You are on page 1of 17

J

.
S
t
a
t
.
M
e
c
h
.
(
2
0
0
9
)
P
0
2
0
2
7
ournal of Statistical Mechanics:
An IOP and SISSA journal
J
Theory and Experiment
On the spin-liquid phase of
one-dimensional spin-1 bosons
F H L Essler
1
, G V Shlyapnikov
2,3
and A M Tsvelik
4
1
The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford,
1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, UK
2
Laboratoire de Physique Theorique et Modeles Statistiques,
Universite Paris Sud, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
3
van der WaalsZeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam,
Valckenierstraat 65/67, 1018 XE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
4
Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science,
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA
E-mail: fab@thphys.ox.ac.uk, shlyapn@lptms.u-psud.fr and tsvelik@bnl.gov
Received 13 November 2008
Accepted 8 December 2008
Published 10 February 2009
Online at stacks.iop.org/JSTAT/2009/P02027
doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2009/02/P02027
Abstract. We consider a model of one-dimensional spin-1 bosons with repulsive
densitydensity interactions and antiferromagnetic exchange. We show that the
low energy eective eld theory is given by a spincharge separated theory
of a TomonagaLuttinger Hamiltonian and the O(3) non-linear sigma model
describing collective charge and spin excitations respectively. At a particular
ratio of the densitydensity to spinspin interaction the model is integrable, and
we use the exact solutions to provide an independent derivation of the low energy
eective theory. The system is in a superuid phase made of singlet pairs of
bosons, and we calculate the long-distance asymptotics of certain correlation
functions.
Keywords: quantum integrability (Bethe ansatz), sigma models (theory), spin
liquids (theory), optical lattices
ArXiv ePrint: 0811.0844
c 2009 IOP Publishing Ltd and SISSA 1742-5468/09/P02027+17$30.00
J
.
S
t
a
t
.
M
e
c
h
.
(
2
0
0
9
)
P
0
2
0
2
7
On the spin-liquid phase of one-dimensional spin-1 bosons
Contents
1. Introduction 2
2. Low energy eective action; semiclassical derivation 3
2.1. Integration measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Bethe ansatz solution 6
3.1. Dressed energies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4. Scaling dimensions 12
5. Correlation functions 13
5.1. Optical lattice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6. Discussion 16
Acknowledgments 16
References 16
1. Introduction
Spinor Bose gases exhibit a much richer variety of interesting macroscopic quantum
phenomena than spinless bosons. A mean eld analysis of three-dimensional spin-1 Bose-
condensed gases [1, 2] and exact diagonalization of the spin Hamiltonian for this system [3]
showed that the ground state can be either ferromagnetic or spin-singlet, depending
on the sign of the coupling constant for the exchange part of the interaction. In an
optical lattice Mott phases occur, featuring an interesting behaviour in the magnetic
sector [4, 5]. Experimentally, the ground state of such gases, its magnetic properties and
low temperature dynamical properties have been studied for
23
Na, which has a spin-
singlet ground state [6], and for
87
Rb where the ground state is ferromagnetic [7][9].
The creation of a one-dimensional (1D) regime for quantum gases by tightly conning the
motion of particles in two directions oered new possibilities for studying macroscopic
quantum eects, and a number of advanced experiments have been done for spinless 1D
bosons [10, 11].
In this paper we consider a 1D liquid of spin-1 bosons with a short-range interaction
containing a repulsive densitydensity term and a magnetic exchange interaction. We
demonstrate that for the case of antiferromagnetic exchange the low energy eective
action decouples into two parts: the standard U(1) TomonagaLuttinger action describing
density uctuations, and the action of the O(3) non-linear sigma model describing the spin
sector. The latter model has a singlet ground state separated from the rst excited triplet
by a gap. Therefore the system of spin-1 bosons interacting via antiferromagnetic exchange
constitutes a perfect spin liquid where spinspin correlations decay exponentially at large
distances. We also identify the order parameter eld, which has correlations exhibiting
a power law decay at T = 0. This eld consists of pairs of bosons
=
1

1
(1/2)
2
0
. (1)
Hence the uctuation superuidity of spin-1 bosons is really a superuidity of pairs.
doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2009/02/P02027 2
J
.
S
t
a
t
.
M
e
c
h
.
(
2
0
0
9
)
P
0
2
0
2
7
On the spin-liquid phase of one-dimensional spin-1 bosons
We derive our results by two means. For weak interactions we perform a semiclassical
analysis of the bosonic path integral and recover the result of [12]. For a special point
where the coupling constants for the densitydensity and exchange interaction are equal
to each other we study the Bethe ansatz solution. The latter result is of a certain interest
since it turns out that the integrable model of spin-1 bosons may serve as an integrable
regulator for the O(3) non-linear sigma model.
2. Low energy eective action; semiclassical derivation
Our starting point is a three-component Bose gas with Hamiltonian density
H =
1
2m

