Community Health Definition Term acceptability access accessibility accommodation accreditation the relationship between the client's attitudes

about providers and providers' attitudes about acceptable client characteristics. ability to obtain health care services in a timely manner, at a reasonable cost, by a qualified practitioner, at an accessible location. the relationship between the location of the services and the client's location. the relationship between how services are organized (e.g., hours of operation, appointment systems) and the client's ability to accommodate to these factors. a means to assess the quality of services and care of an organization. Specific minimum standards must be met by an organization in order to obtain accreditation. derived from actual exposure to the specific infectious agent, toxin, or appropriate vaccine. outlook that tends to be unaware of or does not acknowledge how people are treated differently, that is, privileged or oppressed, according to gender, class, ethnicity, sexual identity, or a differing worldview. is when the body produces its own antibodies against an antigen, either from infection with the pathogen or introduction of the pathogen in a vaccine. activities usually performed in the course of a normal day in a person's life, such as bathing, dressing, eating, mobility, or toileting. individuals enrolled in specific programs are classified using the statistical mathematics of insurance, including probabilities to ensure the premium payments will adequately provide future payouts. a type of illness or injury that usually lasts less than 3 months and either results in restricted activity or causes the patient to receive medical care. a bipartisan bill supported by disability advocates and employers, became effective on January 1, 2009, making it easier for a person seeking protection under the ADA to establish that he or she has a disability within the meaning of the ADA (U.S. Department of Justice, 2009). hired by the Vermont Marble Company in 1895 to care for workers and their families; considered the first industrial nurse. compulsive use patterns and the onset of withdrawal symptoms when substance use is abruptly stopped. departments of the executive branch with the authority to implement or administer particular legislation. pregnancy before the age of 18. a written document in which a competent person gives instructions about his or her health care that are to be implemented in the future if the individual is not able to make the decisions. when a larger proportion of people with poorer health status enroll in specific plans or options. Plans that enroll a subpopulation with lower-than-average costs are favorably selected.

acquired immunity acquired social consciousness active immunity activities of daily living (ADLs) actuarial classification acute condition ADA Amendments Act of 2008

Ada Mayo Stewart addiction administrative agencies adolescent pregnancy advance directive

adverse selection

affordability age-adjustment of rates agent age-specific rates aggregates aging agoraphobia

the price of provider services or payment requirements and the client's ability to pay. (also known as standardization of rates) method of reducing bias when there are differences in the age distributions of two populations being compared. causative factor invading a susceptible host through an environment favorable to produce disease, such as biological or chemical agent. rates that characterize a particular age group in the population, usually with regard to deaths and births. population subgroups in a community made up of people who share one or more common characteristics. a universal human experience that culminates in a final end. an anxiety disorder characterized by a fear of being in an open, crowded, or public place, where escape is perceived as difficult or help not available in case of sudden incapacitation. refers to the various types of housing that the elderly may choose. These include retirement communities or apartments, continuing care retirement facilities, assisted living facilities, and board and care facilities and homes. Services at these facilities include meal preparation, housekeeping, laundry, and medication administration.

alternative housing options

alternative therapies therapies not considered mainstream health care, such as massage therapy, herbal therapy, healing touch, energetic healing, acupuncture, and acupressure. Alzheimer's disease ambulatory care American Red Cross a slowly progressive brain disorder that begins with mild memory loss and progresses through stages to total incapacitation and eventually death. medical services provided on an outpatient basis in a hospital or clinic setting. a national organization founded in 1881 through the efforts of Clara Barton that seeks to reduce human suffering through various health, safety, and disasterrelief programs in affiliation with the International Committee of the Red Cross. law passed in 1990 that provided a mandate against discrimination toward people with disabilities. method that investigates the causes of disease by determining why a disease rate is lower in one population group than in another. any steroid hormone that increases male characteristics. a disorder of self-starvation characterized by significant weight loss, amenorrhea, compulsive physical activity, preoccupation with food, and a distorted body image. stimulates an immune response in the host. a disorder involving tension within a person or system that increases emotional reactivity. a group of conditions characterized by feelings of anxiety. Anxiety disorders may be attributed to genetic makeup and life experiences of the individual. Some of the more commonly encountered anxiety disorders are generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder (sometimes accompanied by agoraphobia), phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (APA, 2000).

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) analytic epidemiology androgen anorexia nervosa

antigenicity anxiety disorder anxiety disorders

atmospheric quality attack rate attention deficit hyperactivity disorder/attention deficit disorder (ADHD/ADD) availability

the protectiveness of the atmospheric layers, the risks of severe weather, and the purity of the air available for breathing purposes. a type of incidence rate defined as the proportion of agent-exposed persons who develop the disease, usually for a limited time in a specific population. a behavior disorder characterized by developmentally inappropriate degrees of inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity.

refers to the relationship between the amount (i.e., number of providers and facilities) and type of health care services and the amount and type of client needs. an outlook that is aware of processes of unjust actions, may question dominant assumptions, and may join with others in resisting mainstream actions. a theory of illness causation based on the assumptions that (1) all events in life have a cause and effect; (2) the human body functions more or less mechanically (i.e., the functioning of the human body is analogous to the functioning of an automobile); (3) all life can be reduced or divided into smaller parts (e.g., the human person can be reduced into body, mind, and spirit); and (4) all of reality can be observed and measured (e.g., with intelligence tests and psychometric measures of behavior). founded in 2000, this foundation has local, national, and global objectives. Globally, the foundation focuses on reducing extreme poverty, improving health, and increasing public library access. a major mental disorder characterized by episodes of mania, depression, or mixed mood. One or the other phase may be predominant at any given time, one phase may appear alternately with the other, or elements of both phases may be present simultaneously. cancer found in the breast tissue; results in 15% of all cancer deaths. a disorder characterized by a pattern of binge eating followed by forced purging, which usually involves self-induced vomiting, caused by gagging, using an emetic, or simply mentally willing the action. Laxatives, diuretics, fasting, and excessive exercise may also be employed to control weight. a method of payment for health services in which the provider is paid a fixed amount for each patient without regard to the actual number or nature of services provided. includes high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, stroke, congenital defects, and rheumatic heart disease. consists of programs that apply systems, science, incentives, and information to improve medical practice and to allow clients and their support systems to participate in a collaborative process with a goal of improving medical, social, and mental health conditions more effectively. (1) a person or animal who harbors and spreads an organism that causes disease in others but does not become ill (Chapter 25); (2) an organization that contracts with the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) to administer claims processing and make Medicare payments to health care providers. founded in 1982, the Carter Center is a nonprofit NGO founded by former President and First Lady, Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter that has three objectives:

awakened social consciousness biomedical

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation bipolar disorder

breast cancer bulimia nervosa

capitated reimbursement cardiovascular disease care management

carrier

Carter Center

(1) to prevent and resolve conflicts, (2) to enhance freedom and democracy, and (3) to improve health. carve-out services case case management cause and effect relationship services provided within a standard benefit package but delivered exclusively by a designated provider or group, such as mental health care. an episode of illness or injury. the process by which health care services are organized and coordinated to meet client needs. a relationship that is determined to exist after certain criteria are met. The criteria are strength of association, dose-response relationship, temporally correct relationship, biological plausibility, consistency with other studies, and specificity. population boundaries that subdivide larger communities and are used expressly for data collection and population assessment by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. responsible for the prevention and control of disease, injury and disability.

