Geography Class Sixth : Chapter 1 S.

No Topics 1 Speed of Light 2 Sun 3 4 Milky Way Spiral Shape Kalpana Chawla

5 6

Proxima Centauri Light Year

Description The speed of light is 300,000 kilometres per second. The light from the Sun, which is also a star nearest to the Earth, takes 8.3 minutes to reach the Earth. The galaxy that the solar system belongs to is known as the Milky Way. The Haryana born Kalpana Chawla, first Indian American woman astronaut began her carrier at Research center in America. On 16-1-2003 she along with five other astronauts travelled to International Space Lab in the space shuttle Columbia. On 1-2-2003 the space shuttle Columbia while returning to earth at a speed of 20113 km. per hour carrying the astronauts exploded and burnt down The star nearer to the earth is Proxima Centauri. The distance between the Earth and the stars is measured using a unit known as the light year. Main Source of Energy. Temp in Sun : 6000 deg Celsius.Surface). Core of the Sun: 15,000,000 deg Celsius. 92% - Hydrogen. 7.8% Helium. 0.2% of Other Gases. The Sun shines as a consequence of the fusion of hydrogen into helium, which is constantly taking place in its core. The solar family consists of nine planets namely Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto and their satellites; Asteroids, Meteorites and Comets. All the planets in the solar family are controlled by the gravitational force of the Sun. These rock fragments are also called the Flying Mountains of the Universe. The first planet positioned near the Sun is Mercury. Min temp: -170 deg Celsius. Max temp: 350 deg Celsius. Venus is positioned second from the Sun and it is next to Mercury. Max Temp: 480 deg Celsius. Morning Star/ Evening Star Rotates east to west. Venus is positioned second from the Sun and it is next to Mercury. Water 71%.

Class Sixth : Chapter 2 7 Sun

8 9

Nuclear Fusion Solar Family

10 11

Gravitational Force of the Sun Rock Fragments

Class Sixth : Chapter 3 12 Mercury

13

Venus

14

Earth

Land 29% 7 Continents, 4 Oceans. Asia, Africa, South America, North America, Europe, Antartica, Australia 16 Oceans Pacific, Antartic, Artic, Indian Ocean. 17 Earths Atmosphere 78% Nitrogen 21% Oxygen 0.03% Carbon-di-Oxide. 0.9% Argon. Water Vapour, and Dust Particles. 18 Mars Mars is positioned fourth from the Sun. As it is far from Red Planet the Sun, about 230 Celsius temperature prevails during day and about -1010 Celsius during night. 19 Jupiter Biggest Fifth from the Sun. 20 Saturn Positioned Sixth from the Sun. There are 7 rings around the Planet. 21 Uranus and Neptune. Blue. 22 Pluto Smallest Pluto is the smallest and also the farthest planet of the solar system. Class Sixth : Chapter 4 23 Mercury and Venus Does not have satellites of their own. 24 Earth and Pluto Have on Satellite each. 25 Other Planets Have more than Satellite each. 26 Moon Only natural Satellite of the earth. One rotation / One revolution around the earth. 27.3 days. No atmosphere on the moon. It reflects the light of the Sun. 27 Neil Amstrong Neil Armstrong, an American astronaut is the first to set foot on the Moon. He and Edwin, pilot of the Apollo collected rock and soil samples for analysis. 28 New Moon Moon is in between earth and the Sun. 29 Full Moon Earth is in between the Sun and the Moon. 30 New Moon Full Moon 29 1/2 days. 31 Eclipses Eclipses occur when the light thus received is either blocked by the earth or by the Moon. Orbit of the moon around the earth is tilted about 50 than the orbit of the Earth around the Sun. Sun, Earth, Moon Lunar Eclipse Sun, Moon, Earth Solar Eclipse. Class Sixth : Chapter 5 32 Latitudes and Longitudes Geographers have designed imaginary lines as addresses to locate the places on the earth. Such lines are called the latitudes and the longitudes. 33 Equator Equator divides the globe into two equal halves. The northern half of the equator is the Northern hemisphere and 15 Seven Continents

