GB 50092-96

UDC

GB GB
GB 50092-96

People's Republic of China National Standards P

Code for Construction and Acceptance of Asphalt Pavements

Released on 1996-09-27

Implemented on 1997-05-01

Jointly issued by: State

Bureau of Technical Supervision

Peoples Republic of Chinas Ministry of Construction

GB 50092-96

NOTICE
This code is written in Chinese and English. The Chinese text shall be taken as the ruling one in the event of any inconsistency between the Chinese text and English text.

GB 50092-96

People's Republic of China National Standards Code for Construction and Acceptance of Asphalt Pavements GB 50092-96 Chief editing organization: Peoples Republic of Chinas Ministry of Transportation Approving organization: Peoples Republic of Chinas Ministry of Construction Implementing date: 1997-05-01

1996 Beijing

GB 50092-96

Notification on issuing national standards Code for Construction and Acceptance of Asphalt Pavements Building standard [1996] No. 545
According to the requirements of State Planning Commission [1992] No. 490 document, Code for Construction and Acceptance of Asphalt Pavements should be jointly amended by Ministry of Transportation and relevant departments, which has reviewed by relevant department. Hereby, Code for Construction and Acceptance of Asphalt Pavements GB50092-96 is approved to be mandatory national standards, and will come into effect from May the first in 1997. Meantime, the original national standard Code for Construction and Acceptance of Asphalt Pavements GBJ92-96 is abolished. This standard is managed by the Ministry of Transportation, with Ministry of Communications Highway Research Institute responsible for its specific explanation. The publishing task is organized by the Ministry of Construction standard quota institute.

Peoples Republic of Chinas Ministry of Construction September the 24th, 1996

GB 50092-96

Contents
1 General1 2 Terms, symbols, code names2 2.1 Terminologies2 2.2 Symbols and code names6 3 Base courses8 4 Materials10 4.1 General provisions10 4.2 Road petroleum asphalt10 4.3 Emulsified petroleum asphalt11 4.4 Liquid petroleum asphalt12 4.5 Coal asphalt12 4 . 6 C o a r s e a g g r e g a t e s 1 2 4 . 7 F i n e a g g r e g a t e s 13 4.8 Fillers14 5 Asphalt surface dressing pavements15 5.1 General provisions15 5.2 Materials specification and using amount15 5.3 Constructing machines16 5.4 Constructing preparations16 5.5 Constructing methods17 6 Asphalt penetrated pavements20 6.1 General provisions20 6.2 Materials specification and using amount20 6.3 Constructing machines21 6.4 Constructing preparations21 6.5 Constructing preparations21 7 Hot mixed asphalt mixture pavements23 7.1 General provisions23 7.2 Constructing preparations25 7.3 Hot mixed asphalt mixtures mixing proportion26 7.4 Hot mixed asphalt mixtures mixing29 7.5 Hot mixed asphalt mixtures transportation31 7.6 Hot mixed asphalt mixtures paving31 7.7 Hot mixed asphalt mixtures compacting and molding34 7.8 Joint seams37 7.9 Open transportation and others40 8 Emulsified asphalt gravel mixture pavements41 8.1 General provisions41 8.2 Constructing preparations41 8.3 Emulsified asphalt gravel mixtures mixing proportion design41 8.4 Emulsified asphalt gravel mixture pavements construction41 9 Prime coats, tack coats and seal coats44

GB 50092-96

9.1 Prime coats44 9.2 Tack coats45 9.3 Seal coats46 10 Other projects49 10.1 General provisions49 10.2 Pedestrian roads49 10.3 Heavy vehicles parking lot, bus station49 10.4 Cement concrete bridges asphalt paving50 10.5 Curbs 51 10.6 Inlets and inspection wells52 11 Construction quality management and acceptance53 11.1 General provisions53 11.2 Materials and equipments checking before construction53 11.3 Paving trial sections53 11.4 Quality management and inspection in construction54 11.5 Project quality inspection and acceptance in acceptance check phase55 11.6 Project construction summary56 Appendix A Asphalt pavements constructions climate partitions58 Appendix B Hot mixed asphalt mixtures mixing proportion60 B.1 General provisions60 B.2 Materials preparation60 B.3 Mineral aggregates mixing ratio calculation60 B.4 Marshall Test61 B.5 Water stability test63 B.6 High-temperature stability test63 B.7 St eel slags activity te st 63 Appendix C Material Quality Requirements64 Appendix D Road materials specification and amount73 Appendix E Construction quality management and acceptance standards82 Appendix F Asphalt surface compactness calculation and standard density determination method91 Appendix G Construction quality dynamics management methods93 Appendix H Wording explanations for this regulation97 Additional explanations98

GB 50092-96

1 General 1.0.1 This standard is formulated to implement the principle careful construction with the quality as top priority, and to make the asphalt pavements solid, flat, stable, durable and have a good anti-sliding performance in order to ensure the asphalt pavements construction quality. 1.0.2 This standard applies to asphalt pavement projects of new built and rebuilt roads, city roads and factory and mine roads. 1.0.3 Asphalt pavements construction should have detailed constructing organization and design. 1.0.4 Asphalt surface should not be constructed in rainy days; if it is raining under construction, the construction should be ceased. Constructions in rainy seasons should adopt pavement draining measures. 1.0.5 Asphalt pavement construction should ensure the construction safety, and constructing staff should have good working protection. Asphalt mixing plant should have fire safety facilities. Smoke and fire are prohibited in liquid petroleum asphalt confecting workshops. Construction personnel using coal should take protective measures to prevent the inhalation of coal asphalt vapors or physical injuries due to direct contact with coal asphalt. 1.0.6 Asphalt pavements construction should comply with the existing national relevant standards and norms besides this standard.

GB 50092-96

2 Terms, symbols, code names 2.1 Terminologies 2.1.1 Petroleum asphalt It is formed by petroleum after such technological processes as distillation, oxygen blowing and reconcile, with its main content is semi-solid viscous substance of hydrocarbon which can soluble in carbon disulfide. 2.1.2 Road petroleum asphalt Asphalt mixing aggregates complying with asphalt pavements using technical standards. 2.1.3 Heavy traffic roads petroleum asphalt Road petroleum asphalt in accordance with the heavy traffic roads usage such as highways, class one roads, city expressways and primary roads, as well as in accordance with heavy traffic road petroleum asphalt technical requirements, heavy traffic roads petroleum asphalt for short. 2.1.4 Coal asphalt Asphalt distilled by coal tar after carbonization of coal. 2.1.5 Mixing asphalt Asphalt mixed by different marked petroleum asphalt with a certain proportion, or asphalt mixed by coal asphalt and petroleum asphalt. 2.1.6 Emulsified asphalt Asphalt projects formed after the emulsification of petroleum asphalt or coal asphalt and water under the effect of emulsifiers and stabilizers, also called emulsified asphalt. Emulsified asphalt is classified into two categories according to its using methods: spraying type (P) and mixing type (B). 2.1.7 Positive ion emulsified asphalt Emulsified asphalt with positive charge (C) under the effect of positive ion emulsifiers. 2.1.8 Negative ion emulsified asphalt Emulsified asphalt with negative charge (A) under the effect of negative ion emulsifiers. 2.1.9 Liquid petroleum asphalt Asphalt products diluted by petroleum asphalt with such agents as petroleum, kerosene and diesel. 2.1.10 Modified asphalt Asphalt binders mixing with such additives (modified agents) as rubber, resin, macromoleclar polymer, milled rubber powder or other fillers, or adopting asphalt light oxidation processing measure to improve the performance of asphalt or asphalt mixture. 2.1.11 Anti-stripping agents Fillers as surface activators or lime and cement mixed to asphalt or asphalt mixture to improve the adhesiveness of aggregates and asphalt, to increase asphalt mixtures water-proof performance. 2.1.12 Asphalt content The proportion of asphalt weight and asphalt mixture weight in asphalt mixtures,
2

GB 50092-96

represented by percentage. 2.1.13 Oil stone The proportion of asphalt weight and mineral aggregates weight in asphalt mixtures, represented by percentage. 2.1.14 Mineral aggregates The general term for coarse aggregates, fine aggregates and fillers in asphalt mixtures. 2.1.15 Coarse aggregates Such aggregates as gravels, broken pebble stones, sifting pebbles and mineral slag with particle diameter larger than 2.36mm after processing (crushing, sifting). 2.1.16 Broken pebble stones Stone aggregates with more than one broken surface of pebbles after processing by crushing machine. 2.1.17 Acid stones The general term for stones whose major chemical contents are such hydrophilic minerals as silicon and aluminum, stones with poor adhesiveness performance to asphalt, stones prone to asphalt membranes stripping due to the effect of water in asphalt mixtures, for instance, granite, granite porphyry, quartzite, sandstone, gneiss and amphibolites. 2.1.18 Fine aggregates Such aggregates as natural sands, machine made sands and stone chips with particle diameter less than 2.36mm form naturally or after processing such as crushing and sifting. 2.1.19 Natural sands Particles with diameter less than 2.36mm of rocks after efflorescence and moving. 2.1.20 Machine made sands Gravels and pebbles with diameter less than 2.36mm after several crushing processes, also called artificial sands. 2.1.21 Stone chips The general term for aggregates passing sifters with specification of 4.75mm during crushing in quarries. 2.1.12 Fillers Mineral substance powder with particle diameter less than 0.075mm taking filling role in asphalt mixtures. 2.1.23 Asphalt surface course Single layer or multi-layer structures paved with required proportion of asphalt materials, mineral aggregates and other additives. The layers for three-layer asphalt surface course is called from the top to bottom the upper course (also called surface course), middle course and lower course (also called bottom course). 2.1.24 Leveling course Structures paving on old roads taking leveling role of adjusting height, horizontal slopes and flatness. 2.1.25 Prime coats Penetrated base surface coats formed by spraying emulsified asphalt, coal asphalt
3

GB 50092-96

or petroleum asphalt on base course in order to ensure the good connection between asphalt surface course and non-asphalt materials courses. 2.1.26 Tack coats Sprayed asphalt material coats in order to enforce the adhesiveness between two asphalt courses and between asphalt course and cement concrete pavements. 2.1.27 Seal coats Asphalt mixture coats paved to seal the surface crack and to prevent the moisture into course or base course, one that is paved on the surface of course is called upper seal coat, and one that is paved under the course is called lower seal coat. 2.1.28 Slurry seal coats Asphalt seal coats formed by evenly paving flowing asphalt mixtures on the roads, which is formed by appropriate rate stone chips or sands, fillers (cement, lime, fly ash, stone dust, etc.) mixed with emulsified asphalt, additives and water under certain proportion. 2.1.29 Wearing course Slight structures paved by solid fine aggregates and binders on the top of asphalt surface course in order to improve the traveling conditions, to prevent the wearing of course due to traveling, and to extend the using time of pavements. 2.1.30 Asphalt surface dressing pavements One kind of slight course with thickness no larger than 3cm formed by asphalt and aggregates paving or mixing construction. 2.1.31 Layer-spreading method asphalt surface dressing pavements Asphalt surface dressing pavements by spraying asphalt, spreading aggregates and crushing and molding layer by layer. 2.1.32 Single layer asphalt surface dressing pavements Layer-spreading method asphalt surface dressing pavements with thickness of 1~1.5cm (emulsified asphalt surface dressing pavements as 0.5cm) by spraying asphalt one time then spreading aggregates one time. 2.1.33 Double-layer asphalt surface dressing pavements Layer-spreading method asphalt surface dressing pavements with thickness of 1.5~2.5mm ((emulsified asphalt surface dressing pavements as 1cm) by spraying asphalt two times and then spreading aggregates two times. 2.1.34 Three-layer surface dressing pavements Layer-spreading method asphalt surface dressing pavements with thickness of 2.5~3cm ((emulsified asphalt surface dressing pavements as 3cm) by spraying asphalt three times and then spreading aggregates three times. 2.1.35 Asphalt penetrated pavements Compacted asphalt surface course by spray asphalt and spreading calking on initially-compacted gravels (or broken pebbles), or by paving hot mixed asphalt mixture seal coats on its top. 2.1.36 Asphalt mixtures The general term for aggregates mixed with mineral aggregates and asphalt binders. 2.1.37 Asphalt concrete mixtures
4

GB 50092-96

Mineral aggregates formed by appropriate proportion of coarse aggregates, fine aggregates and fillers in accordance with the prescribed graduation; asphalt mixtures formed by mixing with asphalt binders in accordance with technical standards (represented by AC, or LH when adopting circular hole sieves). 2.1.38 Dense graded asphalt concrete mixtures Asphalt mixtures with residual void rate less than 10% after compacting, which is formed by mixing asphalt mixture with mineral aggregates graded and compacted by particles with different diameters. Those with residual void rate 3%~6% (pedestrian roads 2%~6%) are I-type dense graded asphalt concrete mixtures; and those residual void rate 4%~10% are II-type dense graded asphalt concrete mixtures. 2.1.39 Half open graded asphalt mixtures Half open graded asphalt mixtures with residual void rate more than 10% after compacting, which is formed by mixing asphalt mixture with coarse aggregates, fine aggregates and small amount of fillers (or without fillers), also called asphalt gravel mixtures (represented by AM, or LS when adopting circular hole sieves). 2.1.40 Open graded asphalt mixtures Open graded asphalt mixtures with void rate more than 15% after compaction, whose mineral graduation are mainly composed of coarse aggregates with few fine aggregates and the mineral aggregates are separated. 2.1.41 Intermittent graded asphalt mixtures Graduation-interrupted asphalt mixtures whose mineral aggregates composition lacks of one or several types. 2.1.42 Emulsified asphalt gravel mixtures Room temperature asphalt mixtures with residual void rate more than 10% after compaction, which is formed by mixing emulsified asphalt with mineral aggregates under room temperature. 2.1.43 Sand-type asphalt mixtures Asphalt mixtures whose largest aggregate particles diameter equals to or less than 4.75mm (circular hole sieves 5mm), it is also called asphalt stone chips or asphalt sands. 2.1.44 Fine particle-type asphalt mixtures Asphalt mixtures whose largest aggregate particles diameter equals to 9.5mm or 13.2 mm (circular hole sieves 10mm or 15mm). 2.1.45 Middle particle-type asphalt mixtures Asphalt mixtures whose largest aggregate particles diameter equals to 16mm or 19 mm (circular hole sieves 20mm or 25mm). 2.1.46 Coarse particle-type asphalt mixtures Asphalt mixtures whose largest aggregate particles diameter equals to 26.5mm or 31.5 mm (circular hole sieves 30~40mm). 2.1.47 Extra coarse-type asphalt gravel mixtures Asphalt gravel mixtures whose largest aggregate particles diameter equals to or larger than 37.5mm (circular hole sieves 45mm). 2.1.48 Hot-mixed hot-paved asphalt mixture pavements Asphalt pavements with mixing of asphalt and mineral aggregates under hot
5

GB 50092-96

condition and paving under hot condition. 2.1.49 Normal temperature asphalt mixture pavements Asphalt pavements paved by the mixture of emulsified asphalt or diluted asphalt and mineral aggregates under normal temperature. 2.1.50 Asphalt concrete pavements Pavements with course paved by asphalt concrete mixtures. 2.1.51 Asphalt gravel pavements Pavements with all the asphalt courses paved by asphalt gravel mixtures. 2.1.52 Anti-sliding surface Asphalt courses upper course paved by anti-sliding surface mixtures (AK, or LK when adopting circular hole sieves) complying with the prescribed macro-asperity, micro-asperity and friction coefficient requirements in order to provide good anti-sliding performance for automobile transportation, it is also called anti-sliding wearing course. 2.1.53 Marshall Stability Asphalt mixtures largest load measured by Marshall Test, calculated by kN. 2.1.54 Dynamic stability Trial wheels traveling times for every 1mm wheel rut test when asphalt mixtures is carrying out wheel tracking test and getting into the stable phase, calculated by time/mm. 2.2 Symbols and code names
Symbols and code names number 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.2.7 2.2.8 2.2.9 2.2.10 2.2.11 2.2.12 2.2.13 2.2.14 2.2.15 2.2.16 2.2.17 2.2.18 2.2.19 2.2.20 Symbols and code names HMA AH A T PC BC PA BA RS MS SS AL(R) AL(M) AL(S) AC LH AM LS AK LK Meanings Abbreviation for Hot Mixed Asphalt mixture Heavy traffic roads using petroleum asphalt (heavy traffic roads asphalt) Ordinary roads petroleum asphalt Roads coal asphalt Spraying-type positive ion emulsified asphalt Mixing-type positive ion emulsified asphalt Spraying-type negative ion emulsified asphalt Mixing-type negative ion emulsified asphalt Rapid-breaking emulsified asphalt Medium-breaking emulsified asphalt Slow-breaking emulsified asphalt Rapid-setting liquid petroleum asphalt Medium-setting liquid petroleum asphalt Slow-setting liquid petroleum asphalt Asphalt concrete mixtures Asphalt concrete mixtures (when adopting circular hole sieves) Asphalt gravel mixtures Asphalt gravel mixtures (when adopting circular hole sieves) Anti-sliding surface asphalt mixtures Anti-sliding surface asphalt mixtures (when adopting circular hole sieves)
6

table 2.2

GB 50092-96

2.2.21 2.2.22 2.2.23 2.2.24 2.2.25 2.2.26 2.2.27 2.2.28 2.2.29 2.2.30 2.2.31 2.2.32 2.2.33 2.2.34 2.2.35 2.2.36 2.2.37 2.2.38 number 2.2.39

ES OAC MS FL VV VMA VFA DS EVT COC TOC PSV FB(BPN) TFOT PT CL UCL LCL Symbols and code names MX

Emulsified asphalt diluted seal coat asphalt mixtures Abbreviation for Optimal Asphalt content Marshall stability Marshall tests flow values Void rate in asphalt mixtures Abbreviation for Void in Mineral Aggregate Abbreviation for Aggregate Voids Filled with Asphalt Abbreviation for Dynamic Stability of asphalt mixtures wheel tracking test Abbreviation for Equi-viscous Temperature Abbreviation for Cleaveland Open-Cup Method Abbreviation for Tag Open-Cup Method Abbreviation for Polished Stone Valve Pavements friction coefficient swing values measured by pendulum tester, its unit BPN is the abbreviation for British Pendulum (Tester) Number Abbreviation for Thin Film Oven Test of asphalt Abbreviation for Penetration Index of asphalt The medium value of quality index in management chart The upper limit value of quality index in management chart The lower limit value of quality index in management chart Following table 2.2 Meanings Fineness modulus of sands

GB 50092-96

3 Base courses 3.0.1 The materials and constructing technologies for asphalt pavements base course should comply with the provisions for pavement design norms and base course constructing technical norms. Before the asphalt courses construction, the course should be checked; when the base courses quality checking is qualified, then the work can be carried out. Asphalt pavements base course should comply with the following requirements: 3.0.1.1 Strength, stiffness, drying shrinkage and temperature shrinkage deformation as well as height should comply with the provisions. 3.0.1.2 Stable 3.0.1.3 The surface should be flat, compact; the camber of base course should be in consistence with that of surface course. 3.0.2 The base courses for new-built asphalt pavements can utilize such inorganic binders as cement, lime, fly ash to stabilize soil according to design requirements or adopt particle aggregates semi-rigid base courses and mud (ash)-bound gravels, graded gravels, graded pebble base courses; they can also use asphalt penetrated, asphalt gravel or rolling and compacting cement concrete base courses. Highways, class one roads, city expressways and primary roads are desirable to adopt strong and complete inorganic binders or stable particle aggregates semi-rigid base course; stable fine particle soil can be used for bottom courses. 3.0.3 When old asphalt pavements are used as base courses to pave asphalt surfaces, determine the original pavements dressing, flat or strength adding work in accordance with the quality of old pavements and comply with the following principles: 3.0.3.1 Old asphalt pavements complying with design strength and without damages can be used as base courses after leveling action. 3.0.3.2 Old pavements with obvious damages should be investigated. Structures with strength meeting the design requirements and carrying out overall or partial dressing, eradicating upheaval, track and having serious cracking should be paved with asphalt surface after filling and leveling. Structures with serious damages and strength not meeting the design requirements should be designed again and can not be used for base courses. 3.0.4 The leveling of old asphalt pavements which can be used as base courses should be paved according to height control; the largest thickness for a course under separate-course leveling should not exceed 10cm, as shown in chart 3.0.4.
The right way

GB 50092-96

The wrong way

Chart 3.0.4 Leveling ways for old asphalt pavements

3.0.5 New-built semi-rigid base courses should take protection and preserving measures timely after completion; spray prime coats or pave lower seal coats and pave asphalt surface as soon as possible.

GB 50092-96

4 Materials 4.1 General provisions 4.1.1 Asphalt materials should have asphalt quality inspection document of oil refineries. All types of materials transported to the site should carry out test according to the requirements and can be used after qualification. 4.1.2 The particle diameters selection and sifting of asphalt pavements aggregates should take square hole sieves as standard. When it is impossible, it is permitted to adopt circular hole sieves corresponding to square hole sieves according to table 4.1.2.
Match-up between square hole sieves and circular hole sieves The diameter of square hole sieves (mm) 106 75 63 53 37.5 31.5 26.5 19.0 16.0 Corresponding circular hole sieves diameter (mm) 130 90 75 65 45 40 or 35 30 25 20 The diameter of square hole sieves (mm) 13.2 9.5 4.75 2.36 1.18 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075 table 4.1.2 Corresponding circular hole sieves diameter (mm) 15 10 5 2.5 1.2 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075

Note: For circular hole sieves series in the table, the sieves with hole diameter less than 2.5mm are square hole sieves.