census tracts

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cesarean section child abuse

surgically removing a baby from the mother's womb when natural delivery is not possible. injury or deprivation to a child of a physical or emotional nature. (Chapter 27); any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm. vaccinations to protect children against several diseases that killed or disabled many children in the past. physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse or neglect that occur among children under the age of 18 children with special needs. a condition that persists for at least 3 months or belongs to a group of conditions classified as chronic regardless of time of onset, such as tuberculosis, neoplasm, or arthritis. model that explains six concepts of care that guide nursing practice and interventions: caring, intuition, respect for religious beliefs and practices, caution, listening, and emotional support. often required before medical facilities are created. federal law passed in 1964 that prohibits discrimination based on sex, race, color, religion, or national origin in hiring or firing, wages, and fringe benefits. responsible for organizing relief efforts during the American Civil War. assistance for the client to guide him or her through a complex, fragmented, and often confusing health care delivery system and to achieve specific clientcentered goals. rights that clients have regarding their own health.

childhood immunization child maltreatment children with a disability (CWD) chronic condition

CIRCLE Model of Spiritual Care certificate of need (CON) Civil Rights Act Clara Barton client-centered case management client rights

coalition cognitive theory

two or more groups join to maximize resources, thus increasing their impact and improving their chances of success in achieving a common goal. premise that individuals learn by processing information, reflective thinking, and problem solving. Behaviors are determined by perceptions and past learning experiences. a living arrangement in which an unmarried couple live together in a long-term relationship that resembles a marriage,(McLanahan and Percheski, 2008, p. 259). cost sharing required by a health plan whereby the individual is responsible for a set percentage of the charge for each service. a system used to ensure that vaccines are kept at a designated temperature from the time they are manufactured until they are used for vaccination. a disease of human or animal origin caused by an infectious agent and resulting from transmission of that agent from an infected person, animal, or inanimate source to a susceptible host. Infectious disease may be communicable or noncommunicable (e.g., tetanus is infectious but not communicable). or communicability, follows latency and begins with shedding of the agent. Frequently the communicable period begins before symptoms are present. focus on groups of people as the unit of care. methods that involve community participation and highlight community strengths. consists of four components: identification of the health problem or risk, aggregate or community affected, etiological or causal statement, and evidence or support for the diagnosis. a combination of process and outcome of organized community members gaining control over their lives. organized efforts for health at the community level through both government and private efforts, including private agencies supported by private funds, such as the American Heart Association or the Red Cross. developed through federal funds in the 1960s, addresses broader inputs into health such as education and housing. the provision of nursing service to the community or population as a whole. of 1964 provided federal support for mental health services. The Act supported measures to implement facilities to care for those who were mentally retarded and to construct community mental health centers. The Act also mandated deinstitutionalization, or a halt to the long-held policy of keeping the severely mentally ill hospitalized. The intention was to reduce long-term care of seriously mentally ill persons, by transferring treatment to the community (Sharfstein, Stoline, and Koran, 2002). individuals coming together because of a common problem. a framework that focuses its energies exclusively on intrapatient and nursepatient factors. coordination of long-term care services.

cohabitation

co-insurance cold chain communicable disease

communicable period community as client community-based participatory methods community diagnosis community empowerment community health

community health center community health nursing Community Mental Health Centers Act

community of solution conservative scope of practice continuum of care

contracting control coordinator of volunteers co-payment coroner

establishing the division of labor between nurse and family that will meet the objectives. the reduction of incidence or prevalence of a given disease to a locally acceptable level as a result of deliberate efforts. recruits, trains, and directs volunteers to work with the FCN program or health ministry. cost sharing required by the health plan whereby the individual must pay a fixed dollar amount for each service. a public official who investigates the causes and circumstances of deaths that occur within a specific legal jurisdiction or territory, especially those that may have resulted from unnatural causes. a specialized subset of forensic nursing. It requires a significant amount of discrete knowledge, as well as an understanding and awareness of the unique needs and perspective of the clients served. Care is negotiated and provided with recognition of safety and security issues for the nurse and the constitutional right of prisoners to receive adequate and timely health care. The primary goals in correctional facilities are to maintain a safe, secure, and humane environment for inmates. reduction of inefficiencies in the consumption, allocation, or production of health care services. cost of uncompensated care is passed on to the insured, resulting in higher costs for those with insurance coverage. any act that violates a law and may have criminal intent. uses societal awareness to expose social inequalities that keep people from reaching their full potential. an approach that raises questions about oppressive situations, involves community members in the definition and solution of problems, and facilitates interventions that reduce health-damaging effects of environments. rates that summarize the occurrence of births (crude birth rate), deaths (crude death rates), or diseases (crude disease rates) in the general population. The numerator is the number of events, and the denominator is the average population size or the population size at midyear (usually July 1) multiplied by a constant. the ability to give care to an individual that demonstrates awareness of, and sensitivity to, the underlying personal and cultural reality of the individual by identifying and using cultural norms, values, and communication and time patterns in collecting and interpreting assessment information. the tendency to impose one's own beliefs, values, and patterns of behavior on individuals from another culture. the process in which messages, instructions, and belief systems are manipulated, linked, or processed between the professional and the lay models of health problems and preferred treatment.

correctional nursing

cost containment cost shifting crime critical theoretical perspective critical theory

crude rates

cultural competence

cultural imposition cultural negotiation

cultural stereotyping the tendency to view individuals of common cultural backgrounds similarly and according to a preconceived notion of how they behave. culturally effective care care that exhibits sensitivity to the differences in individuals based on their vast experiences and responses due to their backgrounds, sexual orientation,

socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and cultural background. culture the complex whole, including knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by virtue of the fact that one is a member of a particular society (Tylor, 1871). a health condition that is culturally defined. the state of disorientation or inability to respond to the behavior of a different cultural group because it holds sudden strangeness, unfamiliarity, and incompatibility to the newcomer's perceptions and expectations (Leininger and McFarland, 2002). the particularistic values, beliefs, and patterning of behavior that tend to be special, local,' or unique to a designated culture and which do not tend to be shared with members of other cultures (Leininger, 1991, p. 491). the commonalties of values, norms of behavior, and life patterns that are similarly held among cultures about human behavior and lifestyles and form the bases for formulating theories for developing cross-cultural laws of human behavior (Leininger, 2001, p. 491). a systematic appraisal or examination of individuals, groups, and communities as to their cultural beliefs, values, and practices to determine specific needs and interventions within the cultural context of the people being evaluated (Leininger, 1995). a list of codes for medical services and procedures performed by physicians and other health care providers which has become the health care industry's standard for reporting physician procedures and services. used to reduce inhibitions and promote anesthesia or amnesia in the victim. Examples are gamma y-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and Rohypnol. refers to abusive, controlling, or aggressive behavior in an intimate relationship that can take the form of emotional, verbal, physical, or sexual abuse.

culture-bound syndrome culture shock

culture specific

culture universal

culturological assessment

current procedural terminology (CPT) codes date rape drugs dating violence

Declaration of Alma- encouraged governments all over the world to protect and promote the health Ata of all people. deductible cost sharing whereby the individual pays a specified amount before the health plan pays for covered services.

deinstitutionalization process of releasing patients from care in psychiatric institutions into the community. depression descriptive epidemiology determinants of health a disorder characterized by an all-pervasive sadness that is present much of the time. a form of epidemiology that describes a disease according to its person, place, or time. leading health indicators.