34

Latitudes

35

Important Latitudes

36

Longitudes

37

Greenwich Meridian

38

India

the southern half of the equator is the Southern hemisphere. Latitudes are imaginary lines that are drawn from east to west as parallels on the globe. The parallel lines north of the equator are called the north latitudes and those that are south of the equator are called the south latitudes. North Pole 90 deg North. South Pole 90 deg South. Tropic of Cancer 23 North Tropic of Capricon 23 South Artic Circle 66 North Antartic Circle 66 South We know that the 900 N. is the North Pole and 900 S. is the South Pole. The imaginary line that joins both the north and south poles is called longitude. The eastern half, east of 00 longitude is called the eastern hemisphere and the western half, west of 00 longitude is called the western hemisphere There is an astronomical research institute in Greenwich, a place near London. The longitude that is drawn across Greenwich has been taken as the 00 longitude. This 00 longitude is also called the Greenwich Meridian. Located in the Northern Hemisphere. (Latitude wise) Latitudinal Extension 8 deg North to 37 deg North. Located in the Eastern Hemisphere. (Longitude Wise) Longitudinal Extension 68 deg East to 96 deg East. It is inclined 23 deg to the vertical. Earth takes 24 hours to complete one rotation. It is assumed in India that the Sun migrates towards north from the Tropic of Capricorn on 14th 15th January. This day is celebrated as Pongal in Tamil Nadu and as Mahara Sankaranthi in other states. Similarly it is assumed that the Sun migrates towards south from the Tropic of Cancer on 2nd 3rd August. This is celebrated as Adiperukku in Tamil Nadu. The Shape of the Earth is Spherical. Between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricon Torrid Zone. Between 23 deg N- 66 North and 23 S 66 deg South - Temparate Zones.

Class Sixth : Chapter 6 39 Axis of the Earth

40

Season

Class Sixth : Chapter 7 41 Earth 42 Zones

Between 66 N North pole and 66 S South Pole Frigid Zones.

43

Indian Standard time

44

World Standard time Greenwich Mean Time

45

Japan

India extends from 680E longitude to 970E longitude. Therefore 820 30 Longitude is taken as the central meridian in India. (680E longitude + 970E longitude = 165/2 = 820 30E. longitude). The 820 30 is the central meridian of India. When the Sun is directly on this longitude, the time in India is 12 Noon. This time is assumed as the standard time of India. There are 360 longitudes drawn on the Globe. The central meridian is the Greenwich Meridian (00 long.). When the Sun shines directly on this longitude it is taken as 12Noon and it is considered as World Standard Time. Japanese who live in the borders of eastern hemisphere see the Sunrise first in the world. Therefore Japan is called as the Land of Rising Sun. Earth Blue Pearl. Polyps Corals Oysters Pearls (Sea Organisms). Largest eco system on the earth. The skeletons of the corals are very rich in calcium carbonate. Our country India is in the Southern part of the Asian continent. India is surrounded on three sides by water. Therefore India is called a Peninsula. The highest mountain range in the world is the Himalayas and they form the northern boundary of India. Elevated landmasses with flat tops and steep sides are called plateaus. They are also known as tablelands. The Tibetan plateau is the worlds highest plateau. 1. Alluvial plains - Formed by deposits of rivers 2. Loess plains - Formed by wind deposits 3. Coastal plains - Formed by wave action . Ex: Gangetic Plain of India. The deepest part of the Earth is the Mariana trench in the Pacific ocean. Out of the total water covering the Earths surface, 97 percent is salt water from the seas and oceans and only the remaining 3 percent is fresh water.

Class Sixth : Chapter 8 46 Neil Amstrong 47 Corals and Pearls

48 49

Coral Reef Corals

Class Seven : Chapter 1 1 India

2 3

Himalayas Plateau

Plains Favourable for human settlements Deepest Part Water

5 6

7 8

Atmosphere Bacterium

9 Earth Class Seven : Chapter 2 10 Atmosphere

Air is colourless, odourless and tasteless. The oldest known living creature, the simple single-celled bacterium, took form in the Earths oceans some 2.5 billion years ago. Earth was formed 4.6 billion Years ago. Air is a mixture of gases such as Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Argon, Neon, Methane, Ozone, Helium, Hydrogen and many other gases. It extends for a height of 500 Km above the Earths surface. This layer of air enveloping the Earths surface is called atmosphere. Due to Earths gravity the air is attached to the Earths surface. Along with the Earth the atmosphere also rotates Nitrogen does not have colour, odour or taste. It has the property of extinguishing fire. Bacteria Nitrate Helps in Plant growth. Oxygen is used in respiration by all living things. Oxygen also helps in body metabolism. plants convert Carbondi- oxide into Carbohydrates, which is an important source of energy for animals and human beings. Carbon dioxide is heavier than any other gas. It has the property of absorbing heat. Due to intense heat and pressure, the buried vegetation turned into Carbon rich fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum. The dust particles in the atmosphere are able to scatter 7 percent of energy coming from the Sun. They also act as nuclei in the conversion of water-vapour into water droplets. The density of air decreases rapidly with increasing altitude. Equator 16 KM Poles 8 KM 80 Percent of air. Between 16 Km 50 Km 19 Percent of air. Temparature remains constant. Within the stratosphere, between 20 and 35 km above the Earths surface, lies the ozone layer. The Ozone layer filters the ultraviolet rays and prevents them from reaching the Earths surface. Human beings and animals are thus protected from the harmful ultraviolet rays which can cause skin diseases and cancer. Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) used as a refrigerant, does not have any harmful effect in the troposphere. When CFC reaches the stratosphere it reacts with the ultra-violet rays from the Sun thereby isolating the chlorine molecule. The chlorine molecule chemically reacts with Ozone (O3) present

