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EXPERIMENT # 12 POWER AMPLIFIERS

Basic Information A power amplifier is a circuit that is capable of delivering large amounts of power to a low impedance load. The three general classes for power amplifiers are Class A, Class B, and Class C. These amplifier classifications are based on the percentage of the input cycle for which the transistor amplifier operates in the active region. Classes of Operation The class of operation for an amplifier is defined by the percentage of the input cycle that produces an output current. The class of operation for an amplifier determines its power efficiency. It also determines how much the input signal is distorted by the amplifier Fig. 12-1 shows typical input and output waveforms for class A, B, and C transistor amplifiers.

Class A Operation For a transistor in class A amplifier, the collector current, IC, flows for the full 360

of input waveform as shown in Fig 12-1(a) and 12-1(b). Fig. 12-1(a) show the ac signal voltage driving the base of the transistor while Figure 12-1(b) shows the result and collector current, IC. A class A amplifier is one that is intended to be used as a linear amplifier. That is the circuit must produce an output signal, although amplified, that is an exact amplified replica of the input signal.

The input signal must never drive the transistor into either cutoff or saturation. If it does, the output waveform will be clipped off at one or both of its peaks. For class A operation, the dc bias should provide a quiescent collector current, IC, that is approximately one half its maximum value at saturation. Then the ac output signal can swing above and below this value without the transistor immediately reaching either cutoff or saturation. Characteristics of a class A amplifier include both low distortion and low power efficiency. Class B Operation For a transistor in class B amplifier the collector current, I C, flows for only 180 of the input waveform. Because of this, the waveform at the output of a class B amplifier is badly distorted. The input and output waveforms for a class B amplifier are shown in Fig. 12-1(a) and 12-1(c). The collector current, IC, flows only for 180 of the input cycle because the dc bias for the transistor produces a quiescent collector current, IC, of zero. In other words, the transistor in a class B amplifier is biased right at cutoff. During the half cycle when the transistor does conduct the collector current, IC, may or may not increase to its maximum value at saturation. Class B operation with a single transistor corresponds to half wave rectification of the input signal. When the input signal causes the transistor to conduct, this half of the input is amplified linearly and is a fairly good replica of that corresponding half of the input cycle. In special cases the class B amplifier must yield a symmetrical output two transistors can be used to provide opposite half cycles of the signal at the output. The characteristics of a class B amplifier using a single transistor include medium efficiency and severe distortion. Class C Operation For a transistor in class C amplifier, the collector current, IC, flows for less than one half the input signal, which distorts the output waveform of the amplifier. The input and output waveforms of a class C amplifier are shown in Fig. 12-1(a) and 12-1(d) Typical operation of a class C amplifier provides a collector current that flows for approximately 120 or less of the input cycle. In some cases the collector current, IC, flows in very short narrow pulses where the conduction angle of the transistor is 30 or less. The collector current, IC, flows for less that 180 of the input cycle because the transistor is biased beyond cutoff. Thus, part of the input signal must be used to overcome the dc bias before the transistor can conduct. Class C operation is generally used for RF amplifiers with a tuned or resonant tank circuit in the output. The LC tank circuit is capable of reproducing the full sine wave cycle at the output for each short pulse of collector current. Characteristics of a class C amplifier include very high efficiency (approaching 100 percent) and severe distortion of the input signal. However in the case of distortion, a tank circuit can be used to produce the full sine wave at the output. Class A Amplifier All of the small signal amplifiers have been biased to operate as class A amplifiers. For any class A amplifier, the signal amplitude at the input should not be large enough to drive the amplifier into either cutoff or saturation. If the signal amplitude at the input is too large, either or both peaks of the output waveform will be clipped off (flattened). DC load line for class A amplifier

Figure 12-2(a) shows a common emitter class A amplifier, for simplicity, the transistor is biased using base bias. The base resistor, RB, is a variable resistor adjusted to a value equal to 190.67K. This value provides a Q point located at the center of the dc load line. The dc base current, IB,

IB =
The collector current, IC,

VCC VBE RB

(12-1)

