa_rm and Home. U. S. Dzpt. Agr. .Year-1 book (separate No. ElOl), pp. 735-749. 1948. ~ BambGes para El Salvador. El Salvador, Min. A&: y Ganad., I % Cent. Nat. Agr., Bol. T&c; 7: Il\us. -1951. 4 .+ ,> Some Preliminary Tests on the Longitudinal Crushing , . \ Strqgth Gf l&-me< chu, a variety of Bambusa tuldoldes. Lingnan :3 s. 1938. (This bamboo, was later described 17: 9-15. Illus. -4 Sci. Tour. \ \ A - -T -- s&cies: Bambusa.Dkrvariabilis McClure.) Ac Li \ -I ,&w * < -IF------\ H. F., and Eklux@! B.-- -Tests of- the Mechanical Pr+operties of Bam: /, eyer, boo. Enr~. Soc;dhina, 22; T-31. 1924. Misgion~de l*Ecole Nationale SupGrieuredes Beaux-Arts de Paris. Construcfion au Camaroun. Batir No. 27, pp. 47-51. Published by *, So&t; de Propagande et de Diffusion des Teclqiques dn Batiment. 1952, ,f= 6 - Paris.xDecember B Mo.rse, Edward S. Japanese Homes a&l-Their Sur.round&gs. Illus. \Bostnn. _--, 1ARK m-w... 11 .\q

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Narayanamurti, D., P&shotham, A. f and Pande, II J. N.0 Preservative Treatment of Bamboos. Part I. Treatment of Green Bamboos with j : ,.Inorgahic P,res&rvatives. Indian Forest B 1. 137. Published by, the Y R ,.Forest ResFaiich Institute, Dehra Dun, India.. Illus. 1947. I,, Parodi, L. R:. -Las Bambuseas Indigenas en la Mesopotamia Argentina. 1. il_ -x, Rev; Argentina Agron; 3: 229~244. @IS. 1936. . .. 1 + -. I . .,_ Loii Bamb&s Culti&& en la Arnenfina. Rev. -u , .,. ----- Arsentina --mm----\ . A&&&. @: 89-116. illus. .:1943.. , . . -_ ,,, f ;, ,; .;,. . 1 ii ,-P&$&,,-$Sarpl&k.i.DDT foG,Po&er Post B.eetle Control in Bamboo. 5. !: 1 - . ) .. ._ ., I: 317. 1947..: , ; -. : ,. ,;.t _, t.7 :,.-, ,;, _ . _ :I . . .,-::. -__ .i ; ..:- ,Biology of the.Bamboo Pow&&Post Beetle in PuerfoRico; ,; :-../.-/ 1 :;: ;~.~:~~~,~co,(hdayague=~d. ~xp~~.a~~Bu~~-~~_May_1946. ~~ ,, ,-..l.;. 1 ;.t ,. ,_. C&iitrol of Powder.Post Beetle in Pue%o-Rico. Trop. Agr. I;.-. ,:.. . __ _ * ._, .;. Brhidao 26 (l-6): 64-,67. 1949. - --. _ .-., .;,:.~--..;9 9 I Studies of ,Factors Influenc-ing Attack and .Control. of the ,_. ._ .:,. ;-: _:. B&&go .Powder.P&t Beetle. .T-, ,. ,. Puerto Rico (Mayaguez) Fed. Exp. ., Bul. 48.:. IlluS;:-kuEi,ust.l~950.,. . -of .DD.T. in. Powde.r Ent.42:. 9.63-965. ,1949. St&rch and-other&rbohydratesin in Freshly Ha!r.vyztgd ield, :W. M: 183.:: Illus. Bambo&hk ,Unive $933: - -\. \ ,!R ,_

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