+
g
0
2
_

2
+
g
1
2
_

. (2)
Here (x) = (
1
(x),
0
(x),
1
(x)) is a three-component Bose eld and S

are spin-1
matrices. We now introduce a numberphase representation

(x) =
_
(x)n

(x)e
i(x)
, (3)
with a real unit vector eld n

(x)

n
2

= 1. (4)
In the numberphase representation the Hamiltonian density takes the form H = H
0
+V ,
where
H
0
=
1
8m
(
x
)
2
+

2m

n
2

(
x

)
2
+ (
x
n

)
2
, (5)
V = +
g
0
2

2
+
g
1
2

2
[(n
2
1
n
2
1
)
2
+ 2n
2
0
(n
2
1
+ n
2
1
)
+ 4n
2
0
n
1
n
1
cos(2
0

1
)]. (6)
In order to minimize the potential we eliminate n
0
via the constraint (4) and dene

=

1

1
2
,

= 2
0

1
, n

= n
1
n
1
. (7)
The new phase elds are taken to have ranges
0
+
< , 0

< 2. (8)
In the new variables the potential takes the form
V =
g
1
2

2
_
n
2
+
n
2

+ (2 n
2
+
n
2

)
_
n
2
+

n
2
+
n
2

2
[1 cos

]
__
+
g
0
2

2
. (9)
Minimizing the potential (9) gives the solutions (for g
1
> 0)
A: =

g
0

0
,

= 0, n
+
= 0, (10)
B: =

g
0

0
,

= , n

= 0. (11)
doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2009/02/P02027 3
J
.
S
t
a
t
.
M
e
c
h
.
(
2
0
0
9
)
P
0
2
0
2
7
On the spin-liquid phase of one-dimensional spin-1 bosons
From now on we concentrate on solution A. Expanding the potential around the
minimum gives
V =
g
0
2
(
0
)
2
+
g
1

2
0
2
_
2n
2
+
+
1
2
n
2

_
1
n
2

2
_
(

)
2
_
+ , (12)
where the dots stand for terms of higher order in powers of n

,

. Carrying out the
analogous expansion for the kinetic energy part (5) of the Hamiltonian density gives
H
0
=

0
2m
_
(
x

+
)
2
+
n
2

2
(
x

)
2
+ (
x
n

)
2
1
2 (n

)
2
_
+
1
8m
0
(
x
)
2
+ . (13)
Putting everything together we arrive at the following expression for the action:
S =
_
dt dx
_
i

t
H

=
_
dt dx
_

0
n
+
n


0
2

t
n

+ H
_
. (14)
We observe that , n
+
and

correspond to massive degrees of freedom. In the next step
we integrate these out, which in our quadratic approximation can be done by completing
the squares. At energies well below the gaps for excitations in the , n
+
and

sectors,
retardation eects can be neglected and the low energy eective action remains local in
time. Integrating over (
0
) generates a contribution
1
2g
0
(
t

+
)
2
(15)
to the action, while integrating out n
+
and integrating out

generate respectively
1
4g
1
n
2

(
t

)
2
(16)
and
1
4g
1
(
t
n

)
2
1
1 (n
2

/2)
. (17)
Finally we parametrize
n

2 sin , (18)
and arrive at the following form for the low energy eective action S = S
0
+ S
nlm
:
S
0
=
_
dt dx
_
1
2g
0
(
t

+
)
2


0
2m
(
x

+
)
2
_
, (19)
S
nlm
=
_
dt dx
_
1
2g
1
_
(
t
)
2
+ sin
2
(
t

)
2
_


0
2m
_
(
x
)
2
+ sin
2
(
x

)
2

_
. (20)
The action S
0
describes a free massless boson whereas S
nlm
is a parametrization for
the O(3) non-linear sigma model. Indeed, dening a three-dimensional unit vector eld
doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2009/02/P02027 4
J
.
S
t
a
t
.
M
e
c
h
.
(
2
0
0
9
)
P
0
2
0
2
7
On the spin-liquid phase of one-dimensional spin-1 bosons
m
2
= 1 by
m =

sin cos

sin sin

cos

, (21)
we obtain
S
nlm
=
1
2g
1
_
dt dx
_
(
t
m)
2
v
2
s
(
x
m)
2

, (22)
where the spin velocity is given by
v
s
=
_

0
g
1
m
. (23)
The action in the
+
sector can be brought to a more standard Luttinger liquid form
S
0
=
K
c
2
_
dt dx
_
1
v
c
(
t

+
)
2
v
c
(
x

+
)
2
_
, (24)
where the charge velocity v
c
and Luttinger parameter K
c
are given by
v
c
=
_

0
g
0
m
, K
c
=
_

0
mg
0
. (25)
We note that for equal coupling constants g
0
= g
1
the spin and charge velocities coincide,
i.e. v
s
= v
c
.
2.1. Integration measure
In the above derivation we have disregarded the integration measure in the path integral
of our bosonic theory. We still have to verify that it correctly produces the integration
measure for the non-linear sigma model (20). We start by considering the Jacobian of the
numberphase parametrization
det
(