11

Nitrogen

12 13 14 15

Oxygen Photosynthesis Carbon-di-Oxide Fossil Fuels

16

Dust Particles

17 18

Air Troposhpere

19

Stratosphere

20

Ozone Layer

21

Ozone depletion

22

Montreal Protocol

23

Green House gases

24 25 26 27 28

Mesosphere Thermosphere / Ionosphere Exosphere Atmosphere Radio Broadcasting

in the stratosphere and splits it into Oxygen and Chlorine mono-oxide. Thus it weakens the Ozone in the atmosphere. This is known as ozone depletion. Continued depletion can cause holes in the Ozone layer. Through these Ozone holes the harmful ultra-violet rays can reach the Earths surface. In 1987 the Montreal Protocol, a treaty for protection of the Ozone layer, was signed by 36 nations including the USA. In 1989 a total ban on the use of CFCs was proposed by the European Union to be enforced by the Developed Nations by 1995 and the Developing Nations by 2010. Carbon di oxide Methane Nitrous Oxide Sulphur Hexa Floride Between 50 KM 80 KM Between 80 500 KM Outer Space. The atmosphere prevents the Earth from becoming too hot during the day or too cold during the night. In Radio broadcasting sound waves are converted into electromagnetic waves and sent to the atmosphere. The layer of ionosphere in the atmosphere reflects the electro-magnetic waves back to the Earths surface. Thus we are able to listen to radio broadcasts that are made at different places of the world. 1. The visible Sunrays that consists of seven colours 2. The invisible Sunrays consisting of Gama rays, X rays, Ultraviolet rays, Infra red rays and Radio waves. It emits hear in Short wave radiation. This short wave radiation can travel a distance of 150 million km to reach and heat the Earth. There is a vacuum between the upper limit of the atmosphere and the Sun. Since the area between the Sun and the Earths atmosphere is a void or vacuum, the Sun radiates its heat to the Earth. Radiation is a method by which heat is conducted without a medium. The process of heat transfer from one molecule and another molecule is known as conduction. Isotherms are imaginary lines joining places having the same temperature The difference between the daily maximum and minimum temperature is known as the diurnal range of temperature.

Class Seven : Chapter 3 29 Solar Radiation

30

Sun

31

Vaccum

32 33 34 35

Radiation Conduction Isotherms Diurnal range of temperature

36

Annual range of temperature

37

Zones

38 39

Temparatures Hot and Cold winds

The difference between the daily maximum and minimum temperature is known as the diurnal range of temperature. The difference between the average monthly maximum and minimum temperatures is known as the annual range of temperature. Equatorial Zone 5 N 5 deg S Tropical Zone 5 -30 N and 5 30 S Temparate Zone 30 60 N and 30- 60 S Frigid Zone 60 N and 60 S 6.5 deg Celsius for 1000 meters(decreases). Hot Winds High temperature. Cold Winds Low temperature. I Kg per Square cm.[Air column]. The weight of air resting on the Earths surface exerts pressure on the Earths surface. The pressure exerted on the Earth by the atmosphere is called the atmospheric pressure. An instrument called a barometer measures atmospheric pressure, and it is expressed in millibars. Isobars are imaginary lines, drawn on maps joining various places having equal pressure. In the weather maps, pressure distribution is shown by isobars. The air pressure decreases steadily as the height increases above sea level. There is a decrease of one millibar for every 10 meters rise in elevation. The pressure difference between any two places at a particular distance is defined as pressure gradient. Rain: Whole of India except east coast. Entire Tamil Nadu and Eastern Coast of India receive rainfall due to the North - East monsoon wind. Sea and land breeze are blow in opposite directions over the coastal belt everyday. Cyclones are intense low-pressure systems towards which winds move in from all directions. Cyclones bring heavy rainfall and are associated with high speed winds. They cause damage to both life and property. Bay of Bengal: September, October and November. North America and West Indies. Typhoons in China and Japan. Storms in India. Willy Willy in Australia. Sumoon in Arabia.