IC = IB x dc Finally, the collector emitter voltage VCE, VCE = VCC IC RC

(12-2)

(12-3)

The end points for the dc load line can be calculated using Eq. 12-4 and 12.5 VCE (off) = VCC IC(sat) = (12-4)

VCC (12-5) RC Equation 12-4 show that when the transistor is cut off (IC = 0 mA) the collector-emitter region appears open and the voltage VCE = VCC. Equation 12-5 indicates that when the transistor is saturated the collector-emitter region appears shorted (VCE = 0V) and only the values of VCC and RC limit IC. Fig. 12-2(b) shows the values for VCE (off) and IC(sat). The dc load line also shows the quiescent (Q point) values for IC and VCE. Note that these values are designated as ICQ and VCEQ. Notice also in Fig. 12-2(b) that the Q point is exactly centered on the dc load line. Because the Q point is exactly centered, the maximum possible peak-to- peak output voltage can be obtained from the amplifier. In this case, the collector-emitter voltage, VCE, can swing 7.5V from its Q point value of 7.5V without any clipping. In Figure 12-2(a) the voltage gain AV, is calculated as: RC AV = (12-6) r'e In Fig. 12-2(a) IE IC = 7.5mA. Therefore re is calculated as
25 m v IE The voltage gain, AV, can now be calculated

re =

AV =

RC r'e

With AV known, Vout is calculated as Vout = AV x Vin With 15 VP-P at the output, the entire dc load line is used. On the positive alternation of output voltage, VCE increases from 7.5 to 15V. On the negative alteration, VCE decreases from 7.5V to 0V. Even though clipping will not occur, driving the amplifier this hard is going to cause extreme distortion of the input signal being amplified due to the non-linearity of the emitter diode. However, for the analysis here, assume that the output of 15VP-P is pure undistorted waveform. Transistor Power Dissipation For class A with no ac input signal applied to the amplifier, the transistor has a power dissipation of : Pd = VCEQ x ICQ (12-7) This power dissipation must not exceed the power rating, Pd (max), of the transistor. In a class A amplifier, the power dissipation in the transistor decreases when an ac signal is applied to the input. AC Load Power, PL In Figure 12-2(a) the max load power equals the power dissipated by the collector resistance, RC, Therefore, PL is calculated as:

PL =

2 out ( p p ) 8 RC

(12-8)

DC input Power, PCC The dc power supplied to the class A amplifier in Fig. 12-2(a) is the product of VCC and the total dc current drain from the power supply The total dc current drain is designated I CC. This gives the following equation PCC=VCC x ICC (12-9)

Where PCC represents the dc power supplied to the class A amplifier. In Fig.12-2 (a) IB is 100 times smaller than IC and therefore ICC IC. Remember that the base current, IB can be ignored because IB is 100 times smaller than the collector current, IC. Percent Efficiency The percent efficiency of any amplifier is defined as the percentage of the dc input power (PCC) that is converted to a useful ac power output. This is expressed as Eq. 12-10, Pac Percent efficiency = (12-10) Pdc Twenty-five percent is the maximum theoretical efficiency that is possible for a class A amplifier using a single collector resistor, RC. Class B Amplifier

Class A amplifier has low efficiency because of the large power loss in amplifier, in the collector dissipation. A significant improvement in efficiency could be achieved if the collector dissipation could be substantially reduced. Since power is the product of current and voltage, the power dissipation at the collector must be proportional to the collector voltage and the collector current. Consequently if it is possible to restrict the current flow to only the time during the cycle when the collector voltage was passing through its lower peak, the collector dissipation should be significantly lowered. This may only by biasing the amplifier at cutoff making it non-conducting for zero signal conditions. With a sine wave input, the transistor then will conduct only during one half of the input signal during that portion of the cycle when the signal carries the operation above cutoff. During the other half of the cycle it will be in the cutoff or non-conducting region. This fit the definition of class B operation.