4.1.3 The asphalt materials for asphalt pavements can adopt roads petroleum asphalt, coal asphalt, emulsified petroleum asphalt, liquid petroleum asphalt and so on. The selection of asphalt materials should be determined according to traffic amount, climate conditions, constructing method, asphalt surface categories, and materials source, etc. When adopting modified asphalt, test and technical argumentation should be carried out. 4.1.4 Pavement materials should be registered when entering construction places and material acceptance list should be signed and issued. The acceptance list should include material source, variety, specification, amount, using objectives, purchasing date, storing locations and other items which should be marked. 4.2 Road petroleum asphalt 4.2.1 Road petroleum asphalt applies to all types of asphalt pavements courses and should comply with the following provisions: 4.2.1.1 When highways, class one roads, city expressways and primary roads are paving asphalt pavements, the quality of petroleum asphalt materials should comply with the provisions in table C.0.1 in appendix C of this standard. When there are difficulties in asphalt materials source, the lower course and jointing course of highways, class one roads, city expressways and primary roads can make their wax content index to 5% in technical requirements and 15 ductility to 60cm (AH-50) and 80cm (other labels except AH-50), other indexes should comply with the
10

GB 50092-96

requirements. 4.2.1.2 For other classes roads and city roads in addition to the provisions in 4.2.1.1, the petroleum asphalt materials quality requirement should comply with the provisions in table C.0.3 in appendix C of this standard. 4.2.2 The asphalt labels for asphalt surface courses can be selected according to table 4.2.2 in consistence with climate partitions, asphalt pavement types and asphalt types. The climate partitions in asphalt pavement construction should comply with the provisions in appendix A. 4.2.3 When the asphalt labels are not in accordance with using requirements, mixing asphalt with different labels can be utilized, and its proportion should be determined by test. They should be mixed evenly; the mixed asphalt should comply with the requirements in table C.0.1 or table C.0.2 in appendix C of this standard. 4.2.4 The upper course of surface course is desirable to use dense asphalt; the lower or jointing courses are desirable to use sparse asphalt. The channelized roads are desirable to use dense asphalt. 4.2.5 Asphalt storing and transporting stations and asphalt mixing factories should separate asphalts with different sources and marks. Under using period, the asphalt storing tanks or pools temperature should not be lower than 130 and not higher than 180. Under non-using period of winter, asphalt can be stored under low temperature. Asphalt stored for a long time should be sampled and tested before using, it the result is unqualified, and this asphalt cannot be used. When a project has to use different asphalts, all types of asphalts applying sections and parts should be recorded.
Selection of asphalt labels Climate partitions Cold zones Asphalt types Petroleum asphalt Coal asphalt Mild zones Petroleum asphalt Coal asphalt Hot zones Petroleum asphalt Coal asphalt Asphalt pavements types Asphalt dressing A-140 A-180 A-200 T-5 A-100 A-140 A-180 T-6 A-60 A-100 A-140 T-6 T-7 T-7 T-6 surface Asphalt penetrated type A-140 A-180 A-200 T-6 A-100 A-140 A-180 T-6 A-60 A-100 A-140 T-7 T-7 T-7 Asphalt gravel AH-90 AH-110 AH-130 A-100 A-140 T-6 AH-90 A-100 T-7 AH-50 AH-90 A-100 T-7 T-7 AH-110 A-140 T-8 AH-70 A-60 T-8 Asphalt concrete AH-90 AH-100 AH-130 A-100 A-140 T-7 AH-70 A-60 T-7 AH-50 A-60 T-7 T-8 AH-90 A-100 T-8 AH-70 A-100 T-8 T-9 Table 4.2.2

4.2.6 Road petroleum asphalt should take water-proof measures under transporting, using and storing; and prevent rain or heating pipelines vapors into asphalt storing tanks or pools. 4.3 Emulsified petroleum asphalt 4.3.1 The quality requirements for emulsified petroleum asphalt should comply with
11

GB 50092-96

the provisions in Table C.0.3 of appendix C. 4.3.2 Emulsified petroleum asphalt applies to asphalt surface dressing pavements, asphalt penetrated pavements, normal temperature asphalt mixture pavements and prime coats, tack coats and seal coats. 4.3.3 The type of emulsified petroleum asphalts should be selected according to using purpose, mineral aggregate types and climate conditions. The acid stones or those stones constructed under wet condition or low temperature are desirable to use positive ion emulsified petroleum asphalt; the acid stones under dry condition or using with cement, lime and fly ash should adopt negative ion emulsified petroleum asphalt. 4.3.4 Emulsified petroleum asphalt can be made by using such emulsified machines as colloid mill or even-oil machine mixing in the asphalts. The using amount for emulsified petroleum asphalt (according to effective content) should be 0.3%~0.8% of asphalt weight. The temperature for compounding emulsified petroleum asphalt should be determined by test; the temperature of emulsifiers water solution should be 40~70, and petroleum asphalt should be heated to 120~160. Emulsified petroleum asphalts should be used timely after formation. Emulsified petroleum asphalts stored for a long time should be sampled and tested before using without segregation, coagulation and emulsion breaking, those asphalts which dont pass the test cannot be used. 4.4 Liquid petroleum asphalt 4.4.1 Liquid petroleum asphalt applies to prime coats, tack coats and mixing normal temperature asphalt mixtures. It can be divided in to rapid-setting, medium-setting and slow-setting liquid petroleum asphalts according to using purposes and places. 4.4.2 Liquid petroleum asphalt should be tested for determining the proportion before using, and its quality should comply with the provisions in table C.0.4 in appendix C. 4.5 Coal asphalt 4.5.1 Road coal asphalts apply to prime coats, tack coats, class three and below class three roads and city roads under secondary roads for paving asphalt surfaces; however, hot-mixed asphalt mixture pavements surface should not adopt coal asphalts. The labels for coal asphalts can be selected according to table 4.2.2 in consistence with the climate partitions, asphalt pavement types and asphalt types. 4.5.2 The quality of road coal asphalts should comply with the provisions in table C.0.5 of appendix C. 4.5.3 During coal asphalts using period, the temperature of coal asphalts storing pools or asphalt storing tanks should be 70~90 and should not be stored for a long time. Coal asphalts with long-term storage should be sampled and tested before using, if the result is unqualified, then they cannot be used. 4.6 Coarse aggregates 4.6.1 The coarse aggregates used in asphalt surface include gravels, broken pebbles, sifting pebbles and mineral slag, etc. Coarse aggregates should be produced by quarries with production license. 4.6.2 The coarse aggregates particle specification should comply with the provisions
12

GB 50092-96

of Table C.0.6 or Table C.0.7 in appendix C. If the produced coarse aggregates do not meet the specification requirements but their graduation with other aggregates meet the using requirements of all types of asphalt surfaces mineral aggregates, then they can also be used. 4.6.3 Coarse aggregates should be tidy, dry without efflorescence and impurities and with sufficient strength and anti-wearing performances; and their quality should comply with the provisions in table C.0.8 in appendix C. 4.6.4 Coarse aggregates should have good particle shapes; gravels used in road asphalt surface should not be processed by jaw crushers. 4.6.5 Pavement anti-sliding surface aggregates should adopt strong gravels or broken pebbles with anti-wearing and impact-proof performance instead of sifting pebbles, mineral slag and soften aggregates. Asphalt pavement surface for highways, class one roads, city expressways and primary roads and all types of roads anti-sliding surface aggregates should comply with the requirements for polishing value in table C.0.8 of appendix C; ordinary aggregates with less than 40% coarse aggregates content are permitted to be used as middle or small particles coarse aggregates. 4.6.6 Broken pebbles should adopt particle with diameter larger than 50mm for rolling. The broken area for particle with diameter equals to or above 4.75mm (circular hole sieves 5mm) should comply with the requirements in table C.0.8 of appendix C. 4.6.7 Sifting pebbles only apply to the asphalt surface dressing pavements for class three and below roads or city roads under secondary roads or mixing method constructing asphalt surfaces lower course instead of penetrated pavements and mixing method constructing asphalt surfaces middle and upper courses. 4.6.8 Class three and below roads and city roads under secondary roads can adopt steel slag as coarse aggregates. The steel slag has a storing period of more than 6 months after crushing, its quality should comply with the requirements in table C.0.8 of appendix C, and it should be tested according to the method in appendix B; if the test result is unqualified, and then it cannot be used. The asphalt using amount in steel slag asphalt mixtures should be determined by confecting ratio design. 4.6.9 When the stones used for highways, class one roads, city expressways and primary roads are acid rocks, asphalt with smaller penetrating degree should be used and the following anti-stripping measures should also be taken to make sure the adhesiveness of asphalt to mineral aggregates comply with the requirements in table C.0.8 of appendix C. 4.6.9.1 When dry milled lime hydrate or raw lime powder, cement are one part of fillers, their using amount should be 1%~2% of the total amount of mineral aggregates. 4.6.9.2 Add anti-stripping agents in asphalt. 4.6.9.3 Treat coarse aggregates with lime slurry before using. 4.7 Fine aggregates 4.7.1 Asphalt surfaces fine aggregates can utilize natural sands, machine made sands and stone chips, whose specifications should comply with the requirements in table C.0.9 or C.0.10 of appendix C.
13

GB 50092-96

4.7.2 Fine aggregates should be tidy, dry without efflorescence and impurities and with sufficient strength and anti-wearing performances; and their quality should comply with the provisions in table C.0.11 in appendix C. 4.7.3 Hot mixed asphalt mixtures fine aggregates should adopt high quality natural sands or machine made sands. In regions lacking of sands, stone chips can be used; but the using amount for stone chips on highways, class one roads, city expressways primary roads asphalt concrete surface and anti-sliding surfaces should not exceed the amount of natural sands and machine made sands. 4.7.4 Fine aggregates should have good adhesiveness ability to asphalt. The natural sands and machine made sands or stone chips for such acid stones as granites and quartzite with poor adhesiveness to asphalt are not suitable for highways, class one roads, city expressways primary roads asphalt surfaces. When it is necessary to use these sands, anti-stripping measures should be taken according to the provision in article 4.6.9. 4.8 Fillers 4.8.1 Asphalt mixtures fillers should utilize such water repelling stones as lime stones or strong basic rocks in magmatic rocks for milling powders. The soil substances in original stones should be cleared up. Mineral powder should be dry and clean, its quality should comply with the requirements in table C.0.12 of appendix C. When using cement, lime or fly ash as fillers, their using amount should not exceed 2% of the total amount of mineral aggregates. 4.8.2 When fly ash is used as filler, its ignition loss should be less than 12% with plasticity index less than 4% and same quality requirements to mineral powders. The using amount of fly ash should not exceed 50% of total fillers amount with test confirmation and good adhesiveness to asphalt; asphalt mixtures water stability performance should comply with the requirements. The asphalt concrete surface of highways, class one roads, city expressways and primary roads should not adopt fly ash as filler. 4.8.3 Mixing machine adopts dry dedusting measure to recycle the powder dust, which can be used as one part of mineral powders. The recycled powder dust by through wet dedusting measures should carry out drying crushing dressing before using without any foreign substances. The using amount of recycled powder dust should not exceed 50% of total aggregates amount; the plasticity index for aggregates with powder dust should not be larger than 4%; other aggregates quality should meet the requirements for mineral powders.

14

GB 50092-96

5 Asphalt surface dressing pavements 5.1 General provisions 5.1.1 Asphalt surface dressing applies to class three and below roads, city roads minor roads, county and town roads, constructing side paths for all types of roads and the paved skin coats or wearing coats on old asphalt courses. 5.1.2 Asphalt surface dressing pavements can adopt mixing method or layer-paving method to construct with the thickness no larger than 3cm. 5.1.3 Mixing asphalt surface dressing pavements can adopt hot mixed paving or cold mixed paving method for construction. The construction of hot mixed paving method should comply with the provisions in chapter seven of this standard. The construction processes of cold mixed paving method should comply with the provisions in chapter eight of this standard. 5.1.4 The construction of asphalt surface dressing pavements by through layer-paving method should adopt asphalt spraying vehicles and aggregates spreading machines. 5.1.5 The constructing processes of asphalt surface dressing should be cohesive and compact; every operation sections length should be determined according to the number of road rollers and abilities of oil-spraying equipments and aggregate-spreading machines. The daily constructing section should be finished at the same day. 5.1.6 Asphalt surface dressing should be constructed in dry and hot seasons and should be finished half a month earlier than the coming of rain season and season with the daily highest temperature less than 15 to enable the surface dressing passes open traffics compactness and molding. 5.2 Materials specification and using amount 5.2.1 The largest particle diameter of aggregates for asphalt surface dressing should equal to the thickness of dressing layer; the aggregates specification and using amount should comply with table D.0.1 or D.0.2 of appendix D; when using emulsified asphalt, it is necessary to decrease the loss of emulsion and add more than 20% aggregates with smaller particle diameters in main course aggregates. After the completion of asphalt surface dressing, it is necessary to prepare gravels or stone chips, coarse sands or small pebbles on the roadside as maintenance materials for the initial phase with the gravels specification S12 (5~10mm), coarse sand or small pebbles specification S14 (3~5mm) and its using amount of 2~3m3 per 1000m2. The initial phase maintenance materials for city roads should be sprayed with the last time of aggregates spreading during construction. 5.2.2 Asphalt surface dressing can adopt road petroleum asphalt, coal asphalt or emulsified asphalt for paving and should comply with the following provisions: 5.2.2.1 When adopting road petroleum asphalt, its asphalt using amount should be determined according to table D.0.1 or D.0.2 of appendix D and asphalt label should be selected according to table 4.2.2 of this standard. 5.2.2.2 When adopting coal asphalt, its asphalt using amount is 15%~20% more than the asphalt using amount in table D.0.1 or table D.0.2 of appendix D and asphalt label should be selected according to table 4.2.2 of this standard.
15

GB 50092-96

5.2.2.3 When adopting emulsified asphalt, the emulsions using amount should be converted according to the asphalt content in emulsion amount listed in table D.0.1 or table D.0.2 of appendix D. The emulsified asphalts type and label should be selected according to table C.0.3 of appendix C. 5.2.2.4 The asphalts using amount for all the asphalt surface dressing layers should be determined in the prescribed scope according to construction temperature, asphalt label and the conditions of base course. In cold areas with low constructing temperature, the asphalt penetration degree is small and the base courses void is very large, thus the asphalts using amount should be the upper limit. 5.2.3 When paving asphalt surface dressing pavements on old asphalt pavement, clean gravel (pebble) pavements, cement concrete pavement and block stone pavement, it is necessary to increase 10%~20% of asphalt using amount on the first layer without spraying prime coat oil. 5.3 Constructing machines 5.3.1 The construction of asphalt surface dressing should adopt asphalt-spraying vehicle to spray asphalt; the vehicles speed and spraying amount should be kept stable during spraying. The asphalt-spraying vehicle should spray evenly in the entire width. 5.3.2 Small area of asphalt surface dressing construction can adopt motor or manual asphalt-spraying machine to spray asphalt; emulsified asphalt can be sprayed by using gear pump or air pressure spraying machines instead of plunger spraying machines. The manual spraying should be even distributed by spraying worker with familiar skills. 5.3.3 Construction on asphalt surface should adopt the roller 6-8 tons or 8-10 tons. When grinding, aggregate should be closely inlaid and crowded and crushed stone could not be crushed too much. The construction on emulsified asphalt surface should adopt lighter machinery 5.4 Construction Equipment 5.4.1 The road construction on asphalt surface treatment should be progressed at rock fate after the installation of rock fate and the grass-roots level must cleaned. 5.4.2 Before construction, the pump systems, scale, oil pipeline, insulation equipment of asphalt distributor should be checked. When a certain amount of asphalt is loaded into the tank, they should first have a trial-sprinkling on the way to make sure the speed and sprinkle oil spray. Before each spraying, nozzle should be kept clean and pipes should be smooth. The angles of fuel injectors should be consistent with a 15-25 degree angle with the sprinkling tubing. The height of sprinkling tubing should be as shown in Figure 5.4.2, to ensure that the same place could take in sprinkling asphalt of two or three fuel injector spray and that white flower could not appear. When it is windy, it is not proper to adopt the height of triple-sprinkler. When the machine sprinkling overheating asphalt is used to spray emulsified asphalt, must be residual asphalt must be removed and cleaned with diesel. (1) inappropriate height
16

GB 50092-96

(2) dual-fuel injection height (the same point to take in both glib spraying)

(3) triple injector height (the same point to take in the three glib spraying)

5.4.3The transmission and hydraulic adjustment system of aggregate spreading machine should be checked before its use and they should have a test sprinkling to ensure the exact control of space and speed when spreading all kinds of specifications of aggregate material. 5.4.4 When manually spreading aggregate for the construction of the half width of the road, it is necessary to divide the half road at equidistant parts and then prepare sufficient amount of aggregate in line with the requirement. For the left ones, it employs the same way to prepare the materials for each layer. 5.4.5 The pouring and sprinkling sticky layer of asphalt or asphalt should be in line with the norms of the provisions of Chapter 9. 5.5 Construction Methods 5.5.1 The construction process of three-layer asphalt surface should follow these steps: 5.5.1.1 After the full penetration of asphalt or sweeping the base which is used as the prime coat or seal coat and open to traffic, the first layer asphalt could be spayed at the required speed The sprinkling asphalt should meet all the following requirements: (1)The temperature of sprinkling asphalt should be based on construction temperature and mark selection of asphalt. The appropriate sprinkling temperature for oil asphalt is from 130 to 170 centigrade degree and 80-120 centigrade degree for coal asphalt. Emulsified asphalt could be sprinkled at normal temperature .When the temperature is low and thus demulsification and molding is too slow, the emulsion can be heated then sprinkle, but the temperature of emulsion should not exceed 60 degrees. (2)When it is found that there is missing edge after sprinkling asphalt, have artificial sprinkling should be timely made and the Superfluous asphalt should be removed when there is asphalt congregation. (3)The length of sprinkling asphalt pouring should be consistent with capacity of
17

GB 50092-96

aggregate spreading machine to avoid that the speeding of aggregate could be done when the sprinkling of asphalt has been finished for a long time (4)The interface of the preceding and the following vehicles should be in good lap. At In each interface, the available iron board or building paper could be paved from the starting sprinkling point to the end point, with the appropriate length of 1-1.5 meter. When divided sprinkling is needed, the appropriate width of vertical overlap is 10-15 cm. The joint of second sand third layer of asphalt should be staggered. (5)In addition to cationic emulsified asphalt, it is not allowed to sprinkle asphalt on the moist grass-roots of aggregate or the old road. 5.1.2 The first layer of aggregate should be sprinkled immediately after sprinkling the main layer of asphalt and it is not appropriate to sprinkle after the whole sprinkling of the main layer of asphalt. The spreading of aggregate should use aggregate-spreading machine or manual spreading and should meet the following requirements: (1)When using emulsified asphalt, the aggregate spreading should be completed before demulsification of the emulsion. (2)After spreading, aggregate should be swept evenly and cover the road of construction and the thickness of aggregate should be consistent. Aggregate should not overlap and cover the asphalt completely. When there is missing part, timely manual complement should be made and the redundant aggregate should be removed when there is excessive aggregate. (3)When the front part is sprinkled with asphalt, the interface of two parts with the width of 10-15cm should keep without spreading aggregate but be spread until the asphalt sprinkling on the back part is finished. 5.5.1.3 6 ~ 8t steel cylindrical roller with double wheel should be used for compaction immediately after the aggregate is scattered on a certain section. Roller compaction should be done with track mark overlapping about 30cm each time, and should start with the roadside to the road center, and then with the other side towards the road center, hence one-time compaction and it should be done for 3 ~ 4 times. The starting speed should not be more than 2km/h, and appropriately increase afterwards. 5.5.1.4The construction methods and requirements for the second and the third layer should not the same as those of the first layer, but 8 ~ 10t road roller can be put into use. In the use of emulsified asphalt, S14 (3 ~ 5mm) the seal coat material, whose usage is 3.5~5.5 m 3 / 1000m 2 should be added after the S12 (5 ~ 10mm) crushed stone scattered on the second layer is taken as calking material. 5.5.2 In the construction of double-/single-layer asphalt surface treatment, scatter asphalt once and spread aggregate twice, and the construction procedures and requirements should be consistent with the requirements for the construction technology of the three-layer asphalt surface treatment. 5.5.3 Traffic can be opened after an end of roller compaction for the asphalt surface
18

GB 50092-96

treatment except that the emulsified asphalt surface treatment is open to traffic only after demulsification and water evaporation and forming. At the initial stage of opening traffic, a professional should be responsible for directing traffic or obstacles should be set up to control traffic, and the full width of the road should in uniform compaction. Before the road is completely molded, the traffic speed should be limited to 20km/h or below, and animal-drawn vehicles and iron-tyred carts are strictly prohibited. 5.5.4 The early conservation should be carried out for bituminous surface treatment. When the flushing asphalt is found, caulking material of the same specifications with stone on the final layer should be scattered at the flushing places, and swept. Too much floating aggregate should be swept away, and the adhesively fixed aggregate should be not trans-located. If there is other damage, timely repair should also be carried out. 5.5.5 Sprinkle asphalt oil with a cover to prevent pollution as regards the artificial road structures, and various cover rings of tube wells, lateral stones, curbstones , as well as the exposed parts and the sidewalk pavement and so on,.

19

GB 50092-96

6 Asphalt Penetration Pavement 6.1 General provisions 6.1.1 Asphalt penetration pavement is applicable to the secondary or lower highway, and the secondary trunk road and by-pass of the urban roads. Bituminous penetration layer can also be used as the connection layer of the asphalt concrete pavement. 6.1.2 Asphalt penetration pavement can be 4-8cm thick. But emulsified asphalt penetration pavement should not be thicker than over 5cm. When asphalt mixture surface layer is added to the upper penetration layer for paving, the total thickness of the road surface is advised to be 6-10cm, in which the mixing layer should be 2-4cm thick. 6.1.3 The sealed layer should be spread or the mixing layer should be added to the top layer of the asphalt penetration pavement. When emulsified asphalt penetration pavement is paved at the semi-rigid base, the lower seal layer should be paved. When the asphalt penetration layer is taken as the linking layer, the surface sealed layer material can not be spread. 6.1.4 Asphalt penetration pavement should be put into construction in the dry and hot season, and the project is completed for half a month before the rainy season and the maximum temperature(less than 15C) arrive, so that the penetration structure layer is compacted and molded through the opened traffic. 6.2 Material Specifications and Usage 6.2.1 The angular and densely built-in hard stone should be selected as the aggregate of asphalt penetration pavement, whose specifications and usage should be based on the penetration layer thickness in accordance with this specification of Table D.0.3 or Table D.0.4 Table D. 0.4 or Table D.0.6 in Appendix D. When the crushed gravel is used, its broken surface should be consistent with requirements in Appendix C Table C.0.8 of this norm. The aggregate larger than the medium diameter on the main layer of asphalt penetration layer should account for 50% or above. When the fine-grained content is on the high side, the usage of the caulking material should be at the lower limit. In addition,2 ~ 3 m 2 stone or coarse sand should be provided for the initial stage of conservation for every 1000 m 2 penetration pavement without the mixed layer paved on the surface after the completion of construction, and the specifications of stone or coarse sand should be consistent with the ones of the caulking material on the final layer. 6.2.2 The largest aggregate diameter on the main layer of asphalt penetration layer should be the same the thickness of the penetration layer. When the emulsified asphalt is in the application, largest aggregate diameter on the main layer can be 0.8-0.85 times the thickness and the quantity is advised to be computed by compaction coefficient 1.25-1.30. 6.2.3 Viscous oil asphalt, coal asphalt or emulsified asphalt can be used for the binder materials of the asphalt penetration pavement, and should meet the following requirements: 6.2.3.1 When petroleum asphalt is in the use, the usage of the asphalt should be
20

GB 50092-96

defined as per Table D.0.3 or Table D.0.5 or Table D.0.4 or Table D.0.6 in Appendix D of the norm, and the asphalt label is selected in accordance with Table 4.2.2 of the norm. 6.2.3.2 When the coal tar pitch is in the use, the usage of the pitch should have a corresponding increase of 15% -20%, and the asphalt label should be selected as per Table 4.2.2 of this specification. 6.2.3.3 When emulsified asphalt is in the use, the emulsion usage should be based on the using amount of emulsion listed in Table D.0.3 or Table D.0.5 or Table D.0.4 or Table D.0.6 in Appendix D of this specification, together with the asphalt content. Emulsified asphalt labeling should be selected as per Table C.0.3 in Appendix C of the norm. 6.2.4 The usage of binder materials on each layer of the penetration pavement should be based on construction temperature and asphalt labeling and the like in the specified scope. In low-temperature and cold regions in the construction season, or needle penetration of the asphalt being relatively small, the high limit should be adopted for the asphalt. When the emulsified asphalt is used as penetration in low-temperature and humid climate, the adjustment is made on the principle of the total volume of emulsion being constant. It should be larger for the upper layer than under the normal circumstance, while it should be smaller for the lower layer. 6.3 Construction Machinery 6.3.1 The macadam spreader or artificial paving can be used for the aggregate on the main layer of the asphalt penetration pavement, and the aggregate spreader is suitable for the caulking material. 6.3.2 The asphalt distributor should satisfy the requirements in this specification. 6.3.3 The road roller for asphalt penetration pavement construction should conform to the requirements in Article 5.3.3 of the norm, whose aggregate on the main layer is advisable to use the steel cylinder road roller for compaction. 6.4 Construction Preparation 6.4.1 The base should be cleaned before asphalt penetration pavement construction. Construction should be done before the installation of curb-stone if required. 6.4.2 Viscous asphalt or asphalt prime coat must be spread on the emulsified asphalt penetration pavement. When the asphalt penetration pavement is 5cm or below thick, they should also be spread. 6.5 Construction Methods 6.5.1 Asphalt penetration pavement construction should follow the steps below: 6.5.1.1 Spread the aggregate onto the main layer. Avoid scattering the aggregate of the uneven particle size, and check the loose laying depth. Vehicles are prohibited from driving on the paved aggregate layer after spreading. 6.5.1.2 The 6-8t steel cylinder road roller should be used for the initial pressure at a speed of 2km/h after the aggregate on the main layer is spread. Compaction should start with the edge to the center with track overlapping about 30cm each time, and start with the reverse side to the center in the same way, hence one roller compaction. And check the road humps and vertical gradient. When the requirement is not met, adjustment should be made. Make compaction again after leveling, until no obvious
21