developer of support evaluates the need for a support or self-help group within the faith community. groups diagnosis-related group (DRG) a system of payment classification for inpatient hospital services based on the principal diagnosis, procedure, age, gender of the patient, and any complications.

direct transmission direct victim disability disability syndrome disaster disaster triage

the immediate transfer of an infectious agent from an infected host or reservoir to an appropriate portal of entry in the human host through physical contact. an individual who is immediately affected by a disaster. involves a restriction or an inability to perform an activity in a normal manner or within the normal range. a state in which an individual chooses not to work when medical clearance to do so has been granted. any event that causes a level of destruction, death, or injury that affects the abilities of the community to respond to the incident using available resources. establishing priorities of patient care for urgent treatment while allocating scarce resources. The focus of disaster triage is to do as little as possible, for the greatest number, in the shortest period of time. patient assessment and the development of a comprehensive discharge plan for post-hospital care. an inability to connect with family and friends. efforts to protect persons from disease and its consequences. refers to the wide variations in health services and health status among certain population groups. individuals that have to evacuate their home, school, or business as a result of a disaster. stemmed from public health nursing and developed in England. includes physical, sexual, and psychological attacks and economic coercion. a basic value orientation that is shared by the majority of a society's members as a result of early common experiences. condition involving persons with one or more psychiatric diagnoses in addition to a substance abuse problem. (also called a health care proxy) a way to give power to make medical decisions about care to another person. a program within Medicaid. It is a comprehensive child health program for uninsured under the age of 21. It includes health education, periodic screening, vision, dental, and hearing services. a blend of systems theory and developmental theory, with the addition of an understanding of one's own environment. tool that is used to depict a family's linkages to their suprasystems. It portrays an overview of the family in their situation. a form of epidemiology that focuses on the sequencing of genes to determine individual susceptibility to various diseases. an abnormal pregnancy in which the embryo is implanted outside the uterus. in 1796, he observed that people who worked around cattle were less likely to have smallpox. He discovered that immunity to smallpox resulted from an inoculation with the cowpox virus.

discharge planning disconnectedness disease prevention disparities displaced persons district nursing domestic violence dominant value orientation dual diagnosis durable power of attorney Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment (EPSDT) ecological framework ecomap ecosocial epidemiology ectopic pregnancy Edward Jenner

Edwin Chadwick

called attention to the consequences of unsanitary conditions in Liverpool in 1842 that resulted in health disparities that shortened the life span of the laboring class in particular. net health benefit provided by a medical service or technology for a typical patient in community practice. a reportable offense of physical, psychological, or material abuse, as well as violation of the rights of safety, security, and adequate health care of older adults. controlling a disease within a specified geographical area, such as a single country, an island, or a continent, and reducing the prevalence and incidence to eventual eradication. enacted in England in 1601, held the church parishes responsible for providing relief for the poor. This law governed health care for the poor for more than two centuries and became a prototype for later U.S. laws. willfully inflicting on a child unjustifiable mental suffering that may damage a child's self-worth or emotional well-being the failure to nurture a child in developmentally appropriate ways. Some examples of emotional neglect would be failure to cuddle or physically stimulate a newborn, failure to give positive feedback, failure to pay attention to the overall emotional needs of a child, or deliberate withholding of affection. the constant presence of an infectious disease within a specific geographic area. the accumulation of physical, social, cultural, economic, and political conditions that influence the lives of communities. (Chapter 14); that which surrounds the human host and where transmission of an infectious agent is occurring. the state of health that exists as a result of the forces and conditions that surround and influence human beings. the concept of the disproportionately high exposures of lowincome and minority populations to environmental health risks such as air pollution, hazardous waste incinerators, toxic landfills, pesticides, lead exposure, and unsafe drinking water. a type of prejudice that forces impoverished and marginalized groups, especially people of color, to live in close proximity to industrial contamination. the occurrence of an infectious agent or disease within a specific geographical area in greater numbers than would normally be expected. an organized method of inquiry to derive an explanation of disease which analyzes three elements: agent, host, and environment. the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in human populations. reducing the incidence of a disease worldwide to zero as a function of deliberate efforts, with no need for further control measures. a type of occupational health science that focuses on worker capabilities and minimizing limitations. the tendency to view one's own way of life as the most desirable, acceptable, or best and to act in a superior manner toward another culture. acknowledges that the processes of oppression places one in a privileged

effectiveness elder abuse

elimination

Elizabethan Poor Law emotional abuse emotional neglect

endemic environment

environmental health environmental justice

environmental racism epidemic epidemiological triangle epidemiology eradication ergonomics ethnocentrism expanded social

consciousness expressive functioning

position while placing others in a subordinate, marginalized role. family functional assessment that includes nine categories: emotional communication, verbal communication, nonverbal communication, circular communication, problem solving, roles, influence, beliefs, and alliances and coalitions. structure that includes the following two categories: (1) extended family, including family of origin and family of procreation; and (2) larger systems, including work, health, and welfare. connects the church with existing resources and programs to meet identified health and educational needs. group of persons with similar religious beliefs. a condition of coming down freely, usually under the influence of gravity; can be especially harmful for the elderly. any person(s) who plays a significant role in an individual's life. This may include a person(s) not legally related to the individual. Members of family include spouses, domestic partners, and both different-sex and same-sex significant others. Family includes a minor patient's parents, regardless of the gender of either parentwithout limitation as encompassing legal parents, foster parents, same-sex parent, step-parents, those serving in loco parentis, and other persons operating in caretaker roles (Human Rights Campaign, 2009, Inclusive Definitions of Family) enacted in 1993, allows an employee a minimum provision of 12 weeks of unpaid leave each year for family and medical reasons such as personal illness, an ill child, parent, or spouse, or the birth or adoption of a child. a federal act designed to protect the privacy of student records, including the health record. used as a guide to assist the nurse in data collection and organization of the data collected from families over time. a tool based on a genogram that provides a mechanism for recording the family's medical and health histories. model that uses general systems and communication concepts to conceptualize health needs of families and a family assessment model to assess families' responses to normative events such as birth or retirement or to paranormative events such as chronic illness or divorce. refers to planned limitation of pregnancies or attempts to increase chances of conception. agency whose mission is to lead the efforts to prepare the nation for all hazards and to manage the federal response and recovery efforts following a national incident. FEMA also initiates proactive mitigation activities, trains first responders, and manages the National Flood Insurance Program and the U.S. Fire Administration. a nervous system dysfunction in infants caused by high consumption of alcohol by pregnant women. first personnel at a disaster and/or emergency site responsible for incident management at the local level.

external structure

facilitator faith community falls family

Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) family health assessment family health tree family interviewing

family planning Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder syndrome (FASD) first responders

flexible spending account Flexner Report

a mechanism by which an employee may pay for uncovered health care expenses through payroll deductions. outlined, in 1910, the shortcomings of U.S. medical schools that did not use the German model that promoted medical education on the principles of scientific discovery. considered the founder of nursing. She was the first nurse to exert political pressure on a government. (Chapters 2) She also transformed military health and knew the value of data in influencing policy. any inanimate object, material, or substance that acts as a transport agent for a microbe (e.g., water, a telephone, or a contaminated tissue). the availability and relative costs of foods, their variety and safety, and the health of animal and plant food sources. pertaining to courts of law.