)
(, n
1
, n
1
,

)
= 4in
1
n
1

2
. (26)
Changing variables to n

gives a factor
1
2
(n
2

n
2
+
) dn
+
dn

(27)
in the integration measure. Expanding n
+
around the minimum of the potential V leaves
n
2

dn

= 2
3/2
sin
2
cos d. (28)
The integration measure then looks as follows:

2 d d
+
d

dn
+
d d

sin
2
cos . (29)
When integrating out the

eld we wish to change variables to

_
1
n
2

2
=

. (30)
doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2009/02/P02027 5
J
.
S
t
a
t
.
M
e
c
h
.
(
2
0
0
9
)
P
0
2
0
2
7
On the spin-liquid phase of one-dimensional spin-1 bosons
In terms of the -parametrization (18), this gives
d

=
d

2 sin cos
, (31)
which turns the measure into
d dn
+
d

d
+
[sin d d

] . (32)
The ,

piece is indeed the correct integration measure for the non-linear sigma model.
We conclude that at low energies the spinor Bose Hamiltonian (2) is described by a
spincharge separated theory of a free boson (24) describing collective superuid pairing
uctuations and the O(3) non-linear sigma model (22) describing spin excitations.
3. Bethe ansatz solution
We now turn to an entirely dierent analysis of the model (2), which will lead to the same
conclusion. The rst-quantized form of the Hamiltonian (2) is
H =
1
2m
N

j=1

2
x
2
j
+
1
2

i=j
(x
i
x
j
)[g
0
+ g
1
S
i
S
j
], (33)
where S are spin S = 1 operators. It was shown in [13] that the model (33) is integrable
along the line g
1
= g
0
. A simple understanding of certain features of the exact solution
can be gained by considering the case of two bosons in the strong coupling limit (in which
we neglect the kinetic energy). The potential energy of the pair of bosons at the same
position is obtained by adding two spins S = 1 to form total angular momentum J:
E
J
= g
0
+ g
1
[
1
2
J(J + 1) S(S + 1)], S = 1, J = 0, 1, 2. (34)
The singlet J = 0 is always lower in energy than the triplet and quintet states and at
g
1
> g
0
/2 its energy becomes negative. In this regime the formation of J = 0 bound states
becomes energetically favourable compared to having scattering states of two bosons. As
a result the ground state is made of paired bosons. The integrable case g
0
= g
1
lies well
within the parameter region where this occurs.
Let us now return to the Bethe ansatz analysis. According to [13] the Bethe ansatz
equations are given by
e
ik
i
L
=
N

j=1
e
4
(k
i
k
j
)
M

a=1
e
2
(k
i

a
),
1 =
N

j=1
e
2
(
a
k
j
)
M

b=1
e
2
(
a

b
),
E =
1
2m
N

i=1
k
2
i
, P =
N

i=1
k
i
,
(35)
where N is the total number of particles, M = (N S
z
), E and P are respectively the
energy and momentum and
e
n
(x) =
x + icn/2
x icn/2
. (36)
doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2009/02/P02027 6
J
.
S
t
a
t
.
M
e
c
h
.
(
2
0
0
9
)
P
0
2
0
2
7
On the spin-liquid phase of one-dimensional spin-1 bosons
The parameter c is related to the couplings g
0,1
by
c = mg
0
= mg
1
. (37)
In order to proceed, we now assume that the system is at a nite temperature T ,
where the chemical potential is the largest energy scale in the problem. As was
shown in [13], in this case [14] only three kinds of (string) solutions of the Bethe ansatz
equations (35) contribute to the thermodynamics of the model.
Bound states of ks and s (k strings [15][17]):
k

i
=
i
ic/2 +

i
,

i
=
i
ic/2 +

i
,
(38)
where the string centres
i
are real, , exp(const L). The zero-temperature
ground state is formed by a partially lled Fermi sea of these bound states.
Real ks.
strings [15][18]:

(n,j)
a
=
(n)
a
+ ic[(n + 1)/2 j] + O(exp(L^)), j = 1, . . . , n, (39)
where the string centres
(n)
a
R and ^ is related to the number of excitations in
this sector.
Substituting (38) into (35) and dropping the exponentially small corrections , we
obtain the following set of equations:
e
2iL
i
=
N
b

j=1
c(
i

j
)
Nr

p=1
T(
i
k
p
), (40)
e
iLk
i
=
Nr

j=1
e
4
(k
i
k
j
)
Np

p=1
T(k
i

p
)
Mr

a=1
e
2
(k
i

a
), (41)
1 =
Nr

j=1
e
2
(
a
k
j
)
Mr

b=1
e
2
(
a

b
), (42)
E =
1
2m
_
N
b

i=1
(2
2
i
c
2
/2) +
Nr

i=1
k
2
i
_
, P =
N
b

i=1
2
i
+
Nr

p=1
k
p
. (43)
Here N = N
r
+ 2N
b
, S
z
= N
r
M
r
and
c(x) = e
6
(x)e
4
(x)e
2
(x), T(x) = e
5
(x)e
1
(x).
We now take the logarithm of the Bethe ansatz equations for the k strings forming the
ground state and then express them in terms of a counting function [17, 19]:
y() = 2 +
1
L
N
b