Fig. 12-3 shows the waveform for such operation in comparison with class A. In Fig. 12-3a the class A operation reveals the collector current flowing during the entire cycle of the collector voltage. In Fig 12-3b class B operation is shown; the current flows only during the lower half of he collector voltage cycle, and is cut off the remainder of the time. Class B RC coupled circuit For most purposes, of course, this would be an unacceptable distortion of the signal. However, two such amplifier circuits may be operated together in such a way as to produce a normal undistorted waveform. Fig. 12-4 and Fig. 12-5 show how this may be done. In the simplest arrangement two identical amplifiers, each biased at cutoff, are fed the same signal except that the input to one of the amplifiers is 180 o out of phase with the other. Since the two amplifier are identical, the current flow and output voltage waveform is the same polarity for both. But as a consequence of the 180o phase inversion of the input signals, the identical output half sine waves occur during alternate halves of the input signal.

Note that both half sine waves in Fig. 12-4 are of the same polarity. However if the output signal of one of the two amplifiers could be inverted, the two half sine waves would then form the desired normal waveform. This may be done, by reversing the output terminals of one of the amplifier, so that the output is taken from A to B and D to C as illustrated in Fig. 12-5. In Fig. 12-5a the two circuits are connected together (B to D) so that the output is from A to C. In Fig. 12-5b and Fig. 12-5c, the individual waveforms and their resultant, when taken this way, are illustrated. In Fig. 12-5d the two separate power supplies are combined it a single supply, and the two amplifiers common turn lines are combined into one. Note that the input signal waveforms shown in both Fig. 12-5a and

Fig. 12-5b are the signal voltages at the indicated input terminals with respect to ground or common (the terminals between the two input terminals). Although one of the circuits is shown upside down the signal polarities are correct, not upside down. As indicated in Fig 12-5d the total output between A to C will be performed by the half sine wave due to the current in RL1 during the first 180o of the cycle (while transistor T2 is non-conducting) followed by the half sine wave due to the current through R L2 during the second 180o of the cycle(while T1 is non-conducting). The combination of the two amplifiers is considered to be one Push-Pull amplifier. Each half operates as shown in Fig. 12-3b, with current flowing only while collector voltage is low. If we were use the same transistors and bias them as shown in Fig. 12-3b, the total output power would be approximately the same as in Fig. 12-3a, but the collector dissipation would be much less. This decrease of collector dissipation, however, permits moving the bias to a point that will accommodate a much larger signal output. Transformer coupled Class B amplifier When transformer coupling is used in the Push-Pull circuit, an arrangement basically as shown in Fig. 12-6 can be employed. The center-tapped input transformer provides the necessary phase-inversion at the input. Since one end of the transformer

winding is opposite in potential from the other end at every instant throughout the cycle, the waveform of the voltage from end A to the center-tap must be 180o out of phase with the waveform of the voltage from B to the center-tap. Note the polarity marking at the secondary of the input transformer, indicating the polarity along the winding at one particular instant during the cycle. The transformer is actually serving here to change the ground reference from one end of the circuit to the center point, to make the circuit balanced to ground.

The voltage waveform shown at the primary of the output transformer in the Fig. 12-6 show a full voltage cycle for each half winding rather than just the half-cycle across each half of the output as in the resistance-loaded circuit of downward from VCC towards zero in the conducting halfwinding causes a voltage swing upward by the same amount in the non-conducting half-winding, by normal transformer action. Thus when the conducting transistors collector voltage swing nearly to zero, the non-conducting transistors collector swings upward to nearly 2 VCC. The transformer coupling at the output permits changing the ground reference back to the single ended form if desired. It also permits impedance transforming in case the final load is not the optimum value.