Florence Nightingale

fomites food quality forensic

forensic nurse death nurse who assists police officers and homicide detectives by helping to evaluate investigator a death scene from a specialized, medically oriented perspective. forensic nurse examiner forensic nursing delivers care to both living and deceased clients who are somehow involved with the legal system. combines the disciplines of nursing science, forensic science, medical science, sociology, and psychology with law enforcement and the criminal justice system. collects evidence by determining intent or diminished capacity in the client's thinking at the time of the incident. refers to how often a disaster occurs. an area having fewer than six persons per square mile. the most basic of activities that are done in a person's life on a normal day, such as seeing, hearing, speaking, walking, using stairs, and lifting and carrying items. person in a managed care organization who decides whether or not a person will be referred for specialty care. (Doctors, nurses, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants function as gatekeepers.) made up of a cohabiting couple of the same sex who have a sexual relationship. The homosexual family may or may not have children. a way to explain how the family as a unit interacts with larger units outside the family and with smaller units inside the family. characterized by chronic, unrealistic, and exaggerated worry and tension about one or more life circumstances lasting 6 months or longer (APA, 2000). Symptoms of GAD include trembling, twitching, muscle tension, headaches, irritability, sweating or hot flashes, dyspnea, and nausea. Periods of increasing symptoms are usually associated with life stressors or impending difficulties. a way to diagram the family for three generations of family members with the generally agreed-on symbols to denote genealogy. an abnormal condition of elevated pressure within an eye caused by obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor. the process of increasing social and economic dependence and integration as

forensic psychiatric nurse frequency frontier functional activities

gatekeeper

gay or lesbian family general systems theory generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

genogram glaucoma globalization

capital, goods, persons, concepts, images, ideas, and values cross state boundaries. government Granger Westberg the structure of principles and rules determining how a state, country, or organization is regulated. educated as a chaplain and Lutheran minister, he worked with nurses in hospitals, medical schools, and church communities. Impressed with the nurse's perspective of health and wholeness in viewing the physical, emotional, and spiritual challenges of human illness, he described parish nursing as the culmination of his lifelong work in relating theology and health care. He is considered the founder of the modern parish nurse movement. a legal status that places an individual's medical treatment, housing, personal needs, finances, and property in the hands of another person. is a disadvantage resulting from an impairment or a disability that prevents fulfillment of an expected role. individual and collective approaches to addressing substance use problems that are not primarily aimed at complete abstinence from all substances. Harm reduction uses incremental change to eliminate the harmful effects of substance use through behavior and policy modifications. crimes based on an individual's race, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, ethnic background, or national origin. a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. facilitates clients' efforts in obtaining needed health services and appropriate care management plans, promotes community awareness of significant health problems, lobbies for beneficial public policy, and stimulates supportive action for health. theoretical approach based on the premise that it is the world of the perceiver that determines what one will do. individuals or institutions that provide medical services. government and private efforts to improve health care services. refers to the wide variations in health services and health status among certain population groups. Examples are the growing problems of access to medical care; differences in treatment based on race, gender, and ability to pay; and related issues such as urban versus rural health, insurance coverage, Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement for care, and satisfaction with service delivery. the process of assessing individuals, acting separately or collectively, to make informed decisions on matters affecting individuals, family, and community health. role in which the nurse provides or coordinates educational offerings for people of all ages and developmental stages. the attainment by all citizens of the world by the year 2000 of a level of health that will permit them to lead a socially and economically productive life (WHO, 1999, p. 65). pays a predetermined amount for covered services.

guardianship handicap harm reduction

hate crimes health health advocate

health belief model (HBM) health care providers health care reform health disparities

health education

health educator health for all by the year 2000 health insurance plan

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) health literacy health maintenance organization (HMO) health planning

a federal law that protects confidentiality by defining the privacy rights of clients, who should have access to client information, what constitutes the client's right to confidentiality, and what constitutes inappropriate access to health records. the capacity to read, comprehend, and follow through on health information. managed care plan that acts as an insurer and sometimes a provider for a fixed prepaid premium. HMOs usually employ the physicians. efforts taken to promote health. It varies when applied to different aggregate levels. Health planning with an individual or a family may focus on direct care needs or selfcare responsibilities; at the group level, the primary goal may be health education; and at the community level, health planning may involve prevention of diseases within a population or control of environmental hazards. a model that applies the nursing process within a systems framework to the larger aggregate, with the objective of improving the health of this aggregate. public policies that pertain to or influence the pursuit of health, or a course of action to obtain a desired health outcome for an individual, family, group, community or society. enlisted home visitors in Manchester in 1862 to distribute health information to the poor. efforts or activities aimed at improving well-being. those behaviors in which one engages with the specific intent to prevent disease, to detect disease in the early stages, or to maximize health within the constraints of disease. a movement whose purpose is to help community citizens bring about positive health changes in their communities; stresses that interconnectedness among people and among public and private sectors is essential for a community to address causes of poor health. a state in which those not immune to an infectious agent will be safe if at least 80% of the population has been vaccinated or is otherwise immune. (also known as the Hospital Survey and Construction Act) passed in 1946 to provide federal aid to states for hospital facilities. that component of a continuum of comprehensive health care whereby health services are provided to individuals and families in their places of residence for the purpose of promoting, maintaining, or restoring health or maximizing the level of independence, while minimizing the effects of disability and illness, including terminal illness. a living human or animal organism in which an infectious agent can exist under natural conditions. an environmental health concern that refers to the availability, safety, cleanliness, and location of shelter, including public facilities and individual or family dwellings. nurses Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster established this district nursing service on the Lower East Side of New York City in 1893. theories that describe the influence that feelings, emotions, and personal relationships have on behavior. If people are given free choice, they will do what is best for them.

health planning model health policy

health visiting health promotion health protection

Healthy Cities and Healthy Communities herd immunity Hill-Burton Act home health care

host housing

House on Henry Street humanistic theories

hypertension illness orientation imminence immunity immunization impairment incidence incidence rates

blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or greater, which significantly increases the risk of serious morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease. the ability to note symptoms and take appropriate action. the speed of onset of an impending disaster; relates to the extent of forewarning possible and the anticipated duration of the incident. the body's ability to protect itself from infection. process of introducing a vaccine or toxoid to produce active or passive immunity in the recipient. an anatomical, mental, or psychological loss or another abnormality. in epidemiology, the number of new cases of infection or disease that occur in a defined population in a specified period of time. rates that describe the occurrence of new cases of disease or condition (e.g., teen pregnancy) in a community over a period of time, relative to the size of the population at risk for that disease or condition during that same period. the time from invasion to the time when disease symptoms first appear. health plan that pays covered services on a fee-for-service basis. the spread of infection through vehicle fomites, animals, and vectors that carry a parasite or pathogen to a suitable portal of entry in the human host. an individual who is not immediately affected by the event; this person may be a family member or friend of the victim or a first responder. a plan outlining the educational program for a child with a disability enacted in 1975, a federal law that ensures a free appropriate public education to children with disabilities, based on their needs in the least restrictive setting from preschool through secondary education. (Chapter 21); enhanced the opportunities for children previously served in acute-care and long-term-care settings to have access to public education (Duncan and Igoe, 1998). President George W. Bush signed the reauthorized IDEA into law on December 3, 2004, to support more than 6 million children with disabilities in the U.S. school systems. Children affected by these laws include those who are hearing impaired, mentally retarded, multi-handicapped, orthopedically impaired, other health impaired (e.g., chronic or acute health problems such as heart condition or epilepsy), seriously emotionally disturbed, speech impaired, visually handicapped, or have a specific learning disability. occupational health science used to identify and evaluate workplace hazards so control mechanisms can be implemented for exposure reduction. rate of the death of an infant during the first year of life; an important gauge of overall children's health status and the health of pregnant women. the entry and multiplication of an infectious agent in a host. any communicable disease, or one that can be transmitted from one human being to another or from animal to human by direct or indirect contact. the power to invade and infect large numbers of people. network of lay volunteers and the home care nurse.