Class Seven : Chapter 4 40 Weight of Air

41

42

Barometer Avg. air pressure at sea level. 1013 millibars. Isobars

43

Air Pressure

44

Pressure Gradient

Class Seven : Chapter 5 45 South west Monsoon June September 46 North East Monsoon 47 48 Sea and Land Breezes Cyclone

49

Cyclone Names

50

Hot Winds

51

Coastal Winds

Bosiquiss in Philliphines. Foehn Swiss Alps. Loo India 45 -50 deg Celsius. Chinook blows down the Rockies of North America to the prairies. Sirocco - blows from the Sahara desert northwards over the Mediterarian-sea to reach Southern Italy. Mistral and Bora.

Class Seven : Chapter 6 52 Humidity 53 Dew Point 54 55 Evaporation Evapo Transpiration

The amount of Water Vapour present in the air. The temperature at which the air column becomes saturated is called dew point. The process by which the water gets transformed into the gaseous state is called evaporation. Water-vapour from all these sources that mixes with the atmosphere is responsible for causing rainfall. Because plants

56 57

Condensation Clouds

58 59 60

Dew Rainfall Fog

61 62

Mist Deccan Plateau

are responsible for supplying water-vapour, we have to grow more plants and trees. Condensation is a process by which water-vapour is converted into water particles. One form of condensation that takes place at higher altitudes are clouds. Minute water particles and ice particles stick to dust particles that are present in the atmosphere. They join together to form clouds. These tiny water droplets are called as dew. Dew is formed. The falling of water droplets from the atmosphere is called as rain fall. When condensation takes place near the Earths surface fog is formed. Fog is defined as a cloud whose base is at or very near the ground. Mist is also a kind of fog, much thinner than the fog. Mist reduces visibility slightly. Rain Shadow region.

Class Seven : Chapter 7 63 Equatorial Climate 64 Tropical Climate

65 66 67 68

Sub Tropical Climate Temparate Climate Sub Polar Climate Polar Climate

5 N- 5S. The annual average temperature of this zone is 27C the annual average rainfall is about 250 cm. 5 25N and 5 25S. The tropical region receives rainfall only for a few months of a year. So, there are well marked rainy and dry season in a year. The average rainfall is lesser than the rainfall of the equatorial region. 25 35N and 25 35S. The subtropical belt experiences warm summers and cool winters. 35 60N and 35 60S. Summers are cool and winters are very cold. 60- 70 N and 60 70S. The region lying beyond 70 North and South of the equator experience polar climate. Temperature is below freezing point throughout the year. Soil is made up of minute particles of disintegrated rocks, containing minerals, decomposed organic matter and Bacteria. River Bed Sand Ponds and Lakes Alluvial Soil. Red Soil, Black Soil. Sand is not suitable for agriculture. However coconut trees grow well in this soil where the rainfall is heavy. Trees like casuarina, cashewnuts etc., also grow well in sandy region. Rich Potassium and Deficient Phosphorous. Suitable for agriculture. Crops like paddy, sugarcane, plaintain etc., grow well on Alluvial soil. Fertile alluvial soil is used for making bricks. Ion Content is very high. Red soil is moderately fertile and suitable for agriculture. Crops like redgram, Bengal gram, Greengram and oil seeds like groundnut, castor seed etc., grow well in this soil. Hence, this soil is capable of supporting plant growth even if the rainfall is very low. It is rich in calcium, pottasium, magnesium, aluminium, iron and other carbonates. This soil is poor in nitrogen content. Black soil is suitable for agriculture. Crops like cotton, tobacco, chilli, oil seeds, jowar, ragi, maize, etc., grow well in this soil. They germinate and grow naturally without the effort of man and are known as natural vegetation. Teak and Sal.

Class Seven : Chapter 8 69 Soil

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Sand

71

Alluvial Soil

72

Red Soil

73

Black Soil

Class Seven : Chapter 9 74 Natural Vegetation 75 Decidious trees

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Coniferous Trees Evergreen Forests

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Deciduous Forest

79

Deserts

80 Plants 81 Silent Valley in Kerala Class Eight : Chapter 1,2,3 82 Mountain 83 84 85 86 Lava Mauna Loa Paricutin Barren Island