j=1

_

j
3c
_
+
_

j
2c
_

_

j
c
_
+
1
L
Nr

p=1

_
2
k
p
5c
_

_
2
k
p
c
_
. (44)
doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2009/02/P02027 7
J
.
S
t
a
t
.
M
e
c
h
.
(
2
0
0
9
)
P
0
2
0
2
7
On the spin-liquid phase of one-dimensional spin-1 bosons
Here (x) = 2 arctan(x). In terms of the counting function the Bethe ansatz equation (40)
reads
y(
j
) =
2I
j
L
, (45)
where I
j
are integer (for N
b
odd) of half-odd integer (for N
b
even) numbers. We note that
the momentum is expressed in terms of the I
j
as
P =
2
L
N
b

i=1
I
j
+
Nr

p=1
k
p
. (46)
As shown in [13] the ground state of the system corresponds to choosing N
r
= M
r
= 0,
2N
b
= N and
I
j
=
N
b
+ 1
2
+ j, j = 1, . . . N
b
. (47)
This immediately tells us that the Fermi momentum is
k
F
=
2
L
_
I
N
b
+
1
2
_
=
N
2L
=

2

0
. (48)
We are interested in the limit
L , N
b
,
2N
b
L
=
0
= const. (49)
In this limit we can turn the sum over j in (44) into an integral by means of the Euler
Maclaurin sum formula, resulting in
y() = 2 +
_

3c
_
+
_

2c
_

c
__

p
(

)
+
1
L
Nr

p=1

_
2
k
p
5c
_

_
2
k
p
c
_
. (50)
Here

p,h
() are the root densities of particles and holes for k strings. They are
related to the counting function by
dy ()
d
= 2
_

p
() +

h
()

. (51)
Taking the derivative of (50) we obtain an integral equation:

p
() +

h
() =
1

+ (a
6
+ a
4
a
2
)

+
1
L
Nr

p=1
a
5
( k
p
) a
1
( k
p
). (52)
Here denotes a convolution:
f g

x
=
_

dy f(x y)g(y), (53)


and the integral kernels are given by
a
n
(x) =
1
2
nc
x
2
+ (nc/2)
2
. (54)
doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2009/02/P02027 8
J
.
S
t
a
t
.
M
e
c
h
.
(
2
0
0
9
)
P
0
2
0
2
7
On the spin-liquid phase of one-dimensional spin-1 bosons
Equation (52) can be recast in the form
(I + a
2
) (I a
4
)

=
1

h
() +
1
L
Nr

p=1
a
5
( k
p
) a
1
( k
p
). (55)
In order to derive the Bethe ansatz equation (41) over the ground state of the system we
need to express

N
b
p=1
T(k
i

p
) in terms of the root densities for k strings. We have
N
b

p=1
T(k
p
) = exp
_
i
N
b

p=1

_
2
k
p
5c
_

_
2
k
p
c
_
_
= exp
_
iL
_

p
()
_

_
2
k
5c
_

_
2
k
c
___
exp (2iLf(k)) . (56)
Taking derivatives we have
f

(k) = (a
1
a
5
)
p

k
= a
1
(I a
4
)
p
[
k
. (57)
On the other hand, equation (55) implies that
a
1
(I a
4
)
p

k
=
1
2
G

1
L
Nr

p=1
(a
2
a
4
)

kp
, (58)
where G = a
1
(I + a
2
)
1
. The kernel of G is given by
G() =
1
2c cosh(/c)
. (59)
As a result we have
f(k) =
k
2

1
2L

_
k k
p
c
_

_
k k
p
2c
_

k
+, (60)
where the k-independent piece is xed by the requirement that f() = 0, and is an
integral operator with kernel
(x) =
1

arctan
_
tanh
_
x
2c
__
. (61)
In order to proceed we need to evaluate

h
. For the ground state this is simply given
by

k
=
_

Q
0
d [( +k) ( k)]

0
(), (62)
where

0
() =
1

+
_
Q
0
Q
0
d

K(

0
(

). (63)
Here we have dened a kernel
K = a
6
+ a
4
a
2
. (64)
doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2009/02/P02027 9
J
.
S
t
a
t
.
M
e
c
h
.
(
2
0
0
9
)
P
0
2
0
2
7
On the spin-liquid phase of one-dimensional spin-1 bosons
Using the relations
0
() =
0
(), lim

0
() = (1/) and taking into account that
by virtue of equation (62) the quantity

h
[
k
is an odd function of k, we conclude that
for the ground state conguration we have = 0. Let us now consider the limit where
c, [k[ Q
0
. (65)
For large x we have
(x)
1
4

1

e
x/c
, x c, (66)
which yields

sinh
_
k
c
__

Q
0
de
/c

0
()

2
sinh
_
k
c
_
. (67)
For an excited state with n
p
particles and n
h
holes with corresponding spectral parameters

p,h
j
added to the ground state distribution of k strings as well as N
r
additional real
ks, the integral equation for the total root density

p
+

h
reads

() =
1

+
_
Q
Q
d

K(

)
+
1
L
_
np

l=1
K(
p
l
)
n
h

r=1
K(
h
r
) +
Nr

j=1
(a
5
a
1
)( k
j
)
_
. (68)
Here the integration boundary Q may dier from the one for the ground state (Q
0
) by
a contribution of at most order O(L
1
). The integral equation (68) can be solved by an
expansion in inverse powers of L