incubation period indemnity plan indirect transmission indirect victim individualized education plan (IEP) Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

industrial hygiene infant mortality infection infectious disease infectivity informal care systems

initiation institutional policies instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) instrumental functioning integrator of health and healing intellectual disability (ID) intentional injuries internal structure International Council of Nurses (ICN)

period of socially mediated use of alcohol or drugs. policies that govern worksites and identify the institution's goals, operation, and treatment of employees. activities often done in the course of a normal day in a person's life, such as shopping, tracking money or bills, light housework, and meal preparation. routine activities of daily living. role in which the nurse acknowledges and integrates spirituality as the basis of his or her nursing practice. limitations in the ability of a person to function in areas of daily life. term used in public health to refer to injuries from violence. structure of the family that includes five categories: family composition, gender, rank order, subsystem or labeling the subgroups or dyads, and boundaries. the oldest international health organization. It is a federation of nurses associations from 112 countries and was one of the first health organizations to develop strict policies of nondiscrimination based on nationality, race, creed, color, politics, sex, or social status. The objectives of the ICN include promotion of national associations of nurses, improvement of standards of nursing and competence of nurses, improvement of the status of nurses within their countries, and provision of an authoritative international voice for nurses. violence that affects only one or two individuals. any act performed to prevent harming of a patient or to improve the mental, emotional, or physical function of a patient. the intentional emotional or physical abuse by a spouse or ex-spouse, boyfriend or girlfriend, ex-boyfriend or ex-girlfriend, or date. the separation of a seriously ill patient from others to prevent the spread of an infection or to protect the patient from irritating environmental factors. observed the healing processes of fractures. When the bone was broken but the skin was not, he noted that recovery was uneventful. However, when both the bone and the skin were broken, fever, infection, and even death were frequent. He found that something outside the body entered the wound through the broken skin causing the infection. Lister's surgical successes eventually improved when he soaked the dressings and instruments in mixtures of phenol and oil. demonstrated that cholera was transmissible through contaminated water in 1854. a formal or informal leader in the community who provides data that is informed by his or her personal knowledge and experience with the community. the period of replication before shedding. a prolific writer and political activist. She waged a campaign for legislation to allow nurses instead of physicians to control the nursing profession. poisoning resulting from the ingestion of lead; can cause death, mental

interpersonal violence intervention intimate partner violence (IPV) isolation Joseph Lister

John Snow key informant latency Lavinia Dock lead poisoning

retardation, cognitive and behavioral problems, decreased growth, and neurological disabilities in children. learner verification learning legal nurse consultant process that engages intended members in dialogue and helps to uncover unsuitable aspects of the material, whether in content, visuals, or format. an enduring change that may involve a modification of insights, behaviors, perceptions, motivations, or a combination of these. nurse who provides assistance within the legal system using specialized nursing knowledge and expertise when interaction of law and health issues arise. Legal nurse consultants are hired by attorneys and insurers to review and interpret medical records and charts, provide objective opinions based on standards of care, and possibly to testify in court.

Leininger's theory of theory that is concerned with describing, explaining, and projecting nursing culture care similarities and differences within a cultural dimension. This theory maintains diversity and that human beings and their health are inseparable from their cultural universality background and social structure. Lemuel Shattuck , a Boston bookseller and publisher with an interest in public health who organized the American Statistical Society in 1839 and issued a Census of Boston in 1845. average years an individual is expected to live. early twentieth-century community health nurse and political activist who recognized the connections between health and social conditions. She was a driving force behind the federal government's development of the Children's Bureau in 1912. refers to individuals who are subject to forensic investigations, including but not limited to survivors of rape, drug and alcohol addiction, domestic violence, nonfatal assaults, motor vehicle and pedestrian accidents, and police detainees. the relationships among persons, communities, and their surrounding environments that depend on habits, interpersonal ties, cultural values, and customs. a written document in which a patient voluntarily informs doctors and family members about the type of medical care desired should the patient become terminally ill or permanently unconscious and unable to communicate. the act of trying to influence legislators; an art of persuasion. a person who voluntarily, or for a fee, represents himself or herself, an individual, organization, or entity before the legislature. proposed the existence of germs while experimenting with wine production in 1854. perspective that examines interfamily and intercommunity themes in health and illness. Delineates factors in the population that perpetuate the development of illness or foster the development of health. a chronic eye disease that occurs when tissue in the macula, the part of the retina that is responsible for central vision, deteriorates. health perspective model that sees the world as an arena in which supernatural forces dominate. having five or more symptoms of depression in the previous 2 weeks.

life expectancy Lillian Wald

living forensics

living patterns

living will

lobby lobbyist Louis Pasteur macroscopic

macular degeneration magicoreligious major depression

managed care

any method of health care delivery designed to reduce unnecessary utilization of services, increase cost containment and cost-effectiveness, and ensure high quality care. groups that negotiate with health care providers to render care for a specified amount of reimbursement based on community ratings modified by groupspecific demographics. groups of health care providers designed to implement managed care, including health maintenance organizations (HMOs), preferred provider organizations (PPOs), integrated delivery systems (IDSs), and physician hospital organizations (PHOs). health plan that uses financial incentives to encourage enrollees to utilize selected providers who have contracted with the plan. a state or federal statute or regulation that requires coverage for certain health services. purports that people are entitled to valued ends (status, income, happiness) according to their own individual efforts. named by President Barack Obama as administrator of the HRSA on February 20, 2009. an event that causes injuries to more than 100 people who require emergency health care in the same period of time. the tools of a program, not the program itself. the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 to 364 days after termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and the site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes. Title XIX Social Security Amendment (1965), a combined federal and state program. The program provides access to care for the poor and medically needy of all ages. the use of ambulatory care, hospital care, preventive care, or other health services. licensed physicians with experience in forensic pathology and specialized training in medicolegal death investigation and forensic autopsies. They are appointed for an unspecified term and serve a county, district, region, or state as determined by law. Title XVIII Social Security Amendment (1965), a federal program administered by the Health Care Financing Administration, which pays specified health care services for all persons older than 65 years who are eligible to receive Social Security benefits. privately purchased individual or group health insurance plans designed to supplement Medicare coverage. refers to the absence of mental disorders and to the ability for social and occupational functioning. includes all diagnosable mental disorders (i.e., those health conditions characterized by alterations in thinking, mood, or behavior associated with distress and/or impaired functioning). a group of risk factors that have been linked to an increased risk of

managed care groups managed care organizations (MCOs) managed care plan mandate market justice Mary Wakefield mass casualty materials and media maternal mortality