GB 50092-96

transposition occurs to the aggregate. And then the 10-12t road roller is used for roller compaction, with track overlapping 1/2 or so each time, advisably for 4-6 times, until the aggregate on the main layer is embedded and no apparent track mark is found. 6.5.1.3 Asphalt should be spread onto the first layer soon after the completion of roller compaction of the aggregate on the main layer. The spreading ways shall be carried out according to 5.1.15.5 this specification. The spreading temperature of the asphalt should be based on the asphalt labeling and temperature. When emulsified asphalt penetration is used, an excessive leakage of emulsion should be prevented. When the aggregate on the main layer is compacted to a stable level, part of caulking material on the upper layer should first be spread, and then asphalt of the main layer is scattered. Emulsified asphalt is spread at the normal temperature and the heated emulsion can be spread at the lower temperature when demulsification needs to speed up, but the emulsion temperature should not exceed 60C. 6.5.1.4 After the spreading of asphalt on the main layer comes to end, the caulking material should be immediately scattered on the first layer evenly, and the uneven places should be repaired. When emulsified asphalt is used, the stone should be spread before the emulsion demulsification. 6.5.1.5 8-12t steel cylinder road roller is used for roller compaction immediately after the caulking materials are swept. Wheel tracks should overlap around 1/2 of the wheel width, and the materials are compacted for 4-6 times until they are stabilized. Press and sweep at the same time in the compaction process, and the caulking material should be uniformly embedded. When the high temperature causes a grave transposition in the process of rolling, we should immediately stop rolling, and continue to roll when the temperature becomes slightly low. 6.5.1.6 Asphalt is scattered on the third layer after asphalt is scattered on the second layer, and the caulking material is spread on the second layer and finishes rolling. 6.5.1.6 Seal materials spreading should conform to the construction requirements for spreading caulking material. 6.5.1.6 The 6-8t road roller should be adopted for the final compaction for 2-4 times, and then the traffic is opened. 6.5.2 Traffic control and the initial stage of conservation and so on for the asphalt penetration pavement after the traffic is opened, should be consistent with the regulations of Article 5.5.3 and Article 5.5.4 of the norm. 6.5.3 When the asphalt penetration road surface is not scattered with the seal material, but added by the mixing layer of the asphalt mixture, it should follow construction of the penetration layer, with the top and bottom as a whole. When emulsified asphalt is used for penetration, only after its demulsification, water evaporation and being molded can the mixing layer be paved. When the mixing layer and the penetrated part can not be under continuous construction, and the passage of construction vehicles is required for a short term, the caulking material for penetration for the second time should be increased by 2~3 m 2 /1000 m 2 . Before asphalt mixture of the mixing layer is spread, dust, debris and floating stone on the penetration surface should be cleared, and roller compaction is performed once again, with the sticky asphalt scattered.
22

GB 50092-96

7 Hot-mixed Asphalt Pavement 7.1 General provisions 7.1.1 Hot-mixed Asphalt is applicable to asphalt road surfaces of a variety of levels. Bituminous concrete pavement is used for the upper, middle and lower asphalt surface of the highway, primary highway and expressway and arterial road, but bituminous macadam mixture is only available to the transition layer and the leveling layer. Bituminous concrete pavement is advisable to be used for the top layer of the asphalt road surface of other Levels. 7.1.2 Types of hot-mixed asphalt should be selected as per Table 7.1.2, and its specifications should be based on square hole sieve in which the maximum particle size of the aggregate should not exceed 31.5mm. When the round hole sieve is used as a transition, the maximum particle size of the aggregate should not exceed 40mm.
Types of the Hot-mixed Asphalt Mixture Table 7.1.2

Square Hole Sieve Series Mixture Types Asphalt , Asphalt, Maximum Aggregate, Concrete, Gravel , (mm)Grain Diameter -AM-40 37.5 AC-30 AM-30 31.5 AC-25 AC-20 AC-16 AC-13 AC-10 AC-5 AK-13 AK-16 AM-25 26.5 AM-20 19.0 AM-16 16.0 AM-13 13.2 AM-10 9.5 AM-5 4.75 -13.2 -16.0

Particularly Coarse Coarse-grained Type

Medium-grained Type Fine-grained Type Sand-grained Type Anti-slide surfaces

Correspondent Round Hole Sieve Series Asphalt , Asphalt, Maximum Aggregate, Concrete, Gravel , (mm)Grain Diameter -LS-50 50 LH-40 LS-40 40 or LH-35 LS-35 35 LH-30 LS-30 30 LH-25 LS-25 25 LH-20 LS-20 20 LH-15 LS-15 15 LH-10 LS-10 10 LH-5 LS-5 5 LK-15 -15 LK-20 -20

7.1.3 Mixture type of asphalt pavement on all Layers should be based on the road grade and the road level in Table 7.1.3 and should meet the following requirements:
Mixture Type of Asphalt Pavement on All Layers Table 7.1.3

Sieve Hole Series

Structure Highway, primary Levels highway and expressway and arterial road Three-layer Two-layer Bituminous Bituminous Concrete Concrete Pavement Pavement Square Upper AC-13 AC-13

Roads of Other levels

General Urban Roads and Other Road Engineering Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Bituminous Concrete Macadam Concrete Macadam Pavement Pavement Pavement Pavement AC-13 AM-13 AC-5 AM-5
23

GB 50092-96

Sieve Hole Series

Layer Median Layer

AC-16 AC-20 AC-20 AC-25 AC-25 AC-30

AC-16

AC-16

AC-10 AC-13

AM-10

Lower Layer

AC-20 AC-25 AC-30

AC-20 AC-25 AC-30 AM-25 AM-30 LH-15 LH-20

AM-25 AM-30

AC-20 AC-25 AM-25 AM-30

AM-25 AM-30 AM-40

Round Sieve Hole Series

Upper Layer Median Layer Lower Layer

LH-15 LH-20 LH-25 LH-25 LH-30 LH-30 LH-35 LH-40

LH-15 LH-20

LS-15

LH-5 LH-10 LH-15

LS-5 LS-10

LH-30 LH-35 LH-40

LH-25 LH-30 LH-35 AM-30 AM-35

LS-30 LS-35 LS-40

LH-25 LH-30 LS-30 LS-35 LS-40

LS-30 LS-35 LS-40 LS-50

Note: As to the anti-slide surface, AK-13 or AK-16 hot- mixed asphalt mixture can be used, and also be paved in the way premixing asphalt with single-particle S-10 gravel is embedded and pressed in AC-10 (LH-15)-type fine-grained asphalt concrete. 7.1.3.1 The asphalt mixture shall meet the requirements for durability, anti-rut, crackresistance, water-damage resistance, anti-sliding performance, etc. and its type should be selected according to the actual situation such as construction machinery, engineering cost and so on. 7.1.3.2 The two-layer or three-layer structure is suitable for the surface of the bituminous concrete mixture, of which one or more layers should be I-type dense-graded bituminous concrete mixture. When bituminous macadam mixture is adopted for all the layers are asphalt gravel mixture, the lower seal layer should be made under the asphalt surface layer. 7.1.3.3 Anti-slide surface is desirable to be used for the upper surface of the highway, primary highway and expressway and arterial road in wet and humid areas, while I-type bituminous concrete mixture can be utilized as the surface for the general road and the highway, primary highway and expressway and arterial road in dry areas. 7.1.3.4 The maximum particle size of the asphalt surface aggregate should gradually increase from top to bottom. The medium-grained and fine-grained type instead of the coarse-grained type mixture is appropriate for the upper layer. Sand-type mixture is only applicable to the general city roads, town streets and non-motorized roads,
24

GB 50092-96

pedestrian roads and other projects. 7.1.3.5 The maximum particle size of asphalt mixture aggregate at the upper layer should not exceed 1/2 of the maximum thickness, while the maximum particle size of aggregate at the lower layer and the linking-up layer should not be over 2/3 of the maximum thickness. 7.1.3.6 Bituminous concrete mixture should be adopted as the surface for the asphalt surface of the hardened verge of the highway the I-type asphalt. 7.1.4 Continuous mechanized construction should be adopted for the hot-mixed and hot-laid asphalt mixture surface. 7.2 Construction Preparation 7.2.1Back-base preparation should be consistent with the specifications in Chapter 3. 7.2.2 Investigation and tests should be conducted on all kinds of materials prior to construction, and the selected and determined materials should be stable in the construction process without changes. 7.2.3 A comprehensive inspection should be done for various construction machines before construction, and shall be subject to debugging and make them in a good performance status. Sufficient machinery should be supplied, and construction should be consistent in capability, and backup equipment should be provided for the important machinery. 7.2.4 Asphalt heating temperature and construction temperature of asphalt mixture should be selected in accordance with the asphalt varieties, labels, viscosity, climatic conditions and pavement layer thickness prescribed in Table 7.2.4. Construction temperature of asphalt mixture should be the high limit, when the asphalt is great in viscosity, low in temperature, and thin in paving layer.
Construction Thermometer of Hot-mixed Asphalt Mixture Table7.2.4

Asphalt Variety

Petroleum Asphalt AH- AH-10 AH-130 A-200 50 A-100 A-140 Asphalt Labeling AH- A-180 70 AH90 A-60 Asphalt Heated Temperature 150~ 140~160 130~150 170 Mineral Intermittent Mixer 10~20 higher than Asphalt Heated Aggregate Temperature(Fillers Being not Temperature Heated) Continuous Mixer

Coal Tar Pitch T-8 T-5 T-9 T-6 T-7

100~130

80~120

15 higher than Asphalt Heated Temperature(Fillers Being not Heated) 5~10 higher than Asphalt Heated 8 higher than Asphalt Temperature(Fillers Being not Heated Heated) Temperature(Fillers Being not Heated)
25

GB 50092-96

Normal Ex-factory Temperature 140~165 125~160 120~150 90~120 80~110 of the Asphalt Mixture Storage Temperature of the Temperature Reduced to 10 or Temperature Mixture Bunker below in the Storage Process Reduced to 10 or below in the Storage Process Temperature for Transported to Not Lower than 120~150 Not Lower than 90 Site Paving Normal Not Lower than 110~130 and Not Not Lower than 80 Temperature Construction Higher than 165 and Not Higher than 120 Low-temperature Not Lower than 120~140 and Not Not Lower than 100 Construction Higher than 175 and Not Higher than 140 Compaction Normal 110~140 and Not Lower than 110 80~110 and Not Temperature Construction Lower than 75 Low-temperature 120~150 and Not Lower than 90~120 and Not Construction 110 Lower than 85 Completing Steel-cylinder Not Lower than 70 Not Lower than 50 Compaction Road Roller Temperature Tire Road Roller Not Lower than 80 Not Lower than 60 Vibration Road Not Lower than 65 Not Lower than 50 Roller Temperature for Opened After Pavement Cooling After Pavement Traffic Cooling Note: (1) The construction temperature is related to the asphalt variety and labeling, and the one of the thick asphalt is close to the high limit while the one of the thin the low limit. (2)This table is not applicable to the modified asphalt mixture construction. (3)As to the highway, primary highway and expressway and arterial road, the mixture should be discarded when the factory temperature of the asphalt mixture exceeds the high limit of the normal temperature 30 0 C . 7.3 Mix Design for Hot-mixed Asphalt 7.3.1 Hot-mixed asphalt should be chosen to meet the requirements for the materials, and the mineral aggregate gradation and asphalt usage shall be determined through mix design, coupled with the practical experience in construction of the similar road and materials of the same kind. 7.3.2 Mix design for hot-mixed asphalt should be carried out in the procedures in Appendix B of the norm. The standard sieve hole for sieving mineral aggregate should be based on the square hole sieve, if there is indeed difficult, and the round hole sieve can also be used with the consent of the department in charge. Mineral aggregate grading limit of various asphalt mixtures should conform to Table D.0.7 or D.0.8 in Appendix D of this norm. And the mineral aggregate grading limit should not
26

GB 50092-96

be altered except that the paved road sections for test or practice has proved that the grading limit regulated in Table D.0.7 or D.0.8 in Appendix D of this norm is unsuitable for local conditions. 7.3.8 Technical indicators of all sorts of bituminous concrete mixtures determined by the mix design should be consistent with the provisions of Table 7.3.3, with good construction performance. 7.3.4 Inspection should be carried out for check rutting-resistance with the wheel rutting tester, when mix design is done for bituminous concrete mixture used for the upper and middle surface of the highway, primary highway and expressway and arterial road. As to dynamic stability for rutting test at 60C and wheel-pressure 0.7MPa, it should not be less than 800times/ mm for the highway and the expressway, while it should not be less than 600 times / mm for primary highway and arterial roads. 7.3.5 Mix design for bituminous macadam mixture should be based on empirical tests and the results of Marshall test, and determined through trial mix and trial laying. 7.3.6 Mix Design of hot-mixed asphalt for the highway, primary highway and expressway, and arterial road should follow these steps below: 7.3.6.1 Target mix design stage. The usage proportion of various materials should be calculated as per the materials used in the actual engineering, and the designed mineral aggregate gradation shall be in accordance with the provisions of Table D.0.7 or D.0.8 in Appendix D, and the optimal amount of asphalt should be defined through the Marshall test. This mineral aggregate gradation and the asphalt usage should be used as the target mix for the mixing machine to determine the feed proportion, the feed speed and the use of trial mix of the cold hopper. 7.3.6.2 Production mixing ratio design stage. For the intermittent mixing machine, samples should be picked up from materials in the hot hoppers after secondary and screening is made to determine the proportion of materials in the hot hopper for the use of the mixing machine room. At the same time, the proportion of cold feed hopper should be repeatedly adjusted in order for a balanced feed, and the optimal asphalt usage, the optimal asphalt usage plus 0.3% and that minus 0.3% are taken from the target mix design for Marshall test, to determine the optimal asphalt usage of production mix design.
Technological Indictors of Marshall Test for the Hot-mixed Asphalt Mixture Table 7.3.3

Test Item

of Highway, Primary Highway and Expressway and Arterial Road Compaction bituminous 75 for Either Frequency(times) Concrete Side Bituminous 50 for Either Macadam and Side

Types Asphalt Mixture

Roads of other Pedestrian Levels and Road Urban Roads

50 for Either 35 for Either Side Side 50 for Either 35 for Either Side Side
27

GB 50092-96

Stability(1) (KN)

Flow Value (0.1mm)

Void Ratio(2) (%)

Bituminous Saturation (%)

Residual Stability (%)

Anti-slide Surfaces I-type Bituminous Concrete II-type Bituminous Macadam and Anti-slide Surfaces I-type Bituminous Concrete II-type Bituminous Macadam and Anti-slide Surfaces I-type Bituminous Concrete II-type Bituminous Concrete and Anti-slide Surfaces Bituminous Gravel I-type Bituminous Concrete II-type Bituminous Concrete and Anti-slide Surfaces Bituminous Gravel I-type Bituminous Concrete II-type Bituminous Concrete

7.5 5.0

5.0 4.0

3.0 ----

20 ~ 40 20 ~ 40

20 ~ 45 20 ~ 45

20 ~ 50 ----

3~6 4 ~ 10 10

3~6 4 ~ 10 10

2~5 -------

70 ~ 85 60 ~ 75 40 ~ 60

70 ~ 85 60 ~ 75 40 ~ 60

75 ~ 90 -------

75 70

75 70

75

28

GB 50092-96

and Anti-slide Surfaces

Note (1)Coarse-grained bituminous concrete can be reduced by 1KN in stability; (2) The void of I-type fine-grained and sand bituminous concrete can be 2% ~ 6%; (3) The void in mineral aggregate of the bituminous concrete mixture (VMA)should meet the requirements of the following table: Maximum Aggregate Size (mm) Square Hole Sieve, 37.5 31.5 26.5 19.0 Round Hole 50 35 or 40 30 25 Sieve VMA not Less than(%) 12 12.5 13 14

16.0 13.2 20 15 14.5 15

9.5 4.75 10 5 16 18 and

(4) When the bituminous macadam mixture is immersed in water at 60 0 C

becomes loose, the Marshall Test may not be conductedbut the densityvoid, bituminous saturation and other indicators should be measured; (5) The residual stability can be measured by way of immersion Marshall Test or the immersion Marshall Test after vacuum and saturation as needed. 7.3.6.3 Verification phase of production mixing ratio. The production mixing ratio should be used for mixing machines for trial mix and paving the test section and the Marshall test and drilling core samples on the road test are carried out with the mixed asphalt mixture, so that the standard mix ratio for production is determined. The standard mix ratio should be used as the basis for production control and the standard for quality check. Of the mineral aggregate synthesis gradation of the standard mix ratio, the percent of pass of 0.075mm,2 .36 mm,4 .75 mm (round hole sieve 0.075mm,2 .5 mm,5mm),these three sieve holes should be close to the median gradation. 7.3.7 The designed standard mix ratio can not be changed in the construction process. In the production process, with the change of the incoming materials, mineral aggregate gradation of the asphalt Mixture and technical indicators of the Marshall test do not meet the requirements, the mix ratio should be promptly adjusted so that the quality of asphalt mixtures meets the requirements and the mixtures keep a relatively stable, and mix design can be made again, if necessary. 7.3.8 Hot-mixed asphalt mix ratio design of Class II or below road and the urban roads below the secondary arterial roads can be conducted according to the steps of Article 7.3.2 ~ 7.3.7. When the materials are the same as those of the road of the same kind, the successful experience can be directly followed. 7.4 Mixing of Hot-mixed Asphalt 7.4.1 asphalt mixture must be mixed the mixing machinery in asphalt mixing plant (field, station). The mixing plant must be set up not only according to the national regulations on the environmental protection, fire control, safety and so on, but also the
29

GB 50092-96

following conditions: 7. 4.1.1 The mixing plant should be built in broad dry places with good conditions of transport. 7.4.1.2 The asphalt should be placed in airtight storage as per the variety and label. All kinds of mineral aggregates shall be stacked separately in the hopper or venues with a hard substrate, and must not be mixed. Slag and other fillers should keep away from dampness. The rain-proof ceiling should be set up for aggregate, and good drainage facilities should be provided for the mixing plant. 7.4.1.3 The mixing plant should be equipped with laboratories and adequate equipment configuration. 7.4.1.4 A reliable power supply should be provided for the mixing plant. 7.4.2 HMA can be mixed with the intermittent or continuous mixing machinery. Various mixing machines shall have the airtight performance of preventing flying and loss of mineral powder, and the devices for detecting the mixing temperature. The continuous mixing machines should have devices for adjusting the ratio of loading the mineral aggregate material, the loading speed and the amount of asphalt according to changes of the water content in materials. The intermittent mixing machine mixing is suitable for the bituminous concrete mixture used for the highway, primary highway and expressway and arterial road. When the source or quality of engineering materials is instable, continuous mixing machine mixing is forbidden. 7.4.3 The intermittent mixing machine should be equipped with the automatic recording devices for printing the using amount of and the mixing temperature of various asphalts and mineral aggregates one by one in the process of mixing. 7.4.4 The bituminous materials should be heated with the conduction oil, and the manufactured temperature of the mixing asphalt mixture should be consistent with the requirements of Table 7.2.4. When the manufactured temperature of the mixture is too high, which impairs adhesive force of the asphalt and aggregate, the mixture should not be used, and the paved asphalt pavement should be uprooted and the discarded mixture temperature should be in accordance with the provisions of Note (3) in Table 7.2.4. 7.4.5 The mixing time of asphalt mixture should be determined by the trial mix. The mixture should be mixed evenly, and all the mineral aggregate particles should be covered with the asphalt binder. Mixing and stirring per pot of the intermittent mixing machine is advisable to last 30 ~ 50s,in which mixing time is not less than 5s; the mixing time of the continuous mixing machine should be determined by the loading speed and mixing temperature of materials. 7.4.6 The regarding vibrating sieve holes of the hot mineral aggregate of the intermittent mixing machine should be selected in accordance with the requirements for mineral aggregate gradation, whose installation angle should be based on material sieving ability, vibration and so forth through the test. 7.4.7 The mixing asphalt mixture of the mixing plant should be uniform without the gray material, lump or serious separation coarse and fine materials. If the requirements can not be met, it is not permitted to use and should be adjusted in time.
30

GB 50092-96

7.4.8 If the mixed HMA is not immediately used, it can be placed in the finished product storage. For the storage without heat insulation equipment, the permissible storage time should meet the paving temperature requirements, and for the storage without heat insulation equipment, the storage time should not be expected to be more than 72h. 7.4.9 The manufactured asphalt mixture should be weighed with the loadometer vehicle by vehicle. Measure the asphalt mixture's temperature in the lorry according to the existing test methods, and issue the delivery sheet in triplicate, one being kept in the mixing plant, one for the paving station, and anther for the driver. 7.5 Transportation of Hot-mixed Asphalt Mixture 7.5.1 HMA mixture should be transported by dump truck with a larger tonnage. And bonding of the asphalt and the truck plate should be prevented. The truck plate should be cleaned, and the side and bottom plate can be coated a thin layer of oil-water (oil and water ratio is 1:3) mixture, and the residue fluid shall not be accumulated at the bottom of the truck plate. 7.5.2 Coarse and fine aggregate segregation should be prevented when the materials are loaded to the lorry from the mixing machine, and each time one pipeful of mixture is unloaded the lorry should move. 7.5.3 The lorry is supposed to be covered with the tarpaulin for heat prevention, rain protection, anti-pollution, and in summer it should take less than 0.5h, to transmit without coverage. 7.5.4 The asphalt mixture transporters should be higher in the traffic volume than the mixing rate or the paving speed, and there should be lorries waiting for discharge in front of pavers during construction. As to the highway, primary highway and expressway and arterial road, there should be not less than five lorries waiting for unloading at the beginning of paving in the construction site. 7.5.5 In the continuous paving process, the lorries should be parked for 10-30mm in front of the paver, which shall not run upon the paver. The lorries should be in neutral in the discharge process, and move forward along the paver. 7.5.6 The asphalt mixture transported to the paving location is expected to be received as per the delivery sheet, and the quality of mixing should be checked. The mixture not in conformity with the norms of the temperature requirements in Table 7.2.4, or being clotted or wet with rain shall not be used for paving. 7.6 Paving HMA Mixture 7.6.1 The quality of the lower layer should be checked and confirmed before paving asphalt mixture. When the quality of the lower layer does not meet the requirements or prime coat and tack coat is not distributed and the lower seal is not paved according to the provisions, asphalt surface shall not be paved. 7.6.2 HMA mixture should be paved with machinery. More than two pavers should be used to operate in echelon and make pavement in joint for the highway, primary highway and expressway and arterial road. Overlap should exist between the two adjacent road ways, and the overlapping width is desirable to be 5-10mm. The two adjacent pavers should keep the distance of 10-30mm, and are not allowed to be cause the cooling of the paved mixture in front. When the supply of mixture can meet the
31

GB 50092-96

continuous paving, a full-width paver can be adopted for one road way. 7.6.3 A small amount of diesel should be brushed inside of the hopper before the paver starts receiving the material to prevent the adhesion. 7.6.4 The paver of the asphalt mixture used for the highway, primary highway and expressway and arterial road shall meet the following requirements: 7.6.4.1 Devices should be set in an automatic or semi-automatic way of adjusting the paver thickness and leveling. 7.6.4.2 The receiving hopper should have sufficient capacity for continuous paving in the replacement of lorries one by one, and power should be enough to drive the lorries. 7.6.4.3 The heated vibration leveling board or the vibrating tamper and other preliminary compaction devices should be equipped. 7.6.4.4 The paver width can be adjusted 7.6.5 In paver automatically leveling, the elevation control conducted by one side of the wire rope is advisable to be used for the middle and the lower layer. The sledge-type paving thickness control with the same elevation difference before and behind the paving layer should be adopted for the surface. The paving layer preliminarily compacted by the paver should be consistent with the requirements for the flatness of the cross-slope. 7.6.6 The paving temperature of the asphalt mixture should be in accordance with the specifications of Table 7.2.4 and should be based on the asphalt label, viscosity, temperature and the paving thickness. 7.6.7 When the construction temperature of the highway, primary highway and expressway and arterial road is lower than 10 0 C , and the construction temperature of roads of other levels is lower than 5 0 C , the HMA mixture should not be used to pave. The following measures should be taken if necessary: 7.6.7.1 The mixing temperature of the mixture should be increased to meet the requirements of low-temperature construction in the Table 7.2.4. 7.6.7.2 Covering and other insulation measures must be taken for the lorries. 7.6.7.3 The high-density paver should be used and the leveling board should be heated. 7.6.7.4 Rolling compaction immediately follows paving, and the length of the rolling compaction should be shortened. 7.6.8 The coefficient of loose laying of the asphalt mixture should be based on the type of the actual mixture, construction machinery and construction technology and the method of trial paving and trial pressure or on the past experience, or selected in accordance with Table 7.6.8. In the paving process, the thickness of the paving layer, road humps, and cross slope should be checked and the average thickness should be examined as per the formula 7.6.8, and timely adjustment should be made in accordance with the paving situation.
Coefficient of Loose Laying Table of Bituminous Mixture Table 7.6.8