() =

0
() +
1
L

1
() +O(L
2
), (69)
where
0
is the root density or the ground state (62). Hence the leading contribution (in
1/L) to

k
is given by (67). The contribution due to

1
can be seen to be of the
form
1
L
_
const + O
_
exp
_

Q
c
___
, c, [k[ Q. (70)
The constant (i.e. independent of k) contribution is by construction precisely cancelled
by in (60), so
f(k) =
k
2


2
sinh
_
k
c
_

1
2L
Nr

p=1

_
k k
p
c
_

_
k k
p
2c
_
+
1
L
O
_
exp
_

Q
c
__
. (71)
Substituting this into (60), (56) and dropping the exponentially small (in Q/c)
contribution leads to
N
b

p=1
T(k
p
) = e
iLk
e
iLsinh(k/c)
Nr

p=1
e
4
(k k
p
)e
2
(k k
p
). (72)
doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2009/02/P02027 10
J
.
S
t
a
t
.
M
e
c
h
.
(
2
0
0
9
)
P
0
2
0
2
7
On the spin-liquid phase of one-dimensional spin-1 bosons
Using this in the Bethe ansatz equation (41) and then rescaling variables by
k =
c

, =
cu

, (73)
we arrive at the Bethe ansatz equations for the O(3) non-linear sigma model [21, 22]:
e
iLsinh
l
=
Nr

j=1

j
+ i

j
i
Mr

a=1

l
u
a
i

l
u
a
+ i
, l = 1, . . . N
r
, (74)
Nr

j=1
u
a

j
+ i
u
a

j
i
=
Mr

b=1
u
a
u
b
+ i
u
a
u
b
i
, a = 1, . . . , M
r
. (75)
The contribution of spin excitations to the total momentum is given by
P
spin
=
Nr

l=1
sinh
l
. (76)
We note that in addition to (75) we still have physical Bethe ansatz equations that
determine the rapidities of the particle and hole excitations over the sea of k strings
forming the ground state. It follows from the nite volume quantization conditions (75)
that the dressed phase shifts for scattering of such particles and holes with excitations
in the spin sector vanish (up to exponentially small corrections in Q/c). Hence the
quantization conditions in the gapless sector must be of the form
e
iLP(
p
j
)
=
np

k=j
S
pp
(
p
j

p
k
)
n
h

m=1
S
ph
(
p
j

h
m
), j = 1, . . . , n
p
,
e
iLP(
h
l
)
=
np

k=1
S
hp
(
h
l

p
k
)
n
h

m=l
S
hh
(
h
l

h
m
), l = 1, . . . , n
h
.
(77)
Here P() is the dressed momentum for k strings and S
ab
() the dressed scattering
phases for particles and holes. They can be expressed in terms of the solution to the
integral equation (68) following standard methods [17, 23].
3.1. Dressed energies
We will now show that the energy in the spin sector is given by
E
spin
= v
c
Nr

l=1
cosh
l
. (78)
Our starting points are the equations for the dressed energies for k strings

() and
real k s (k) [13]:

() =

2
m

c
2
4m
2 +
_
Q
0
Q
0
d

K(

),
(k) =
k
2
2m
+
_
Q
0
Q
0
d(a
5
a
1
)(k )

().
(79)
doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2009/02/P02027 11
J
.
S
t
a
t
.
M
e
c
h
.
(
2
0
0
9
)
P
0
2
0
2
7
On the spin-liquid phase of one-dimensional spin-1 bosons
Here is the chemical potential related to Q
0
by the requirement

(Q
0
) = 0. (80)
Using the integral equation for

in the equation for we nd that


(k) =
_

Q
0
d [G(k ) + G(k + )]

(), (81)
where G is given in equation (59). In the limit c, [k[ Q
0
this simplies to
(k) cosh
_
k
c
_
2
c
_

Q
0
de
/c

(). (82)
Expanding

around Q
0
we have

() =
d

Q
0
( Q
0
) + . (83)
Noting that the Fermi velocity in the charge sector is dened as
v
c
=
d

dp

Q
0
=
(d

/d)
(dp/d)

Q
0
, (84)
where p() is the dressed momentum for k strings and using that this may be expressed
as p() = y() by virtue of equations (46) and (45), we conclude that
v
c
=
(d

/d)
2

()

Q
0
, (85)
and thus
(k) v
c
cosh
_
k
c
_
4c

(Q
0
)e
Q
0
/c
. (86)
Evaluating the right-hand side of equation (67) by using an analogous approximation and
rescaling k as before we conclude that it is indeed the case that
() = v
c
cosh . (87)
4. Scaling dimensions
The analysis of the nite size spectrum is complicated by the fact that the ground state
is made of strings. A priori this could lead to complications related to deviations of the
strings from their ideal forms (see e.g. [24]). However, as the critical sector of our theory
is a simple compactied boson we do not expect such complications to play a role. The
dressed charge Z = Z(Q
0
) is dened in terms of the solution of the integral equation [25]
Z() = 1 +
_
Q
0
Q
0
d