Class B complementary-symmetry amplifier Fig.12-7 shows the most commonly used type of class B configuration. This circuit configuration is referred to as a complementary-symmetry amplifier, or push-pull emitter follower. The circuit recognition feature is the use of complementary transistors (that is, one of the transistors is an npn and the other is a pnp). The biasing circuit components may change from one amplifier to another, but complementary-symmetry amplifiers will always contain complementary transistors. The standard push-pull amplifier contains two transistors of the same type with the emitters tied together. It uses a center-tapped transformer, or a transistor- phase splitter on the input and a center-tapped transformer on the output. This amplifier type is shown in Fig.12-6 called a standard push-pull amplifier configuration. The term push-pull comes from the fact that the two transistors in a class B amplifier conduct on alternating half-cycles of the input. For example, consider the circuit shown in Figure 12.8. During the positive half-cycle of the input, Q1 is biased on and Q2 is biased off. During the negative half-cycle of the input, Q1 is biased off, and Q2 is biased on. The fact that both transistors are never fully on at the same time is the key to the high efficiency rating of the amplifier.

Fig. 12-7 Class B complementary-symmetry push-pull amplifier-

The biasing of the two transistors is the key to its operation. When the amplifier is in its quiescent state (no input), both transistors are biased at cutoff. When the input goes positive, Q1 is biased above cutoff and conduction results through the transistor. During this time, Q2 is still biased at cutoff. When the input goes into its negative half-cycle, Q1 is returned to

Fig. 12-8 operation of class B amplifier

the cutoff state, and Q2 is biased above cutoff. As a result, conduction through Q 2 starts to build, while Q1 remains off.
Biasing condition for Class B Since each half of the class B pair must be non-conducting for approximately half of the cycle, each transistor must be biased at (or near) cutoff. In the simplest case this means that no bias voltage should be used. Fig. 12-5d shows that the base is connected directly to the emitter through a resistance. There is no power supply connection to the base or emitter circuit. Similarly, in Fig 12-6 the base is connected to the emitter through the transformer secondary winding without connection to any power supply. Because of the biasing arrangement, class B amplifiers are subject to a type of distortion called crossover distortion. Crossover distortion is illustrated in Figure 12.9. Cross Over Distortion in Class B The distortion due to the curvature of the lower end of the transfer characteristic is eliminated in push pull class A, but not in class B. Fig. 12-9 illustrates the result.

Fig. 12-9a depicts the waveform of current in either of the two transistors. Notice that this distortion may be greatly reduced by forward biasing the two transistors to a point such that both units are conducting at the same time in the most distorted portion of the transfer curve. Since the output is proportional to the difference between the two collector currents, the two curvatures tend to cancel each other. Fig. 12-10

illustrates this. The principle being utilized in this, of course, is the same as that which distinguishes class A operation: the cancellation of even harmonics. Since this method of operation has the two transistors conducting more than one half cycle each, it is sometimes called class AB. Class AB Amplifiers (diode bias)

Up to this point, we have used voltage-divider bias for all our class B amplifiers. Problems can develop with the class B amplifier when voltage-divider bias is used: 1. Cross over distortion can occur 2. Thermal runaway can occur A biasing circuit often used to eliminate the problems of crossover distortion and thermal runaway is shown in Figure 12-11. The circuit shown, called diode bias, uses two diodes in place of the resistor(s) between the transistor bases. The diodes in the circuit, called compensating diodes, are chosen to match the characteristics values of VBE for the two transistors. The diodes eliminate both crossover distortion and thermal runaway when they are properly matched to the amplifier transistors. When diode bias is used, an amplifier like the one in Fig. 12-11 is referred to as a class AB amplifier.