Category

Mechanical Paving

Artificial Paving
32

GB 50092-96

Bituminous Mixture Bituminous Mixture

Concrete Macadam

1.151.35 1.151.30

1.251.50 1.201.45

100 M D L W

(7.6.8)

D---the density of the compacted bituminous concrete mixture( t / m 3 ); L---paving length (m); M---the total mass of the paving bituminous concrete mixture(t); T---average thickness of the compacted paving layer (cm); W---paving width(m). 7.6.9 Paving asphalt mixture should be paved slowly, uniformly and uninterruptedly. Speed variation or a half-way halt is not allowed in the paving process. Paving speed should be determined by the formula 7.6.9 based on production of the mixing machine, construction machinery matching and the thickness and width of the paving layer, being 2-6m/min. In the course of paving, spiral feeders of the paver should be in non-stop rotation and the mixture not less than 2/3 the feeder height should be maintained on their two sides and ensure that segregation does not happen to the entire width of section of the paver. When the leveling board is fixed as the required thickness, adjustment is not allowed to make freely. V 100 Q C 60 D W T

Where, V---Paving speed of paver (m/min); Q---Mixer productiont/h; C--- Efficiency coefficient. It is advised to be defined as 0.6 --- 0.8 according to the material supply, transport capacity and other statuses. 7.6.10 The mechanical paving material rather than artificial repeated finishing should be used. The partially artificial repair or mixture replacement can be carried out under the following circumstances: 7.6.10.1 Cross-section does not meet the requirement. 7.6.10.2 The connector part of structure is in incomplete filling. 7.6.10.3 The edge of the paving belt is in locally incomplete filling. 7.6.10.4 The surface is obviously rough. 7.6.10.5 Obvious disintegration is found in the local mixture. 7.6.10.6 Visual drag marks are left after paving. 7.6.11 Artificial repair or mixture replacement should be conducted at the scene under the guidance of the supervisor. The more serious defects should be eradicated and the paver should be adjusted or the paving technology should be improved. When the machinery causes the serious defects, paving should stop immediately. In the course
33

GB 50092-96

of artificial patch, workers should not operate by standing on the hot mixture. 7.6.12 The artificial paving is available in the narrow part of the road, the ramp with a too small curve radius or the or the widened part, as well as the small-scale works. The asphalt mixture with artificial paving shall meet the following requirements: 7.6.12.1 The baffle should be pre-set for the other side of the road in the construction of the half road way. 7.6.12.2 The asphalt mixture is desirable to be unloaded onto the iron plate, and paved with the spade at lower level rather than at the higher level. 7.6.12.3 Pave and level it with the scraper with the same force at the same time, scratch it 2 - 3 times back and forth to achieve leveling, and repeated spillage and scratching is not expected which causes disintegration of the coarse aggregate. 7.6.12.4 The shovels for spillage and other tools should be heated prior to the use, or dipped with light diesel oil or oil-water mixture to prevent the adhesive mixture. The light diesel oil or oil-water mixture shall not be used too often. 7.6.12.5 Paving shall not be stopped halfway. The paved asphalt mixture should be compacted in time. When it is not compacted in time or suffers from rain, the paving should be stopped and covering and other heat prevention measures should be taken for the discharged asphalt mixture. 7.6.12.6 The unloaded mixture should be covered with the thatch in the low-temperature construction. 7.7 Compaction and Molding of the HMA Mixture 7.7.1 The compacted asphalt mixture should be consistent with the requirements for compactness and flatness. The layered compaction of asphalt mixture shall not be thicker than 10cm. 7.7.2 The compound mode of road roller and compacted steps should be selected reasonably and the best compaction should be achieved. The compound mode of static steel drum roller and tire road roller or vibratory road roller is suitable for the asphalt mixture compaction. The quantity of rollers should be determined by the production efficiency. 7.7.3 The road asphalt mixture compaction can adopt the artificial hot rammer, double-drum steel roller, three-drum steel roller, tire road roller, vibratory roller, and small walk-behind vibratory roller, vibrating tamping machine and other machinery. The following requirements shall be met: 7.7.3.1 6-8t for the double-drum steel cylinder roller; 7.7.3.2 8-12t or 12-15t for the three-drum steel cylinder roller; 7.7.3.3 12-20t or 20-25t for the tire road roller; 7.7.3.4 2-6t or 6-14t for the vibratory road roller; 7.7.3.5 1-2t for the small walk-behind vibratory roller; 7.7.3.6 Vibration rammer should be not less than 180kg in quality, and not less than 3000times/min in the vibration frequency; 7.7.4 The asphalt mixture compaction should be carried out in three stages: initial pressure, repressing and final pressure (including the molding). The road roller should roll at a slow and uniform speed, and the rolling speed of the roller should be in line with the provisions of Table 7.7.4.
34

GB 50092-96

The Rolling Speed of Road Rollerkm/h

Table 7.7.4

Types of Initial pressure Repressing Final pressure the Road Appropriate Maximum Appropria Maximum Appropriate Maximum Roller te 1.5-2 3 2.5-3.5 5 2.5-3.5 5 steel Cylinder Road Roller Tire Road ----3.5-4.5 8 46 8 Roller 4-5 4-5 2-3 5 Vibratory 1.5-2 5 (vibration) (vibration) (static (static (static Road (static pressure) pressure) pressure) Roller pressure) 7.7.5 Initial pressure of the asphalt mixture shall meet the following requirements: 7.7.5.1 Initial pressure should be conducted at high temperature after the mixture is paved, and transposition and hair-like crack shall not be allowed. The compaction temperature should be determined through trial paving and trial pressing based on asphalt consistency, road roller type, temperature, thickness of laid layer, and mixture type pressure, and shall be consistent with the normative requirements of Table 7.2.4. 7.7.5.2 The road roller should roll from the outside to the center. 1/3-1/2 the wheel width of the adjacent rolled belt should be overlapped, and finally the central part of the road is rolled with full-width pressure for once. When the baffle, kerbstone and the hard shoulder are on the edge of the road, rolling should be done close to the retaining structure. When there is no retaining structure on the edge, the rake will be available to lift the mixture on the edge to the slightly high position, and then the lateral roller wheel stretches out over10cm far from the edge for rolling. Also first the width 30-40cm can be left on the edge, after the first-time rolling, most of the weight of the road roller is pressed on the compacted mixture surface and then the edge is rolled to reduce outward transposition for the edge. 7.7.5.3 The light steel cylinder roller should be used or the vibratory road roller for turning off the vibration device should roll for twice, whose linear pressure should not be less than 350N/cm. After the initial pressure, the flatness and the road humps should be checked, repaired as needed. 7.7.5.4 The driving wheel should face to the paver in the process of rolling, as in Figure 7.7.5.A sudden change should not happen to the rolling route and direction, which results in transposition for the mixture. The road roller should start and stop at a slow-down speed.

35

GB 50092-96

Figure 7.7.5 Compaction Direction of the Road Roller Note: :Spreading and Compaction Direction Rotating Force : driving wheel Thrust Force : driven wheel :the correct way ()(the driving wheel facing the paver) : the wrong way ()(the driven wheel facing the paver) 7.7.6 Repressing should immediately follow the initial pressure and should meet the following requirements: 7.7.6.1Repressing may have recourse to the heavy tire road rollers, the vibratory road roller or the steel cylinder road roller. The times of the rolling should be determined by the trial pressing, not being less than 4 - 6 times. The road surface after repressing can comply with the required degree of compaction, without prominent wheel-marks. 7.7.6.2 When the tire road roller is put into use, the total mass should not be less than 15g.Concerning the asphalt mixture of the compacted thick layer, the total mass should not be less than 22t. Tire inflation pressure is not less than 0.5MPa, and the adjacent rolling zone should overlap 1/3-1/2 the width of the rolling wheel. 7.7.6.3 When three-drum steel cylinder roller is applied, the total mass should not be less than 12t, and the adjacent rolling zone should overlap 1/2 the width of the rear wheel. 7.7.6.4 When the vibratory road roller is used, the vibration frequency is advisable to be 35-50Hz, the amplitude 0.3-0.8mm, and should be selected based on the mixture type, temperature and thickness. The thicker layer requires the larger frequency and amplitude. The overlapping width for the adjacent rolling zone should be 10-20cm. The vibratory road roller should stop vibration before it does reverses, and starts vibration after moving to the other direction, and the formation of mixture bulges should be avoided. 7.7.7 The final pressure should immediately follow the repressing. The double-drum steel cylinder roller or the vibratory roller for turning off the vibration may be chosen to roll for the final pressure, not being less than twice, the wheel marks should be left
36

GB 50092-96

in the road. The final temperature of the compacted and molding road surface should be consistent with the normative requirements of Table 7.2.4. 7.7.8 The rolling length of the road roller should be correspondent to the paving speed, and keep generally stable. The location retraced by the two ends of the road roller each time should be pushed forward with the paver in the shape of the ladder, and the returning location should not be on the same cross-sectional surface. In the continuous paving process of the paver, the road roller is not allowed to come to a halt arbitrarily. 7.7.9 When the asphalt mixture sticks the wheel in the rolling process of the roller, little water or water added by washing powder can be sprinkled to the rolling wheel, but diesel sprinkle is strictly prohibited. When the tire road roller runs continuously for some time and after the tire has been heated, watering the tire should stop. 7.7.10 The road roller is not allowed to turn over, make a turn or stop to wait on the cooling road sections without compacted molded. The vibratory road roller should stop vibrating on the meld road surface in the time of driving. 7.7.11 The vibrating rammer compaction should be used for the bridge which can not be compacted by the road roller, joints of the retaining wall and other structures, dead corner of the turning, the widened part and some road edges and other local areas. Artificial hammer ram and hot iron for further compaction are adopted for the edges of the rainwater wells and a wide range of inspection wells. 7.7.12 Any mechanical equipment or vehicles shall not be parked on the surface of the asphalt mixture which has been compacted but not yet cooled, and the mineral aggregate and oil and other debris shall not be scattered. 7.8 Seaming 7.8.1 Operation should be performed carefully at construction joints and connections at both ends of structures, and the joints should be compact and smooth. 7.8.2 Construction of the longitudinal joining points shall meet the following requirements: 7.8.2.1 The longitudinal seam with echelon operation should use hot joints in the paving process. In construction, the paved mixture leaves 10-20cm wide space without compaction and is treated as the elevation datum for the later paved part, for the final joint-crossing compaction. 7.8.2.2 When the hot joints are not adopted in half-width construction, it is desirable to set the baffle or to trim with a cutter. The edge should be cleaned and coated with a small amount of sticky asphalt, before the other half-width surface is paved. The surface in paving should overlap the paved layer 5-10cm in thickness, after paving, the previously paved half-width mixture will be shoveled away artificially. The machine should first drive on the compacted road surface and roll 10-15cm of the newly-paved layer, then compact the newly-paved part. The compacted road surface is again extended 10-15cm, and joints should be closely compacted, as in Figure 7.8 .2.The upper and lower longitudinal seam should be staggered for 15cm above and the longitudinal seam on the surface should be straight, and better to be left on the drawing lines in the carriage way district.

37

GB 50092-96

Figure 7.8.2 Compaction of Hot Seaming at Longitudinal Joint Note: Newly-paved Part Compacted Pavement 7.8.3 The horizontal seams between two adjacent road ways as well as on the upper and lower layer should be staggered for more than 1m. As regards the highway, primary highway and expressway and arterial road, inclined seams can be used for the horizontal joints on the middle and lower layer and the flat vertical seams for the upper, as shown in Figure 7.8.3. Oblique joints can be used for each layer of other roads. In the course of paving joints, the hot mixture can be laid on the compacted part, and the joints should be preheated to soften. The mixture for preheating should be removed. Compacted Pavement Newly-paved Part Compacted Pavement Newly-paved Part

Figure 7.8.3 Two Types of Transverse Joint 7.8.4 The lap length of oblique joints should be 0.4-0.8m. The lap joints should be cleaned and sprinkled with the sticky oil. When coarse aggregate particles in the mixture at the lap joint is greater than the compaction thickness, it should be removed and filled with the fine mixture, the oblique joints being fully compacted and the lap joints being leveled. 7.8.5 The flat joints should be tightly bonded, fully compacted and smoothly connected in the following construction methods:
38

GB 50092-96

7.8.5.1 In the completing construction, the paver close to the end at a distance of about 1m leaves the scene by slightly lifting the screed board, and the mixture at the end will be evened out manually and then compacted. Then check the flatness with a 3m long use ruler, and vertically remove the not thick enough end while it is not cooled so as to connect at right angles in the next construction. 7.8.5.2 Sprinkle a thin coat of sand at the end of the scheduled paved section, and dug up an aperture on the paved layer soon after the paved mixture is still hot, which is located at the junction between the sand and the place without the sand sprinkled. A wood or profile steel of the same thickness of compacted layer is inserted into the aperture, and the sprinkled sand should be shoveled, and the wood or steel should be removed after compaction, and sticky asphalt is scattered on the end and then paving continues. 7.8.5.3 The end of the scheduled paved section is first covered with kraft paper or sacks, and paved and compacted into a slope. The part covered with kraft paper or sacks is removed artificially in the next construction, and sticky asphalt is sprinkled on the end for continuing paving. 7.8.5.4 A thin layer of sand is spread on the end of the scheduled paved section, and then the mixture is paved, until mixture is slightly cooled the section with sprinkled sand is cut off with the cutting machine and removed. The excessive cooling water is absorbed with a dry mop, and when completely dry, the sticky layer of asphalt is sprinkled at the end for continuing paving. The mixture can not be paved in the joints where there is water or moisture. 7.8.6 3m long straight-edge should be used to check the flatness of the end before continuing paving the mixture from the seams. When the requirement is not met, the reserved height should be adjusted at the time of removing paving. After the completion of the paving layer construction at the joints, the 3m long straightedge should be used again to examine the flatness, when the requirement is not met; immediate treatment should be given before the mixture cools. 7.8.7 The horizontal joints should be compacted horizontally with double or threedrum steel cylinder road roller, as in Figure 7.8.7. The stow-wood should be placed on the outside of the rolling belt for the road roller to drive on. The road roller should be located on the compacted mixture layer in the rolling process, and the width protruding into the new layer is advisable to be 15cm. And move to the newly-laid mixture for 15-20cm each time it is compacted, until the entire new layer is compacted, and then change to the vertical rolling. When the adjacent paving layer has been molded and there has been a longitudinal seam at the same time, first the steel cylinder road roller make a rolling along the longitudinal seam with the rolling width of 15-20cm, and then makes the horizontal rolling along the horizontal joints, and finally the normal vertical compaction is carried out.

39

GB 50092-96

Figure 7.8.7 Roller Compaction Method of Transverse Joint

Note: Stow-wood Longitudinal Joint Newly-paved Part Road Roller Compacted Pavement 7.9 Open the Traffic and Others 7.9.1 HMA mixture pavement can be available to transportation only when the paving layer is completely naturally cooled, and the mixture surface temperature is below 50C. If there is need for early opening of traffic, water can be sprayed for lowering the mixture temperature. 7.9.2 Asphalt pavement construction in the rainy season should be in accordance with the following requirements: 7.9.2.1 Efforts should be made to strengthen site constructions contact with the asphalt mixing plant, and shorten the construction. The process should be closely linked. 7.9.2.2 Rainproof facilities should be set for the lorries and sites, and the road base and shoulders should perform drainage. 7.9.2.3 When it rains or the lower layer is moist, the asphalt mixture shall not be paved. The drenched asphalt mixture without compaction shall be removed and replaced with the new material.

40

GB 50092-96

8 Emulsified Bituminous Macadam Mixture Pavement 8.1 General provisions 8.1.1 The emulsified bituminous macadam mixture is applied to the three-level or below roads, asphalt surface of urban sub-lines, and the finish coat of secondary roads, as well as the linking layer or the leveling layer of asphalt surface of all levels. 8.1.2 The type and specifications of the emulsified asphalt should conform to the requirements in Appendix C of Table C.0.3. 8.1.3 Double-layer style is suitable for the emulsified bituminous macadam mixture pavement, in which the coarse-grained bituminous macadam mixture is used for the lower layer while the medium-grained or the fine-grained for the upper layer. Single-layer type is only available in the rainless and dry areas or on the semi-rigid base. The upper or lower seal layer shall be applied in the wet and humid area. 8.2 Construction Preparation 8.2.1 Construction preparation of the emulsified bituminous macadam mixture pavement should be consistent with the requirements of Article 7.2.1-7.2.3 in the norm. 8.3 Mix Design of Emulsified Bituminous Macadam Mixture 8.3.1 The emulsified bituminous macadam mixture can conform to the requirements for mineral aggregate gradation in Appendix D Table D.0.7 or D.0.8 Table of the norm, and is determined by the successful experience of the existing road through trial mix. 8.3.2 The emulsion usage of the emulsified bituminous macadam mixture can be calculated as per the asphalt usage of the hot-mixed bituminous macadam mixture and decreases by 25% - 20%, compared with the latter of the same specifications. The actual asphalt usage is advisable to be in accordance with the local practice and experience as well as the traffic capacity, climate, stone status ,asphalt labeling, construction machinery and other conditions, than with the for HMA asphalt consumption decreased 25% - 20%. 8.4 Emulsified Bituminous Macadam Mixture Pavement Construction 8.4.1 Mechanical mixing of the mixing plant is suitable for the emulsified bituminous macadam mixture. Artificial mixing can be adopted on the scene if condition does not permit. 8.4.2 When the cationic emulsified asphalt comes into use, the aggregate should be moistened with water before mixed with the emulsion, and the total water content of the aggregate should reach 5% or so. More water is added in the hot weather, less on the humid and low- temperature condition. When the moistened aggregate can not be mixed with the emulsion uniformly, we should switch to the emulsion with a slower demulsification, or replace water with the concentrated calcium chloride solution to pre-wet the aggregate surface. 8.4.3 The mixing time of the mixture should ensure the uniform mixing of the aggregate and the emulsion. Mixing time should be determined through trial mix based on the aggregate gradation, emulsion-breaking speed, mixing machine performance, climate in construction and other specific conditions on the construction site. Mechanical mixing time should not exceed 30s (starting with the mineral
41

GB 50092-96

aggregate added into the emulsion); artificial mixing time should not exceed 60s. 8.4.4 The mixture should have the enough construction and full workability, and mixing transport and paving of the mixture should be done before demulsification. The mixed mixture has to be immediately transported to the scene for paving. The mixture emulsion-breaking in the process of mixing and paving should be discarded. 8.4.5 The bagged emulsified asphalt mixture should be stored in seal. The storage period should not exceed the demulsification time of the emulsion, and an appropriate amount of stabilizer should be added in the mixing process. 8.4.6 The mixed mixture can be paved with the asphalt paver. In artificial paving, measures should be taken to prevent the mixture segregation. The coefficient of loose laying of the emulsified bituminous macadam mixture is determined through test according to this specification in 7.6.8 of the norm. 8.4.7 Compaction of the emulsified bituminous macadam mixture can be done as per the provisions for HMA mixture and should meet the following requirements: 8.4.7.1 After the mixture is paved, a 6t or so light road roller should be used for initial pressure, for once or twice, so as to maintain the initial stability of the mixture, and then the tire road roller or the light steel cylinder roller is used for compaction for 1-2 times. The roller should move forward or backward at a constant speed and an emergency braking or a quick start should not be allowed on the compacted road sections. 8.4.7.2 When some materials stick to the wheel, a small amount of water can be sprinkled onto the wheel. 8.4.7.3 When the emulsified asphalt starts emulsion-breaking and the mixture turns black from brown, the 12-15t tire road roller or the 10-12t steel cylinder road roller is put into use for repressing. It stops soon after repressing 2-3 times, and after water evaporation by drying for some time, make repressing once again until the complete compaction is achieved. When transposition occurs in the compaction process, rolling should immediately cease and start it after it becomes stable. If it can not be completely compacted on the same day, compaction should be done again at a higher temperature. 8.4.7.4 If part of the mixture is found loose or cracked in the compaction process, it should be removed and the new material should be filled, and the part should be compacted after leveling. The patched pavement is supposed to keep flat. 8.4.8 The seal layer on emulsified bituminous macadam mixture pavement should be repaved after the compacter molding and water evaporation. 8.4.9 The early maintenance should be carried out for the compacted molded road surface, with closed traffic for 2-6h. In the early period of opening up traffic, a professional is needed to give the command that the speed should not exceed 20km / h, and braking or turning around should be prohibited. In the unmolded road section, animal-drawn vehicles and iron-typed vehicles on are forbidden. The damaged road surface should be repaired promptly. 8.4.10 Cationic emulsified bituminous macadam mixture can be pave in the case of the moist lower layer, but it should stop if it rains in the construction process.

42

GB 50092-96

8.4.11 All the processes of emulsified bituminous macadam mixture construction, including pavement molding, the upper layer paving, etc., must be completed before frozen.

43

GB 50092-96

9 Prime Coat, Tack Coat and Seal Coat 9.1Prime Coat 9.1.1 The semi-rigid base with the graded gravel and graded broken stone of asphalt pavement and cement, lime, pulverized fuel ash and other inorganic binders for stabilizing soil or aggregates must be spread with the prime coat asphalt. 9.1.2 The medium- or slow slow-curing liquid petroleum asphalt or coal tar pitch prime coat and the distributing emulsified asphalt slow in cracking should be adopted for the prime coat asphalt, and specifications and quality of the prime coat asphalt should be consistent with the requirements of Table C.0.3 Table C. 0.4 Table C.0.5 in Appendix C of the norm. The thickness of the prime coat asphalt should be determined by trial sprinkle, and the permeable thin prime coat asphalt should be adopted for the semi-rigid base with dense surface. The thick prime coat asphalt should be used for the base of the graded gravel, graded crushed stone and other aggregates. Labeling of the emulsified prime coat asphalt should be based on the base type, the local climate and other conditions. 9.1.3 The variety and usage of prime coat asphalt should be determined through trial sprinkle based on the base type and shall be consistent with requirements of D Table D.0.9 in Appendix D of the norm. 9.1.4 Spread asphalt onto the prime coat after the base is dry. When the surface of the base becomes too dry after a long-time completion, clean the base, and sprinkle a small amount of water onto the base surface, and spread the prime coat asphalt after the surface turns dry. 9.1.5 The asphalt distributor is suitable for prime coat asphalt for spreading, and the asphalt manual distributor can also be used for the second class or below highway and the urban roads lower than secondary trunk roads. Spreading should be done in line with the normative requirements of Article 5.3.1 . The nozzle used for spraying asphalt for surface treatment or penetration pavement can not guarantee uniform spraying should be replaced. 9.1.6 Prime coat asphalt is spread in line with the following requirements: 9.1.6.1 Before spreading, the road surface should be cleaned, and measures should be taken to prevent curbstones and artificial structure from pollution. 9.1.6.2 The prime coat asphalt must penetrate into the base to a certain depth of not flow on the surface, and oil film is forbidden. 9.1.6.3 In case of strong wind or rain, it is not allowed to spread prime coat asphalt. 9.1.6.4 It is not appropriate to spread asphalt prime coat at a low temperature. 9.1.6.5 The asphalt shall be spread as per the designed usage uniformly for once and be done artificially when there is omission of sprinkling. 9.1.6.6 Vehicles and pedestrians are prohibited from passing after the prime coat asphalt is spread. 9.1.6.7 Before the asphalt surface is paved, the extra asphalt prime coat which has not been infiltrated into the base in some places should be cleared.