Medicaid

medical care medical examiner

Medicare

Medigap insurance mental health mental illness

metabolic syndrome

cardiovascular events. These factors include abdominal obesity (waist circumference greater than 35 inches in women), dyslipidemia (elevated triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein), insulin resistance, and elevated blood pressure. metropolitan metropolitan statistical areas microscopic migrant farmworkers Millennium Development Goals Milio's framework for prevention morbidity morbidity rates mortality mortality rates multicausation area that contains an urban population center of 50,000 or more people. large metropolitan areas that consist of a central city with more than 50,000 people and include the associated suburban or adjacent counties, which yields a total metropolitan area with more than 100,000 people. perspective that examines individual (and sometimes family) responses to health and illness. those who migrate to find work. developed in 2000 to coordinate and strengthen global efforts to meet the needs of the poorest of the poor. outlines six propositions that relate the ability of an individual to improve healthful behavior to a society's ability to provide options for healthy choices that are both accessible and socially affirming. illness rate; the rate at which an illness occurs in a particular population. rates of illness. death rate, which reflects the number of deaths per unit of population. rates of death. principle that emphasizes that an infectious agent alone is not sufficient to cause disease; the agent must be transmitted within a conducive environment to a susceptible host. an event that causes injuries to more than 2 people but fewer than 100 people who require emergency health care in the same period of time. the many variations of individuals that make up family structure (e.g., nuclear families, extended family units, single-parent units, families of group marriages, blended family units, adoptive family units, nonlegal heterosexual unions, lesbian family units, and others). associations that are voluntarily formed, are not professionally dominated, and operate through face-to-face supportive interaction focusing on a mutual goal. a natural disaster that creates or results in a widespread technological problem.

multiple casualty multiple family configurations

mutual help groups NA-TECH (naturaltechnological) disaster National Health Planning and Resources Development Act natural history of disease natural immunity National Incident Management

passed in 1974; combined the strengths of the HillBurton Act, regional medical programs, and the comprehensive health planning program to forge a new system of singlestate and area-wide health planning agencies. course or progression of a disease process from onset to resolution. an innate resistance to a specific antigen or toxin. provides a systematic, proactive approach for all levels of government and nongovernmental agencies to work seamlessly to prevent, protect against,

System naturalistic

respond to, recover from, and prevent the effects of disasters. a viewpoint found most frequently among Native Americans, Asians, and others who believe that human life is only one aspect of nature and a part of the general order of the cosmos. collection of data about a community's health status, concerns, and services they use or require. therapy that involves changing the network of families, either extended family or friends, who tend to maintain a dysfunctional status quo in the nuclear family. organizations with no participation or representation of any government.

needs assessment network therapy

nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) norms notifiable infectious diseases nuclear family nurse attorney nurse coroner nursing policy obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD) occupational health nursing

the rules by which human behavior is governed; norms result from the cultural values held by the group. infectious diseases that are designated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as nationally notifiable. Health care providers who encounter these diseases must report them to the local or regional health department. a small group consisting of parents and their nonadult children living in a single household. nurse who provides assistance within the legal system using specialized nursing knowledge and expertise when interaction of law and health issues arise. s provide an understanding of nursing, forensic and medical science, sociology, psychology, and public health within the criminal justice system. specifies nursing leadership that influences and shapes health policy and nursing practice. an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and persistent thoughts, ideas, and feelings of obsessions or compulsions sufficiently severe to cause marked distress, consume considerable time, or significantly interfere with the patient's occupational, social, or interpersonal functioning. a component of public health nursing, defined by the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses as the specialty practice that focuses on the promotion, prevention, and restoration of health within the context of a safe and healthy environment. It includes the prevention of adverse health effects from occupational and environmental hazards. It provides for and delivers occupational and environmental health and safety programs and services to clients. the federal agency that is in charge of the occupational health of the nation's workers.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Office of Emergency Management

agency that involves representatives from all official and unofficial agencies in developing the community disaster plan, developing scenarios to test the plan through drills, and assessing the scope, intensity, and number of casualties (once an incident has occurred) in order to initiate the proper response. an association that sets and enforces standards in a particular area; a group of individuals who voluntarily enter into an agreement to accomplish a purpose.

organization

organizational policies osteoporosis outbreak outcome outcomes measures out-of-pocket expenses Pan American Health Care Organization (PAHO) pandemic

rules that govern organizations and the positions they taken on issues with which the organization is concerned. a major disorder affecting women that involves loss of bone mass. refers to the unexpected occurrence of an infectious disease in a limited geographic area during a limited period of time. the consequences of a medical intervention on a patient. measurement of the outcomes of care. payment made by the individual for medical services. an international public health agency with nearly a century of experience in working to improve the health and living standards of the Americas. It serves as the regional office of WHO and is recognized as part of the United Nations system. a worldwide outbreak of an epidemic disease. (Chapter 2); a steady occurrence of a disease over a large geographic area or worldwide, such as malaria in Africa. a disorder characterized by frequent attacks of intense, sudden, and overwhelming fears or feelings of anxiety that produce terror and immediate physiological changes that result in paralyzed immobility or senseless, hysterical behavior. intervention that calls for nurses, community members, and other resource people to work together in identifying environmental health problems that should be investigated, designing the studies, collecting and analyzing the data, disseminating results, and posing solutions to the problems. federal amendments passed in 1966 and 1967 that provided federal grants to states to set up local health agencies to enact health care planning. the temporary resistance that has been donated to the host through transfusions of plasma proteins, immunoglobulins, and antitoxins, or from mother to neonate transplacentally. the power of an organism to produce disease.

panic disorder

participatory action research

Partnership for Health Program passive immunity

pathogenicity

Paul Wellstone and enacted in 2008, this law requires health insurance to cover treatment for Pete Domenici mental illness on the same terms and conditions as physical illness (Open Mental Health Parity Congress, 2008). and Addiction Equity Act pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) people/persons with disabilities (PWD) personal health counselor person-place-time model acute infection of the upper genital tract structures in women, involving any or all of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. individuals living with special needs or disabilities. role in which the nurse discusses health problems of individuals and families within the church community as requested by those individuals or as referred by ministers or other congregational members. who factors, such as demographic characteristics, health, and disease status; where factors, such as geographical location, climate and environmental conditions, and political and social environment; and when factors, such as time of day, week, or month, and secular trends over months and years.

pesticide phobia physical abuse physical neglect policy policy analysis political action committee politics population population-focused nursing portal of entry portal of exit portion distortion posttraumatic stress disorder poverty Precautionary Principle

a substance used to repel pests that may be harmful to ingest or come into contact with. an obsessive, irrational, and intense fear of a specific object, activity, or physical situation. an intentional injury inflicted on a child by another person and accounts for 16% of child abuse cases. negligent treatment or maltreatment of a child by a person responsible for the child's welfare; the most common form of child abuse. a course of action to be followed by a government or institution to obtain a desired end. an objective process that identifies both the sources and consequences of policy decisions in the context of the factors that influence them. important source of collective political influence since the 1970s. These nonpartisan entities promote the election of candidates believed to be sympathetic to their interests. the art of influencing others to accept a specific course of action. a group of people having common personal or environmental characteristics; can also refer to all of the people in a defined community. nursing practice that concentrates upon specific groups of people, focusing on health promotion and disease prevention, regardless of geographic location. the route by which an infectious agent enters the body, such as through nonintact skin. the route by which an infectious agent leaves the body, such as through respiratory secretions, saliva, or blood. when presented with a large portion size, individuals often unknowingly eat larger amounts than they would usually eat or than they intend to eat. an anxiety disorder with set characteristic signs and symptoms that occur after a person is exposed to, or is the victim of, a traumatic event. lacking resources to meet basic living expenses for food, shelter, clothing, transportation, and medical care. when an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment, precautionary measures should be taken even if some cause-and-effect relationships are not fully established scientifically (Wingspread Conference, Global Development Research Center, 1998). counseling a woman to help her identify potential risks to a fetus before pregnancy occurs. relates to the ability to tell when and if a disaster event will occur. amounts paid periodically to purchase health insurance benefits. monitoring and management of patient during pregnancy to prevent complications of pregnancy and promote a healthy outcome for both mother and infant. birth before 37 completed weeks of gestation. the number of all cases of a specific disease or condition (e.g., deafness) in a