Pine , fir, Laurch and Spruce. Evergreen forests are found in the equatorial regions where the temperature and rainfall is very high. Due to heavy rainfall throughout the years, these forests are evergreen. Trees like teak, mahogany, ebony and rosewood are found here. These forests are found in the Amazon basin of South America and Congo basin or Zaire in Africa. The Silent Valley in Kerala is the best example of evergreen forests in India. The trees of the deciduous forests shed their leaves at a particular time of the year. They are also called monsoon forests. The important trees found here are teak, sal, sandalwood and pillamarudhu. They are Oak, Cyprus, Maple and Olive. These are used to make furniture. Hot: Cactus, prickly pear aloe and thorny bushes are found here. Such vegetation are found in the Sahara and Kalahari deserts of Africa. Thar desert of India and the great Australian desert. Cold: These deserts are Gobi deserts of China Taklamakan of Tibet. Patagonian desert of South America. Plants provide us with oxygen. Evergreen Forests A mountain can be defined as an area of land that rises abruptly from the surrounding region Temparature: 1100 deg Celsius. Hawaii Mexico City Only active volcano in India Subcontinent, located 135 km east of Port Blair, in east Andaman Sea and is a part of Andaman Nicobar chain of islands in the Indian Ocean Tiltmeter to measure the expansion of a volcanoe. Thermometers to check temperature increases in the area, and gas detectors to measure the amount of gas. Ajantha Caves Curved in the basaltic lava This geothermal energy is used to produce electricity. One of the most spectacular volcanic eruptions in recorded history occurred in 1883 with the explosion of Krakatoa, an island in the Sunda Strait near Java. Lava plateaus are built by the accumulation of basalt released by volcanic activity. The Deccan Traps are one of the largest volcanic provinces in the world. Gradual Increase in temp with depth is called geothermal gradient.

87 88 89 90 91

Tiltmeter Thermometers Ajanta Caves Geothermal Energy Krakotoa

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Lava Plateau

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Geothermal gradient

Class Eight : Chapter 4 94 January 26th 2001

95 96 97

Epicentre Earthquake Waves Ritcher Scale

Bhuj in Gujarat , India experienced a major earthquake recently on January 26th 2001, The damage was extreme with nearly 20,000 people killed and over 150,000 injured. The point on earth surface above the focus is called as epicenter. Seismic Waves Earthquakes are measured using something called the Richter scale. Basalt(extrusive) and Granite.(Intrusive) One of the commonest sedimentary rock is sandstone, lime stone and coal Cement made from limestone and other rocks serves to bind crushed stone into strong, long-lasting concrete for buildings, dams, and highways. Metals such as aluminum, iron, lead, and tin come from rocks called ores. Radium and Uranium. Diamonds mined in Africa and Arkansas come from a rock called peridotite. Emeralds are found in black limestone in Colombia. The removal of rock and soil by natural processes is known as Erosion. Northern Arizona.(Colorodo River) River Cauvery is the only major river in Tamilnadu. This is an interstate river with many tributaries lying in Karnataka and Tamilnadu States. Origin: Coorg Middle: The tributaries such as Bhavani, Amaravathi, and Noyyal join the river cauvery while flowing through the Deccan plateau. A deep, steep-walled, V-shaped valley cut by a river through resistant rock is often called a canyon. Smaller valleys of similar appearance are called gorges . The forward motion of the river is checked upon when a river enters an ocean. So, the river deposits its load of sediments near the mouth of the river. This is known as Delta. In Europe. Malaspina Glacier on Yakutat Bay in Alaska Wind speed. Hwang Ho Largest Ocean The Caribbean, Mediterranean, Baltic, Arctic Seas, and the Gulf of Mexico

Class Eight : Chapter 5 98 Igneous Rocks 99 Sedimentary Rocks 100 Cement

101 102 103 104

Ores Peridodite Black Limestone Erosion

Class Eight : Chapter 6- 13 105 Great Canyon 106 Cauvery

107 108 109

Canyon Gorges Delta

110 111 112 113 114

Glaciers large Size of Waves Yellow River Pacific Ocean Shallow Seas

115 116 117 118 119 120 121

Indian Ocean Continental Self Hazard Disastar Pirpanchal Foothills Flood Prone Areas Eastern Coast line

122 Nilgris 123 Kumbakonam Tragedy 124 Bhopal Class Nine : Chapter 1 125 Capitalism

Smallest of the three Oceans. Northwestern Europe and the coastal areas around Japan are the largest fishing grounds in the world. Hazard is a natural event. It is nothing but the consequence of hazard. Himalayas. Known for avalanche. Ganga and Brahmaputra Basins. The eastern coastline of India, is more prone to cyclones as it hit by about 80% of total cyclones generated in the region. About 4 to 6 such storms originate in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea every year. Avalanche Valley. 2004. Methyl Iso Cyanate. Union Carbide India Limited. 1984 Capitalism is an economic system in which capital goods are owned, operated and traded by private individuals, businesses, or corporations for the purpose of profit. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods, and the creation of an egalitarian society Nationalism can refer to an ideology, a sentiment, a form of culture, or a social movement that focuses on the nation. 193. The top three countries with very high density are Monaco, Singapore and Vatican city. Mumbai. Luxembourg ($ 45,348), Japan ($ 34,556), Norway, ($ 34,356), United States of America ($ 33,922), and Sweden ($ 27,536). Congo ($ 18), Ethiopia ($ 94), Myanmar ($ 122), and Bhutan ($ 147). French, Portugese, Spanish and English Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam. They were aggressive against each other, spied on each other, and also fought proxy wars in the third world countries. A tiger economy is the economy of a country which undergoes rapid economic growth, usually accompanied by an increase in standard of living. Pravasi Bharathiya Divas Brazil, Russia, India, and China.