9.1.7 Stone chips or coarse sand 2 ~ 3m 3 / 1000m 2 should be scattered immediately after the prime coat asphalt is spread on the inorganic binder solidifying and
44

GB 50092-96

semi-rigid base. After the prime coat asphalt is spread on the inorganic binder aggregate base, timely paving for the surface is not guaranteed, and there is a need to open the construction vehicles, at this moment, stone chips or coarse sand should be scattered, in such a case, the prime coat asphalt should be increased by 10%. After stone chips or coarse sand are scattered, 6 ~ 8t steel cylinder road roller is applied to for compaction. The speed of the driving vehicles should be limited. The prime coat asphalt if found peeling in some part should be repaired before the asphalt is paved. The redundant stone chips or sand should be removed. 9.1.8 The asphalt should be paved on the surface as soon as possible after the prime coat is spread. When the emulsified asphalt is used for the prime coat, only after full infiltration and water evaporation can the asphalt surface be paved, with the time interval less than 24h. 9.2 Tack Coat 9.2.1 The tack coat should be spread in the following locations and under the following circumstances: 9.2.1.1 The lower asphalt layer has been contaminated before the double or three-layer hot-mixed and hot-paved asphalt mixture is paved on the upper layer. 9.2.1.2 The old asphalt layer needs adding the asphalt pavement. 9.2.1.3 The asphalt surface layer is paved on the cement concrete road surface. 9.2.1.4 On the sides of the curbstones, the rain inlet, the inspection wells and so on which are exposed to the newly-paved asphalt mixture. 9.2.2 The spread and emulsified asphalt quick in cracking can be used for the tack coat bituminous material, so can the quick-/medium curing liquid petroleum asphalt or coal tar pitch. The specifications and quality of the tack coat asphalt should be consistent with the requirements of Table C.0.3, Table C.0.4 and Table C.0.5 in Appendix C of the norm. The tack coat asphalt surface should be produced by emulsifying or diluting the petroleum asphalt on the surface of the same type and labeling. 9.2.3 Variety and usage of various tack coat asphalts should be determined through trial spreading on the basis of the variety of the tack coat and should conform to the requirements of Table D.0.9 in Appendix D of the norm. 9.2.4 The asphalt distributor should be used for the tack coat asphalt, and spreading should be done in line with the normative requirements of Article 5.3.1. The nozzle used for surface treatment or spreading asphalt for the penetration asphalt pavement which can not guarantee uniform spraying should be replaced. Manually brush some part of the curbstone, the rain inlet and the inspection wells. 9.2.5The tack coat asphalt shall be spread in line with the following requirements: 9.2.5.1 The tack coat asphalt should be spread or brushed evenly, and erase the excessively sprayed part. 9.2.5.2 Dirt and dust on the road surface should be cleared, and the sticky soil clod should be out-washed and spread the asphalt until the surface dries. 9.2.5.3 The tack coat asphalt should not be spread when the temperature is below 10 0 C or the road surface is wet.

45

GB 50092-96

9.3 Seal Coat 9.2.5.4 Vehicles except the lorries for asphalt mixture and pedestrians should be prohibited after the tack coat asphalt is spread. 9.2.6 The asphalt layer should be paved immediately after the tack coat asphalt is spread. When the emulsified asphalt is used for the tack coat, it should be paved after demulsification and water evaporation. 9.3.1 The upper seal coat should be paved on the asphalt pavement under one of the following circumstances: 9.3.1.1 There is a large gap on the asphalt surface severely permeable. 9.3.1.2 Old cracked or patched asphalt pavement. 9.3.1.3 The old asphalt pavement needs further paving on the worn layer to improve the anti-sliding performance. 9.3.1.4 The new asphalt pavement needs paving on the worn layer or the protective layer. 9.3.2 The lower seal coat should be paved on the asphalt pavement under one of the following circumstances: 9.3.2.1 It is located in rainy areas and the asphalt surface has a larger gap and serious seepage. 9.3.2.2 The timely paving for the asphalt surface is not available, but opening the traffic is required after the base is paved. 9.3.3 The asphalt material applicable to the upper and lower seal coat should be selected in accordance with Table 9.3.3 and the asphalt labeling should be based on the local climatic conditions.
Asphalt Materials Applicable to Seal Coat Table9.3.3

Asphalt Variety

Upper Seal Coat

Lower Seal Coat AH-110 AH-130

Road Petroleum AH-90,AH-110 Asphalt AH-130

A-100A-140 A-180

A-100A-140 A-180

Emulsified Asphalt

PC-3PA-3 BC-3,BA-3

PC-2,PA-2 BC-2,BA-2

Coal Tar Asphalt

T-5,T-6,T-7

T-4,T-5

Liquid

Petroleum

AL(M)-5,AL(M)-6

Quality Requirements Meeting Requirements TableC.0.1 Appendix C Meeting Requirements TableC.0.2 Appendix C Meeting Requirements TableC.0.3 Appendix C Meeting Requirements TableC.0.5 Appendix C Meeting

the of in the of in the of in the of in the

46

GB 50092-96

Asphalt

Requirements of TableC.0.4 in Appendix C 9.3.4 The single-layer asphalt surface treatment can be used for the upper and lower seal coat in the methods of mixing and layer spreading, and emulsified asphalt slurry seal can be used as well. However, slurry seal can not be paved on the upper seal coat for the asphalt pavement of the new-established highway, primary road, express and the trunk road. 9.3.5 Material usage and specifications of the asphalt surface treatment on the paved upper seal coat in the method of layer spreading should conform to Table D.0.1 or Table D.0.2 in Appendix D of the norm, and the asphalt usage should adopt the medium and low limit in the table. The mineral aggregate specifications for paving = the lower seal refer to S14 S13 or S12, etc. of Table C.0.7 in Appendix C of the norm; and the mineral aggregate amount should be determined by the type, size, shape and so on of the mineral aggregate, and it is advised to be 5 ~ 8m 3 / 1000m 2 ; The asphalt
usage can adopt the medium-and high-limit prescribed in Table D.0.1 or Table D.0.2 in Appendix D. 9.3.6 Asphalt surface treatment on the paved upper and lower seal layer in the mixing method should abide by the regulations for the hot-mixed asphalt mixture in t Chapter 7 of the norm. When paving the seal layer, it is desirable to use Ac-5(or LH-5) sand asphalt concrete 1.0cm in thickness. 9.3.7 When the emulsified asphalt slurry seal is used as a the upper and lower seal, the slurry seal is appropriate to be 3 ~ 6mm thick. 9.3.8 The type and the mineral aggregate gradation of the slurry seal mixture and shall be selected in accordance with the treatment purpose, the road level and the like, and the usage of the paving thickness and the aggregate size should be chosen in accordance with Table D.0.10 in Appendix D of the norm. 9.3.9 The slurry seal may be paved by the slow-/medium-cracking mixing emulsified asphalt. An appropriate amount of calcium chloride may be added to admixtures when there is need to slow demulsification slow; a certain amount of cement or lime powder can be used as filler when there is need to speed up demulsification. 9.3.10 of The usage of asphalt emulsion in the slurry seal mixture is subject to the provisions of Table D.0.10 in Appendix D, and determined through test. The abrasion loss of mixture with wet wheel abrasion test should not be greater than 800 g / m 2 ; The sand absorption of the wheel load sand squeezing test should not be greater than 600 g / m 2 . Additive water amount of the slurry seal mixture should be determined by the construction paving and commutability through the consistency test, and its consistency should be 2 ~ 3cm. 9.3.11 Construction of the slurry seal shall meet the following requirements: 9.3.11.1 When the slurry seal is paved for the old broken road surface, the pits should be repaired and the road surface should be leveled before construction.
47

AL(S)-5,Al(s)-6

GB 50092-96

9.3.11.2 The slurry seal construction should be carried out under the dry circumstance. 9.3.11.3 Construction of slurry seal should use the slurry seal paving machine. The paving machine should have the function of storage, feed, mixing, paving and metrological control. The ratio of the aggregate, the filler, water and emulsion should be controlled in the process of paving. If one material is found to run out, we should immediately stop paving, and continue after re-loading. The stirred slurry mixture should be in accordance with the requirements of Table D.0.10 in Appendix D of the norm, having good construction workability and commutability. 9.3.11.4 The slurry seal paving machine should move forward at a constant space, the paved thickness being uniform and the surface being leveled. 9.3.11.5 After the slurry seal is paved, traffic can be opened after demulsification, water evaporation and it being molded through. 9.3.11.6 Construction temperature for the slurry seal must not be lower than 10 0 C .

48

GB 50092-96

10 Other projects 10.1 General provisions 10.1.1 Asphalt surfaces materials requirements and constructing methods should comply with the relevant provisions of this standard. When they are used in special locations, corresponding measures should be taken according to the using parts and functions. 10.2 Pedestrian roads 10.2.1 Asphalt surfaces for sidewalks, bicycle paths, non-motorized roads, park roads, Pedestrian Square without heavy vehicles passing, sport places should be smooth, comfortable, and have good draining performance. 10.2.2 The materials for pedestrian roads asphalt surfaces should be the same with that of roadways and select petroleum asphalt or emulsified asphalt with higher penetration degree. The asphalt using amount on pedestrian road pavements should be 0.3% more than that of roadways. 10.2.3 When non-motorized roads and pedestrian square adopt mixing asphalt mixtures, they should be paved two courses respectively with the upper course utilizing I-type fine particles or particle-type asphalt concrete mixtures. When paving penetrated pavements, mixing course should be added. 10.2.4 Sidewalks, bicycle paths and park roads can be paved by single layer fine-particle type or sand-particle type asphalt concrete mixture courses, asphalt surface treating courses or asphalt gravel mixture courses with large void rate and water permeability. 10.2.5 The technical index for asphalt mixtures should comply with the provisions for pedestrian roads in table 7.3.3 of this standard. 10.2.6 The construction of pedestrian roads asphalt courses should comply with the following requirements: 10.2.6.1 Subordinate facilities as curbs, valves caps, fire hydrants and telegraph poles should be installed previously according to design requirements. 10.2.6.2 When spraying asphalt or paving mixtures, measures to prevent polluting road subordinate facilities and other structures should be taken. 10.2.6.3 Road rollers should not damage road subordinate facilities and other structures when rolling. Those parts having difficulty in using large-sized road rollers should use small-sized vibrating road rollers or vibrating sheet for compacting. Other parts which cannot use road rollers can tamp manually. 10.3 Heavy vehicles parking lot, bus station 10.3.1 Asphalt courses for highway service zones, parking lots, various goods yards, stacks, square passing or parking heavy vehicles and bus (trolleybus) stations should have the function for parking heavy vehicles for long time and bearing the horizontal force due to repeated starting. Asphalt mixtures should have the performance for resisting permanent deformation. 10.3.2 When selecting structures and mixing asphalt mixtures, the following measures should be taken: 10.3.2.1 Adopt complete semi-rigid base courses. The base courses surfaces should have many coarse aggregates exposing to the outside to form multi-edges crude
49

GB 50092-96

surfaces and spray prime coats. 10.3.2.2 Increase the coarse aggregates in asphalt mixtures, and increase the largest coarse aggregates particle diameter appropriately; decrease the using amount of sands and mineral powders. 10.3.2.3 Adopt asphalt with low penetration degree. The using amount for asphalt should be about 0.3% less than the standard design. 10.3.2.4 Adopt modified asphalt. 10.3.2.5 Spray grout on asphalt gravel mixtures with large void rate. 10.3.3 The vertical or horizontal gradient, flatness and draining of the above large area squares, goods yards asphalt courses should comply with the design requirements, the construction should adopt the following measures: 10.3.3.1 Control the flatness of base course and the middle or lower surface courses strictly; the surfaces flatness should comply with the requirements. 10.3.3.2 Control the sample stakes in construction and adopt square grid, with the distance between sample stakes larger than 5m. 10.3.3.3 Adopt large-sized paving machines or several paving machines constructing at the same time. 10.3.3.4 Use 3m ruler to check the flatness at any time during construction and check the height, when the result doesnt meet the requirements, repair it timely. 10.4 Cement concrete bridges asphalt paving 10.4.1 The asphalt paving courses for large and middle-sized cement concrete bridge decks should meet the requirements for the performance of adhesiveness to concrete bridge deck, preventing water seepage, anti-sliding and higher anti vibration and deformation capabilities. All the requirements for small bridges asphalt courses should be the same with the connecting roadways courses. 10.4.2 Asphalt pavements should be composed of tack course, water-proof course, protection course and asphalt course with the total thickness of 6~10cm. Large and middle-sized viaducts and overpasses in wet regions with vertical gradient larger than 5% or design speed larger than 50km/h should be paved with anti-sliding courses. 10.4.3 Before paving asphalt pavements, cement concrete bridge deck should be checked, and bridge deck should be smooth, crude, dry, and tidy without dust, other substances or oil stains. The horizontal gradient on bridge should meet the requirements. When it doesnt meet the requirements, it is necessary to polish or repair sharp projections and concave pits. 10.4.4 Before paving water-proof course, asphalt should be sprayed on tack courses with spraying method and using amount in accordance with the provision in section 9.2. 10.4.5 The thickness of bridges water-proof course should be 1.0~1.5mm, the water-proof course can adopt one of the following types: 10.4.5.1 Spray asphalt or modified asphalt tack coats with total using amount of 0.4~0.5kg/m2 for two times; spray one layer of medium sands and roll it to form the lower seal coat for asphalt gluers. 10.4.5.2 Brush such high molecular polymer gluers as polyurethane puddle, epoxide resin, and positive ion emulsified asphalt and neoprene rubber latex.
50

GB 50092-96

10.4.5.3 Pave asphalt or modified asphalt water-proof coils, or penetrate asphalts non-woven fabrics (geotextile) and attach to bridge by through asphalt tack coats. 10.4.6 The construction of bridge decks water-proof layer should comply with the following requirements: 10.4.6.1 Water-proof layer should be paved with all the bridge deck without such phenomena as broken holes, paving leakage, falling-off, buckling and corrugation. 10.4.6.2 When paving asphalt coils, coils and base courses should be tacked closed by tacking agent or water-proof paint except 5~10cm of the beam edge joints two sides and rolled compact by rollers. Make the upper coil press the lower coil along the direction of water flow with the edge joints of upper and lower layers should be staggered about 8~10cm and the horizontal joints should not be less than 10cm. The joints should be filled with seam materials. The staggered distance of adjacent joints should be larger than 1/3 of every coils length. 10.4.6.3 When brushing high molecular polymer gluers as water-proof layer, the paint should be mixed evenly and sifted by 1.18mm sieves. 10.4.6.4 After the molding of paving water-proof layers, pave protection layer immediately and prohibit pedestrians and machines passing. 10.4.6.5 Corners (adret and night side corners) with irregular shapes should be paved with water-proof layers; adret and night side corners base course should be with circular arc or obtuse angle with the corner enforcing water-proof layers. 10.4.7 Water-proof layers should be paved with protection layer on it in order to prevent damages. The protection layer should adopt AC-10 or AC-5 type asphalt concrete or single layer asphalt surface treatment with the thickness of 1.0cm. The protection layer should be paved manually and rolled slowly with 6~8t light road rollers. 10.4.8 Bridge paving asphalt surface should be single layer or double layer AC-16 or AC-20 type medium particle hot mixed paving asphalt concrete mixture with high temperature stability and a thickness of 4~10cm. The thickness of double-layer courses surface should be less than 2.5cm. The asphalt courses can adopt the same structures or materials with the middle, upper courses or anti-sliding surface of connecting roads and be constructed at the same time with connecting roads. 10.4.9 The constructing rolling of asphalt courses should adopt tire road rollers for repeated rolling and light steel cylinder type road rollers for final rolling instead of large-sized vibrating road rollers or heavy steel cylinder type road rollers which may damage the bridges. 10.4.10 The asphalts for asphalt courses should comply with the requirements in table C.0.1 of appendix C or use modified asphalts. 10.4.11 The joints of bridge pavements and road pavements should be smooth and measures to prevent settlement of bridgehead after construction should be taken. 10.5 Curbs 10.5.1 The curbs of asphalt pavements can be asphalt concrete or cement concrete precast blocks, boulder strips and bricks according to the requirements and conditions. The curbs between vehicle road and separation strip, between vehicle road and pedestrian road should adopt cement precast blocks and boulder strips for paving; the
51

GB 50092-96

curbs between hardened verge and dirt road verge should adopt asphalt concrete for paving. 10.5.2 Curbs should have sufficient strength and performances of anti-crash and weather-resistance with smooth surfaces and no exuviations phenomenon. 10.5.3 The curbs paving on asphalt concrete roads should comply with the following requirements: 10.5.3.1 Adopt curbs molding machine to continuous pave on asphalt courses. 10.5.3.2 The mineral aggregates graduation of asphalt concrete mixtures should comply with the requirements in table 10.5.3; the asphalt using amount should be 0.5%~1.0% more than the optimal asphalt using amount of Marshall Test design of mix proportion; the design void rate of 50 times compaction should be 2%~6%. 10.5.3.3 The base course should be sprayed with tact coat asphalt with using amount 0.25~0.5kg/m3.
Asphalt curb mineral aggregates graduation scope Sieve holes (mm) Square hole sieves Circular hole sieves 16 20 100 13.2 15 85~100 4.75 5 65~80 2.36 2.5 50~65 table 10.5.3 0.3 0.075 18~30 5~15

Passing quality percentage (%)

10.5.4 Embedded curbs should be installed before the construction of asphalt courses. After embedding the curbs, compact the filling materials or adopt protection measures to prevent the deformation of asphalt courses during construction. It is prohibited to dig courses for embedding curbs after the paving of asphalt courses. 10.6 Inlets and inspection wells 10.6.1 The construction of inlets should be at the same time with that of curbs. It is prohibited to dig course for building inlets after the paving of asphalt courses. 10.6.2 The construction of inspection wells should be at the same time with that of such subordinate facilities as draining pipelines, heat distribution pipelines, electrical and communication cable pipelines. 10.6.3 The base of inspection wells cribs should be solid with sufficient strength; the road bases, base courses and asphalt courses around well cribs should be compacted carefully; the height of well shutter top should be the same as that of pavements. 10.6.4 When asphalt pavements are under construction, inlets should be protected properly and inspection wells should have signs or barriers to prevent damage and ensure the safety of construction.

52

GB 50092-96

11 Construction quality management and acceptance 11.1 General provisions 11.1.1 The construction of asphalt pavement should be in accordance with the requirements of overall quality management and establish a complete and effective quality guarantee system and carry out strict objective management, process management and position responsibility system to check, control and review the quality of all various constructing phases meet the prescribed quality standards and ensure the stability of construction quality. 11.1.2 For project carrying out supervising system, besides the constructing enterprise should be self-checked, the project supervisor should carry out quality check and affirmation according to relevant requirements; government quality supervising department and project constructing organization (proprietors) should supervise the projects quality. 11.1.3 Construction quality management and checking acceptance should include quality management and quality control before and during construction as well as inspections of all types of processes and the quality inspection acceptance after completing. 11.2 Materials and equipments checking before construction 11.2.1 When material sources or specification changes before or during construction, check the material sources, material quality, amount, supply plans, material piling and storing condition. 11.2.2 The materials quality inspection should be carried out according to aggregates and asphalts with the same specification and type which have the same source and transported to the production site (or stored in the same asphalt tanks or pools) at the same time. The sampling number and frequency of material trials should be in accordance with the existing test provisions. Every batch of materials quality should comply with the provisions in appendix C of this standard. For such importance trials as asphalt, every batch should leave samples after the test with the leaving amount no more than 4kg and record the asphalt using sections. 11.2.3 The constructing machines and equipments in mixing factory and asphalt pavements should be checked to ensure the installing situation, performances, and measuring precision before construction. 11.2.4 For projects carrying out supervising system, the materials test results and results of mixing proportion design and checking results of constructing machines and equipments should be reported officially to supervising manager or project quality supervision department before the prescribed period; they can be used with the approval. 11.3 Paving trial sections 11.3.1 Highways, class one roads, city expressways and primary roads should pave trial sections before construction. Other classes roads and city road should also pave trial sections when lacking construction experience or initially using heavy equipments. When the same constructing organization has the same materials, machine equipments and constructing methods to other projects, it can use the results of other projects without paving trials sections with the approval of competent
53

GB 50092-96

department. 11.3.2 The length of trial section should be determined by test objectives about 100~200m. The trial section should be paved on straight line; when it is paved on other roads, the pavements structure should be the same. The tests for various pavement layers should be arranged in different trial sections. 11.3.3 The paving of hot mixed asphalt mixture pavements trial section should be divided into two phases: trial mixing and trial paving and include the following test contents: 11.3.3.1 Determine proper constructing machines, machine number and array mode according to the corresponding various constructing machines on asphalt pavements principle. 11.3.3.2 Determine the feeding speed, mixing number and time, mixing temperature of mixing machines by through trial mixing. 11.3.3.3 By through trial paving to determine: the labels of prime coat asphalt and using amount, spray method and temperature; paving temperature, speed, width and automatic leveling process of paving machines; rolling order, temperature, speed and times of road rollers; coefficient of loose laying and seaming method, etc. 11.3.3.4 Verify the asphalt mixture mixing proportion design results according to the method in article 7.3.6 of this standard and propose the mineral aggregates mixing proportion and asphalt using amount for production. 11.3.3.5 Establish the contrast relationship of drilling method and nucleus densitometer method measured densities. Determine the compact standard density of coarse particle style asphalt concrete and asphalt gravel courses. 11.3.3.6 Determine constructing output and the length of working section and formulate constructing schedule plans. 11.3.3.7 Overall check the materials and construction quality. 11.3.3.8 Determine constructing organization and management system. 11.3.3.9 Other projects. 11.3.4 When paving on trial sections, the constructing organization should record the data and analyze carefully, supervising engineer or project quality supervision department should supervise and check the trial sections construction quality and negotiate relevant results with construction organization timely. After the paving, the constructing organization should propose trial section summary report on all types of test contents and get the approval of competent department. 11.4 Quality management and inspection in construction 11.4.1 The construction of asphalt courses should be started with the approval of competent department. 11.4.2 During construction, full-time quality measuring organization should be in charge of the inspection and testing work of construction quality. 11.4.3 The constructing organization should self-check the construction quality at any time during construction. For the projects carrying out supervising system, the supervising engineer or quality supervising personnel should carry out sampling test and inspect or review the self-checking results of constructing organization. When the constructing personnel, supervising engineer and supervising personnel find abnormal
54

GB 50092-96

situations, report to the competent organization and add more tests. 11.4.4 The constructing organization should sampling test various constructing materials during construction with prescribed items and frequency in table E.0.1 of appendix E. Materials quality should comply with the quality index requirements in appendix C. 11.4.5 The content, frequency and quality standard for project quality inspection during construction should comply with the provisions in table E.0.2 and table E.0.3 of appendix E. When the inspecting results cannot meet the requirements, inspections times should be added to find out the reasons and treat them. 11.4.6 Asphalt mixtures mixing factory should check the mixing leveling, mixing temperature, factory temperature and all the aggregate warehouses using amount and sample for Marshall Test to measure the mineral aggregates graduation and asphalt using amount of mixtures. 11.4.7 At mixture paving site, the mixtures quality and constructing temperature should be observed and measured; check the thickness, compactness and flatness at any time and measure the molding size of sections gradually. 11.4.8 When controlling the constructing thickness, besides measuring the thickness of drilling trials during paving and compacting, it is necessary to review average thickness calculated by everyday asphalt mixtures total amount and the actual paving area. 11.4.9 The constructing compactness should be measured by drilling method. When using nucleus densitometer for measuring, it is necessary to convert according to the standardized relationship with drilling density and increase the inspection times. When all the indexes of drilling test are stable and meet the quality control requirements, the drilling frequency can decreased appropriately with the approval of competent organization and increase the measuring frequency of nucleus densitometer as well as strictly control the rolling times. Under such circumstance, the drilling frequency should not be less than one hole per kilometer. The drilled trials during construction should be tagged and stored for the usage in project acceptance phase. The compactness and standard density should be determined according to the method in appendix F of this standard. 11.4.10 The constructing organizations quality checking results should be arranged into a table according to every 1km (roads) or 100m (city roads). When abnormal cases are found, stop the construction and analyze the reason to find out the influencing factors and then take measures. The construction can be restarted with the approval of competent organization. 11.4.11 It is desirable for highways, class one roads, city expressways and primary roads to implement dynamic quality management, which should be in consistence with the provisions in appendix G of this standard. 11.4.12 The key processes or important parts of road construction should be photographed and video recorded kept for actual situation record. 11.5 Project quality inspection and acceptance in acceptance check phase 11.5.1 After the completion of project, the constructing organization should take 1~3km (roads) or 100~500m (city roads) as a evaluating section and select the
55

GB 50092-96

measuring points randomly with the prescribed frequency in table E.0.4 or E.0.5 of appendix E to carry out overall-line self-check on asphalt courses and calculate the average value, standard deviance and variation coefficient; and then give summary report on overall-checking results, construction to competent organization and submit the original records, trial data and other quality guarantee documents for the application of acceptance. 11.5.2 After the completion of project, measure the roads flatness, width, vertical section height and horizontal gradient of the overall line and submit the completion working chart. 11.5.3 For the thickness, compactness, asphalt using amount, mineral aggregates graduation which can be measured only by drilling (digging) sampling, use the measured data during construction with the approval of competent organization. When it is necessary to measure mineral aggregates graduation and asphalt using amount, the sample can be the mixture of a certain evaluating sections drilled hole. 11.5.4 Various quality indexes of completing and acceptance phase should comply with the provision in table E.0.4 or E.0.5 of appendix E. The thickness and compactness should be calculated the average value and representing value of every evaluating sections according to the method in appendix F and review them. 11.5.5 The quality inspection on pedestrian road asphalt course should be the same as vehicle roads with the quality indexes complying with the provisions in table E.0.6 of appendix E. 11.5.6 The quality inspection and acceptance of large and middle sized bridge cement concrete asphalt pavement should be evaluated by taking 100m as an evaluating section with quality indexes complying with the provisions in table E.0.7 of appendix E. 11.5.7 The quality inspection and acceptance of curbs should be the same as vehicle roads with quality indexes complying with the provisions in table E.0.8 of appendix E. 11.5.8 The project constructing organization or supervising manager, project quality supervision department should carry out inspection and acceptance work immediately on receiving the constructing organizations completing acceptance report and confirming the completion of constructing documents. The inspection acceptance should adopt random sampling method to select a number of evaluating sections to carry out actual measuring inspections with checking frequency, test method and inspection results for every inspection section complying with the provisions in table E.0.4, table E.0.5 table E.0.6, table E.0.7 and table E.0.8 of appendix E. When it is difficult to measure actually, spot test a certain number of quality inspection results of constructing organization randomly with the approval of competent department and evaluate the projects quality. Under such circumstance, the flatness of some sections should be re-measured; thickness and compactness should be reviewed by stored drilled trials during construction. 11.6 Project construction summary 11.6.1 After the completion of project, the constructing organization should propose construction summary report and several special reports and submit the complete
56

GB 50092-96

construction document files including the completion work chart to project competent department and relevant archive management departments according to the national provisions on completion documents compilation. 11.6.2 The construction summary report should include project introduction (including design and change conditions), project fundamental data, materials, constructing organization, machines and personnel, constructing method, constructing schedule, test research, project quality evaluation, project budget and project using service plan, etc. 11.6.3 The constructing management and quality inspection report should include constructing management system, quality guarantee system, constructing quality objective, trial section paving report, materials quality inspection results before and during construction (test reports), project quality inspection result (test reports) during construction, quality self-checking results (test reports) after the completion of project, project quality evaluation and original records, albums, videos and other various attachments. 11.6.4 The constructing enterprise should carry out a certain period (one year after handover) of project using service after the openness to traffic of highways, class one roads, city expressways and primary roads; the service content includes pavement using condition observation, maintenance and preservation of partial damages and report service situations to relevant department.