K(

)Z(

). (88)
We see that we have
Z =

(Q
0
). (89)
doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2009/02/P02027 12
J
.
S
t
a
t
.
M
e
c
h
.
(
2
0
0
9
)
P
0
2
0
2
7
On the spin-liquid phase of one-dimensional spin-1 bosons
It is easy to see that the dressed charge only depends on the dimensionless ratio
=
c

0
. (90)
At small we nd that
Z

2

1/4
1. (91)
On the other hand, for the dressed charge approaches 1 from below. This implies
that Z is not a monotonic function of , but instead has a local minimum. The nite size
spectra of energy and momentum are expressed in terms of the dressed charge as [26]
E(N
b
, D, N
+
, N

) =
2v
c
L
_
(N
b
)
2
4Z
2
+ Z
2
D
2
+ N
+
+ N

_
, (92)
P(N
b
, D, N
+
, N

) =
2
L
[N
+
N

+ D(N
b
)] + 2k
F
D. (93)
Here k
F
is given by equation (48), N
b
is the change in bound state number as compared
to the ground state and D is an integer. The corresponding spectrum of scaling dimensions
is given by
h(N
b
, D, N
+
, N

) =
1
2
_
DZ +
(N
b
)
2Z
_
2
+ N
+
,

h(N
b
, D, N
+
, N

) =
1
2
_
DZ
(N
b
)
2Z
_
2
+ N

. (94)
Let us look at some specic examples. The lowest charge-neutral excitations with
momenta 2k
F
and 0 respectively correspond to N
b
= N

= 0, D = 1 and D = N
b
=
N

= 0, N
+
= 1:
h(0, 1, 0, 0) =
Z
2
2
,
h(0, 0, 1, 0) = 1.
(95)
The lowest excited state with charge 2 corresponds to N
b
= 1, N

= D = 0:
h(1, 0, 0, 0) =
1
8Z
2
. (96)
5. Correlation functions
Let us now turn to the large-distance asymptotics of correlation functions. We start by
considering the gapless sector of the low energy eective action, which is given by
S
0
=
K
c
2
_
dt dx
_
1
v
c
(
t

+
)
2
v
c
(
x

+
)
2
_
. (97)
Given that the original phase elds
1,2
were 2-periodic, the eld
+
is in fact -periodic
(see equation (8)). As a result, the spectrum of scaling dimensions of primary operators
in the Gaussian model (97) is given by
h(m, n) =
1
8
_
2m

K
+ n

K
_
2
,

h(m, n) =
1
8
_
2m

K
n

K
_
2
, (98)
doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2009/02/P02027 13
J
.
S
t
a
t
.
M
e
c
h
.
(
2
0
0
9
)
P
0
2
0
2
7
On the spin-liquid phase of one-dimensional spin-1 bosons
where n and m are integers. We note that (98) agrees with (94) in the appropriate limit,
where we have

K = 2Z. The operators corresponding to these scaling dimensions are


constructed by introducing the eld dual to
+
via [27]
[
+
(x),
+
(x

)] = i

2
sgn(x x

). (99)
The boson number is given by
N =
1

_
dx
x

+
(x). (100)
The local operators corresponding to the spectrum of scaling dimensions (98) are
O
2m,n
= e
2im
+
+in
+
; m, n integer. (101)
These operators carry charge 2m, reecting the fact that our fundamental objects are
pairs of bosons and have two-point functions of the form
5
O
2m,n
(x)O

2m,n
(0, 0)) =
_
a
0
x
_
2h(m,n)+2

h(m,n)
e
in
0
x
, (102)
where a
0
is a short-distance cut-o determined by the gapped degrees of freedom that we
have integrated out in order to arrive at the action (22), (24). We are now in a position
to write down expressions for operators that do not involve the spin sector. These are the
pairing eld and the density, which are given by
=
1

2
0
/2,
:: =
+

0
.
(103)
As carries charge 2 we conclude that it takes the form
(x) =
0

n=
A
n
O
2,n
(x), (104)
where A
n
are numerical coecients. We will see below that A
2k+1
= 0. Similarly, as the
density is neutral it is given by
:: =
1

+
+

n=
B
n
O
0,n
(x). (105)
Like for the pairing eld, it turns out that by virtue of the statistics of the Bose eld all
odd coecients vanish, i.e. B
2k+1
= 0. Let us now turn to the Bose eld itself. At low
energies the semiclassical analysis gives

(x)

0
e
i
+

(m
1
+ im
2
)/

2
m
3
(m
1
im
2
)/

. (106)
Since the spin part of the bosonic operator is proportional to the slowly varying unit vector
eld m, we conclude that the triplet excitations of the non-linear sigma model occur at
5
We note that if + were a 2-periodic eld, the allowed scaling dimensions would be h2(m, n) =
1
8
((m/