126

Socialism

127 128 129 130 131

Nationalism Total Countries High density of Pop. (Countries) Worlds largest City High per Capita Income

132 133 134 135

Low Per Capita Income Indo European Languages Dravidian Languages Cold War [ USA,Russia]

136

137 138

Tiger Economy Hongkong, Singapore, Taiwan, Malasyia, Thailand, South Korea. January 9th BRIC

Class Nine : Chapter 2 139 GDP Gross Domestic Product 140 Standard of Living 141 Human Development Index 1990

142 143

WWW Third World Countries

The GDP is actually the market values of goods and services produced in that country. The GDP of a country divided by the number of its population gives rise to standard of living. The Human Development Index (HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of life expectancy, literacy, educational attainment, and GDP per capita for countries worldwide. World Wide Web All economically backward countries, trying hard for developing their societies, were called the Third World countries. Among the criteria used in dividing the world into regions is productivity. Savannas (Africa, India, Australia and in the north of the South America) and Mediterranean and mid latitude grasslands. Sahara Africa.(North) Canada, Russia and Scandinavian Countries. Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia.

Class Nine : Chapter 3 144 Productivity 145 Vegetative lands

Worlds largest desert Coniferous forests Nomads Midnight Sun countries. Class Nine : Chapter 4,5 149 Nilgris Thottabetta 150 Rivers in Tamilnadu 151 152 153 Madras presidency January 14th 1969 Time

146 147 148

Eastern and Western Ghats meet. Cauvery, Then Pennai, Palar, Vaigai and Tamiravaruni, they depend on the seasonal rainfall. Tamilnadu, Andhrapradesh and Kerala. Madras State was renamed as Tamil Nadu Sirupozhuthu A day 6 Vaigarai, Kalai, Nanpagal, Yerpadu, Malai and Yamam. Perumpozhuthu A Year 6 Seasons( 2 months) Kar, Kuthir, Munpani, Pinpani, Ilavenil and Muduvenil. Every thinai has the three aspects of mudal, karu, and uri. These five regions were deliberately sung as the ulagam or the world by Tholkappiyar. Anamalai, Palani, Kodaikanal, Kutralam, Mahendragiri or the Agathiyar hills. Highest peak in South India. Gateway to Kerala. Blossoms for every 12 years. It separates the Aundipatti hills and Varushanad Hills. The Eastern Ghats extend in the form of detached hills such as the Javadhus, Shevroys, the Kalrayans, the Kollimalais and the Pachaimalais.

154

Thinai

155 156 157 158 159 160

Hills Anaimudi Palghat Kurunji Flower Kambam Hills Eastern ghats

161 162 163 164 165 166 167

Yercaud Solaikadu, Kolli hills Pachaimalai Baramal Plateau Coimbatore Plateau Nilgris Plateau Plains

Shevroy hills, Salem Bauxite Black Granite. Continuation of Mysore Plateau Coimbatore, Salem, Erode. This is separated from the Mysore plateau by the Moyar river in the north. (a) the Cormandel coastal plains; (b) the Cauvery Alluvial Plains and (c) the dry southern Coromandel coastal plains. The average weather conditions of a place from anywhere between 30 years to 150 years become the climate of that place. January to March : Dry Weather April and May : Hot Weather June to September : Southwest Monsoon October to December : Northeast Monsoon Period of Scorching Sun. Cauvery in Thanjavur, Thiruvarur, and Nagapattinam districts and also in Villupuram, Cuddalore, Thirunelveli and Kanyakumari districts. Rich: Potassium and Magnesium. Crop: Paddy, sugarcane, banana and turmeric are the main crops grown here. Coimbatore, Ramanathapuram, Tiruchirappalli, Pudukkottai Gypsyum Found. Vedaranyam Iron Oxide Content. 986/1000 It is here the tribes such as the Todas, the Kotas and the Kurumbas live. Javadhu hills, Pachaimalai, Kollimalai and Yercaud hills are the places where Malayali tribes live in very large numbers. Detroit of India Manchester of India 73.5% Kanyakumari 80% Urban Literacy 82.07 % 2nd , Tamilnadu is next to kerala. Cotton and Textile Mills, Sugar and Paper Mills. 13 Million hectares 45P for Agriculture, 18P Forest, 15P Non Agri, 15P fallow. Paddy, millets, sugarcane, cotton and groundnut are some of the important crops of the State.