57

GB 50092-96

Appendix A Climatic Region of Asphalt Pavement Construction A.0.1 Asphalt pavement construction should be designed and asphalt labels and types of asphalt mixture should be selected, according to the climatic characteristics of the engineering location. A.0.2 In accordance with the different temperature, asphalt pavement climatic region in our country can be divided into cold, temperature, and hot regions shown as in Table A.0.2. When the climatic condition differs in the same province, the climatic region can be determined by the average temperature of the coldest month.
Asphalt Pavement Construction Climatic Regions Table A.0.2

Mean Monthly Maximum Climatic Regions Temperature( 0 C ) Provinces Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning (to the north of Yingkou), Inner Mongolia (to the north of Baotou), Shanxi (to the north of Datong), Hebei (to the north of Chengde and Zhangjiakou), Shaanxi (to the north of Yulin) Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Ningxia and Tibet autonomous regions Liaoning (to the south of Yingkou), Inner Mongolia (to the south of Baotou), Beijing, Tianjin, Shanxi (to the south of Datong), Hebei (to the south of Chengde and Zhangjiakou), Shaanxi (to south of Yulin, to north of Xian), Gansu (Tianshui area), Shandong, Henan (to the north of Nanyang), Jiangsu (Xuzhou, Huaiyin north), Anhui (to the north of Su County and Bo County), Sichuan (Chengdu
58

Cold Regions

< -10

Temperate Regions

-10 ~ 0

GB 50092-96

Northwest) and other provinces and regions Henan (to the north of Nanyang), Jiangsu (to the south of Xuzhou and Huaiyin), Shanghai, Anhui (to the south of Su County and Bo County), Shaanxi (to the south of Xi'an), Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Chongqing, Taiwan, Sichuan (Chengdu South-east) and other provinces and regions

Hot Regions

>10

A.0.3 The technical requirements for the water stability of the asphalt pavement, anti-sliding performance and others pertaining to the dampness of the road surface, should be determined by rainfall and the number of rainy day in the engineering location. The area with an annual rainfall greater than 1000mm is classified as a wet and humid region, while the area with an annual rainfall less than 500mm is taken as the dry and rainless region. The classification of area with a 500-1000mm annual rainfall depends on the number of days in the rain.

59

GB 50092-96

Appendix B Mix Design Methods of HMA Mixture B.1 General Provisions B.1.1 HMA mixture Mix Design should consist of the target mix design stage, production mix design stage and verification stage of production mix ratio, and the variety, mineral aggregate gradation and asphalt usage of the asphalt mixture are decided by the mix design. B.1.2 The experiment methods of asphalt mixture mix design shall be subject to the existing test procedures of operation. Mixing of the mixture must simulate the actual production using the small laboratory asphalt mixture mixing machine. B.1.3 The design methods of Marshall test should be adopted for HMA mixture mix design, and the Marshall immersion test and wheel tracking test are respectively carried out for the designed asphalt mixture to test the water stability and the ability of anti-rutting. The steel slag activity should be tested for the asphalt mixture carried with the steel slag. B.1.3 The Marshall test should be carried out at all stages of mix designs. After the mix design, the asphalt mixture should be in line with technical standards of the Marshall Test stipulated in Table 7.3.3 of the norm, and the mineral aggregate gradation should conform to the specification of Table D.0.7 or Table D.0.8 in Appendix D. B.2 Materials Preparation B.2.1 The samples of asphalt and mineral aggregate selected in accordance with the related experimental provisions should be great enough in quantity and typical. The property is tested according to the technical requirements of materials quality in Chapter 4 of the norm. The unqualified shall not be used in the test. B.2.2 Screen the coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and filler, and obtain the grading curves of the various mineral aggregate. B.2.3 Measure the relative density of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, filler and

asphalt (25/25 0 C ). B.3 The calculation of mineral aggregates mixing ratio B.3.1 Select the appropriate bituminous mixture type according to the road classes and pavement type as well as its structure layer and so on; determine the scope of mineral aggregates mixing ratio in accordance with Table D.0.7 and D.0.8 in appendix of this ordinance. B.3.2 Calculate the mixing ratio by through the grading curves of a wide variety of mineral aggregates; the synthetic mineral aggregate mixing ratio should be consistent with the specifications in Table D.0.7 or D.0.8 of Appendix D. The calculation should be conducted by referring to computers. If there is no computer, the calculation should be determined by through graphic method. The mixing graduation should meet the following requirements: B.3.2.1 It should enable many sieve pores including 0.075mm, 2.36mm and 4.75mm ones close to the med-limit of designed gradation. B.3.2.2 The roads with large traffic and heavy loads should be close to the lower (thickness) limit of graduation. The roads with small and medium-sized traffic or
60

GB 50092-96

sidewalks should be close to the upper (thinness) limit of graduation. B.3.2.3 The synthetic graduation curve should be close to continuum or have reasonable intermittent gradation without too many overlapping fangs. After many adjustments, if more than two sieve pores still excess the graduation scope, adjust the raw materials or change the raw material and design again. B.4 Marshall Test B.4.1 Estimate the appropriate asphalt amount (or oil and petroleum ratio) according to the asphalt amount scope and practical experiences listed in Table D.0.7 and D.0.8 of Appendix D. B.4.2 Take the estimated asphalt using amount as median, and choose five different asphalt using amount according to the change of 0.5%, then mix them with mineral aggregate with small lorry mounted mixter and form Marshall test pieces in accordance with the prescribed compassion number in Table 7.3.3. Measure the test pieces densities according to the prescribed testing method and calculate the physical indexes such as void fraction, saturation of asphalt and void of mineral aggregate and carry out volume composition analysis. B.4.2.1 type asphalt mixture test pieces should be measured by through water gravimetry method. B.4.2.2 type or type asphalt mixture with rough but compacted surface and I type asphalt mixture utilizing absorptive aggregates should be measured by through surface-drying method. B.4.2.3 type or type asphalt mixture with water absorbing capacity more than 2% and asphalt-gravel mixture should be measured by through wax sealing method instead of surface-drying method. B.4.2.4 Asphalt-gravel mixture with large void and open graduation asphalt mixture test pieces should be measured by through volume method. B.4.3 Carry out Marshall Test to measure the physical mechanical properties as Marshall Stability and flow value. B.4.4 According to the method in Table B.4.4, take the asphalt amount as horizontal axis and the various measured indexes as vertical axis, then bring the testing results in the table and form a smooth curve.
Density (g/cm3) stability (KN)

Void fraction rate (%)

flow value (0.1mm)

Marshall Module (KN/cm)

61

GB 50092-96

Saturation degree (%)

mineral aggregates void (%)

Asphalt amount (%)

Density Void fraction rate Saturation degree Stability Flow value Asphalt amount (%) Table B.4.4 Marshall Test results exemplification Note: The shadow scope in the table is the design-required scope, in the table: 1=6.35%,2 =6.2%,3 =5.7%, OAC1=6.08%, OACmin=5.4%, OACmax=6.4%, OAC2=5.9%, OAC=6.0%.

B.4.5 From the table B.4.4 can we get the asphalt amount 1corresponding to the maximal density, and asphalt amount 2 corresponding to the maximal stability as well as the asphalt amount 3 corresponding to the median of prescribed void rate scope (or the required target void fraction rate), and base on formula B.4.5 to calculate the average of the three as the initial value of optimal asphalt amount OAC1. (B.4.5) OAC1 = (a1+a2+a3)/3 B.4.6 The various indexes calculated are in accordance with the asphalt mixture technical standards of asphalt amount domain OACmin ~ OACmax prescribed in Table 7.3.3 of this ordinance, and calculate the median OAC2 according to B.4.6. (B.4.6) OAC2 = (OACmin + OACmax)/2 B.4.7 According to the optimal asphalt amounts initial value OAC1, calculate the corresponding indexes in Table B.4.4; if all the indexes comply with the Marshall designed mixing technical standards prescribed in Table 7.3.3 of this ordinance, the combination OAC1 and OAC2 would decide the optimal asphalt amount (OAC). If the indexes do not comply, it is necessary to adjust the graduation and renew the work of graduation design until the various indexes can meet the requirements. B.4.8 When the OAC is decided by the combination of OAC1 and OAC2, it is desirable to carry out the following steps according to the practical experiences and road classes and climate conditions: B.4.8.1 Generally speaking, it is workable to take the median of OAC1 and OAC2 as the optimal asphalt amount (OAC). B.4.8.2 When the roads in hot zone and highways, class one roads, city expressways as well as arterial roads are possible to large tracking, the OAC can be determined in the domain of OAC2 and the lower limit of OACmin, which should not be more than 0.5% less to OAC2.
62

GB 50092-96

B.4.8.3 As for the roads in cold region and other classes roads as well as city roads, the OAC may be determined in the domain of OAC2 and the upper limit of OACmax, which should not less than 0.3% larger than OAC2. B.5 Water stability test B.5.1 Form Marshall Test pieces in accordance with OAC to carry out immersion Marshall Test or vacuum water-saturated immersion Marshall Test; if the residue stability doesnt comply with the provisions in Table 7.3.3 of this ordinance, the mixing graduation should be adjusted, otherwise, utilize peeling-proof measures for renewal adjustments according to the provisions in 4.6.9 until it meets the requirements. B.5.2 If the OAC is greatly different from OAC1 and OAC2, it is desirable to make test pieces according to OAC and OAC1 or OAC2 respectively and carry out residue stability test, then make appropriate adjustments to OAC according to the test results. B.6 High-temperature stability test B.6.1 Make tracking test pieces according to OAC and examine the pieces high-temperature tracking-proof ability by through tracking test machine under 60; if the stability dose not comply with the requirements in article 7.3.4 of this ordinance, adjust the mineral aggregates graduation or asphalt amount and carry out mixing ratio design again. B.6.2 If the OAC is greatly different from OAC1 and OAC2, it is desirable to make test pieces according to OAC and OAC1 or OAC2 respectively and carry out residue stability test, then make appropriate adjustments to OAC according to the test results. B.7 Steel slags activity test B.7.1 When carry out Marshall Test on asphalt mixture, whose coarse aggregates and fine aggregates using steel slag, it is necessary to add more three pieces and place them into 60water for 48 h, then take them out off the water and cool them to room temperature to observe whether they have crack or bulge and measure the pieces volumes, which should not be more than 1% increase. Meanwhile, they should meet the requirements of immersed Marshall Residue stability larger than 75%, the steel slag which cannot meet those requirements should not be used.

63

GB 50092-96

Appendix C Material Quality Requirements

Heavytraffic roads petroleum asphalt quality requirements Testing items Penetration degree(25,100g,5s)(0.1mm) Ductility(5cm/min,15)no less than(cm) Softening point (ring and ball method) () Flash point (COC) Paraffin content no less than (%) Density (15) Thin film heating test 163 5h no less than () (distillation (g/cm3) no less than (%) ratio method) AH-130 120~140 100 40~50 230 3 Actual detected records 99.0 1.3 45 75 (cm) 1.2 48 75 1.0 50 75 0.8 55 50 0.6 58 40 AH-100 100~120 100 41~51 AH-90 80~100 100 42~52 table C.0.1 AH-70 60~80 100 44~54 AH-50 40~60 80 45~55

Solubility (chlorylene)

Quality loss no less than(%) Penetration degree no less than (%) Ductility(25) no less than (cm) Ductility(15)

Actual detected records

Notes: 1) If it is possible, measure asphalts kinetic viscosity (Pa s) under 60 and kinematic viscosity (mm2/s) under 135 and mark them in the testing report. 2) As for the asphalt pavement on highways, class one roads and city expressways as well as arterial streets, if it is necessary, the user can make requirements to the supplier on 15 ductility and viscosity for the heated-testing thin film. Medium or light traffic roads petroleum asphalt quality requirements table C.0.2 Label Testing items Penetration degree(25,100g,5s)(0.1mm) Ductility(5cm/min,25)no less than(cm) Softening point (ring and ball method) () Solubility (chlorylene) Evaporation loss test 163 5 h no less than (%) no less ratio Quality loss than(%) 200~300 30~45 99.0 1 50 180 160~200 100 30~45 99.0 1 60 200 120~160 100 38~48 99.0 1 60 230 90~120 90 42~52 99.0 1 65 230 80~120 60 42~52 99.0 1 65 230 50~80 70 45~55 99.0 1 70 230 40~80 40 45~55 99.0 1 70 230 A-200 A-180 A-140 A-100 A-100 A-60 A-60

Penetration degree no less than (%) no less than ()

Flash point (COC)

Note: When 25 ductility cannot reach 100cm, if 15 ductility is less than 100cm, then it is qualified.

64

GB 50092-96

The road cut oil asphalt quality requirements Category Items Remaining amount on sieve no more than (%) Electric charge Emulsion breaking speed test viscosity Asphalt standard viscometer C25,3(s) PC-1 PA-1 0.3 PC-2 PA-2 PC-3 PA-3

table C.0.3 BC-1 BA-2 BC-2 BA-2 BC-3 BA-3

Cation charged positive electricity (+), anion with negative electricity () High 12~45 3~15 60 80~ 200 80 97.5 5 1 2/3 No coarse particles or agglomeration For topdressing and injected distributing For priming oil For tack coat oil Mixing coarse particle asphalt mixture Mixing medium and fine particle asphalt mixture Mixing particle asphalt mixture and slurry seal even even 5 slow 8~20 1~6 50 80~ 300 60~ 160 high Medium or low 12~100 3~40 55 60~ 200 60~ 300 low 40~100 15~40 60 80~ 200

Enguera degreesE25
Evaporation residue content than (%) Evaporation residue nature no less

Penetration degree(25,100g,5s)(0.1mm) Residue ductility ratio(25) no less than (%) Solubility (chlorylene) less than (%) no

Storage stability

5d no more than (%) 1d no more than (%)

Adhesiveness to mineral aggregates, the cover surface no less than Coarse aggregate mixing test Fine aggregate mixing test Cement mixing test, 1.18mm, sieve residue amount no more than (%) Low-temperature storage stability (-5) Usage

Notes: 1) The viscosity can be measured by through asphalt standard viscometer or Enguera viscometer, C25,3 indicates than the testing temperature is 25, the diameter for viscometer is 3mm, E25 indicates that the measurement is carried out under 25; 2) Storage stability is represented by 5d, if the time is limited; it can also be 1d; 3) PC,PA,BC,BA indicate distributing cation, distributing anion, mixing cation and mixing anion cut asphalt respectively; 4) The anion cut asphalt used in slurry seal BA-3 can extend its evaporation residue content to 55%.
65

GB 50092-96

The road liquid petroleum asphalt quality requirements Testing items Quick setting AL(R)AL (R) -1 -2 Viscosity (s) Distillation volume (%) Distillation residue C25,5 C60,5
Before 225 Before 315 Before 360 Penetration degree 100g,5s) (0.1mm) Ductility (5cm/min, 25) (cm) Floatability (5o) (s) Flash point (TOC method) Water content no less than (%) (25,

table C.0.4 Slow setting

AL(S) AL(S) AL(S) AL(S) AL(S) AL(S) -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6

Medium setting
AL(M) AL(M) AL(M) AL(M) AL(M) AL(M) -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6

<20 5~15 >20 >35 >45 60~ 200 >15 >30 >35 60~ 200

<20
5~15 16~25 26~40 41~100 101~200

<20
5~15 16~25 25~40 41~100 101~200

<10 <7 <35 <25 <50 <35

100~ 100~ 300 300

<3 <17 <30

100~ 300

<2 <14 <25

300

0 0 <8 <5 <20 <15

300 300

<40 <35

<25

<20 <15

<5

100~ 100~ 100~

>60

>60

>60 >60

>60

>60

>60

>60

<20 >20 >30 0.2 >30 >65 >65 0.2 >65 >65 >65 >65 >70 >70 2.0

>30

>40 >45

>50

>100 >100

>120 >120

Note: The viscosity should be measured by road asphalt viscometer; the first figure for C subscript represents the testing temperature (), the second figure represents the diameter of viscometer (mm).

66

GB 50092-96

The road coal asphalt quality requirements Test items Viscosity (s) C30,5 C30,10 C50,10 C60,10 Before 170 no more than Before 270 no more than Before 300 no more than T-1 5~25 T-2 26~70 5~20 21~50 T-3 T-4

table C.0.5 T-5 T-6 T-7 T-8 T-9

51~120 121~200 10~75 1.5 15 25 1.5 15 25 1.0 10 20

76~200 35~65 1.0 10 20 1.0 10 15

Distillate amount of distillation test (%)

3 3 20 20 15~35 15~35 30~45 30~35 1.0 20 5 4 1.0 20 5 4

3 20 30 35~65 1.0 20 5 3

2 15 30

300distillation residue softening point (ring and ball method) () Water content no more than (%) Toluene undissolved substance no more than (%) Naphthalene content Tar acid content no more than (%) no more than (%)

35~65 35~65 35~65 40~70 40~70 1.0 20 4 3 1.0 20 4 2.5 0.5 20 3.5 2.5 0.5 20 3 1.5 0.5 20 2 1.5

40~70 0.5 20 2 1.5

Note: The viscosity should be measured by road asphalt viscometer; the first figure for C subscript represents the testing temperature (), the second figure represents the diameter of viscometer (mm).

67

GB 50092-96

Coarse aggregates specifications for asphalt surface (square hole sieve)

specification Nominal particle diameter (mm)

table C.0.6 13.2 9.5 4.75 2.36 0.6

Quality percentage (%) by through the following sieves (square hole sieves, mm) 106 75
100 100

63

53

37.5
0~15 0~15 100 100

31.5
0~15 90~100 90~100 100

26.5
0~5 0~5 0~15 95~100 100

19.0

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14

40~75 40~60 30~60 25~50 20~40 15~30 10~30 15~25 10~20 10~15 5~15 5~10 3~10 3~5

100 90~100

90~100 90~100 100 90~100

0~5 0~15 95~100 0~5 0~15 0~15 0~5 0~5 0~5 0~15 0~5 0~15 0~5 0~15 0~5 40~70 0~15 95~100 0~10 100 85~100 0~5 0~5 0~15 0~25 0~5 0~5

100 90~100

100 95~100 100 95~100 100

100 95~100 40~70

68

GB 50092-96

Fine aggregates specifications for asphalt surface (square hole sieve)

specification Nominal particle diameter (mm)

table C.0.7 25 20 15 10 5 2.5 0.6

Quality percentage (%) by through the following sieves (square hole sieves, mm) 130 90 75 60

50

40
0~15 0~15 90~100 90~100 100

35

30
0~5 0~5 0~5 0~15 95~100

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14

40~90 40~75 40~60 30~60 25~50 20~40 10~40 15~35 10~30 10~20 5~15 5~10 3~10 3~5

100 90~100

100 90~100

0~15

95~100 100

100 90~100 100 90~100 100 100

0~15

100 90~100

0~5 0~5 0~5 0~5 0~5 0~5 0~5

0~15

100

0~15 0~15 0~15 95~100 0~15

100 95~100 40~70 0~15 0~5 100 95~100 0~10 0~5 100 95~100 40~70 0~15 0~5 100 85~100 0~25 0~5

69

GB 50092-96

Coarse aggregates quality requirements for asphalt surface Index Stone crushing value Los Angeles abrasion losses Apparent density Water absorbing capacity Adhesivity to asphalt Firmness Slender and flat particles content no more than (%) no more than (%) no more than (t/m ) no more than (%) no less than no more than (%) no more than (%)
3

table C.0.8 Other classes roads and city roads 30 40 2.45 3.0 Class three 20 1 5 Actual measurement Actual measurement 40 40 40

Highways, class one roads, city expressways, primary roads 28 30 2.50 2.0 Class four 12 15 1 5 42 28 90 50

Particles with water wash<0.075mm content No more than (%) Soft stones content Polished stone value Aggregate impact value no more than (%) no more than (BPN) no more than (%)

Scattered gravels scattering area no less than (%) Mixing asphalt mixture pavement surface layer Middle and lower layer Penetrated pavements

Notes: 1) The firmness test may be carried out according to the requirements; 2) When coarse aggregates are used for highways, class one roads, city expressways and primary roads, the apparent density for porous basalts can be broadened to 2.45t/m3 and water absorbing capacity to 3% with the approval of supervising department; 3) The polished stone value is an index set to meet the anti-sliding requirements for highways, class one roads, city expressways and primary roads surface; stone crushing value can be adjusted according to requirements. If it is necessary, other roads and city roads may propose appropriate index values; 4) The dissociate calcium oxide content in steel slag should not be larger than 3% with the expansion rate after immersion no more than 2%.

70

GB 50092-96

Specifications for asphalt surface natural sands Square hole sieve (mm) 9.5 4.75 2.36 1.18 Circular hole sieve (mm) 10 5 2.5 1.2 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075 Fineness modulus MX
specification Nominal particle diameter (mm) S15 S16

table C.0.9 Fine sand 100 90~100 85~100 75~100 60~84 15~45 0~10 0~5 2.2~1.6

Quality percentage passing all the sieves (%) Coarse sand 100 90~100 65~95 35~65 15~29 5~20 0~10 0~5 3.7~3.1 Medium sand 100 90~100 75~100 50~90 30~59 8~30 0~10 0~5 3.0~2.3 table C.0.10
4.75 5 85~100 100 2.36 2.5 40~70 85~100 20~50 0~15 0~15 0.6 0.075

Specifications for asphalt surface stone chips

Square hole sieve (mm) Circular hole sieve (mm) 9.5 10 100

Quality percentage passing all the sieves (%)

0~5 0~3

Specifications for asphalt surface fine aggregates Index Apparent density Firmness (>0.3mm parts) Sand equivalent weight no less than (t/m3) no more than (%) no less than (%)

table C.0.11 Other classes roads and city roads 2.45 50

Highways, class one roads, city expressways, primary roads 2.50 12 60

Notes: 1) The firmness test may be carried out according to the requirements; 2) If it is difficult to carry out sand equivalent weight test, water wash method can be used to measure the content for parts less than 0.075 (which only applies to natural sands); for highways, class one roads, city expressways, primary roads, the content should not be more than 3%, and for other classes roads and city roads, it should be no more than 5%.