preconceptional counseling predictability premiums prenatal care

preterm birth prevalence rate

population at a given point in time, relative to the population at the same point in time. preventability primary care actions taken to avoid a disaster. basic health care that emphasizes general health needs rather than specialized care. It involves continual and comprehensive care that includes efforts to keep people as healthy as possible and to prevent disease. Ideally it is delivered in settings close to where people live and work. a generalist physician, typically a family physician, internist, gynecologist, or pediatrician, who provides comprehensive medical services. essential services that support a healthy life; involves access, availability, service delivery, community participation, and the citizen's right to health care. activities directed at preventing a problem before it occurs by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals. It consists of two elements: general health promotion and specific protection. the failure of a vaccine to contribute any level of immunogenicity; can be caused by improper storage that may render the vaccines ineffective, improper administration route, or light-sensitive vaccines exposed to light. violence in which inmates are both victims and perpetrators of violence. result of Paulo Freire's work in the 1950s. It encourages learners to be critical thinkers and reflective about health issues. health care professionals that contribute to the initiation and continuation of substance abuse and dependency (ex., prescribing psychoactive medications). in existence since the late 1960s, it moves the traditional 24-hour treatment model of acute care settings into the community and serves people with mental illness in a highly individualized fashion. The PACT model provides around-theclock supportive therapy, mobile crisis intervention, psychiatric medications, hospitalization, education, and skill teaching for consumers and their families. PACT brings service to the consumer and is considered the model of effective community mental health treatment of the future. number that represents the percentage of deaths resulting from a specific cause relative to deaths from all causes. reimbursement based on a classification system that indentified costs according to diagnosis and client characteristics drugs that are prescribed for their effects in relieving symptoms of anxiety, depression, or other mental disorders. organized efforts made through governmental agencies such as health departments, which are authorized by legislation, serve all people, and are supported by taxes. legislation, regulations, and court decisions enacted by governments at the federal, state, and local levels to protect the public's health. a synthesis of public health and nursing practice. enacted in 1976 to give students, including those with severely handicapping conditions, the right and access to public education in the least restrictive environment possible regardless of physical or mental disabilities.

primary care provider primary health care primary prevention

primary vaccine failure prison violence problem-solving education professional enablers Program of Assertive Community Treatment (PACT)

proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) prospective payment system psychotherapeutic medications public health

public health law public health nursing Public Law 99-142

public policy

authoritative decision made in the legislative, executive, or judicial branches of government intended to direct or influence the actions, behaviors, or decisions of others. care designed to reduce illness, injury, and disability and improve health and functioning. isolation of people with communicable disease or those exposed to communicable disease during the contagious period in an attempt to prevent spread of the illness. health dangers posed by various forms of ionizing radiation relative to barriers that prevent human exposure and other life form exposure. arithmetic expressions that allow one to consider a count of an event relative to the size of the population from which it is extracted. modifications made that are necessary to allow a qualified person to participate in an educational program or employment setting at a level equal to that of a nondisabled person. refers patients to health care providers. person who has fled their home or even their country as a result of famine, drought, natural disaster, war, or civil unrest. begun in 1965, the intent of the programs was to make the latest technology for the diagnosis and treatment of leading causes of death available to community health care providers through the establishment of regional cooperative arrangements among medical schools, research institutions, and hospitals. an organized system of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially belief in or the worship of a god or gods. the site where the agent (organism) is naturally found. A carrier can serve as a reservoir. the ability of an organism to remain unaffected when exposed to an infectious agent. a geographical map that outlines the resources that would be available in or near the area affected by a potential disaster (e.g., potential shelter sites, potential medical sources, and location of equipment that might be needed). the probability of an adverse event. the process through which the public receives information regarding possible or actual threats to health. a proactive process in which individuals participate in behaviors that enable them to react to actual or potential threats to their health. a variable that increases the rate of disease in people who have them (e.g., a genetic predisposition) or in people exposed to them (e.g., an infectious agent or a diet high in saturated fat). a geographical map of an area that is analyzed for the impact of a potential disaster on the population and buildings in the area that would be involved (e.g., an area in a flood plain; an area covered if a nuclear explosion would occur; an area involved in an explosion of an industrial site). a nineteeth century scientist who discovered the causative agent for cholera

quality care quarantine

radiation risks rates reasonable accommodations referral agent refugee Regional Medical Programs (RMPs)

religion reservoir resistance resource map

risk risk communication risk reduction risk factor

risk map

Robert Koch

and the tubercle bacillus (for tuberculosis). rural Ruth Watson Lubic safety communities having fewer than 20,000 residents or fewer than 99 persons per square mile. a nurse midwife who crusaded for freestanding birth centers in the United States. occupational health science used to identify and control workplace injuries through active safeguards and worker training and education programs about job safety. a period in the nineteenth century when a link was established between microorganisms and infectious disease. presents with (1) positive symptoms including hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, and bizarre behavior and (2) negative symptoms such as flat affect, poor attention, lack of motivation, apathy, lack of pleasure, and lack of energy. Onset typically occurs during late adolescence and early adulthood in males and somewhat later in females. There is an increased risk for alcohol use, depression, suicide, and diabetes among persons with schizophrenia. spaces located within school buildings or on school property and designated as a place where students can go to receive primary care services. the physical, mental, and social well-being of students in a school setting. an individual practicing in the specialty area of nursing practice that advances the well-being, academic success, and lifelong achievement of students. a secondary prevention activity that identifies risk factors and diseases in their earliest stages. those who reside in one place and work when farm labor is needed. early detection and prompt intervention during the period of early disease pathogenesis. It is implemented after a problem has begun but before signs and symptoms appear and targets those populations who have risk factors. the waning of immunogenicity after eliciting an initial immune response that fades over time. theory based on the assumption that self-care needs and activities are the primary focus of nursing practice. Nursing is a response to a sick person's inability to administer self-care. any sexual activity between an adult and a child, including use of a child for sexual exploitation, prostitution, or pornography. a specially trained registered nurse who applies the nursing process during forensic examinations of victims of sexual assault. SAFEs are usually employed in emergency departments, labor and delivery departments, and clinics dedicated to victims of violence, and frequently testify as expert witness at subsequent trials. conduct of a sexual natureunwelcome by the targetsevere or pervasive enough to create an intimidating work environment (Women Employed Institute, 1994). violent shaking of an infant, which causes trauma at the brain stemspinal cord junction.