Class Nine : Chapter 6 - 9 168 Climate

169

Seasons

170 171

Venirkalam Alluvial Soils

172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180

Black Soils Saline Soil Laterite Soil(Red in Colour) Sex ratio Nilgris Malayali Tribes Chennai Coimbatore Literacy Rate

181 182 183

Growth and development Agro based Industries Geographical Area

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Paddy

185

Cotton

186

Coffee and tea

187

Silk Weaving

188 189 190

Sugar Mills Match Industries Paper Mills

191 192 193 194 195

Coach Factory Enfield Pertroleum refineries Neyveli Nuclear Power Plant

196 197 198

Sankar Cement Industrial Development Govt. Organisations

Tamil Nadu is the third ranking state in the production of paddy after Andhra Peadesh and West Bengal. Paddy is cultivated in 3 million hectares and the production is nearly 5 million tonnes. Cotton is the much needed fibre crop. It is a commercial crop. There is government support and incentives for cotton textiles through cooperatives and Sarvodaya Societies. Cities such as Salem, Dharmapuri, Erode, Coimbatore, Vellore, Thanjavur, Madurai and Virudhunagar are important cotton textiles centres. Coffee and tea are the crops cultivated in the plantations of Tamil Nadu. These crops are grown on the slopes of the Nilgiris, Anaimalai, Kodaikanal and Yercaud. This industry buys the silk from Karnataka and processes it before dyeing and using in weaving. It mixes the zari in a good blend and weaves then the silk products. Salem, Dharmapuri, Kanchipuram, Arani, Thirubhuvanam, Kumbakonam and Madurai are some of the important centres of silk weaving. 37 Sugar Mills. Match industries are concentrated in places such as Virudhunagar, Vellore and Sivakasi. Paper Mills use soft wood and sugarcane waste known as the bagasse. Kakithapuram, Sivaganga, Theni, and Thirunelveli are the places where such mills are found. Printing industries are however widespread in the State. Perambur, Chennai. Spare parts in vellore. Manali Chennai. Lignite Corporation The Nuclear Power Station at Kalpakkam is functioning very well. Efforts are afoot to install a nuclear power plant in Kudankulam with assistance from Russia. Thalayuthu. Tamilnadu Ranks 5th in India Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation (TIDCO), the State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu (SIPCOT), and Tamil Nadu State Small Industries Development Corporation (SIDCO) help with the setting up of industries. Gurukuls Birth : 20.7% Death: 8.8%

Class Nine : Chapter 10,11 199 Vedic Schools 200 Birth and Death Rate

201 202

Christian Medical College Cartography

Vellore Cartography is both a science and art of drawing maps and diagrams. The Tropic Cancer divides India into Peninsular and Extra-Peninsular India. As for the land border, it shares its common border with Afghanistan and Pakistan - Northwest, Indo-China and Bhutan -North, and Bangladesh - East. Sri Lanka is separated from India by a strait, known as the Palk Strait. 18 accepted in the Constitution. Zero was invented. Timetaken by the earth to rotate round the sun. The value of "pi" was first calculated by Budhayana, and he explained the concept of what is known as the Pythagorean Theorem. Wireless Communication. Father of Surgery. Runs Parallel to the Narmada Valley. The Satpura mountains are found between the rivers Narmada and the Tapti. Talkad, Porkad, and Palghat. Mount Abu The world's highest summit known as the Everest is on these mountains. Everest is found at the border of Nepal. On the Himalayas of the Indian borders are the peaks such as those of the Kanjan Janga, Daulagiri, and Nanga Parbat. In Himalayas is beautiful. Indo Gangetic Plains, Sutlej Plains and Brahmaputra Plains. Mahanadi, Godavari(AP), Krishna(AP) and Cauvery(KATN). Across Sutlej, Benefits Punjab. March September October February

Class Ten : Chapter 1,2 1 Tropic of Cancer 2 Land border

3 4 5 6 7

Palk Strait Scheduled Languages Aryabhatta Bhaskaracharya Bhdhayana

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Jagdeesh Bose Sushruta Vindhya Mountains Satpura Mountains Seven Folds Western Ghats Highest Peak on Aravalli Himalayas

15 16 17

Kahmir Valley Plains East flowing River

18 Bakra Nangal Class Ten : Chapter 3,4 19 Summer 20 Winter High Pressure Northwest 21 North East Monsoon 22 Cyclones 23 Rain Water Harvesting

Retreating Monsoon. Bay of Bengal October to December The process of catching rainwater when and where it falls for use during non-monsoon months is called rainwater harvesting.

