REVIEW FOR UNIT 1 y 10 amendments o 1- Freedom of religion, Freedom of the press, Freedom of association (Freedom of assembly), Freedom of speech,

Right to petition the government for a redress of grievances ONLY 5 o 2-Right to bear arms o 3-quatering soldiers o 4- unreasonable search and seizure o 5- due process, eminent domain powers, against self incrimination o 6-speedy trial, attorney, confront accuser o 7- trial by jury o 8- cruel and unusual punishment o 9- rights retained by people o 10- powers reserved by states 5 principles in textbook o 1- all political behavior has purpose (instrumental) o 2- all politics is collective action o 3- institutions routinely solve collective-action problems o 4- Political outcomes are the products of individual preferences and institutional procedures. o 5- history matters Cabinet departments o 15 cabinets o Oldest- department of state, treasury, justice, defense o Newest- Homeland Security Different types of government o Anarchy- a lack of government o Autocracy-rule by one  Absolute monarchy- through inheritance  Constitutional monarchy-inheritance but with formal restrictions  Dictatorship- seizes power, no restrictions o Oligarchy- rule by few  Aristocracy- rule by elite, wealthy  Theocracy- rule by religious leaders o Democracy- rule by people  Direct democracy- citizens meet and make decisions  Representative democracy- choose officials o Authoritarian government- government recognizes no formal limits but may be restrained by the power of other social institutions o Totalitarian- government recognizes no formal limits and seeks to eliminate other social institutions that might challenge it. Representative government how is it different? o We choose officials to make decisions and pass things instead of being there ourselves, different then totalitarian because representatives are chosen by us and they have agendas associated with their supporters. What constitutes the constitutional monarchy

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ruler gains power through inheritance; formal restrictions on ruler s power, often restricting the monarch to ceremonial status Where do we get our power from? - YOUR BELLY FAT DR.JOHNSON? o The people How does the preamble make us unique? o The government derives its power from the people, wants to form a more perfect union, establish justice, domestic tranquility, defense, general welfare, and blessings of liberty. No government has this). First time it s been stated. Magna carte- first attempt to limit the power of the British monarchy Military draft o No draft since 1974- Vietnam war Enlightenment thinkerso Hobbes- Leviathan- all humans are evil- 1 central government o Locke- compromise some beliefs for government o Rousseau- direct democracy- best without social restrictions o Montesquieu- division of state and separation of powers Free riding o Enjoying the benefits where others bear the cost Systematic politics Whole sale politics- appealing to collections of constituents Retail politics- involves dealing directly with constituents Probabilistic politics Class warfare What is politics? o According to textbook, politics will refer only to the conflicts and struggles over the leadership, structure, and policies of governments. Recap of American History o Boston tea party- led by Samuel Adams, dumping of tea into Boston harbor after the tax yada yada o Stamp Act- how did it shape the government?  No taxation without representation, led to the A of C not supporting taxes etc. o 1st continental congress- total boycott of British goods o 2nd Continental congress- declaration of independence, created articles of confederation o Constitutional convention- created constitution Samuel Adams- radical that asserted the British power supported an unjust political and social structure within the colonies, and advocated for an end to their rule Declaration of Independence o Author- Thomas Jefferson o Copied from- Locke, two treatise o Main changes Annapolis convention- meeting about the articles of confederation, did nothing by send a resolution to devise a new or improved one at a later time. Daniel Shay- Many owed large amounts to creditors, The Massachusetts Assembly had raised taxes and inflation had weakened their economic position. The Rebellion was eventually put down by an army paid o

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for by the citizens of Boston and by lowering taxes. Shay s Rebellion demonstrated that the government established under the AC was weak and that a stronger government was needed to maintain order. Federalists o Who were they- Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Stressed the weaknesses of the articles of confederation o What were there papers about- Ratification of the Constitution was defended by the Federalist Papers, written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. Two of the most famous papers are Federalist Papers #10 and #51. Federalist Paper #10 argued that separation of powers and federalism would check the spread of tyranny. Thus, each branch of the federal government would prevent the other two branches from gaining a concentration of power. Madison also argued that constitutional principles guard against the dangers of direct democracy and the persistence of factions and interest groups. Federalist Paper #51 explained why strong government is necessary. If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. Process of amending the constitution- how is it different from articles of confederation o 2/3rd vote in congress, or constitutional convention instead of unanimity. Montesquieu o Checks and balances o Integrated how  President can veto acts of congress  Congress over supreme court- change size and number of justices, propose amendments, reject nominees, impeach and remove federal judges  Congress over president- override presidential veto, impeach prez,  Court over congress- declare laws unconstitutional  President over court- nominates justices and judges, pardon convictions, refuse to enforce decisions  Court over prez- issue warrants, declare prez actions unconstitutional