71

GB 50092-96

Quality requirements for asphalt surface mineral powder Index Apparent density Water content Particle size range no less than (t/m3) no more than (%) <0.6mm (%) <0.15mm (%) <0.075mm (%)

table C.0.12 Other classes roads and city roads 2.45 1 100 90~100 70~100

Highways, class one roads, city expressways, primary roads 2.50 1 100 90~100 75~100 No particle agglomeration <1

Appearance Hydrophilic factor

72

GB 50092-96

Appendix D Road materials specification and amount

Asphalt surface dressing
Asphalt type category Thickness (cm)

materials specification and amount (square hole sieve)

3 2

table D.0.1 2nd 3rd Total amount 1.0~1.2 1.4~1.6 0.8~1.0 1.0~1.2 1.0~1.2 1.0~1.2 1.1~1.3 1.2~1.4 1.2~1.4 0.8~1.0 1.0~1.2 1.0~1.2 2.0~2.4 2.4~2.8 2.6~3.0 2.8~3.2 3.5~4.1 3.8~4.4 4.0~4.6 0.9~1.0 1.0~1.2 1.8~2.0 1.0~1.2 2.8~3.2 4.8~5.4

Aggregates (m /1000m ) 1st layer

Diameter amount specification

Asphalt or emulsion amount (kg/m2) 3rd layer

amount Diameter amount specification

2nd layer
Diameter specification

1st

Petroleum asphalt

Monolayer Double layers

1.0 1.5 1.0* 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.5* 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 3.0

S12 S10 S12 S10 S9 S8 S9 S8 S6 S14 S12 S6

7~9 12~14 10~12 12~14 16~18 18~20 18~20 18~20 20~22 7~9 9~11 20~22 S14 S10 4~6 9~11 S12 S14 4~6 3.5~4.5 S14 S12 S12 S12 S11 S10 S10 5~7 7~8 7~8 7~8 9~11 12~14 12~14 S14 S12 S12 5~7 7~8 7~8

1.0~1.2 1.4~1.6 1.2~1.4 1.4~1.6 1.6~1.8 1.8~2.0 1.6~1.8 1.6~1.8 1.8~2.0 0.9~1.0 1.8~2.0 2.0~2.2

Three layers Emulsified asphalt Monolayer Double layers Three layers

Notes: 1) The amount for asphalt surface dressing can be 15%~20% more than that of petroleum asphalt; 2) The specification and amount for items with * mark can only apply to city roads. The aggregates on the last layer has included 2~3m3/1000m2 curing aggregates; 3) The emulsion amount for emulsified asphalt in the table applies to the circumstance when the asphalt amount in emulsion is about 60%; 4) In cold regions and dry regions with abundant sands, the figure can be 5%~10% higher than the upper limit.

73

GB 50092-96

Asphalt surface dressing

Asphalt type category Thickness (cm)

materials specification and amount (circular hole sieve) table D.0.2

3

Aggregates (m /1000m2) 1st layer

Diameter amount specification

Asphalt or emulsion amount (kg/m2) 3rd layer

amount Diameter amount specification

2nd layer
Diameter specification

1st

2nd

3rd

Total amount 1.0~1.2 1.4~1.6

Petroleum asphalt

Monolayer Double layers

1.0 1.5 1.0* 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.5* 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 3.0

S12 S10 S12 S11 S10 S9 S9 S9 S8 S14 S12 S8 (S9)

7~9 12~14 10~12 12~14 16~18 18~20 18~20 18~20 20~22 7~9 9~11 20~22 S14 S10 (S11) 4~6 9~11 S12 S14 4~6 3.5~4.5 S14 S12 S12 S12 S11 S11 S11 5~7 7~8 7~8 7~8 9~11 12~14 12~14 S14 5~7 S13 (S14) 7~8 S13 (S14) 7~8

1.0~1.2 1.4~1.6 1.2~1.4 1.4~1.6 1.6~1.8 1.8~2.0 1.6~1.8 1.6~1.8 1.8~2.0 0.9~1.0 1.8~2.0 2.0~2.2 1.0~1.2 1.8~2.0 1.0~1.2 0.8~1.0 1.0~1.2 1.0~1.2 1.0~1.2 1.1~1.3 1.2~1.4 1.2~1.4 0.8~1.0 1.0~1.2 1.0~1.2

2.0~2.4 2.4~2.8 2.6~3.0 2.8~3.2 3.5~4.1 3.8~4.4 4.0~4.6 0.9~1.0 2.8~3.2 4.8~5.4

Three layers Emulsified asphalt Monolayer Double layers Three layers

Notes: 1) The amount for asphalt surface dressing can be 15%~20% more than that of petroleum asphalt; 2) The specification and amount for items with * mark can only apply to city roads. The aggregates on the last layer has included 2~3m3/1000m2 curing aggregates; 3) The emulsion amount for emulsified asphalt in the table applies to the circumstance when the asphalt amount in emulsion is about 60%; 4) In cold regions and dry regions with abundant sands, the figure can be 5%~10% higher than the upper limit.

74

GB 50092-96

Asphalt penetrated surface aggregates specification and amount (square hole sieve) (amount unit: aggregates: m3/1000m2, asphalt and asphalt emulsion: kg/m2) Table D.0.3 Asphalt type Thickness (cm) Specification and amount Seal aggregates 3rd time asphalt 2nd time calking aggregates 2nd time asphalt 1st time calking aggregates 1st time asphalt Main layer stones Total asphalt amount Asphalt type Thickness (cm)
Specification and amount Seal aggregates 5 time asphalt 4th time calking aggregates 4 time asphalt 3 time calking aggregates 3 time asphalt 2 time calking aggregates 2 time asphalt 1 time calking aggregates 1 time asphalt Main layer stones Total asphalt amount S3
st st nd nd rd rd th th

Petroleum asphalt 4 Specification S14 S12 S10 (S9) S5 Petroleum asphalt 7

Specification amount

5 amount 3~5 1.0~1.2 6~7 1.6~1.8 12~14 1.8~2.1 45~50 4.4~5.1 8

Specification amount

6 amount 3~5 1.0~1.2 10~12 1.8~2.0 16~18 2.4~2.6 55~60 5.2~5.8 Emulsified asphalt 4
Specification amount

Specification S14 S11 (S10) S8 S4

Specification S13 (S14) S11 (S10) S8 (S6) S3 (S2)

amount 4~6 1.0~1.2 10~12 2.0~2.2 16~18 2.8~3.0 66~76 5.8~6.4

5
Specification amount

S13(S14)

4~6

S13(S14)

4~6

S14

4~6

S14 S14

4~6 0.8~1.0 5~6 1.2~1.4 7~9 1.5~1.7 9~11 1.6~1.8 10~12 2.6~2.8 50~55 7.5~8.5

0.8~1.0 S14 1.0~1.2 S10(S11) S6(S8) 11~13 2.4~2.6 18~20 3.3~3.5 80~90 6.7~7.3 S1(S2) S6(S8) S10(S11) 1.0~1.2 11~13 2.6~2.8 20~22 4.0~4.2 95~100 7.6~8.2 S5 S9 S12 5~6 1.4~1.6 7~8 1.6~1.8 12~14 2.2~2.4 40~45 6.0~6.8 S4 S8 S10 S12

Notes: 1) The penetrated coal asphalt amount can be 15~20% more than petroleum asphalt amount; 2) The emulsified asphalt amount in the table refers to the amount of emulsion and applies to the circumstances when emulsion concentration about 60%; 3) In cold regions and dry regions with abundant sands, the figure can be 5%~10% higher than the upper limit.

75

GB 50092-96

Asphalt penetrated surface aggregates specification and amount (circular hole sieve) (amount unit: aggregates: m3/1000m2, asphalt and asphalt emulsion: kg/m2) Table D.0.4 Asphalt type Thickness (cm) Specification and amount Seal aggregates 3rd time asphalt 2nd time calking aggregates 2nd time asphalt 1st time calking aggregates 1st time asphalt Main layer stones Total asphalt amount Asphalt type Thickness (cm)
Specification and amount Seal aggregates 5 time asphalt 4th time calking aggregates 4 time asphalt 3 time calking aggregates 3 time asphalt 2 time calking aggregates 2 time asphalt 1 time calking aggregates 1 time asphalt Main layer stones Total asphalt amount S2
st st nd nd rd rd th th

Petroleum asphalt 4 Specification S14 S12 S10 S6 Petroleum asphalt 7

Specification amount

5 amount 3~5 1.0~1.2 6~7 1.6~1.8 12~14 1.8~2.1 45~50 4.4~5.1 8

Specification amount

6 amount 3~5 1.0~1.2 10~12 1.8~2.0 16~18 2.4~2.6 55~60 5.2~5.8 Emulsified asphalt 4
Specification amount

Specification S14 S11 S9 S5

Specification S13 (S14) S11 (S10) S9 S4 (S3)

amount 4~6 1.0~1.2 10~12 2.0~2.2 16~18 2.8~3.0 66~76 5.8~6.4

5
Specification amount

S13(S14)

4~6

S13(S14)

4~6

S14

4~6

S14 S14

4~6 0.8~1.0 5~6 1.2~1.4 7~9 1.5~1.7 9~11 1.6~1.8 10~12 2.6~2.8 50~55 7.5~8.5

0.8~1.0 S14 1.0~1.2 S10(S11) S8(S9) 11~13 2.4~2.6 18~20 3.3~3.5 80~90 6.7~7.3 S2 S9(S8) S10(S11) 1.0~1.2 11~13 2.6~2.8 20~22 4.0~4.2 95~100 7.6~8.2 S6 S9 S12 5~6 1.4~1.6 7~8 1.6~1.8 12~14 2.2~2.4 40~45 6.0~6.8 S5 S7 S10 S12

Notes: 1) The penetrated coal asphalt amount can be 15~20% more than petroleum asphalt amount; 2) The emulsified asphalt amount in the table refers to the amount of emulsion and applies to the circumstances when emulsion concentration about 60%; 3) In cold regions and dry regions with abundant sands, the figure can be 5%~10% higher than the upper limit.

76

GB 50092-96

Specification and amount of aggregates in surface-mixing layer and penetrated parts (square hole sieve) (amount unit: aggregates: m3/1000m2, asphalt and asphalt emulsion: kg/m2) Table D.0.5 Asphalt type
Penetrated layer thickness (cm)

Petroleum asphalt 4 Specification S12 S10 (S9) S5 amount 5~6 1.4~1.6 12~14 2.0~2.3 45~50 3.4~3.9 Petroleum asphalt 7 Specification amount 5 Specification amount 5 Specification S12 (S11) S8 S4 amount 7~9 1.6~1.8 16~18 2.6~2.8 55~60 4.2~4.6 Emulsified asphalt 6 Specification S14 S14 S10 (S11) S6 (S8) S2 (S3) 8~10 1.7~1.9 18~20 4.0~4.2 80~90 5.7~6.1 S12 S8 S4 4~6 1.4~1.6 9~10 1.8~2.0 15~17 2.5~2.7 50~55 5.9~6.2 S12 S9 S6 S3 amount 4~6 1.3~1.5 8~10 1.4~1.6 8~12 1.5~1.7 24~26 2.4~2.6 50~55 6.7~7.2 6 Specification S12 (S11) S8 (S7) S3 (S3) amount 7~9 1.6~1.8 16~18 3.2~3.4 66~76 4.8~5.2

Specification and amount 2 time calking aggregates 2nd time asphalt 1st time calking aggregates 1st time asphalt Main layer stones Total asphalt amount Asphalt type
Penetrated layer thickness (cm)
nd

Specification and amount 4 time calking aggregates 4th time asphalt 3rd time calking aggregates 3rd time asphalt 2nd time calking aggregates 2nd time asphalt 1st time calking aggregates 1st time asphalt Main layer stones Total asphalt amount
th

Notes: 1) The penetrated coal asphalt amount can be 15~20% more than petroleum asphalt amount; 2) The emulsified asphalt amount in the table refers to the amount of emulsion and applies to the circumstances when emulsion concentration about 60%; 3) In cold regions and dry regions with abundant sands, the figure can be 5%~10% higher than the upper limit; 4) The specification and amount of aggregates in surface-mixing layer and penetrated parts as well as asphalt (or emulsified asphalt) amount should be in accordance with to relevant provisions of hot-mixing asphalt mixture (or asphalt gravel mixing stone pavements in room temperature).

77

GB 50092-96

Specification and amount of aggregates in surface-mixing layer and penetrated parts (circular hole sieve) (amount unit: aggregates: m3/1000m2, asphalt and asphalt emulsion: kg/m2) Table D.0.6 Asphalt type
Penetrated layer thickness (cm)

Petroleum asphalt 4 Specification S12 S10 (S11) S6 amount 5~6 1.4~1.6 12~14 2.0~2.3 45~50 3.4~3.9 Petroleum asphalt 7 Specification amount 5 Specification amount 5 Specification S12 (S11) S9 S4 amount 7~9 1.6~1.8 16~18 2.6~2.8 55~60 4.2~4.6 Emulsified asphalt 6 Specification S14 S14 S10 (S11) S9 (S8) S4 (S2) 8~10 1.7~1.9 18~20 4.0~4.2 80~90 5.7~6.1 S12 S9 S5 4~6 1.4~1.6 9~10 1.8~2.0 15~17 2.5~2.7 50~55 5.9~6.2 S12 S10 S8 (S9) S4 amount 4~6 1.3~1.5 8~10 1.4~1.6 8~12 1.5~1.7 24~26 2.4~2.6 50~55 6.7~7.2 6 Specification S12 (S11) S9 S4 amount 7~9 1.6~1.8 16~18 3.2~3.4 66~76 4.8~5.2

Specification and amount 2 time calking aggregates 2nd time asphalt 1st time calking aggregates 1st time asphalt Main layer stones Total asphalt amount Asphalt type
Penetrated layer thickness (cm)
nd

Specification and amount 4 time calking aggregates 4th time asphalt 3rd time calking aggregates 3rd time asphalt 2nd time calking aggregates 2nd time asphalt 1st time calking aggregates 1st time asphalt Main layer stones Total asphalt amount
th

Notes: 1) The penetrated coal asphalt amount can be 15~20% more than petroleum asphalt amount; 2) The emulsified asphalt amount in the table refers to the amount of emulsion and applies to the circumstances when emulsion concentration about 60%; 3) In cold regions and dry regions with abundant sands, the figure can be 5%~10% higher than the upper limit; 4) The specification and amount of aggregates in surface-mixing layer and penetrated parts as well as asphalt (or emulsified asphalt) amount should be in accordance with to relevant provisions of hot-mixing asphalt mixture (or asphalt gravel mixing stone pavements in room temperature).

78

GB 50092-96

Asphalt mixture mineral aggregates graduation and asphalt using amount domain (square hole sieve) table D.0.7 Graduation type
Asphalt concrete Coarse particle AC-30 AC-25 Medium particle AC-20 AC-16 Fine particle AC-13 AC-10 Sand Asphalt gravel Coarsest Coarse AC-5 AM-40 AM-30 AM-25 Medium AM-20 AM-16 fine AM-13 AM-10 Anti-sliding surface AK-13A AK-13B AK-16 100 100 100

Quality percentage (%) passing the following sieves (square hole sieves, mm)
53.0 37.5 31.5 26.5 19.0 16.0 13.2 9.5 4.75 2.36 1.18 0.6 0.3 0.15 5~13 2~7 5~13 3~8 6~14 3~9 0.075 3~7 1~5 3~7 2~5 4~8 2~5 4~8 2~5 4~8 2~6 4~9 2~6 5~10 0~4 0~4 0~5 0~5 0~5 0~6 0~6 4~8 2~6 3~7 100 90~100 79~92 66~82 100 90~100 65~85 52~70 100 59~77 52~72 43~63 32~52 25~42 18~32 13~25 8~18 45~65 38~58 30~50 18~38 12~28 8~20 4~14 3~11

Asphalt amount (%)

4.0~6.0 3.0~5.0 4.0~6.0 3.0~5.0 4.0~6.0 3.5~5.5 4.0~6.0 3.5~5.5 4.5~6.5 4.0~6.0 5.0~7.0 4.5~6.5 6.0~8.0 2.5~4.0 2.5~4.0 3.0~4.5 3.0~4.5 3.0~4.5 3.0~4.5 3.0~4.5 3.5~5.5 3.5~5.5 3.5~5.5

95~100 75~90 62~80 53~73 43~63 32~52 25~42 18~32 13~25 8~18 65~85 52~70 42~62 32~52 20~40 13~30 9~23 6~16 4~12

100 90~100 100 100

95~100 75~90 62~80 52~72 38~58 28~46 20~34 15~27 10~20 90~100 65~85 52~70 40~60 26~45 16~33 11~25 7~18 100 100 95~100 75~90 58~78 42~63 32~50 22~37 16~28 90~100 65~85 50~70 30~50 18~35 12~26 100 100 7~19 4~13

11~21 7~15 4~14 3~9 8~16 3~10 6~16 4~10

95~100 70~88 48~68 36~53 24~41 18~30 12~22 90~100 60~80 34~52 22~38 14~28 100 100 8~20 5~14

95~100 55~75 38~58 26~43 17~33 10~24 90~100 40~60 24~42 15~30 100 95~100 55~75 35~55 5~25 2~15 2~20 0~10 0~15 0~14 2~16 3~18 4~20 9~22 6~15

20~40 12~28 7~18 0~8 0~10 0~10 1~12 1~14 2~16 2~16 10~23 5~15 8~18 0~6 0~8 0~8 0~10 0~10 0~10 0~12 7~18 3~12 6~13 0~5 0~5 0~6 0~8 0~8 0~8 0~9 5~12 3~9 4~10

100 90~100 50~80 40~65 30~54 25~50 20~45 13~38 100 90~100 50~80 38~65 32~57 25~50 100 90~100 50~80 43~73 38~65 100 90~100 60~85 50~75 100

17~42 8~30

25~55 10~32 2~20 40~65 15~40 5~22

90~100 60~85 45~68 18~42 6~25 100 90~100 50~80 20~45 8~28 100

85~100 35~65 10~35 5~22

90~100 60~80 30~53 20~40 15~30 85~100 50~70 18~40 10~30 8~22 10~25

90~100 60~82 45~70 25~45 15~35

79

GB 50092-96

Asphalt mixture mineral aggregates graduation and asphalt using amount domain (circular hole sieve) table D.0.8 Graduation type
Asphalt concrete Coarse particle LH-40 LH-40 LH-35 LH-35 Medium particle LH-30 LH-30 LH-25 LH-25 Fine particle LH-20 LH-20 LH-15 LH-15 Sand LH-10 LH-10 LH-5 Asphalt gravel Coarsest Coarse LS-50 LS-40 LS-35 LS-30 Medium LS-25 LS-20 fine LS-15 LS-10 Anti-sliding surface LK-15A LK-15B LK-20 100 100 100

Quality percentage (%) passing the following sieves (square hole sieves, mm)
50 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 2.5 1.2 0.6 0.3 0.15 5~13 2~7 5~13 2~7 5~13 2~8 0.075 3~7 1~5 3~7 1~5 3~7 2~5 4~8 2~5 4~8 2~5 4~8 2~6 4~9 2~6 5~10 0~4 0~4 0~4 0~5 0~5 0~5 0~6 0~6 4~8 2~6 3~7 100 90~100 84~94 77~89 68~85 58~78 48~69 41~61 30~50 25~41 18~32 13~25 8~18 8~20 4~14 1~11 8~18 3~11 8~18 4~12

Asphalt amount (%)

3.5~5.5 3.0~5.0 4.0~6.0 3.0~5.0 4.0~6.0 3.5~5.5 4.0~6.0 3.5~5.5 4.0~6.0 3.5~5.5 4.5~6.5 4.0~6.0 5.0~7.0 4.5~6.5 6.0~8.0 2.5~4.0 2.5~4.0 2.5~4.0 3.0~4.5 3.0~4.5 3.0~4.5 3.0~4.5 3.0~4.5 3.5~5.5 3.5~5.5 3.5~5.5

100 90~100 85~100 78~93 60~78 43~64 36~56 28~48 18~38 12~28 100 100

90~100 82~95 70~88 59~79 50~70 41~60 30~50 25~41 18~32 13~25 90~100 78~93 60~78 43~64 36~56 28~48 18~38 12~28 100 100 8~20 4~14

95~100 75~90 60~80 52~72 41~61 30~50 25~42 18~32 13~25 90~100 65~85 50~70 40~60 30~50 18~40 13~30 9~23 100 100 95~100 75~90 60~80 50~70 38~56 28~46 20~34 90~100 65~85 50~70 38~58 24~45 16~33 11~25 100 100 95~100 75~90 56~76 40~60 30~50 22~38 90~100 65~85 50~70 28~50 18~35 12~26 100 100 95~100 70~88 48~68 36~53 24~41 90~100 60~80 34~54 22~38 14~28 100 100 95~100 55~75 38~58 6~16

15~27 10~20 6~14 7~18 4~13 3~9

16~29 11~21 7~15 7~19 4~14 3~9 8~16 3~10 6~16 4~10 7~18 0~5 0~5 0~5 0~6 0~8 0~8 0~8 0~9 5~12 3~9 4~10

18~30 12~22 8~20 5~14

26~43 17~33 10~24 9~22 6~15

90~100 40~60 24~42 15~30 100

95~100 55~75 35~55 20~40 12~28 5~23 2~16 7~30 2~20 2~20 5~22 6~26 8~28 0~12 0~14 0~14 0~14 2~16 3~18 4~20 5~22 0~8 0~10 0~ 10 0~10 1~12 1~14 2~15 2~26 10~23 5~15 8~18 0~6 0~8 0~8 0~8 0~10 0~10 0~10 0~12 7~18 4~12 6~13

90~100 50~80 45~73 39~65 31~59 25~50 18~40 13~32 100

90~100 70~88 50~78 40~70 40~70 32~60 20~48 15~40 100 90~100 70~90 48~75 38~65 28~51 20~42 8~31 100 90~100 55~80 45~69 35~55 25~45 10~32 100 90~100 55~85 40~70 28~55 12~36 100 90~100 55~80 36~62 18~42 100 90~100 40~65 20~45 100

85~100 40~65 10~35

90~100 55~75 30~55 20~40 15~30 90~100 45~65 18~40 10~30 8~22

90~100 55~80

40~68 25~45 15~34 10~26

80

GB 50092-96

Specification and using amount for asphalt road prime coat and tack coat aggregates Usage Prime coat Particle Basic layer Semi-rigid Basic layer Tack coat Asphalt layer Cement concrete Emulsified asphalt
specification

table D.0.9
Amount(L/m2)

Liquid petroleum asphalt

2

Coal asphalt
2

Amount (L/m ) 1.1~1.6 0.7~1.1 0.3~0.6 0.3~0.5

specification AL(M)-1 or 2 AL(S)-1 or 2 AL(M)-1 or 2 AL(S)-1 or 2 AL(R)-1 or 2 AL(M)-1 or 2 AL(R)-1 or 2 AL(M)-1 or 2

Amount(L/m )

specification T-1 T-2 T-1 T-2 T-3, T-4 T-5 T-3, T-4 T-5

PC-2 PA-2 PC-2 PA-2 PC-3 PA-3 PC-3 PA-3

0.9~1.2 0.6~1.0 0.3~0.5 0.2~0.4

1.0~1.3 0.7~1.0 0.3~0.6 0.3~0.5

Mineral aggregates graduation in emulsified asphalt slurry seal and asphalt amount scope table D.0.10 Sieves (mm) Square hole sieves Quality percentage passing sieves (%) 9.5 4.75 2.36 1.18 Circular hole sieves 10 5 2.5 1.2 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075 Asphalt amount (oil and petroleum ratio) (%) The average thickness of appropriate slurry seal layer (mm) Slurry mixture amount (kg/m )
2

Graduation type ES-1 100 90~100 65~90 40~60 25~42 15~30 10~20 10~16 2~3 3~5.5 ES-2 100 90~100 65~90 45~70 30~50 18~30 10~21 5~15 7.5~13.5 3~5 5.5~8 ES-3 100 70~90 45~70 28~50 19~34 12~25 7~18 5~15 6.5~12 4~6 >8

Notes: 1) The asphalt amount in the table refers to that of emulsified asphalt after evaporating moisture; the emulsified asphalt amount can be calculated according to its concentration; 2) ES-1 type applies to joint seals with large crack and light-traffic roads lamella coat treatment; ES-2 type is the most common type for middle coarse wearing layers, it can also apply to old roads coat restoration; ES-3 type applies to surface anti-sliding dressing for highways, class one roads, city expressways and primary roads as well as to paving high-roughness wearing layers.