24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Rain Water Arid Region Evergreen Vegetation Decidious Vegetation Andaman and Nicobar 'vana mahotsav Kumari Cultivation

31 Kumaridhars 32 Marshy Lands 33 Thurukkal Class Ten : Chapter 5 34 Paddy Production 35 Thanjavur Samba,Kuruvai,Thaladi 36 Pongal 37 Aduthurai

Fresh Water Thar Desert Ebony, Deodar, Rosewood and Karungali are the evergreen varieties of vegetation. The important trees of these forests are the teak, sal, red wood, sandal and bamboo. Mangroves here are a special type of vegetation. July-August This is particularly encouraged towards quicker yield and quality improvement of the forests. Forest Department. Sundarbans. Hill Soil Andhra ranks first and Tamilnadu ranks second. Rice bowl of Tamilnadu Thanksgiving for the sun. In Aduthurai of Thanjavur district, a Regional Research Centre for Rice has been established and it is doing yeoman service. Sucrose When harvesting sugarcane, the farmers do not cut the cane completely but leave the stumps in the field. Sugarcane grows from the stumps leftover in the field This process is known as the rattooning. In the littoral areas of Kerala, oil crops such as the cashew and coconut are grown in vast areas. Maharashtra(1) and Gujarat. The parts of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu where coffee is grown are in the Western Ghats area of the states. Kodagu hills of Karnataka and Palani Hills of Tamil Nadu are the two important areas of coffee cultivation. Over 80 per cent of the coffee grown in India is from the state of Karnataka. Coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat States. Crops such as rubber and spices such as pepper, cardamom and cloves are some of the crops grown on the slopes of the Western Ghats, particularly in Kerala. Punjab (1) and Uttarpradesh Wheat granary of India. After wheat harvest holy is celebrated. Assam, Darjeeling of west Bengal. West Bengal ranks 1 in jute production. Food Corporation of India.

38 39

Sugarcane Ratooning

40 41 42

Kerala Cotton Tropical Crop Coffee

43 44

Tobacco Kerala

45 46 47 48 49 50

Wheat Punjab Holi Tea Jute FCI

Class Ten : Chapter 6 51 Iron and Manganese ore 52 53 54 55 56 Bauxite Gold Mica, limestone and gypsum Coal, petroleum and natural gas Tata Steel (TISCO)

57

Chittranjan West bengal 58 Perambur 59 Timber 60 Nepa Nagar 61 Mumbai 62 Mumbai Class Ten : Chapter 7 - 12 63 Indian Railways 1833 Bombay Thane 34 KM

Bihar, Orissa, and West Bengal are the important states where metallic minerals are found. Tamilnadu Karnataka Kolar Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Madhya Pradesh. Petroleum Maharashtra, Assam and Cauvery delta of tamilnadu. Jamshedpur 1907 Coal-Damodar Valley Manganese Bihar Orissa Dolomite River - Subarnareka Railway Engines Railway Coaches Andaman Islands [Asias largest saw mill] Madhya Pradesh, NewsPrint Industry Cotton Textile Industry. Manchester of India. India's railways are the densest in Asia. Railways Headquarters Central - Mumbai, Victoria Eastern - Calcutta Northern - New Delhi Northeast - Gorakhpur Northeastern - Border Malegaon Southern - Chennai South Central - Secunderabad Southeastern - Calcutta Western Mumbai - Churchgate Chennai Coimbatore, Mysore, Newdelhi Chennai, Mumbai, Calcutta, Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Thiruvananthapuram are the International Airports in the country. Minimum levels of learning. Second most populous and seventh largest country in the world. Census is a collection of data on a country's population number and its social and economic statuses. States such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and the northern Madhya Pradesh with large populations are found in the Gangetic Plains. Only in kerala women are more than the men.

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Satabti Superfast trains International Airports

66 67 68 69

Professor Dave 1991 India Census (Every 10 Years) Gangetic Plains

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Kerala

71 72 73 74

Eighth Plan 1992 -1997 Wheat Exports Social Data

75 76

Economic Data Cultural Data

77 78 79

Spatial Data GPS Field Work

80

Samples

Human Resource main focus / Economic Reforms India is the third largest producer of whear. (1.china,2.USA) Most of them are Industrial Products. Data regarding individuals, family, village and town people belong to this group of data. Data in regard to all economic activities by human beings are economic data. Cultural data include all kinds of other data. Indian cultural structure, its divisions, services in India (transport, health, and education), technology and new innovations and inventions are all examples of cultural data. Location Global Positioning System Fieldwork is literally data collection, whether it is soil or plant types or religious patterns; so consistency is important for accurate results. Select people who provide us data.