Fig 12-11 (a)Class AB complementary-symmetry pushpull amplifier

(b) output waveform of class AB amplifier

In class AB complementary-symmetry push-pull amplifier ICQ will have some measurable value when diode bias is used. For this reason, the amplifier can no longer technically be called a class B amplifier. To simplify our discussion, we are going to make an assumption: A transistor will conduct until its base and emitter voltages become equal, at this time it will turn off. Q1 will conduct as long as its base voltage is more positive than the voltage of its emitter. Q1 turns off when the value of VB drops and becomes equal to emitter voltage, at time t1 and t3 as shown in Fig 12-11 (b), since the - 0.7 V value of vin subtracts from the voltage of VB (Q1). Thus, we can assume that Q1 conducts for the entire time between t1 and t3. The same principle applies to Q2. At time t2 and t4 as shown in Fig. 12-11 (b), Q2 will turn off, since the + 0.7 V value of Vin adds to the value of VB (Q2), causing VB and VE to be equal. Thus, Q2 conducts for the entire time between t2 and t4.As you can see, the transistors in the diode bias circuit will conduct for slightly more than 180. Because of this, the circuit is classified as a class AB amplifier. In class AB operation, the transistors conduct for a portion of the input cycle that is greater than 180 and less than 360. It can be seen that both transistors will be conducting at the same time for a small portion of the wave.
Class B Power and Efficiency In class A, the dc value of the supply current was simply the quiescent collector current, so that the dc power input was calculated as Pdc = VCC IC. But in class B the quiescent collector current is essentially zero, so that the supply current is essentially zero when there is no signal, and rises only with signal. The supply current is composed of the collector currents from the two transistors, each of which, during a sine wave signal, consists of approximately half sine wave pulses as shown in Fig. 12-12.

The average or dc value of the supply current for class B is Idc =

In which Icm is the peak value of the collector current during the signal cycle. The dc input power is then Pdc = VCC Idc = Pdc 0.636 VCC Icm

2I cm 0.636 Icm

(12-11)

2VCC I cm
(12-12)

The signal output power is Pout =

Vce ( p p ) I c ( p p ) 8

(12-13)

In which Ic(p-p) is a peak to peak value arrived at in the following way. Since half cycles of current occur in alternate succession in the two primary half windings and each produces output in the secondary, the effect is the same as though a full cycle of current (having peak to peak value twice that of the single transistors peak value) were flowing. Thus the output signal power, carried by an equivalent peak-to-peak collector current is equal to twice the peak value of one transistors current. Since the effect at the output is that of a current wave whose two halves are the alternate half cycles from each transistor, flowing in opposite directions in the transformer primary, and a voltage wave which carries each collector from VCC downward by the amount ICRL and upward by the same amount, composite output characteristics are often used to show the operation graphically. This is done, by arranging the transistors collector characteristics back-to-back as shown in Fig.12-13.

From the input and output power expression developed above, the efficiency is

Vce ( p p ) I c ( p p ) 16 VCC I cm

(100 ) percent

(12-14)

Using the ideal case to evaluate the maximum possible efficiency, the maximum possible peakto-peak output voltage swing would be 2 VCC, leading to
= (100 ) percent 78 percent 4

(12-15)

Class C amplifier The collector current IC, for a transistor in a class C amplifier flows for 120o or less of the input waveform. The result is that the collector IC, flows in very short, narrow pulses. Since the collector current is non-sinusoidal, it contains a large number of harmonic components, and is said to be rich in harmonic content. Because of their high distortion, class C amplifier cannot be

used in audio circuitry where full reproduction of the input signal is required. class C amplifiers, however, can be used in tuned RF amplifiers where undesired harmonic frequencies can be filtered out, passing only the fundamental frequency to the load, RL. In some cases, however, it might be desired to tune the LC tank circuit to a harmonic (multiple) of the input frequency. The tuned LC circuit in a class C amplifier usually has a high Q so that only a very narrow band of frequencies is amplified. Class C operation is specialized in the sense that it can only be usefully applied to amplification of a constant frequency signal as required, for example, in carrier generation for an RF communication system. Such an application requires a low distortion constant amplitude sinusoidal waveform to be produced at a high power level of typically tens of kilowatts. The frequency stability required can most conveniently be provided by a resonant circuit, which is energized intermittently. By biasing the driving transistor well in cutoff, application of a sinusoidal drive signal causes conduction over only a limited portion of each cycle (Fig. 12-14) during which energy is supplied to the tuned circuit.