sanitary revolution schizophrenia

school-based health centers school health school nurse screening program seasonal farmworkers secondary prevention secondary vaccine failure self-care deficit theory sexual abuse sexual assault forensic examiner (SAFE)

sexual harassment

shaken baby syndrome

shelter in place sick building syndrome social consciousness social consequences

taking immediate shelter in any location upon the onset of a disaster. a phenomenon in which public structures and homes cause toxic syndromes in their occupants because of building materials, poor ventilation, substances in furniture and carpeting, building operations, or cleaning agents. being aware of problems within a society. the effects that substance abuse have on an individual's role in society. These can include a life involving crime, the need for money to buy substances, and specific theft of drugs. view that supports that all persons are entitled equally to key ends (e.g., access to health care, minimum standards of income). theory based on explaining behavior and enhancing learning through the use of the concepts of efficacy, outcome expectations, and incentives. policy associated with individuals and communities. In very general terms, social policy can be defined as the branch of public policy that advances social welfare and enhances participation in society. a U.S. federal statute that provides for a national system of old age assistance, survivors' and old age insurance benefits, unemployment insurance and compensation, and other public welfare programs, including Medicare and Medicaid. receives disability trust fund monies (Social Security taxes paid by workers, employers, and self-employed workers). interacting members making up various subsystems within the community which provide members with socialization, role fulfillment, goal achievement, and support. a composite of the economic status of a family or unrelated individuals based on income, wealth, occupation, educational attainment, and power. a former slave who became an ardent and eloquent advocate for abolishing slavery and supporting women's rights. provides highly nutritious foods, nutrition education and counseling, and screening and referral to needed services for low-income pregnant and breastfeeding mothers, their infants, and their children under 5 years of age.

social justice social learning theory social policy

Social Security

Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) social system

socioeconomic status (SES) Sojourner Truth Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) spiritual distress

a disruption in the life principle that pervades a person's entire being and that integrates and transcends one's biological and psychosocial nature, (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association, 1992, p. 46). efforts to find purpose and meaning in life, born out of the individual's unique life experience. hunting and gathering stage, settled villages stage, preindustrial cities stage, industrial cities stage, and present stage. a pattern of repeated and unwanted attention, contact, harassment, or any type of conduct directed at a person that instills fear. (also known as age-adjustment rates) method of reducing bias when there are differences in the age distributions of two populations being compared.

spirituality stages in disease history stalking standardization of rates

State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) subclinical infection subculture

a publicly subsidized health insurance program established in 1997 to help close the gap between higher-income and lower-income families whose children need insurance. an infection that is so mild it produces no symptoms. fairly large aggregates of people who share characteristics that are not common to all members of the culture and enable them to be thought of as a distinguishable subgroup. the use of psychoactive substances or alcohol for a purpose not consistent with legal or medical guidelines. the act or an instance of taking one's own life voluntarily and intentionally. funded through general tax revenues; to qualify the person with a disability must have limited income and resources. a mechanism for the ongoing collection of health information in a community. at risk for contracting an infection or developing an infectious disease. efficient use of resources that are goal directed and time limited. health care provided to clients via technology, such as computer, video, or interactive television. the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to instill fear; intended to coerce or intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological. targets populations who have experienced disease or injury and focuses on limitation of disability and rehabilitation. Aims of tertiary prevention are: to keep health problems from getting worse; to reduce the effects of disease and injury; and to restore individuals to their optimal level of functioning. a set or system of concepts that provide a way of structuring or explaining phenomena. occupational health science that recognizes routes of exposure, examines relationships between chemical exposures in the workplace and acute and latent health effects (such as burns or cancer), and is used to understand doseresponse relationships. that which produces a toxin. a system that focuses on process as opposed to a linear approach.

substance abuse suicide Supplemental Security Income (SSI) surveillance susceptible system-centered case management telehealth terrorism

tertiary prevention

theory toxicology

toxigenicity transactional model

transcultural nursing a formal area of study and practice focused on a comparative analysis of different cultures and subcultures in the world with respect to cultural care, health and illness beliefs, values, and practices with the goal of using this knowledge to provide culture-specific and culture-universal nursing care to people (Leininger, 1978, p. 493). United Nations United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund comprises 192 nations committed to world peace and security through international cooperation. an agency of the United Nations concerned with the health and welfare of mothers and children.

(UNICEF) universal precautions upstream thinking urban U.S. Department of Homeland Security set of guidelines, developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the 1980s, to prevent transmission of diseases found in blood and body fluids. orientation to viewing a problem which emphasizes variables that precede or play a role in the development of health problems. an area with a high population density. a department of the executive branch established in March 2003 to realign existing incident-management agencies, groups, and organizations into a single department, which is designed to protect citizens from terrorist threats or attacks, including bioterrorism. the monitoring of service utilization for the management of patient populations with diverse resource needs. the administration of a vaccine or toxoid, which confers active immunity by stimulating the body to produce antibodies. a program that takes reports of specific postvaccination adverse events in order to monitor actual and potential vaccine-related problems. a desirable or undesirable state of affairs. Values are a universal feature of all cultures, although the types and expressions of values differ widely. nonhuman organisms, often an insect, that either mechanically or biologically play a role in the transmission of an infectious agent from source to host. the intentional use of physical force against another person or against oneself, which either results, or has a high likelihood of resulting, in injury or death. a term used to assess the strength of an organism. the official registration records of births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and adoptions. the high emphasis federal drug policy has placed on law enforcement and interdiction to combat concerns of physical, social, and psychological impacts of drug abuse and dependence. the management of waste materials resulting from industrial and municipal processes and human consumption as well as efforts to minimize waste production. refer to any weapon that is designed or intended to cause death or serious bodily injury through release, dissemination, or impact of toxic or poisonous chemicals, or their precursors; any weapon involving a disease organism; or any weapon that is designed to release radiation or radioactivity at a level dangerous to human life. a model that can be used to illustrate complex interrelationships of factors interacting with each other to influence the risk for, or distribution of, health outcomes. survey by driving through a community and making observations in an organized fashion. violence in the workplace that includes physical assaults such as rape and homicide, muggings, and verbal and written threats.

utilization review vaccination Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) value vectors violence virulence vital statistics war on drugs

waste control

weapons of mass destruction

web of causation

windshield survey workplace violence

work risks Workers' Compensation Acts World Bank

health dangers employees face, including poor employment environments and potential injury or illness due to working conditions. state-mandated and state-funded programs that provide income replacement and health care to workers who sustain a work-related injury, temporary or permanent disability, or death. an intergovernmental financial agency that helps to improve the economic status of poor countries by providing loans, expertise, and cooperative projects. The major goal of the World Bank is to improve the health status of individuals living in areas that lack economic development. Since 1970, the World Bank has become more focused on health-related initiatives to promote sustainable economic growth (Ruger, 2005). an international agency founded after World War II to direct and coordinate international health efforts, produce and disseminate global health standards and guidelines, help countries to address public health issues, and to support health research. theory in which health is believed to exist when all aspects of the person are in perfect balance. In Chinese philosophy, yin-yang theory states that all organisms and objects in the universe consist of yin or yang energy forces. The origin of the energy forces is within the autonomic nervous system, where balance between the opposing forces is necessary to maintain health. violence involving children, adolescents, or teenagers. developed in 1990 to monitor priority health risk behaviors that contribute markedly to the leading causes of death, disability, and social problems among youth and adults in the United States. conducted every 2 years among selected high school students throughout the United States to learn more about high-risk behaviors among youth.

World Health Organization (WHO)

yin-yang theory

youth-related violence Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) Youth Risk Behavior Survey