81

GB 50092-96

Appendix E Construction quality management and acceptance standards

Material checking contents and requirements in constructing materials Checking items Checking system Highways, class one roads, city expressways and primary roads Coarse aggregates
Appearance (stone types, flat slender particles, mud content, etc) Particle composition Crushing value Polishing value Los Angeles abrasion losses Water content Loose measure unit weight On a pinch On a pinch On a pinch On a pinch Construction needs Construction needs On a pinch Construction needs Construction needs On a pinch On a pinch On a pinch On a pinch Construction needs Construction needs On a pinch Construction needs Construction needs At any time

table E.0.1 Other roads and city roads

At any time

Fine aggregates Mineral powder Petroleum asphalt

Particle composition Water content Loose measure unit weight

Appearance <0.075 content Water content Penetration degree Softening point Ductility Wax content viscosity Viscosity Asphalt content

At any time On a pinch On a pinch Once per 100t Once per 100t Once per 100t On a pinch Once per 50t Once per 50t Once per 50t

At any time On a pinch On a pinch Once per 100t On a pinch On a pinch On a pinch Once per 100t Once per 100t Once per 100t

Coal asphalt Emulsified asphalt

Notes: 1) The content listed in the table is quality checking program and requirements in daily construction upon overall checking on materials according to the provisions; 2) On a pinch refers to the condition when constructing enterprise, supervising manager, quality supervising department, and proprietors have doubt on the quality and propose for the necessity of checking, or the condition when it is necessary to negotiate the checking system.

82

GB 50092-96

Control standards for project quality under asphalt surface construction Road types items Checking frequency Quality requirements or allowing deviance (single point checking)
Highways, class one roads, city expressways and primary roads

table E.0.2 Testing methods

Other roads and city roads

Asphalt surface dressing and penetrated pavements

Appearance

At any time

Aggregates compact, asphalt well spread, no white ones Joints without oil pocket

Visual observation

Aggregates volume

spreading

No less than 1~2 time/day No less than 1~2 time/day

Meet provisions in appendix D of this ordinance Meet provisions in appendix D of this ordinance Meet provisions in article 5.5.1 of this ordinance Surface smooth and compact without

Calculate according to the actual amount in construction Calculate according to the actual amount in construction Measure by through thermometer

Asphalt spreading volume Asphalt temperature spreading

Once per truck At any time

Hot mixed asphalt mixture pavements

appearance

Visual observation

wheelmark, crack, jostle, oil, oil pocket, eduction and white aggregates

joints
Construction temperature Temperature at factory Laying temperature Compacting temperature Mineral aggregates graduation: the deviance with production design standard graduation Square sieve 0.075mm 2.36mm 4.75mm circular sieve 0.075mm 2.5mm 5.0mm

At any time
No less than 1

Compact, jumping

smooth,

straight

without

car

Visual observation, use 3cm ruler to measure

Measure by through thermometer

time/car No less than 1

Meet the provisions in article 7.2.4 in this ordinance

time/car At any time

Once or twice a day per mixing machine

2% 6% 7% 2% 7% 8%

Sample in mixing factory, sieve by sampling mineral aggregates, at least check 0.075mm, 2.36mm, 4.75mm, maximal aggregate particle diameter and medium diameter sieving holes; medium particle diameter should be: fine, middle particle 9.5mm (circular one 10); coarse one 13.2mm (circular one 15)

83

GB 50092-96

Following Table E.0.2 Road types items Checking frequency Quality requirements or allowing deviance (single point checking)
Highways, class one roads, city expressways and primary roads

Testing methods

Other roads and city roads

Hot mixed asphalt mixture pavements

Asphalt using amount (oil petroleum ratio)

Once or twice a day per mixing machine

0.3%

0.5%

Sample in mixing factory by through centrifuging method (use ray time) method asphalt content determinator for checking at any

Marshall testing: Stability Flow value Density, void rate

Once or twice a day per mixing machine

Meet the provisions in article 7.3.1 in this ordinance

Sampling molding test in mixing factory

Soaking Marshall test Compacting density

On a pinch
Checking once per 2000m , at least one hole per time
2

Meet the provisions in article 7.3.1 in this ordinance

96% of Marshall test density 99% of Marshall test density 95% of Marshall test density 99% of test section drilling density

Sampling molding test in mixing factory Drilling at site (or digging) test (use nucleus densitometer for checking at any time) Sand paving method (manually or electrically)

Anti-sliding surface Structure depth

No less than once per day

Meet the design requirements

Note: The design requirements decide whether to measure the structure depth only on surface or not.

84

GB 50092-96

Quality control standards for asphalt surface appearance and size in construction Road types items Checking frequency Quality requirements or allowing deviance (single point checking)
Highways, class one roads, city expressways and primary roads

table E.0.3 Testing methods

Other roads and city roads

Asphalt surface treatment

Thickness
Smoothness (maximal crack)

No less than one per 2000m

2

5mm 10mm 30mm 0.5% 8% or 5mm 8mm 30mm 0.5% 8mm 4mm 8% or 5mm 4mm

Digging (one point in the road or roadside) Measure by 3cm ruler Measure by ruler Measure by transect instrument or water level Digging (one point in the road or roadside) Measure by 3cm ruler Measure by ruler Measure by transect instrument or water level Measure at any time during

At any time Gradual checking design section Gradual checking design section No less than one per 2000m
2

Width Horizontal gradient Asphalt penetrated pavements

Smoothness (maximal crack)

Thickness

At any time Gradual checking design section Gradual checking design section No less than one point per 2000m
2

Width Horizontal gradient Hot mixed asphalt mixture pavements Thickness, total thickness upper surface

paving, check the daily using mixture amount and actual paving area, drilling or digging check after molding Measure the horizontal and

No less than one point per 2000m2

Smoothness (maximal crack)

Upper surface Middle and lower surface Width with curbstone without curbstone vertical section height Horizontal gradient

At any time At any time Gradual checking design section Gradual checking design section Gradual checking design section Gradual checking design section

3mm 5mm
2cm No less than design width 15mm 0.3%

5mm 7mm 2cm No less than design width 20mm 0.5%

vertical points by using 3cm ruler Measure by ruler Measure by ruler Measure by water level Measure by transect instrument or water level

Notes: 1) The thickness checking frequency in the table refers to the drilling frequency after molding (or digging); 2) The thickness control for other roads and city roads should be based on the percentage of thickness when the design thickness > 60mm and on the absolute value when the design thickness 60mm.

85

GB 50092-96

Asphalt surface completing inspection and accepting quality standards (roads)

Pavement type Asphalt surface treatment Asphalt penetrated pavements smoothness standard deviation maximal clearance width with curbstone without curbstone vertical section height horizontal gradient asphalt using amount mineral aggregates using amount Asphalt concrete Asphalt gravel pavement Surface total thickness central value extreme value
upper surface thickness

Table E.0.4
Testing method

Checking items

Checking frequency (each roadway)

Quality requirements or permitted deviance Highways, one roads class Other classes roads

Appearance thickness central value extreme value

Overall One point every 200m One point every 200m One point every 200m One point every 200m Overall continuous Overall continuous 10 every 1km until 10 feet 10 every 1km until 10 feet 20 sections every 1km 20 sections every 1km 20 sections every 1km 20 sections every 1km One point every 1km One checking point every 1km 5 points every 1km 5 points every 1km 5 points every 1km 5 points every 1km Overall continuous 10 every 1km until 10 feet 20 sections every 1km 20 sections every 1km 20 sections every 1km 20 sections every 1km One point every 1km One point every 1km 5 point every 1km 1 point every 20km overall 1 point every 5km overall 15mm 0.3% 0.3% Meet design rate 95% (98%) Meet design needs Meet design needs Meet design needs Meet design needs Meet design needs 2cm 8mm 15mm 4mm 8mm 1.8mm

Compact without loose

Visual observation Digging pit Digging pit

Surface Surface

5mm 10mm

Penetrated5mm or 8%

Penetrated 15mm Surface Surface 3cm

No less than design height

4.5mm 10mm

3m flatness instrument

Penetrated 3.5mm 3cm ruler Ruler Ruler Level instrument Level instrument Extraction Sift after extraction Penetrated 8mm

20cm 0.5% 0.5% 5%

5mm or 8% 10mm or 15%

Drilling Drilling Drilling Drilling

central value extreme value smoothness (standard deviation) (maximal clearance) width with curbstone without curbstone vertical section height horizontal gradient asphalt using amount mineral aggregates rate
compactness central value

2.5mm 5mm 3cm

No less than design width

3m flatness instrument

3cm ruler Ruler Ruler Level instrument Level instrument

Extraction after drilling

20mm 0.5% 0.5% Meet design rate 94% (98%) Meet design needs Meet design needs Meet design needs Meet design needs Meet design needs

Sift after extraction

Sample after drilling

flexure anti-sling surface structure depth friction coefficient swing cross force coefficient

Benkelman beam
Automatic defectgraph

1 point every 5km 1 point every 5km Overall continuous

Sand paving (manual or electric)

Pendulum apparatus Horizontal friction coefficient measure car

86

GB 50092-96

Notes: 1) Highways and class one roads should have their upper surface thickness tested besides surface overall thickness. When the design thickness for other roads is larger than 6cm, the standard should be less than or equal to 6cm based on the percentage of thickness and controlled by standard deviation; 2) The compactness in the table takes Marshall Test density as standard density; when the test section density is the standard density, the compactness standard adopts the value in the bracket; 3) Flexure can be measured by Benkelman beam or automatic defectgraph with the measuring time provided by the design; if there is no provision, record the actual measure values; 4) The friction coefficient swing or cross force coefficient of anti-sliding surface should be based on design requirements to decide whether to test it or not, and the test time is prescribed by the design; 5) All the indexes should be evaluated respectively; the calculation of central value refers to formula F.0.3 and table F.0.3 in the appendix F of this ordinance.

87

GB 50092-96

Asphalt surface completing inspection and accepting quality standards (city roads)
Pavement type Asphalt surface treatment Asphalt penetrated pavements smoothness standard deviation maximal clearance width with curbstone without curbstone vertical section height horizontal gradient asphalt using amount mineral aggregates using amount Asphalt concrete Asphalt gravel pavement Surface total thickness central value extreme value
upper surface thickness

Table E.0.5
Testing method

Checking items

Checking frequency (each roadway)

Quality requirements or permitted deviance Highways, one roads class Other classes roads

Appearance thickness central value extreme value

Overall One point every 5000m

2 2 2 2

Compact without loose

Visual observation Digging pit Digging pit

Surface Surface

8mm 8mm

One point every 5000m One point every 5000m One point every 5000m Overall continuous Overall continuous

Penetrated15mm Penetrated 15mm Surface Surface 3cm

No less than design height

4.5mm 10mm

3m flatness instrument

Penetrated 3.5mm 3cm ruler Ruler Ruler Level instrument Level instrument Extraction Sift after extraction Penetrated 8mm

2 every 200m until 10 feet 2 every 200m until 10 feet 2 sections every 100m 2 sections every 100m 2 sections every 100m 2 sections every 100m One point every 5000m 5000m
2 2

20cm 0.4% 0.5% 5%

One checking point every

1 points every 4000m2 1 points every 4000m2 1 points every 4000m2 1 points every 4000m Overall continuous 10 every 1km until 10 feet 2 sections every 100m 2 sections every 100m 5 sections every 100m 5 sections every 100m 1 point every 4000m
2 2 2 2

8mm 15mm 4mm 8mm 2.0mm 2cm 15mm 0.3% 0.3% Meet design rate 95% (98%) Meet design needs Meet design needs Meet design needs Meet design needs Meet design needs

10mm 15mm

Drilling Drilling Drilling Drilling

central value extreme value smoothness (standard deviation) (maximal clearance) width with curbstone without curbstone vertical section height horizontal gradient asphalt using amount mineral aggregates rate
compactness central value

2.6mm 5mm 3cm

No less than design width

3m flatness instrument

3cm ruler Ruler Ruler Level instrument Level instrument

Extraction after drilling

20mm 0.4% 0.5% Meet design rate 94% (98%) Meet design needs Meet design needs Meet design needs Meet design needs Meet design needs

1 point every 4000m 1 point every 4000m

Sift after extraction

Sample after drilling

flexure anti-sling surface structure depth friction coefficient swing cross force coefficient

1 point every 20km overall 1 point every 5km overall 2 point every 100m 5 point every 100m Overall continuous

Benkelman beam
Automatic defectgraph

Sand paving (manual or electric)

Pendulum apparatus Horizontal friction coefficient measure car

88

GB 50092-96

Notes: 1) Highways and class one roads should have their upper surface thickness tested besides surface overall thickness. When the design thickness for other roads is larger than 6cm, the standard should be less than or equal to 6cm based on the percentage of thickness and controlled by standard deviation; 2) The compactness in the table takes Marshall Test density as standard density; when the test section density is the standard density, the compactness standard adopts the value in the bracket; 3) Flexure can be measured by Benkelman beam or automatic defectgraph with the measuring time provided by the design; if there is no provision, record the actual measure values; 4) The friction coefficient swing or cross force coefficient of anti-sliding surface should be based on design requirements to decide whether to test it or not, and the test time is prescribed by the design; 5) All the indexes should be evaluated respectively; the calculation of central value refers to formula F.0.3 and table F.0.3 in the appendix F of this ordinance.

89

GB 50092-96

Sidewalk asphalt surface project quality standards

Checking items thickness Smoothness (maximal clearance) width horizontal gradient Asphalt concrete Other asphalt surfaces Permitted deviance 5mm 5mm 7mm 2cm 0.3%

Table E.0.6
Checking method Drilling or digging 3cm ruler ruler Level instrument

Checking frequency One every 100m 2 every 200m until 10 feet 2 every 100m 2 every 100m

Cement concrete bridge surface asphalt paving project quality standards

Checking items Checking frequency Permitted deviance Highways, class one roads, city thickness Smoothness (standard deviation) Smoothness (maximal clearance) width compactness gradient Midline height Other 2 every 100m Continuous measuring Continuous measuring 10 every 100m 2 every 100m 10 every 100m 10 every 100m 0~5mm 96% 0.3% 0~10mm Same to Table E.0.5 and E.0.6 in appendix E 3mm 5mm expressways and primary roads 0~10mm 1.8mm 2.5mm Other roads and city roads

Table E.0.7
Checking method

Digging and measure with ruler 3m flatness instrument 3m ruler ruler digging Level instrument Level instrument

Curb project quality standards

Checking items Straightness Precast and adjacent ones height difference Precast and adjacent ones crack width Vertical curb top height Cement concrete curbs precast strength Asphalt concrete curbs compactness Quality requirements or permitted deviance 10mm 3mm 3mm 10mm 25MPa 95%

Table E.0.8
Checking frequency 2 checking points every 100m 5 checking points every 100m 5 checking points every 100m 5 checking points every 100m 1 checking point every 1km 1 checking point every 1km Checking method Maximal value for 20ms lines Steel ruler Steel ruler Level instrument Test trial for measurement Sampling test

90

GB 50092-96

Appendix F Asphalt surface compactness calculation and standard density determination method F.0.1 Asphalt surface compactness is calculated according to formula F.0.1:

D 100% D0

(F.0.1)

In the formula Kthe compactness of certain part in asphalt surface (%); Dthe actual density of asphalt mixture measured by test (g/cm3); D0the compact standard density of asphalt mixture (g/cm3). F.0.2 The average compactness, standard degree and variation coefficient of evaluated section should be calculated according to F.0.2-1, F.0.2-2, and F.0.2-3: K K 2 ....... K n (F.0.2-1) K0 1 N
S

K1 K 0 2 K 2 K 0 2 ...... K n K 0 2
N 1 CV S K0 (F.0.2-2)

(F.0.2-2)

K0the average compactness of an evaluated section (%); Sthe standard deviation of measured compactness of an evaluated section (%); CVthe variation coefficient of measured compactness of an evaluated section (%); K1, K2, , Knthe compactness of all the checking points in the evaluated section (%); Nthe total of all the checking points in the evaluated section with its freedom degree N-1. F.0.3 The compactness central value for a certain evaluated section is calculated according to the formula F.0.3:
K ' K 0 ta S N

In the formula

(F.0.3)

In the formula

Kthe compactness central value for a certain evaluated section (%); tat coefficient varying with freedom degree and guarantee rate distributed in the table; its value should be determined according to Table F.0.3.

91

GB 50092-96

ta
Checking points number N 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Highways, class one roads, city expressways and primary roads 4.465 1.686 1.177 0.953 0.823 0.734 0.670 0.620 0.580 0.546 0.518 0.494 0.473 0.455 0.438 0.432 0.410 0.398

N Value

Table F.0.3 Checking points number N 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Highways, class one roads, city expressways and primary roads 0.387 0.376 0.367 0.358 0.350 0.342 0.335 0.328 0.322 0.316 0.310 0.266 0.237 0.216 0.199 0.186 0.175 0.166 Other classes roads and city roads 0.297 0.289 0.282 0.275 0.269 0.264 0.258 0.263 0.248 0.244 0.239 0.206 0.184 0.167 0.155 0.145 0.136 0.129

Other classes roads and city roads 2.176 1.089 0,819 0,686 0,603 0.544 0.500 0.466 0.437 0.414 0.393 0.376 0.361 0.347 0.335 0.324 0.314 0.305

Note: The table applies to compactness and thickness, etc unilateral inspection requirements with 95% guarantee rate for highways, class one roads, city expressways and primary roads, and 90% guarantee rate for other roads and city roads.

F.0.4 The standard density for asphalt mixture should be based on asphalt mixing factorys sampling test and Marshall density. Asphalt mixing factory should sample once a day or twice a day to carry out Marshall Test to test the trials density according to the requirements; the actual measuring Marshall test densities average value (the trials number should be no less than 4~6) is taken as the standard density for calculating the compactness of this mixture. F.0.5 Asphalt gravel and coarse particle asphalt concrete mixture can take the average density of drilling trials in testing section as their standard densities, and the measurement method of density should be the same as that of drilling trials in testing section. Under such circumstance, the testing section should be paved with by supervising manager or project quality supervising personnel in association with constructing department; when the temperature and road roller are reasonable, roll and compact the road until it has no trace of tires, then use nucleus densitometer to check the density regularly until the density doesnt change. Afterwards, the average density of no less than 15 drilling trials is taken as the standard density for calculating compactness.

92

GB 50092-96

Appendix G Construction quality dynamics management methods G.0.1 The construction organization should take the variation coefficient (or standard deviation) of testing quality indexes as the main evaluating index for construction level. All the construction organizations should take lessons from constructions and establish various constructing quality index variation coefficient permitted scope according to the requirements in Chapter 11 and take it as its objective of organization management. The constructing objectives of construction organization should meet the requirements of Appendix E in this ordinance. G.0.2 Construction organization should utilize computer to establish project quality data and input the testing results into the database at any time in the process of highways, class one roads, city expressways and primary roads construction,

meantime, it should calculate the average value X (expectation value), level difference R, standard deviation S and variation coefficient CV, and then gather the values for arrangement. The recorded content should include sampling position, test clerk, test program, test method, test results and the evaluation of qualification. G.0.3 Construction quality control should adopt average value and level difference control chart ( X -R chart, such as chart G.0.3-1) method to draw control chart with test results and constructing quality column diagram or normal distributing curve (chart G.0.3-2) with the proceeding of construction. The control chart can be reviewed by relevant personnel at any time. If there is an increase of standard deviation and variation coefficient in the chart, analyze the reasons and seek for the solutions. G.0.4 In X -R control chart, the average value X should be the central line CL; the quality controls upper limit UCL and its lower limit LCL should be marked to indicate the permitted constructing natural fluctuation scope. When the result exceeds quality controls upper limit and lower limit scope, it is an abnormal construction or the test data are abnormal. The CL, UCL and LCL should be calculated according to the formula G.0.4-1~G.0.46. In X chart: CL X (G.0.4-1) (G.0.4-2) (G.0.4-3) (G.0.4-4)

UCL X A2 R LCL X A2 R
In R chart: CL R

93

GB 50092-96

X chart
Standard upper limit Quality control upper limit Expectation value Quality control lower limit level Standard lower limit Quality control upper limit

The average value X for measured values The

difference R of measured values

Chart G.0.3-1 Project quality index control chart example (flow value, 0.1mm)
(Every point in the chart is the average value X or level difference R of three trials for every measurement.) Frequency Standard lower limit=40

Standard lower limit=20

Flow value (0.1mm) Column chart normal distributing curve

Frequency

Flow value (0.1mm)

94

GB 50092-96

Chart G.0.3-2 Project quality test results column chart and normal distributing curve examples

UCL D4 R
LCL D3 R

(G.0.4-5) (G.0.4-6)

In the formula

CLthe central line in X -R control chart; UCLthe quality control upper limit in X -R control chart; LCLthe quality control lower limit in X -R control chart;

X the average value of the average values X of measured

results in a phase;

R the average value of the average values R of measured

results in a phase; A2, D3, D4control chart coefficient decided by the test times of a group test results, its value is determined by table G.0.4.
Control chart coefficient table Test times n for a group test results 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 d2 1.128 1.693 2.059 2.326 2.534 2.704 2.847 2.970 3.078 d3 0.853 0.888 0.880 0.864 0.848 0.833 0.820 0.808 0.797 A2 1.880 1.023 0.729 0.577 0.483 0.419 0.373 0.337 0.308 Table G.0.4 D4 3.267 2.575 0.282 2.115 2.004 1.924 1.864 1.816 1.777 D3 0.076 0.136 0.184 0.233

3 d2 n

1 3

d3 d2

1 3

d3 d2

G.0.5 The X -R control chart and column chart can be marked with quality standards or permitted deviation scope according to the provisions in Appendix E. If the scope is violated, it means that the construction is unqualified and should be treated. G.0.6 The X -R control chart and column chart can be marked with permitted scope of organization management objectives. If the scope is violated which indicating the decrease of constructing level, solutions should be worked out.
95

GB 50092-96

G.0.7 After the construction, it is necessary for the construction organization to gather the total data to calculate the average value, standard deviation and variation coefficient and draw the constructing quality column chart or normal distributing curve of the whole project as the organization management objective for the next project.

96

GB 50092-96

Appendix H Wording explanations for this regulation H.0.1 Implement the provisions strictly according to the wording degrees of this ordinance; the explanation is give below in order to treat the provisions differently. (1) Words indicating that it is very strict and it must be done: Positive words generally use must; Negative words generally use is prohibited. (2) Words indicating that it is strict and it should be done under normal circumstances: Positive words generally use shall; Negative words generally use "should not" or "must not." (3) Words indicating that it is optional, and it should be done firstly if conditions permit: Positive words generally use "desirable" or "can"; Negative words generally used "not desirable". H.0.2 If the provisions must be implemented in accordance with specified standards, norms or other relevant provisions, write them in this way "implement... according to" or in line with the requirements of ... .....

97

GB 50092-96

Additional explanations:

The list of chief editing organization, attending organizations and main draftsmen for this regulation
Chief editing organization: Ministry of Communications Highway Research Institute Attending organizations: Shanghai Municipal Project Research Institute Beijing Highway Bureau Beijing Municipal Project Research Institute Communications Department of Liaoning Province Xian Highway Research Institute Main draftsmen: Chen Jinan Li Fupu Wu Fusheng Liang Weiguang Jiang Xizhi Xie Chanting Sun Kuizeng Zhong Guilan

98