K) +
2n

K)
2
,

h2(m, n) =
1
8
((m/

K) 2n

K)
2
and correspond to operators Om,2n. This is the case for Haldanes
bosonization of the boson [27].
doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2009/02/P02027 14
J
.
S
t
a
t
.
M
e
c
h
.
(
2
0
0
9
)
P
0
2
0
2
7
On the spin-liquid phase of one-dimensional spin-1 bosons
small momenta q 0. To take into account the quantization of total charge we should
complete equation (106) with a piece containing the eld dual to
+
, which amounts to
the substitution

0
e
i
+

0
+
1

n
C
2n
e
2in
+
+2in
0
x
e
i
+
. (107)
We note that only even exponentials of the dual eld are allowed by virtue of the bosonic
statistics of the elds

, which requires the Lorentz spin of the operators appearing in


equation (107) to be integer. At T = 0 we then obtain
T

(, x)

(0, 0)) =
,
T

(, x)m

(0, 0))f
charge
(, x), (108)
f
charge
(, x) =
0
_
a
2
0
(v
2

2
+ x
2
)
_
1/4Kc
+
0
_
a
2
0
(v
2

2
+ x
2
)
_
Kc+1/4Kc
_
C
2
2
e
2i
0
x
v + ix
v ix
+ h.c.
_
+ . (109)
The correlation function of the sigma model is well approximated by the expression [28]
T

(, x)m

(0, 0)) ZK
0
(
_

2
+ x
2
/v
2
), (110)
where Z is a normalization. We note that nite temperature correlation functions can be
calculated by using the conformal mapping in the gapless sector and the method of [29]
for the non-linear sigma model.
The expressions for the Bose elds feed back to the low energy projections of the
density and pairing eld, which are bilinear in the Bose elds. Given that only even
bosonic exponentials of the dual eld appear in the expression for

, the same must hold


for :: and . This requirement sets the coecients of O
2n,2k+1
in the expressions for
:: and to zero. The two-point functions of both these operators undergo a power law
decay at large distances:
(x)

(0))
2
0
[A
0
[
2
_
a
2
0
x
2
_
1/Kc
+ 2[A
2
[
2
cos(2
0
x)
_
a
2
0
x
2
_
Kc+1/Kc
+ , (111)
:(x): :(0):)
K
c
2
2
x
2
+ 2B
2
2
cos(2
0
x)
_
a
2
0
x
2
_
Kc
+ . (112)
We see that the oscillating piece of the two-point function of the pairing eld always
decays more rapidly with distance than the oscillating piece of the charge density.
5.1. Optical lattice
The model (2) arises as the low density continuum limit of a three-component Bose
Hubbard system
H
BH
= t

