May 2008

Copper and Fiber Optic Cables

Pietro Nicoletti
piero[at]studioreti.it

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Copyright note
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Copper cables main characteristics

The main characteristics of a transmission media are:
Vp: Velocity of propagation of the signal expressed as c fraction (speed of the light in the empty space):
values included between 0.5 and 0.8 c

Z = r+jI impedance of the line conductors' dimension

american AWG unit of measurement
Diameter, electrical resistance

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AWG: American Wire Gage

Scale to measure the copper wire dimension It is a geometrical regression
with 39 values in the interval 000 gage (0.460 diameter inch) and 36 gage (0.005 diameter inch)

Every increase of a gage corresponds to a diameter relationship of: 1/39 0.460 1/39 ( 0.005 ) = 92 = 1.229322

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Copper cables AWG

24 or 22 AWG for structured cabling system 26 AWG for patch cord
AWG 22 23 24 25 26 mm () 0.6438 0.5733 0.5106 0.4547 0.4049 mm2 0.3255 0.2582 0.2047 0.1624 0.1288 Kg/Km 2.894 1.820 1.746 1.414 1.145 /Km 52.96 84.21 87.82 108.4 133.9

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Copper cable attenuation

The attenuation is the output signal reduction with respect to the entry signal in the cable:
attenuation linearly grows in dB with the length of the cable and the frequency square root to reduce the cable attenuation expanded insulators are used because improve the capacity

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Attenuation

V1

V2

dB = 20 log10 (V1 / V2)

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Copper pair Cross-Talk

Signal energy part induction on the near conductors, where a disturb becomes The phenomenon increases with increasing it by frequency It can be measured in several manners

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NEXT: Near End Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk measured at the transmitter side

V1

V3

NEXTdB = 20 log10 (V1 / V3)

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NEXT: Near End Cross-Talk

The attenuation only makes the NEXT measure significant by the first 20-30 mt of cable The measurement is necessary to both ends:
dual NEXT

V1

V3
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FEXT: Far End Cross-Talk

Cross-Talk measured at the receiver side

V1

V4

FEXTdB = 20 log10 (V1 / V4)

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ACR
ACR (Attenuation to Cross-Talk Ratio) Combination of attenuation and NEXT
signal to noise ratio
noise caused by Cross-Talk

Required only by ISO and EN normative

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ELFEXT: Equal Level FEXT ~ ~

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PSELFEXT (Power Sum ELFEXT)

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
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Velocity of propagation (Vp)

The propagation velocity of the signals on the transmission means is high, but not infinite, so the propagation time is little but not null It is necessary to ensure that delays do not exceed certain maximum values to ensure the protocol working

VP 2/3 c
(c is speed of the light in the empty space 3 108 m/s)

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Delay skew

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Return loss
Il return loss = reflections measurements

Impedance variations

Z1

Z2

Z3

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Shielded cable
The shield presence can involve:
bigger immunity to the electromagnetic disturb disturb radio emission reduction bigger constancy of the impedance if applied to single pair reduces the crosstalk

It is necessary to make a correct screen grounding:

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Twisted pair cable

Constituted by one or more twisted pair of copper conductors Used for voice, local nets, structured cabling system the electrical characteristic required for LAN are definitely higher than those for voice Lower bandwith than the coaxial one Reduced costs and simple installation

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Twisted Pair cable types

UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair):
(Z = 100 )

FTP (Foiled Twisted Pair):

(Z = 100 )

S-UTP o S-FTP:
(Z = 100 )

STP (Shielded Twisted Pair):

(Z = 150 )

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UTP 100

pair 1 pair 2 pair 3 pair 4

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FTP 100

Drain wire for shield continuity

pair 1 pair 2 pair 3 pair 4

Foil shield

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S-UTP or S-FTP 100

Single foil shielded pair Copper braid

pair 1 pair 2 pair 3 pair 4

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STP 150
Know as Type 1 IBM
22 AWG

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GLASS FIBER OPTIC

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Glass Fiber Optic

It is a tiny and flexible glass material thread:
an internal part called core an outside part called cladding core and cladding have different refraction indexes to border the light inside core
SECONDARY COATING

CLADDING

CORE
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PRIMARY COATING
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Glass Fiber Optic characteristics

The optic fibers are just suitable for point point links Total immunity to the electromagnetic troubles
Characterized by two numbers n/m where: diameter n of the leading internal light part diameter m of the outside part

Typical values in micron

multimode 50/125, 62.5/125, 100/140 singlemode 8-10/125

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Step-index multimode fiber

Characteristics
High modal dispersion Low bandwith
M1 M2 M3 M4
Input signal Output signal

M1 M4 M3 M2

T1
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T2
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Graded-index multimode fiber

Graded-index fiber have a bandwith higher than stepindex work in 1st and 2nd window (850 and 1300 nm)

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Singlemode fiber
The fiber behaves like a wave guide admitting a single propagation mode:
does not have modal dispersion the bandwith is very high, of the order of hundreds of GHz*Km work in 2nd and 3th window (1300 and 1500 nm)

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Wavelenght and optical components

100 Attenuation (dB X Km)

10

LED\VCSEL

LASER DIODE VCSEL LASER DIODE

1 500 600 700 850 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1550 1310

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Fiber optic cable types

Tight
Break-out dual fiber patch cord Light-duty

Loose

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Break-Out tight fiber optic cable

Indoor installation

External diameter 2 3 mm Secondary coating External diameter 0.9 mm Central Dielectric element

Kevlar Fiber optic External diameter 250 m 250 m = 125 m + primary coating

Sheath Toxfree or Low-smoke-fume

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Dual fiber patch cord

Secondary coating External diameter 0.9 mm

External diameter 2 3 mm

Kevlar Fiber optic External diameter 250 m 250 m = 125 m + primary coating Sheath Toxfree o Low-smoke-fume

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Light-duty tight fiber optic cable

Indoor/Outdoor installation

Secondary coating External diameter 0.9 mm

Central Dielectric element Kevlar

Roditor resistant protection Fiber optic External diameter 250 m 250 m = 125 m + primary coating Sheath Toxfree o Low-smoke-fume

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Loose fiber optic cable

Outdoor installation

Central Dielectric element

Tube Jelly filled Kevlar

Roditor resistant protection Fiber optic External diameter 250 m 250 m = 125 m + primary coating Sheath Sheath

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