Class C amplifiers are much more efficient than either Class A or Class B amplifiers. Typically Class C amplifiers have efficiencies in excess of 90 percent. Tuned class C amplifiers can be used as frequency multipliers by tuning the LC tank circuit to a harmonic (multiple) of the input signal. Summary 1. The class of operation for an amplifier is defined by the percentage of the input cycle that produces an output. 2. For a class A amplifier, collector current flows for the full 360 of the input cycle. 3. For a class B amplifier, collector current flows for 180 of the input cycle. 4. For a class C amplifier, collector current typically flows for 120 or less of the input cycle. 5. Class A amplifier has low distortion and low power efficiency. 6. A class A amplifier sees two loads, an ac load and a dc load. Therefore there are two load lines a dc load line and an ac load line. 7. The ac load line is always steeper than dc load line. 8. A class B Push-pull amplifier uses two transistors to get reproduction of the input waveform being amplified. 9. For a class B amplifier, the transistors dissipate very little power when no ac signal is present at the input. 10. A class B amplifier has medium power efficiency. 11. A class C amplifier is used only in conjunction with tuned LC circuits. 12. Class C amplifiers are more efficient than either class A or class B amplifiers.

13. Class C amplifiers can be used as frequency multipliers. Self test 1. A power amplifier is a circuit that is capable of delivering large amounts of power to a _____________ load. 2. The class of operation for an amplifier determines its ______________. 3. For a transistor in class A amplifier, the collector current, IC, flows for the _____________ of input waveform. 4. For class A operation, the dc bias should provide a quiescent collector current, I C, that is approximately ________ its maximum value at saturation. 5. For a transistor in class B amplifier the collector current, IC, flows for _______ of the input waveform. 6. The transistor in a class B amplifier is biased right at __________. 7. The characteristics of a class B amplifier using a single transistor include _______ efficiency and ______ distortion. 8. Class C amplifier provides a collector current that flows for approximately ________ of the input cycle. 9. When the transistor is saturated the collector-emitter region appears ________(VCE = 0V) and only the values of VCC and RC limit IC. 10. In a class A amplifier, the power dissipation in the transistor ________ when an ac signal is applied to the input. Material required Equipments: Oscilloscope, DMM Power supply: variable regulated dc source Resistors: 100K, 75K, 5.1K, two 1K, 100 , 4.7K W Capacitors: two 10 F, 220 F 25V Transistor: BC 109 Diode: 1N4001

Procedure Class A amplifier 1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 12-15(except the load resistance RL and ammeter A1).

2. Observe the dc voltage at base, emitter and collector in the absence of the ac signal and record it in Table 12-1. Table 12-1 Class A VB VC VE vin (v) (v) (v) p-p

vout p-p

Av (dB)

3. Now apply an ac signal of 1 KHz and set the level of output of the audio signal generator so that you get a maximum undistorted sine wave at the circuit output. Measure and record output and input voltage in Table 12-1 4. Calculate the voltage gain of the circuit in dB and record it in Table 12-1. 5. Connect the load resistance between point A and B at the output of the circuit. Now measure the maximum r.m.s. voltage across RL using a digital ac voltmeter and record it in Table 12-2 (RL= 4.7k). Table 12-2 Class A vr.m.s Pac IS (V) (W) (mA) Pdc (W) %

6. Using formula given below calculate the output signal power. Record it in Table 12-2.

2 r..m..s. Pac = rL
Where as rL = RC RL 7.Table 12-3 Class A total source current, placing ammeter in the circuit as shown in Fig. 12-12 Now measure the S. and record the result in Table 12-2. Calculate the input dc power, using the formula given No. Frequency vout Av (V) (dB) below and(Hz) record it in Table 12-2. Pdc = VCC IS 8. Now calculate the power efficiency, and record it in Table 12-2

output signal power P x100 = ac x100 input dc power Pdc

9. Apply the input signal from the signal generator. Set the input signal amplitude till you observe un-distorted sine wave at the output. Measure the output and input waveform and draw it on graph paper. 10. Observe the frequency response curve of the circuit from 100 Hz to 2 MHz and record it in Table 12-3. Plot the response curve on a semi-log graph paper and determine its bandwidth.