j,
a
j+1,
+ h.c. + U
0

j
n
2
j
+ U
1

j
S
2
j

j
n
j
, (113)
where n
j
=

j,
a
j,
and S

j
are spin-1 operators on site j. An interesting question is
what the phase diagram of the model (113) looks like. A density matrix renormalization
doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2009/02/P02027 15
J
.
S
t
a
t
.
M
e
c
h
.
(
2
0
0
9
)
P
0
2
0
2
7
On the spin-liquid phase of one-dimensional spin-1 bosons
group analysis [4] has established the regions in parameter space where Mott phases
occur. In order to address this issue using analytical methods one would need to bosonize
the Hamiltonian (113) for strong interactions and large densities. Assuming that the
operator content suggested by equations (106) and (107) remains unchanged, this would
occur when the oscillating part of the Bose eld becomes suciently relevant that the
oscillating parts of the operator n
2
j
turn into a relevant perturbation in the entire charge
sector. The perturbation is of the form
S =
_
dt dxO
0,4
(t, x). (114)
It is relevant in the RG sense if K
c
<
1
2
. It would be interesting to check whether the
phase boundaries established in [4] coincide with the loci in parameter space where K
c
becomes 1/2.
6. Discussion
In this work we have analysed a continuum model of a spinor Bose gas in one spatial
dimension. Using standard semiclassical methods we showed that for weak interactions
the low energy degrees of freedom are described by a spincharge separated theory of a free
boson and the O(3) non-linear sigma model. We then turned to the integrable line in the
model. From the exact Bethe ansatz solution we obtained an independent derivation of the
low energy eective theory. An interesting by-product of our analysis is the demonstration
that the integrable model provides a simple, integrable regularization of the O(3) non-
linear sigma model. Finally, we determined the long-distance asymptotics of certain
correlation functions (including the order parameter correlator) in the framework of the
low energy description. The dominant uctuations in the theory are of superuid singlet
pair type. Our analysis for dynamical correlations pertains mostly to the weak coupling
regime. The opposite limit of (innitely) strong repulsive densitydensity interaction
should be amenable to a treatment along the lines set out in [30]. Other interesting open
questions are how the 1D spinor Bose gas behaves under a quantum quench [31] and what
happens in the unbalanced case where the densities of the three species of bosons are xed
at dierent values. Finally, it would be interesting to generalize our analysis to spin-S
bosons [32].
Acknowledgments
We thank D Kovrizhin, P Lecheminant, J E Moore and, particularly, D Schuricht for
helpful discussions. The work was supported by the EPSRC under grant EP/D050952/1
(FHLE), the US DOE under contract number DE-AC02-98 CH 10886 (AMT), the IFRAF
Institute (AMT), the ANR through grants 05-BLAN-0205 and 06-NANO-014-01 (GS),
by the ESF networks INSTANS and QUDEDIS, and by the Dutch Foundation FOM
(GS). FHLE and AMT thank the Galileo Galilei Institute for Theoretical Physics for kind
hospitality and INFN for partial support during the completion of this work.
References
[1] Ho T L, 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 742
[2] Ohmi T and Machida K, 1998 J. Phys. Soc. Japan. 67 1822
doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2009/02/P02027 16
J
.
S
t
a
t
.
M
e
c
h
.
(
2
0
0
9
)
P
0
2
0
2
7
On the spin-liquid phase of one-dimensional spin-1 bosons
Isoshima T, Machida K and Ohmi T, 1999 Phys. Rev. A 60 4857
[3] Koashi M and Ueda M, 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 1066
[4] Rizzi M et al , 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 240404
[5] Demler E and Zhou F, 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 163001
Yip S K, 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 250402
Imambekov A, Lukin M and Demler E, 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 120405
Imambekov A, Lukin M and Demler E, 2003 Phys. Rev. A 68 063602
[6] Stenger J et al , 1998 Nature 396 345
Meisner H J et al , 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 2228
Stamper-Kurn D M et al , 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 661
Leanhardt A et al , 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 140403
[7] Schmaljohan H et al , 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 040402
Erhard M et al , 2004 Phys. Rev. A 70 031602
[8] Barrett M et al , 2001 Phys. Rev. A 87 010404
Chang M S et al , 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 140403
[9] Higbie J M et al , 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 050401
[10] See for review: Pitaevskii L P and Stringari S, 2003 BoseEinstein Condensation (Oxford: Clarendon)
[11] See for review: Petrov D S, Gangardt D M and Shlyapnikov G V, 2004 J. Physique 116 5
Castin Y, 2004 J. Physique 116 89
[12] Zhou F, 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 080401
[13] Cao J, Jiang Yu and Wang Yu, 2007 Europhys. Lett. 79 30005
[14] Tsvelick A M and Wiegmann P B, 1983 Adv. Phys. 32 453
[15] Takahashi M, 1972 Prog. Theor. Phys. 47 69
[16] Deguchi T, Essler F H L, Gohmann F, Kl umper A, Korepin V E and Kusakabe K, 2000 Phys. Rep. 331 197
[17] Essler F H L, Frahm H, Gohmann F, Kl umper A and Korepin V E, 2005 The One-Dimensional Hubbard
Model (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
[18] Takahashi M, 1971 Prog. Theor. Phys. 46 401
[19] Yang C N and Yang C P, 1969 J. Math. Phys. 10 1115
de Vega H J and Woynarovich F, 1985 Nucl. Phys. B 251 439
[20] Tsvelik A M, 1987 Sov. Phys. JETP 66 754
[21] Wiegmann P B, 1985 Phys. Lett. B 152 209
Wiegmann P B, 1985 Sov. Phys. JETP Lett. 41 95
[22] Tsvelik A M, 1987 Sov. Phys. JETP 66 221
[23] Korepin V E, 1979 Teor. Mat. Fiz. 41 953
Andrei N and Destri C, 1984 Nucl. Phys. B 231 445
[24] Alcaraz F C and Martins M J, 1990 J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 23 1439
Alcaraz F C and Martins M J, 1989 J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 22 1829
Frahm H and Yu N-C, 1990 J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 23 2115
Frahm H, Yu N-C and Fowler M, 1990 Nucl. Phys. B 336 396
[25] Korepin V E, Izergin A G and Bogoliubov N M, 1993 Quantum Inverse Scattering Method, Correlation
Functions and Algebraic Bethe Ansatz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)
[26] Haldane F D M, 1981 Phys. Lett. A 81 153
Cardy J L, 1986 Nucl. Phys. B 270 186
deVega H J, 1987 J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 20 6023
[27] Haldane F D M, 1981 Phys. Rev. Lett. 47 1840
[28] Balog J and Niedermaier M, 1997 Nucl. Phys. B 500 421
Horton M D P and Aeck I, 1999 Phys. Rev. B 60 9864
Essler F H L, 2000 Phys. Rev. B 62 3264
[29] Essler F H L and Konik R M, 2008 Phys. Rev. B 78 100403
[30] Zvonarev M B, Cheianov V V and Giamarchi T, 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 240404
Kamenev A and Glazman L I, 2008 arXiv:0808.0479
Matveev K A and Furusaki A, 2008 arXiv:0808.0681
[31] Lamacraft A, 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 160404
Mukerjee S, Xu C and Moore J E, 2007 Phys. Rev. B 76 104519
[32] Amico L, Mazzarella G, Pasini S and Cataliotti F S, 2008 arXiv:0806.2378
doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2009/02/P02027 17

You might also like