Terry Schiavo- in a coma and husband wanted to take out feeding tube but parents said she hadn t written a will o Shaped by federal structure, challenging division of power of national and state and the separation of powers. Principles of federalism in the constitution o Seperation of powers o Dual federalism- both the national government and the states remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for certain policies. o Cooperative federalism- shared costs, federal guidelines, and shared administration. The cooperation between the national and state governments is such an established feature that it persists even when the two levels of government are in conflict on certain matters. Charles Evan Hughes- We are under a constitution, but the constitution is what the judges say it is. A central player in settling the ongoing debate over how power should be divided between the national and states and between congress and the president/ Delegated powers- specifically granted to the federal government o War powers

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o Power to regulate interstate and foreign commerce o Power to tax and spend Prohibited powers- denied to state or national government, or both o Federal and state cant tax exports o State can t make treaties with a declared war of foreign governments Reserved powers- states alone o Establishing local government o Regulating trade within states o Police power- protection of health, morals, safety, welfare. Concurrent powers- powers exercised by both states and national government o Levying taxes o Establishing and maintaining a separate court system US vs Lopez o Lopez raised serious questions as to how far the Court might be willing to go in implementing judicial safeguards against federal encroachments on state sovereignty. The Government's principal argument was that the possession of a firearm in an educational environment would most likely lead to a violent crime, which in turn would affect the general economic condition in two ways. First, because violent crime causes harm and creates expense, it raises insurance costs, which are spread throughout the economy; and second, by limiting the willingness to travel in the area perceived to be unsafe. The Government also argued that the presence of firearms within a school would be seen as dangerous, resulting in students' being scared and disturbed; this would, in turn, inhibit learning; and this, in turn, would lead to a weaker national economy since education is clearly a crucial element of the nation's financial health. Seriously?.... Heart of Atlanta hotel vs US o Passed on July 2, 1964, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned racial discrimination in public places, particularly in public accommodations, largely based on Congress' control of interstate commerce. The Heart of Atlanta motel was a large, 216-room motel in Atlanta, Georgia, which refused to rent rooms to black patrons, in direct violation of the terms of the act. The owner of the motel filed suit in federal court, arguing that the requirements of the act exceeded the authority granted to Congress over interstate commerce. In addition, the owner argued that the act violated hisFifth Amendment rights to choose customers and operate his business as he wished and resulted in unjust deprivation of his property without due process of law and just compensation. Finally, the owner argued that Congress had placed him in a position of involuntary servitude by forcing him to rent available rooms to blacks, thereby violating his Thirteenth Amendment rights. The District court ruled in favor of the United States and issued a permanent injunction requiring the Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. to refrain from using racial discrimination in terms of the goods or services that it offered to guests or the general public upon its premises. The owner of the motel was Attorney Moreton Rolleston. This case was combined with the case of the future Governor of Georgia Lester Maddox concerning his Pickrick restaurant and his case to refuse to serve blacks. Supremacy clause- The Supremacy Clause states that the U.S. Constitution, its laws and treaties are the supreme law of the land. Who breaks a tie in the senate? o Vice president Grant in aid system-

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How does it help feds- States are competitive for money from the federal grants. Money is where it s at. Soverign immunity Legal supremacy Funding grants o Categorical or Project grants- strings attached o Formula grants- based on population/income o Block grants- fewer strings attached o Revenue sharing- no strings, no longer available Welfare for work act- led to a major shift of responsibility for welfare programs from federal to state governments. 10th- powers reserved by the states 14 citizenship, equal protection 17 direct election of senators by popular vote 19 women suffrage o

10 and 51 federalist papers- http://socyberty.com/government/federalist-papers-10-and-51-summary/ 10 is about the government having to deal with aggresion and violence between different groups. Madison worried about corruption in the government. 51- this is the one about angels governing or whatver, and the purpose of checks and balances. 78- it's on the Judiciary branch and refuting the argument from the antifederalists who were complaining that with a life terms, judges would grow too powerful

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Traditional democratic theory Government depends on the consent of the governed, which may be given directly or through representatives. Pluralist theory Interest groups compete in the political arena, with each promoting its policy preferences through organized efforts. Conflict among groups may result, requiring bargaining and compromise. Elite theory A small number of powerful elite (corporate leaders, top military officers, government leaders) form an upper class, which rules in its own self-interest. Bureaucratic theory A The hierarchical structure and standardized procedures of modern governments allow bureaucrats, who carry out the day-to-day workings of government, to hold the real power over public policy. Hyperpluralism Democracy is a system of many groups having so much strength that government is often pulled in numerous directions at the same time, causing gridlock and ineffectiveness.