Class B Complementry Push-Pull Amplifier 11. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 12-16 (except the ammeter A1). 12. Observe the dc voltage at base1 (point A), base2 (point B) and emitter in the absence of the ac signal and record it in Table 12-4.
A 1 A + 6 V

5 6 0

D 1 3 9 B 1 0 0 u F

1 0 u FA

1 8 0

1 0 u F V i n 5 6 0

D 1 3 8

8 .2 V o

F ig . 1 2 - 1 3

C la s s

c o m

p le m

e n t r y

u s h - P

u ll A

p lif ie r

Table 12-4 Class B complementry Push-Pull Amplifier VB1 VB2 VE vin vout Av (V) (V) (V) p-p p-p

13. Now apply an ac signal of 1 KHz and set the level of output of the audio signal generator so that you get a maximum undistorted sine wave at the circuit output. Measure and record output and input voltage in Table 12-4. Observe and record the input and output waveform in Table 12-6.(two complete cycles) 14. Calculate the voltage gain of the circuit and record it in Table 12-4. 15. Now measure the ac current through RL using a digital ac Ammeter and record it in Table 125. Table 12-5 Class B Complementry Push-Pull Amplifier Iac Pac IS Pdc % (mA) (W) (mA) (W)

16. Using formula given below calculate the output signal power. Record it in Table12-5.
2 Pac = I ac rL

Where as rL = RL 17. Now measure the total source current, placing ammeter in the circuit as shown in Fig. 12-13 and record the result in Table 12-5. Calculate the input dc power, using the formula given below and record it in Table 12-5. Pdc = VCC IS 18. Now calculate the power efficiency, and record it in Table 12-5

P output signal power x100 = ac x100 input dc power Pdc 19. Disconnect the resistance of 180 from

the circuit and connect two diodes in series in between A and B (as shown in the box in Fig. 12-16) 20. Now repeat step 12 to step 18.

Table 12-6 Output waveforms Vin

Vout1

Vout2

Class C amplifier 21. Connect the circuit as shown in ammeter A1).


A1 R1 75k 10 uF _ _ Vin _ _ R2 1k R3 1k BC 109 Vout +12 v

Fig. 12-17 (except the load resistance R L and

10 uF
_ _

RL

4.7K
_ _

Fig. 12-17

Class C amplifier

22. Observe the dc voltage at base, emitter and collector in the absence of the ac signal and record it in Table 12-7. Table 12-7 VB VC (v) (v)

VE (v)

vin p-p

vout p-p

Av (dB)

23. Now apply an ac signal of 1KHz and set the level of the output of the audio signal generator so that you get a maximum undistorted sine wave at the circuit output. Measure and record output and input voltage in Table 12-7. Draw the waveforms on graph paper. 24. Calculate the voltage gain of the circuit in dB and record it in Table 12-7. 25. Connect the load resistance between point A and B at the output of the circuit. Now measure the maximum r.m.s. voltage across RL using a digital ac voltmeter and record it in Table 12-8 (RL= 4.7k). Table 12-8 Vr.m.s Pac (V) (W) IS (mA) Pdc (W) %

26. Using formula given below calculate the output signal power. Record it in Table 12-8.

Pac =

2 r . m .s . rL

Where as rL = RC RL 27. Now measure the total source current, placing ammeter in the circuit as shown in Fig. 12-14 and record the result in Table 12-8. Calculate the input dc power, using the formula given below and record it in Table 12-8.

Pdc = VCC IS
28. Now calculate the power efficiency, and record it in Table 12-8. P output signal power = x100 = ac x100 input dc power Pdc 29. Observe the frequency response curve of the circuit from 100 Hz to 2 MHz and record it in Table 12-9. Plot the response curve on a semi-log graph paper and determine its bandwidth.

Table 12-9 Class C


S. No. Frequency
(Hz)

vout
(V)

Av
(dB)

Question 1. With the help of DC load line differentiate the operating points of class A, class B and class C.

2. How, a class B can be used in push- pull mode of operation. What is the meaning of term push-pull?

3. What type of distortions we get in class B push-pull operation.

4. How can we over come the distortions of class B push-pull amplifier

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